Journal articles: 'Motor anticipation'

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Rosenbaum, David A. "Computational motor planning and the theory of event coding." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 5 (October 2001): 902–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01450102.

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Recent computational models of motor planning have relied heavily on anticipating the consequences of motor acts. Such anticipation is vital for dealing with the redundancy problem of motor control (i.e., the problem of selecting a particular motor solution when more than one is possible to achieve a goal). Computational approaches to motor planning support the Theory of Event Coding (TEC).

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Collet, C., C. Deschaumes-Molinaro, G. Delhomme, A. Dittmar, and E. Vernet-Maury. "Autonomic responses correlate to motor anticipation." Behavioural Brain Research 63, no. 1 (July 1994): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(94)90052-3.

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Chen, Jing, Matteo Valsecchi, and Karl R. Gegenfurtner. "Role of motor execution in the ocular tracking of self-generated movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 2586–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00574.2016.

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When human observers track the movements of their own hand with their gaze, the eyes can start moving before the finger (i.e., anticipatory smooth pursuit). The signals driving anticipation could come from motor commands during finger motor execution or from motor intention and decision processes associated with self-initiated movements. For the present study, we built a mechanical device that could move a visual target either in the same direction as the participant's hand or in the opposite direction. Gaze pursuit of the target showed stronger anticipation if it moved in the same direction as the hand compared with the opposite direction, as evidenced by decreased pursuit latency, increased positional lead of the eye relative to target, increased pursuit gain, decreased saccade rate, and decreased delay at the movement reversal. Some degree of anticipation occurred for incongruent pursuit, indicating that there is a role for higher-level movement prediction in pursuit anticipation. The fact that anticipation was larger when target and finger moved in the same direction provides evidence for a direct coupling between finger and eye motor commands.

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Carlsen, Anthony N., Romeo Chua, J. Timothy Inglis, David J. Sanderson, and Ian M. Franks. "Motor preparation in an anticipation-timing task." Experimental Brain Research 190, no. 4 (July 23, 2008): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1487-5.

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Norte, Grant E., Taylor R. Frendt, Amanda M. Murray, Charles W. Armstrong, Thomas J. McLoughlin, and Luke T. Donovan. "Influence of Anticipation and Motor-Motor Task Performance on Cutting Biomechanics in Healthy Men." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 8 (July 20, 2020): 834–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-569-18.

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Context Biomechanical analyses of cutting tasks have demonstrated kinematic differences associated with the noncontact knee-injury risk when the movement direction is unanticipated. Motor-motor dual tasks occur within dynamic environments and change the demand for attentional resources needed to complete athletic maneuvers, which may contribute to injury risk. Objective To investigate the influence of anticipation and motor-motor task performance on cutting biomechanics. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants A total of 32 healthy, recreationally active men (age = 23.1 ± 3.6 years, height = 180.0 ± 7.0 cm, mass = 81.3 ± 17.3 kg) who self-reported regular participation in cutting sports. Intervention(s) Participants performed a 45° side-step cut on the dominant limb in a random order of conditions: anticipation (anticipated, unanticipated) and task (no ball throw, ball fake, ball throw). Main Outcome Measure(s) Triplanar trunk, hip, and knee angles were assessed throughout the stance phase using 3-dimensional motion capture. Data were analyzed using a time series of means calculated from initial contact to toe-off (0%–100%) with 90% confidence intervals. Mean differences between conditions were identified as regions of nonoverlapping confidence intervals, and those that occurred during the region of peak vertical ground reaction force (0%–25%) are presented. Results Regardless of anticipation, attending to a ball (ball throw) resulted in more trunk extension (range = 2.9°–3.7°) and less lateral trunk flexion toward the cutting direction (range = 5.2°–5.9°). Planning to attend to a ball (ball fake) resulted in less lateral trunk flexion toward the cutting direction (4.7°). During unanticipated cutting, more trunk rotation away from the cutting direction was observed when attending to a ball (range = 5.3°–7.1°). The interaction of anticipation and task had a similar influence on sagittal- and frontal-plane trunk position. Conclusions Motor-motor task performance and its interaction with anticipation induced an upright, neutral trunk position during side-step cutting, which has been associated with the risk for noncontact knee injury. Promoting task complexity during rehabilitation and injury-prevention programs may better prepare individuals to succeed when performing high-risk athletic maneuvers.

