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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Motor behaviour'

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1

McMillan, Anne Sinclair. "Human masseter motor unit behaviour." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30673.

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There is a dearth of knowledge on the functional organization of the anatomically complex human masseter muscle. Limited physiological studies suggest a functional organization which may differ significantly from human limb muscles. The present studies aimed to examine the putative relationship between structure and function in the human masseter muscle as a basis for understanding function and dysfunction in human jaw muscles. In the first experiment single motor unit (SMU) activity was recorded from pairs of recording sites distributed throughout the masseter muscle. In each case SMU activi
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2

Dacre, Joshua Rupert Heaton. "Thalamic control of motor behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29530.

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The primary motor cortex (M1) is a key brain area for the generation and control of motor behaviour. Output from M1 can be driven in part by long-range inputs from a collection of thalamic nuclei termed the motor thalamus (MTh), but how MTh input shapes activity in M1 and forelimb motor behaviour remains largely unresolved. To address this issue, we first defined the 3D anatomical coordinates of mouse forelimb motor thalamus (MThFL) by employing conventional retrograde and virus-based tracing methods targeted to the forelimb region of M1 (M1FL). These complimentary approaches defined MThFL as
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3

Noy, G. "Abnormal motor behaviour and the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370974.

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4

Devadasan, Carol. "The role of polyamines in motor behaviour." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251542.

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5

Bell, Adrian Thomas Alexander. "On the lateralised motor behaviour of insects." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/67154/.

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The late 20th century brought with it substantial evidence showing that many vertebrate species are capable of exhibiting brain and behavioural lateralisation (i.e. functional and/or structural specialisations of the left and right sides of the brain/behaviour), undermining the traditional view that this attribute is uniquely human. Motor lateralisation, a specific form of behavioural lateralisation, in which an organism displays a directional preference whilst making movements, has previously been identified in many vertebrates but has received little attention in invertebrate species, partic
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6

Ide, Kym Martin. "Thermal and fracture behaviour of rocket motor materials /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phi19.pdf.

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7

Shergold, Carol. "Sensory-motor coordination : adapting to disruptions." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341079.

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8

Gonzalez, Claudia Cristina. "Linking brain and behaviour in motor sequence learning tasks." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3603/.

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Sequence learning is a fundamental brain function that allows for the acquisition of a wide range of skills. Unlearned movements become faster and more accurate with repetition, due to a process called prediction. Predictive behaviour observed in the eye and hand compensates for the inherent temporal delays in the sensorimotor system and allows for the generation of motor actions prior to visual guidance. We investigated predictive behaviour and the brain areas associated with this processing in (i) the oculomotor system (Eye Only (EO): saccade vs. pursuit) and (ii) during eye and hand coordin
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9

De, Backer Jean-François. "Involvement of Maged1 in motor behaviour and drug addiction." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216707.

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Maged1 appartient à la famille des gènes Mage (pour Melanoma antigen gene). Bien que les gènes Mage aient tout d'abord été découverts dans des cellules tumorales, le gène Maged1 est également exprimé dans un grand nombre de tissus sains et particulièrement dans le système nerveux central, aussi bien au cours du développement que chez l'animal adulte. Les fonctions exercées par la protéine Maged1 dans le système nerveux restent actuellement fort méconnues bien que des études aient pu mettre en évidence son implication dans des processus tels que l'homéostasie du rythme circadien, certaines form
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10

Shen, Qiming. "Motor interference and behaviour adaptation in human-humanoid interactions." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/10313.

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This thesis proposes and experimentally demonstrates an approach enabling a humanoid robot to adapt its behaviour to match a human’s behaviour in real-time human-humanoid interaction. The approach uses the information distance synchrony detection method, which is a novel method to measure the behaviour synchrony between two agents, as the core part of the behaviour adaptation mechanism to guide the humanoid robot to change its behaviour in the interaction. The feedback of the participants indicated that the application of this behaviour adaptation mechanism could facilitate human-humanoid inte
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11

Gao, Naichun, and 高乃春. "Examining the influence of marginally modified constraints on motor behaviour." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50662223.