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Kandel, Sonia, and Cyril Perret. "How do movements to produce letters become automatic during writing acquisition? Investigating the development of motor anticipation." International Journal of Behavioral Development 39, no. 2 (October 28, 2014): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414557532.

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Learning how to write involves the automation of grapho-motor skills. One of the factors that determine automaticity is motor anticipation. This is the ability to write a letter while processing information on how to produce following letters. It is essential for writing fast and smoothly. We investigated how motor anticipation processes build up during the period of handwriting automation. Children aged 8, 9 and 10 years had to write two letters ( ll, le, ln) in cursive writing on a digitizer. Motor anticipation referred to processing changes in size ( ll vs. le) and rotation direction ( le vs. ln) of the second letter while writing the l. We recorded three measures on the l upstroke and downstroke. The movement time data indicate that the l upstroke was very variable. The l’s downstroke duration was shorter for ll than le and the latter was in turn shorter than ln. This pattern was already observed at age 8. Trajectory length data revealed that the anticipation of a single parameter such as size change is enough to produce a trajectory increase but the addition of parameters is not cumulative, as we observed for stroke duration. The dysfluency data indicated that at age 8, dysfluency values were equivalent for upstrokes and downstrokes. At ages 9 and 10, the children produced more dysfluency on downstrokes than upstrokes. Previous studies on writing with adults have shown that the anticipation of the following letter affects the production of the l’s downstroke. The production of the upstroke did not vary. This experiment suggests that learning to anticipate in handwriting production requires: a) rendering the movements to produce the upstroke constant; and b) modulating the downstroke as a function of the spatial characteristics of the following letter. The pattern of movement time data suggest that motor anticipation would start to be adult-like at around age 9. Dysfluency and latency measures do not seem to be very informative about the development of motor anticipation in handwriting.

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Brisson, Julie, Petra Warreyn, Josette Serres, Stephane Foussier, and Jean Adrien-Louis. "Motor anticipation failure in infants with autism: a retrospective analysis of feeding situations." Autism 16, no. 4 (January 16, 2012): 420–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361311423385.

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Previous studies on autism have shown a lack of motor anticipation in children and adults with autism. As part of a programme of research into early detection of autism, we focussed on an everyday situation: spoon-feeding. We hypothesize that an anticipation deficit may be found very early on by observing whether the baby opens his or her mouth in anticipation of the spoon’s approach. The study is based on a retrospective analysis from family home movies. Observation of infants later diagnosed with autism or an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (n = 13) and infants with typical development (n = 14) between 4 and 6 months old show that the autism/ASD group has an early anticipation deficit.

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Chwilla, Dorothee J., and Cornelis H. M. Brunia. "Event-related potential correlates of non-motor anticipation." Biological Psychology 32, no. 2-3 (October 1991): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(91)90005-2.

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Mańkowska, Maja, Tatiana Poliszczuk, Dmytro Poliszczuk, and Monika Johne. "Visual Perception And Its Effect On Reaction Time And Time-Movement Anticipation In Elite Female Basketball Players." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2015-0008.

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Abstract Introduction. The efficient collection and analysis of information from both the central and the peripheral field of vision may affect human coordination motor abilities. An analysis of the literature on the subject suggests that coordination motor abilities interact with one another, and it is only their combined effect that allows athletes to achieve technical mastery. The main aim of the study was to assess specific coordination motor abilities and to determine how visual perception and reaction time correlate with time-movement anticipation in elite female basketball players. Material and methods. The study participants comprised 17 female basketball players from the Polish National Team aged 18.1 ± 0.8 years. The study involved three ability tests from the Vienna Test System: the Reaction Test (RT, S1), the Peripheral Perception test (PP), and the Time/Movement Anticipation test (ZBA, S2). Results. The analysis of the results obtained proves that the best-developed ability in participants is reaction time, while the other abilities show average development. Study participants were able to develop their response abilities to such high levels by means of practice. A correlation coefficient was found between motor time and tracking deviation (r=0.56), and between time anticipation and the number of correct responses to stimuli appearing in the left (r=0.92) and right (r=0.88) field of vision. Athletes who achieved better results in time anticipation omitted fewer visual stimuli (r=0.7) in the peripheral field of vision. Statistically significant correlations were observed between movement anticipation and reaction time to stimuli in the central field of vision (r=0.58). Conclusions. Perception abilities have a significant effect on time anticipation. The range of one's field of vision does not determine the reaction time to a visual stimulus. Perception efficiency and divided attention, in conjunction with time and movement anticipation, create a complex of specific psychomotor abilities that is indispensable for achieving success in team sports.

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Unverricht, James, Siby Samuel, and Yusuke Yamani. "Latent Hazard Anticipation in Young Drivers: Review and Meta-Analysis of Training Studies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 33 (May 14, 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118768530.

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Young drivers are overrepresented in motor vehicle crashes, and are shown to be poorer at anticipating potential threats on the roadway compared with their more experienced peers. Literature demonstrates the effectiveness of driver training programs at improving young drivers’ latent hazard anticipation performance. Various hazard anticipation training studies have been undertaken on different population demographics using different training scenario presentation modes and multiple evaluation testbeds. These error-based feedback training programs (3M) allow trainees to make a mistake, show them how to mediate the mistake, and provide an opportunity to master the target skills. The current meta-analytical review focused on 19 peer-reviewed training studies that utilized eye movements to measure improvements in drivers’ latent hazard anticipation performance following training. The role of four moderating factors (mode of delivery – PC-based or non PC-based; presentation of training – egocentric or exocentric; method of evaluation – on-road or driving simulator; and age of sample – teen novices aged 16–17 or young drivers aged 18–21) on the training effects were explored. Overall, the current meta-analysis suggest that: (a) superficial improvements in training programs does not necessarily further improve the drivers’ latent hazard anticipation; (b) drivers who completed a training program with both egocentric and exocentric training views achieved greater levels of latent hazard anticipation performance than those who completed a training program that contained either view, but not both; and (c) the effect sizes of the 3M-based training programs on latent hazard anticipation were greater for drivers aged 18–21 years than drivers aged 16–17.

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Toplak, M. E., and R. Tannock. "Tapping and Anticipation Performance in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 3 (June 2005): 659–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.659-675.

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The objective of this study was to examine the precise timing of a motor response in a sample of adolescents with ADHD and comparison participants. 46 participants with ADHD ( M age = 15.6, SD = 1.4; 40 boys) and 44 control participants ( M age = 15.3, SD = 1.4; 40 boys) were recruited through a metropolitan hospital. Participants were administered a tapping task and an anticipation task. Adolescents with ADHD displayed significantly more intra-individual variability on the visual 1000-msec. frequency interval of the tapping task and displayed lower accuracy on the cued and uncued trials of the anticipation task than comparison participants. Intra-individual variability on the tapping task was correlated with intra-individual variability on the anticipation task within both the ADHD and control groups. These findings suggest that adolescents with ADHD have impairments in both the cognitive representation and motor production of the precise timing of a motor response.

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Meeuwsen, Harry J., Sinah L. Goode, and Noreen L. Goggin. "Coincidence-Anticipation Timing." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 4, no. 2 (October 1995): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.4.2.59.

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The purpose of this experiment was to replicate and extend earlier experiments used to investigate the effect of the motor response, experience with open skills, and gender on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy. Fifteen males and fifteen females, who were all right-eye and right-hand dominant, performed a switch-press and a hitting coincident-anticipation timing task on a Bassin Anticipation Timing apparatus with stimulus speeds of 4 mph, 8 mph, and 12 mph. Level of experience with open skills was determined by a self-report questionnaire and vision was screened using the Biopter Vision Test. Experience with open skills explained some of the variable error data, possibly supporting a socio-cultural explanation of gender differences. Males performed with less variable and absolute error than females, while performance bias was different for the genders on the two tasks. All participants performed with less absolute error on the 8 mph stimulus speed. The type of task and stimulus speed affected performance variability differently. Based on the task characteristics and these data, it was concluded that optimal effector anticipation is more strongly linked to stimulus speed than receptor anticipation. Future studies will have to confirm this conclusion.