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The thesis examines the influence of visual misperceptions of the primary environmental constraints related to motor behaviour, and explores whether motor adaptation can be caused implicitly by introducing systematic, undetectable changes in key constraints in the performance environment. The first two experiments (Chapter 2) were conducted to determine if a simple manipulation of the height of the uprights can cause participants to perceive the dimensions of the rugby goalposts differently. The findings support the existence of a rugby goalpost illusion. Misperceptions of the dimensions of t
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12

Haggard, Patrick. "The coordination of human prehension." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239142.

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13

Kilner, James Morvan. "Oscillatory activity in the human motor system." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369225.

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14

McLaughlin, Carmel Maria. "Visual and motor processes involved in the control of collisions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235928.

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Colliding with objects in our environment is a common feature of daily activity. Skilled behaviour often involves the precise regulation of these collisions. Traditional approaches to skilled behaviour are criticised for confusing the constraints of their approach with behavioural constraints. The following investigation combines aspects of several approaches laid out in the Introductory Chapter 1 to examine the visual and motor processes involved in controlling collisions. In Chapter 2 performance is assessed in a one-handed catching task, when the physical characteristics of the ball are man
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15

Azzam, H. "Investigation of single and twin rotor behaviour." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/52106/.

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16

Jenkins, Simon Philip Roy. "Conscious and unconscious control in highly learned motor actions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386616.

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17

Liutsko, Liudmila. "Age and sex differences in proprioception based on fine motor behaviour." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/125441.

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This PhD thesis contributes to a synthesis of the bibliographic material reviewed from original sources written in various languages (and thus sometimes unknown in the scientific community at international level, since they were not published in English) and to scientific research by findings and results from experimental work carried out at the Mira y López Laboratory of the University of Barcelona on topics related to individual differences in proprioception based on fine motor behaviour. The main aim of this work is to show the importance of proprioceptive sense, as a basis of individual di
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18

Nkoyi, Anele. "The influence of selected variables on motor vehicle-related purchasing behaviour." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/9119.

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Marketers are faced with informed and highly complex consumers. The consumer market is becoming more competitive and more difficult to predict as consumers make purchase decisions in their everyday life. An ongoing need exists for information and an examination of purchasing behaviour for marketers to succeed in their pursuit of business endeavours. This study examines the influence of selected variables on motor vehicle-related purchasing behaviour. Five independent variables, namely branding, price, promotion, safety features and colour were investigated and the dependent variable (purchasin
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19

Jučaité, Aurelija. "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder - alterations of motor behaviour and dopaminergic transmission /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-968-4.

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20

Brooks, Simon Philip. "Dopamine/glutamate interactions in motor behaviour in normal and reserpinised mice." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361187.

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21

Dingle, Matthew, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Elastic behaviour in mechanical draw presses." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.150247.

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This thesis explores the elastic behaviour of the mechanical double action press and draw die system commonly used to draw sheet metal components in the automotive industry. High process variability in production and excessive time spent in die try-out are significant problems in automotive stamping. It has previously been suggested that the elastic behaviour of the system may contribute to these problems. However, the mechanical principles that cause the press system to affect the forming process have not been documented in detail. Due to a poor understanding of these problems in industry, th
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22

Goldstone, Mark Edward. "The behaviour and control of motor vehicle related pollutants in urban air." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260759.

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23

Judge, Jeannie. "Visual-motor behaviour and phonological processing skills in adults with developmental dyslexia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403213.

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24

Cooke, Karl. "The interaction of physiological systems and perceptual motor behaviour in simulated tennis." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435242.

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25

Marc, Vani. "Establishing a Model to Label and Stimulate Cells Active During Motor Behaviour." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38066.

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The remapping of cortical networks after stroke is hypothesized to be one of the mechanisms subserving functional recovery. Our understanding of cortical remapping remains limited due to the inability to resolve which cells are active while performing motor tasks with high temporal and spatial specificity. The experiments presented in the first chapter of this thesis evaluate the ability of the inducible Arc-CreERT2:Rosa-YFPf/f model to label cells in the motor cortex activated by a motor-related behaviour. Through the modification of previously published 4-hydroxytamoxifen treatment paradi
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26

Birkett, Emma. "Experiments in time : exploring the components of motor timing behaviour in dyslexia." Thesis, Aston University, 2014. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/21406/.