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Tolentino-Castro, W., L. Mochizuki, and H. Wagner. "Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities Rely on Somatosensory Information Rather Than Visual Information to Catch a Ball." Motor Control 25, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0077.

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According to the literature, persons with intellectual disabilities have poor motor control in tasks in which motor anticipation is needed. Our study aimed to assess their motor behavior during interceptive tasks (a tennis ball interception with external-and-oneself throw conditions). A stick-bar was used as a reference or to support cloth to occlude a ball’s trajectory. Catch performance and interceptive behavior were analyzed (26 persons). The results show that high/low values of the initial approaching movement led to successful/successful catches, respectively. Our results are in line with the literature about the impact of poor motor control on performance in those with intellectual disabilities. We suggest that low anticipation may relate to problems in real-life situations.

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Medimorec, Srdan, Petar Milin, and Dagmar Divjak. "Inhibition of Eye Movements Disrupts Spatial Sequence Learning." Experimental Psychology 68, no. 4 (July 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000528.

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Abstract. Implicit sequence learning is an integral part of human experience, yet the nature of the mechanisms underlying this type of learning remains a matter of debate. In the current study, we provide a test for two accounts of implicit sequence learning, that is, one that highlights sequence learning in the absence of any motor responses (with suppressed eye movements) and one that highlights the relative contribution of the motor processes (i.e., eye movements) to learning. To adjudicate between these accounts and determine whether a motor response is a requisite process in sequence learning, we used anticipation measures to compare performance on the standard oculomotor serial reaction time (SRT) task and on a version of the SRT task where the eye movements were restricted during the learning phase. our results demonstrated an increased proportion of correct anticipations in the standard SRT task compared to the restricted-movement task.

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Toussaint, Marc. "A Sensorimotor Map: Modulating Lateral Interactions for Anticipation and Planning." Neural Computation 18, no. 5 (May 2006): 1132–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2006.18.5.1132.

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Experimental studies of reasoning and planned behavior have provided evidence that nervous systems use internal models to perform predictive motor control, imagery, inference, and planning. Classical (model-free) reinforcement learning approaches omit such a model; standard sensorimotor models account for forward and backward functions of sensorimotor dependencies but do not provide a proper neural representation on which to realize planning. We propose a sensorimotor map to represent such an internal model. The map learns a state representation similar to self-organizing maps but is inherently coupled to sensor and motor signals. Motor activations modulate the lateral connection strengths and thereby induce anticipatory shifts of the activity peak on the sensorimotor map. This mechanism encodes a model of the change of stimuli depending on the current motor activities. The activation dynamics on the map are derived from neural field models. An additional dynamic process on the sensorimotor map (derived from dynamic programming) realizes planning and emits corresponding goal-directed motor sequences, for instance, to navigate through a maze.

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Aglioti, Salvatore M., Paola Cesari, Michela Romani, and Cosimo Urgesi. "Action anticipation and motor resonance in elite basketball players." Nature Neuroscience 11, no. 9 (August 10, 2008): 1109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2182.

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Chaminade, Thierry, David Meary, Jean-Pierre Orliaguet, and Jean Decety. "Is perceptual anticipation a motor simulation? A PET study." Neuroreport 12, no. 17 (December 2001): 3669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200112040-00013.

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Petrakis, Elizabeth. "Sex Differences and Specificity of Anticipation of Coincidence." Perceptual and Motor Skills 61, no. 3_suppl (December 1985): 1135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.61.3f.1135.

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This investigation was conducted to determine if anticipation of coincidence as measured by the Bassin timer relates to “real world” skill of ball batting and to investigate further sex differences in perceptual-motor skills. 24 varsity athletes from a Midwest university's baseball and softball teams were tested on the Bassin timer and their batting averages were obtained from their respective coaches. A nonsignificant correlation suggests that the task on the Bassin timer is different from the anticipation of coincidence in hitting a softball or baseball. Evidence suggested that prior experience rather than sex may contribute to differences between men and women in perceptual-motor skills.

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Rüsseler, Jascha, Erwin Hennighausen, and Frank Rösler. "Response Anticipation Processes in the Learning of a Sensorimotor Sequence." Journal of Psychophysiology 15, no. 2 (April 2001): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.15.2.95.

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Abstract We investigated the contribution of motor processes to implicit and explicit serial learning by means of event-related brain potentials. An otherwise predictable sequence of S-R pairs was occasionally interrupted by stimuli that violated either the stimulus or the response sequence (perceptual or motor deviants). After performing the task, participants were asked to recall as much of the sequence as possible. On the basis of these free recall results, two groups of subjects (explicit and implicit learners) were formed. Reaction time was prolonged for motor deviants but not for perceptual deviants, which violated the predictable sequence of stimulus locations. Early activation in the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) for standard stimuli and an activation of the expected but incorrect response for deviants violating the response sequence indicate the contribution of motor processes to serial learning. ERPs did not show any learning-related changes. Furthermore, in all dependent measures no differences between explicit and implicit learners were observed. The results are at variance with previous claims that serial learning is a purely perceptual process.

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Botezatu, Cristina, Carmen Andrei, and Pierre Joseph de Hillerin. "Neuromuscular Aspects of Anticipation in Preparing the Body for the Contact Structure in Motrice Performance." Sport Science Review 23, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2014): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ssr-2014-0001.

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Abstract Anticipation is a crucial factor in acquiring motor skills. Generally, the anticipation involves the presence of a proactive control. The success of some actions in the sporting events depends on the player’s ability to quickly perceive the situations and to react immediately on them. In this context, anticipation refers to the response triggered by a stimulus before it appears. The difference between the anticipation and reaction rest in the fact that the reaction occurs after the stimulus appears, as for the anticipation, the neuromuscular mobilization occurs before the moment triggered by the appearance of the stimulus. Both concepts are interrelated. Therefore, an optimal anticipation will lead to an apparently very good reaction response, using different, by nature and location, mechanisms in the psycho-neuromotor chain. The goal of this research paper is to highlight certain objective elements in the dynamic training of the body forfuture contact and, after that to obtain an indicatory optimal anticipation, with the intention to use it in the primary selection phase in sports, demanding highly coordination skills.

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Manista, Gregory C., and Alaa A. Ahmed. "Stability limits modulate whole-body motor learning." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 7 (April 1, 2012): 1952–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00983.2010.

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Our daily movements exert forces upon the environment and also upon our own bodies. To control for these forces, movements performed while standing are usually preceded by anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). This strategy is effective at compensating for an expected perturbation, as it reduces the need to compensate for the perturbation in a reactive manner. However, it can also be risky if one anticipates the incorrect perturbation, which could result in movements outside stability limits and a loss of balance. Here, we examine whether the margin for error defined by these stability limits affects the amount of anticipation. Specifically, will one rely more on anticipation when the margin for error is lower? Will the degree of anticipation scale with the margin for error? We took advantage of the asymmetric stability limits (and margins for error) present in the sagittal plane during upright stance and investigated the effect of perturbation direction on the magnitude of APAs. We also compared anticipatory postural control with the anticipatory control observed at the arm. Standing subjects made reaching movements to multiple targets while grasping the handle of a robot arm. They experienced forward or backward perturbing forces depending on the target direction. Subjects learned to anticipate the forces and generated APAs. Although subjects had the biomechanical capacity to adapt similarly in the forward and backward directions, APAs were reduced significantly in the backward direction, which had smaller stability limits and a smaller margin for error. Interestingly, anticipatory control produced at the arm, where stability limits are not as relevant, was not affected by perturbation direction. These results suggest that stability limits modulate anticipatory control, and reduced stability limits lead to a reduction in anticipatory postural control.

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Krouchev, Nedialko I., and John F. Kalaska. "Context-Dependent Anticipation of Different Task Dynamics: Rapid Recall of Appropriate Motor Skills Using Visual Cues." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 1165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00779.2002.

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Recent studies have reported that human subjects show varying degrees of ability to use contextual cues to recall the motor skills required to compensate for different dynamic external force fields during arm movements. In particular, the subjects showed little or no ability to use color cues to adjust motor outputs in anticipation of the perturbing fields after limited periods of training that were sufficient to learn to compensate for the fields themselves. This is unexpected since humans and monkeys can use color cues to perform a wide range of visuomotor tasks. Here we show that a monkey with extensive practice compensating for viscous fields in an elbow-movement task can use associated color cues to adjust motor output in anticipation of an impending field before physically encountering it.