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This investigation aimed to pinpoint the elements of motor timing control that are responsible for the increased variability commonly found in children with developmental dyslexia on paced or unpaced motor timing tasks (Chapter 3). Such temporal processing abilities are thought to be important for developing the appropriate phonological representations required for the development of literacy skills. Similar temporal processing difficulties arise in other developmental disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Motor timing behaviour in developmental populations was exa
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27

Greening, Sarah Jane. "An information processing approach to the performance of perceptually guided action." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843037/.

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The series of experiments reported in this thesis concern the ability to make perceptual-motor judgements of distance (Ex. 1 to Ex. 7) and size (Ex. 8). Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that visual judgements of maximum step length were effected by; distance from the site of action, the angle at which the obstacle was presented and whether monocular or binocular vision was used. This suggested that perceived maximum ability was not based on a body scaled invariant as suggested by Gibson (1979). Experiments 3 and 4 were designed to investigate the effect of altering the length of distance to-be-re
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28

Mantel, Gerardus Wilhelmus Henricus. "The role of the corticomotor system in precision finger movements." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235921.

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The ability to perform precise and relatively independent movements of the fingers is an important feature of the primate's motor repetoire. A substantial amount of evidence suggests a special role for the hand area of the motor cortex in the execution of these movements, and in particular, thoses cells which make direct cortico-motoneuronal connections with motoneurones innervating the hand muscles. The axons of these corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells form part of the pyramidal tract. The subject of this study is the influence of these CM cells upon the activity of hand muscles in the conscious
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29

Lee, Lucy. "Imaging the effects of 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during motor behaviour." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414431.

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30

Lafont, Agathe. "The glial action potential and its role during the emergence of motor behaviour." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS720.

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Au cours du développement, la spécification des motoneurones (MN) repose à la fois sur des facteurs moléculaires spécifiques et sur une activité électrique précoce. Dans l'embryon de souris, l'excitabilité des MN se développe sous la forme d'une activité autonome stéréotypée, appelée SNA, apparaissant entre E11,5 et E12,5. La SNA se caractérise par des vagues se propageant le long de la moelle épinière (ME) et dépolarisant tous les neurones ventraux. Les salves de SNA sont entrecoupées de périodes silencieuses de 2 à 3 minutes et semblent être générées avant que les entrées sensorielles périph
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31

Baxter, Gordon. "State misinterpretation in flight crew behaviour : an incident based analysis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13645/.

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State misinterpretation has been identified as a causal factor in several accidents where humans were operating complex systems in dynamic domains. The concept of state misinterpretation, although undefined, is characterised by its unobservability, and its relative infrequency. These features make gathering data about state misinterpretation difficult. It was therefore decided to use archive incident report data; the NASA Aviation Safety Reporting System database was used. A definition of state misinterpretation was formulated and translated into database queries to retrieve relevant incident
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Poleman, R. C. J. "Springing into action!" Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336556.

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33

VERGALLITO, ALESSANDRA. "TMS-induced Motor Evoked Potentials as a measure for human behaviour: feasibility and pitfalls." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/199071.

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La stimolazione magnetica transcranica con co-registrazione elettromiografica (TMS-EMG) è una tecnica ampiamente utilizzata nelle neuroscienze cognitive per indurre e registrare potenziali evocati motori (MEPs) a scopi clinici e di ricerca. L’applicazione di un impulso singolo di TMS sulla corteccia motoria primaria (M1) è in grado di elicitare una contrazione nella muscolatura periferica controlaterale che può essere amplificata e registrata attraverso un elettromiografo. I MEPs sono una misura utile per quantificare in modo diretto e non invasivo l’eccitabilità del tratto corticospinale
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Zhao, Yunshi. "Low adhesion detection and identification in a railway vehicle system using traction motor behaviour." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2013. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/23541/.