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Kandel, Sonia, Jean-Pierre Orliaguet, and Paolo Viviani. "Perceptual anticipation in handwriting: The role of implicit motor competence." Perception & Psychophysics 62, no. 4 (January 2000): 706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03206917.

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Bundt, Carsten, Elger L. Abrahamse, Senne Braem, Marcel Brass, and Wim Notebaert. "Reward anticipation modulates primary motor cortex excitability during task preparation." NeuroImage 142 (November 2016): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.013.

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Keller, Jean, and Hubert Ripoll. "Stability of reflective–impulsive style in coincidence–anticipation motor tasks." Learning and Individual Differences 14, no. 4 (January 2004): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2004.02.004.

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Lütcke, Henry, Holger Gevensleben, Björn Albrecht, and Jens Frahm. "Brain Networks Involved in Early versus Late Response Anticipation and Their Relation to Conflict Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 11 (November 2009): 2172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21165.

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Previous electrophysiological studies have clearly identified separable neural events underlying early and late components of response anticipation. Functional neuroimaging studies, however, have so far failed to account for this separation. Here, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of an anticipation paradigm in 12 healthy adult subjects that reliably produced early and late expectancy waves in the electroencephalogram. We furthermore compared fMRI activations elicited during early and late anticipation to those associated with response conflict. Our results demonstrate the existence of distinct cortical and subcortical brain regions underlying early and late anticipation. Although late anticipatory behavior was associated with activations in dorsal ACC, frontal cortex, and thalamus, brain responses linked to the early expectancy wave were localized mainly in motor and premotor cortical areas as well as the caudate nucleus. Additionally, late anticipation was associated with increased activity in midbrain dopaminergic nuclei, very likely corresponding to the substantia nigra. Furthermore, whereas regions involved in late anticipation proved to be very similar to activations elicited by response conflict, this was not the case for early anticipation. The current study supports a distinction between early and late anticipatory processes, in line with a plethora of neurophysiological work, and for the first time describes the brain structures differentially involved in these processes.

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Kioumourtzoglou, Efthimis, Vassiliki Derri, Olga Mertzanidou, and George Tzetzis. "Experience with Perceptual and Motor Skills in Rhythmic Gymnastics." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3_suppl (June 1997): 1363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3c.1363.

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Based on the notion of measuring motor performance, an experiment with three groups of 20 elite rhythmic gymnasts ( N = 60), 9 to 10 yr., 11 to 12 yr., and 13 to 15 years of age (national level), with children of the same size and age was conducted, to identify the important abilities for the achievement of excellence in this sport. Motor abilities (whole-body coordination, dynamic balance, static balance, sense of kinesthesis, whole-body movement time, and eye-hand coordination) as well as perceptual abilities (whole-body reaction time, anticipation of coincidence, and depth perception) were compared. Analysis showed that scores on measures of whole-body coordination, dynamic balance, and static balance were higher for elite groups of athletes than for corresponding control groups. Moreover, elite athletes in the oldest group scored higher than those in the youngest group on anticipation of coincidence, on eye-hand coordination, and on static balance. These findings indicate the presence of systematic differences between elite athletes and nonathletes on motor abilities related to experience in this sport.

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Järvilehto, Timo, Veli-Matti Nurkkala, and Kyösti Koskela. "The role of anticipation in reading." Distributed Language 17, no. 3 (December 2, 2009): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17.3.02jar.

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The paper introduces measurement of fixation-speech intervals (FSI) as an important tool for the study of the reading process. Using the theory of the organism-environment system (Järvilehto 1998a), we developed experiments to investigate the time course of reading. By combining eye tracking with synchronous recording of speech during reading in a single measure, we issue a fundamental challenge to information processing models. Not only is FSI an authentic measure of the reading process, but it shows that we exploit verbal patterns, textual features and, less directly, reading experience. Reading, we conclude, is not a matter of decoding linguistic information. Far from being a text-driven process, it depends on integrating both sensory and motor processes in an anticipatory meaning generation based on the history of experience and cultural context of the reader. Finally, we conclude with remarks on the social character and cognitive history of reading.

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Wattendorf, Elise, Birgit Westermann, Klaus Fiedler, Simone Ritz, Annetta Redmann, Jörg Pfannmöller, Martin Lotze, and Marco R. Celio. "Laughter is in the air: involvement of key nodes of the emotional motor system in the anticipation of tickling." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (August 2019): 837–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz056.

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Abstract In analogy to the appreciation of humor, that of tickling is based upon the re-interpretation of an anticipated emotional situation. Hence, the anticipation of tickling contributes to the final outburst of ticklish laughter. To localize the neuronal substrates of this process, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted on 31 healthy volunteers. The state of anticipation was simulated by generating an uncertainty respecting the onset of manual foot tickling. Anticipation was characterized by an augmented fMRI signal in the anterior insula, the hypothalamus, the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area, as well as by an attenuated one in the internal globus pallidus. Furthermore, anticipatory activity in the anterior insula correlated positively with the degree of laughter that was produced during tickling. These findings are consistent with an encoding of the expected emotional consequences of tickling and suggest that early regulatory mechanisms influence, automatically, the laughter circuitry at the level of affective and sensory processing. Tickling activated not only those regions of the brain that were involved during anticipation, but also the posterior insula, the anterior cingulate cortex and the periaqueductal gray matter. Sequential or combined anticipatory and tickling-related neuronal activities may adjust emotional and sensorimotor pathways in preparation for the impending laughter response.

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Unenaka, Satoshi, Hiroki Nakamoto, Sachi Ikudome, and Shiro Mori. "Role of Motor Simulation in Anticipation of Free Throws in Basketball." Japanese Journal of Sport Psychology 41, no. 2 (2014): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4146/jjspopsy.2014-1309.

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Alexandru, Moşoi Adrian, and Balint Lorand. "Motor Behavior and Anticipation – A Pilot Study of Junior Tennis Players." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 187 (May 2015): 448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.084.

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Garner, Elizabeth E., W. Keith Berg, and Amy E. Boswell. "Cardiac and motor indices of anticipation in 9-mo-old infants." Infant Behavior and Development 19 (April 1996): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(96)90521-4.

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Thomas, Jerry R., and Karen E. French. "References for Motor Tasks—Gender Differences across Age in Motor Performance: A Meta-Analysis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 2 (April 1987): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.503.

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In 1985 we published a meta-analysis of gender differences across age in motor performance in Psychological Bulletin, but it did not include an indexing of each motor task to the references from which it was obtained. This paper provides a table listing the 20 motor tasks and the references from which data for each task were taken. The range of tasks was from fundamental movements (e.g., catching, jumping, running, throwing) to motor fitness (e.g., agility, arm hang, balance, grip strength) to perceptual-motor abilities, (e.g., anticipation timing, fine eye-motor coordination, pursuit-rotor tracking, reaction time). The arm hang was represented in the fewest papers ( n = 2) while the dash and long jump were most frequently referenced ( n = 21).

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Azizi, Emanuel, and Emily M. Abbott. "Anticipatory motor patterns limit muscle stretch during landing in toads." Biology Letters 9, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 20121045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1045.

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To safely land after a jump or hop, muscles must be actively stretched to dissipate mechanical energy. Muscles that dissipate energy can be damaged if stretched to long lengths. The likelihood of damage may be mitigated by the nervous system, if anticipatory activation of muscles prior to impact alters the muscle's operating length. Anticipatory motor recruitment is well established in landing studies and motor patterns have been shown to be modulated based on the perceived magnitude of the impact. In this study, we examine whether motor recruitment in anticipation of landing can serve a protective function by limiting maximum muscle length during a landing event. We use the anconeus muscle of toads, a landing muscle whose recruitment is modulated in anticipation of landing. We combine in vivo measurements of muscle length during landing with in vitro characterization of the force–length curve to determine the muscle's operating length. We show that muscle shortening prior to impact increases with increasing hop distance. This initial increase in muscle shortening functions to accommodate the larger stretches required when landing after long hops. These predictive motor strategies may function to reduce stretch-induced muscle damage by constraining maximum muscle length, despite variation in the magnitude of impact.