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It is important to monitor the wheel-rail friction coefficient in railway vehicles to improve their traction and braking performance as well as to reduce the number of incidents caused by low friction. Model based fault detection and identification (FDI) methods, especially state observers have been commonly used in previous research to monitor the wheel-rail friction. However, the previous methods cannot provide an accurate value of the friction coefficient and few of them have been validated using experiments. A Kalman filter based estimator is proposed in this research project. The develope
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Chen, Jing, and 陈静. "An investigation of visual cues and the neural mechanisms on human motor control behaviour." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47849587.

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Accurate perception and control of self-motion is vital for human survival. Most animals rely on vision for navigating through complex environments. In this thesis, I investigated how vision influence perception and guide self-motion from two aspects: (1) what visual information humans pick up from the environment to form their perception and guide their self-motion; (2) how the degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebellum, the two largest subcortical nuclei connecting the visual and motor areas of the brain, affect the controller’s performance. Study 1 examined the condition unde
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Ng, Chung Fai. "Dynamic behaviour of postbuckled composite plates under acoustic excitation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1986. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/52296/.

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Simple single-mode formulae are derived to present a general and straightforward understanding of the non-linear static and dynamic behaviour of postbuckled plates. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is used for multi-degrees-of-freedom analysis of postbuckled plates. A finite-element method using 16-nodes rectangular element is applied to postbuckling analysis of a composite plate with a central square hole. The magnitudes of multimodal linear response to random excitation are predicted using a simple formula based on results obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz method and the trends of non-linear random resp
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Wang, Shaomei. "Nigrotectal control of oral behaviour elicited by noxious stimuli : an anatomical and functional analysis of subcortical effects of the basal ganglia." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267119.

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38

Zhang, Sarah. "Assessing Motor Impairments in a Mouse Model of Perinatal Stroke Through Brain Mapping and Behaviour." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40854.

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Perinatal stroke, which occurs before or shortly after birth, may result in both beneficial and maladaptive plasticity in surviving tissue. However, current preclinical and clinical work have an unclear understanding on the relationship between functional outcome and neurophysiology. This thesis aims to dually characterize and correlate behaviour with cortical motor representations in a mouse model of perinatal stroke. On postnatal day 7, a unilateral photothrombotic stroke was produced in the primary motor cortex of Thy1-ChR2 mice. Sensorimotor function was evaluated in adulthood with a batte
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39

VOLTA, Mattia. "Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, synaptic morphology and motor behavior." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2389441.

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Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are known to cause late-onset, familial forms of Parkinson’s Disease, with prevalence up to 40% in specific populations. These mutations are also linked to sporadic PD, highlighting the importance of the related protein in the development of the disease. LRRK2 is a large, complex, multi-domain protein, with two main enzymatic activities: a GTPase domain (bearing three pathogenic mutations) and a kinase domain, in which the most common mutation (G2019S) is found. Even though the precise cellular functions of LRRK2 are not known, LRRK2
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Tidd, Brendan. "Learning visuo-motor behaviours for robot locomotion over difficult terrain." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/235891/1/Brendan%2BTidd%2BThesis%281%29.pdf.

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This thesis investigated efficient methods for learning locomotion behaviours for robots, and the challenges of combining several complex controllers. Experiments were performed with a dynamic biped in simulation required to walk across gaps, over steps and stairs, and jump over hurdles and blocks, and also in a real-world scenario with a large tracked platform negotiating small doorways. The developed solutions utilised perception to perform complex maneuvers while minimising retraining for new behaviours. Ideas from this thesis lead toward scalable behaviour libraries to enable robots to mak
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Halilovic, Amer. "Experimental Transient Behaviour Characterisation of Induction Motor fed by Variable Frequency Drives for Pump Applications." Thesis, KTH, Elektrisk energiomvandling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157319.

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The use of variable frequency drives in centrifugal pump applications has raised the question of how to select a drive. Clogging obstacles in waste water applications create unknown transient loads for the pump system. A sudden load increase occurrence can clog the pump if the drive cannot supply enough current to reach the motor’s torque demand. In order to select a suitable drive, an empirical approach has been implemented, investigating three different drives. Results have shown that selecting a drive with the highest possible overload capabilities, even if for a short time is most suitable
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Schwyn, Daniel Andreas. "Systems analysis of gaze stabilization behaviour and imaging of motor systems in the blowfly Calliphora." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/42994.

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A fast and powerful gaze stabilization reflex supports self-motion es- timation and flight control in flies. Changes in body posture are conveyed by a variety of sensory modalities and compensated for by fast and accurate head movements. This thesis aims to further our understanding of the behavioural basis of compensatory head move- ments, and presents a first foray into the in vivo imaging of the motor systems that actuate these control reflexes. Major sensors that contribute to gaze stabilisation are the visual ocelli and compound eyes on the head, and the mechanosensory halteres on the tho
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Domingues, Estêvão Miguel Cardoso. "Behaviour of the contractual service margin on the general measurement model." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20006.

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Mestrado em Actuarial Science<br>IFRS 17 é a nova norma internacional para seguros que irá ter início em 2022, provocando dificuldades sem precedentes no mundo segurador. Desde novos requisitos quantitativos, até motores computacionalmente avultados. É o novo desafio para as empresas seguradoras e consultores em todo o mundo. Um dos novos componentes da norma é a Contractual Service Margin. Esta componente corresponde ao lucro não adquirido do grupo de contractos. Consoante os serviços prestados, este montante será lançado na insurance revenue e irá afectar directamente o lucro em cada períod
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Maidment, David William. "The nature of the representations underlying verbal behaviour : the interaction between auditory, visual and motor modalities." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/53967/.

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A fundamental issue in the study of verbal behaviour is whether the underpinning representation of speech, while derived from different modalities, is itself amodal. The current thesis contributes to this debate, utilising two behavioural phenomena to show that verbal performance is not simply limited to representations independent of the modality through which they were derived. Firstly, similarities in verbal short-term memory performance across presentation modalities have been explained in terms of a phonological level of representation. Namely, both auditory and visual modes of presentati
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Baldwin, Katie. "A survey of axonal transport function and motor behaviour in Drosophila models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12248/.

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46

Young, John Simon. "Effects of temperature on elements of the motor control of behaviour in eurythermal and stenothermal crustaceans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616148.

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47

Seo, M. "The role of front-striatal brain circuits and dopamine in cognitive motor control of sequential behaviour." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1420697/.

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Our daily lives are filled with routine behaviours that we develop with repeated practice over time. These routine behaviours, often executed automatically without requiring much attention become an integral part of our lives. However, a seemingly effective automatic behaviour can become inappropriate or inefficient with changes in the environment and we naturally turn to a more adaptable, perceptually guided behaviour to achieve the same goal. What are the networks that mediate these automatic and perceptually guided behaviours? This thesis focuses on understanding the role of frontal-striata
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Kalia, Lokeshvar Nath. "An investigation of the behaviour of the granular layer of the cerebellum using neuronal and network models." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312830.

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49

Yang, Yan. "The effects of increased workload on driving performance and visual behaviour." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/333256/.

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The workload of drivers has been increasing in modern times due to the growing use of In-Vehicle systems. The higher task demand resulting from these extra visual and auditory stimuli presents an increasingly challenging problem for drivers, and has become a growing safety concern, as the higher workloads can adversely affect driving performance and must be balanced against the benefits from in-vehicle systems. Existing models suggest that when the induced workload is relatively low, drivers can deal with this increased demand by using different coping strategies; however, when the workload in
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Wang, Tianjiao. "Study of pedestrian-vehicle interaction behaviour by microscopic simulation modelling." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/348871/.

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Walking is healthy, environmentally beneficial and sustainable to human society. Travellers increasingly are being encouraged to walk more. However, pedestrians’ interaction with motorised vehicles is a major constraint to their movement. Many innovative treatments have been developed to balance the two modes. Proper methods are required to evaluate and compare performances of different treatments to support decision making. Micro-simulation is a useful supplementary tool for such evaluation and comparison studies for its cost-effectiveness and non-intrusiveness. However, there is a significan
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