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Colón-Semenza, Cristina, Daniel Fulford, and Terry Ellis. "Effort-Based Decision-Making for Exercise in People with Parkinson’s Disease." Journal of Parkinson's Disease 11, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpd-202353.

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Background: People with Parkinson’s disease (PwPD) are less active than their age-matched peers. Non-motor symptoms, specifically, deficient motivation, may influence decision-making for exercise due to the impaired mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if effort-based decision-making for physical effort was different in PwPD compared to healthy controls. We sought to determine the relationship between effort-based decision making for exercise and a discrete motor task as well as the impact of components of motivation on decision-making for physical effort in PwPD. Methods: An effort-based decision-making paradigm using a discrete motor task (button pressing) and a continuous exercise task (cycling) was implemented in 32 PwPD and 23 healthy controls. Components of motivation were measured using the Apathy Scale and the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale- Anticipatory Pleasure scale. Results: The presence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) did not moderate decisions for either physical effort task. There was a moderate correlation between decisions for both tasks, within each group. The anticipation of pleasure and apathy were predictors of decisions for both physical effort tasks in PwPD, but not in healthy controls. Conclusion: PwPD responded similarly to effort and reward valuations compared to those without PD. Individuals were consistent in their decisions, regardless of the physical effort task. The anticipation of pleasure and apathy were significant predictors of decisions for exercise in PwPD only. Increased anticipation of pleasure, reduction of apathy, and the use of rewards may enhance engagement in high effort exercise among PwPD.

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Greenhouse, Ian, Caitlin L. Oldenkamp, and Adam R. Aron. "Stopping a response has global or nonglobal effects on the motor system depending on preparation." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 1 (January 2012): 384–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00704.2011.

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Much research has focused on how people stop initiated response tendencies when instructed by a signal. Stopping of this kind appears to have global effects on the motor system. For example, by delivering transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the leg area of the primary motor cortex, it is possible to detect suppression in the leg when the hand is being stopped (Badry R et al. Suppression of human cortico-motoneuronal excitability during the stop-signal task. Clin Neurophysiol 120: 1717–1723, 2009). Here, we asked if such “global suppression” can be observed proactively, i.e., when people anticipate they might have to stop. We used a conditional stop signal task, which allows the measurement of both an “anticipation phase” (i.e., where proactive control is applied) and a “stopping” phase. TMS was delivered during the anticipation phase ( experiment 1) and also during the stopping phase ( experiments 1 and 2) to measure leg excitability. During the anticipation phase, we did not observe leg suppression, but we did during the stopping phase, consistent with Badry et al. (2009) . Moreover, when we split the subject groups into those who slowed down behaviorally (i.e., exercised proactive control) and those who did not, we found that subjects who slowed did not show leg suppression when they stopped, whereas those who did not slow did show leg suppression when they stopped. These results suggest that if subjects prepare to stop, then they do so without global effects on the motor system. Thus, preparation allows them to stop more selectively.

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Müller, Sean, Yasmin Gurisik, Mark Hecimovich, Allen G. Harbaugh, and Ann-Maree Vallence. "Individual Differences in Short-Term Anticipation Training for High-Speed Interceptive Skill." Journal of Motor Learning and Development 5, no. 1 (June 2017): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2016-0029.

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Training studies in a variety of domains focus on between-group comparisons. This study investigated individual differences in learning based upon visual anticipation training using field hockey goalkeeping as the exemplar motor skill. In a within-subject design, four state-league level field hockey goalkeepers were tested before and after visual anticipatory training in an in-situ test that required them to save goals from a drag flick. Response initiation time and response accuracy were measured. Participants were tested at baseline, completed a control phase of sport-specific practice, were retested, then given an intervention phase of temporal occlusion training plus sport-specific practice, and retested. Results indicated that two goalkeepers’ response initiation times were earlier after the intervention. Effect sizes indicated that the two goalkeepers improved response accuracy after the intervention. Another goalkeeper’s response initiation time was later after the intervention, but this did not impede response accuracy of goals saved. The mechanism of individual learning appeared to be modulation of response timing to save goals. Anticipation training can improve in-situ visual-perceptual motor skill performance in an individualized and nonlinear fashion. Further research is needed to better understand how each individual learns the visual-perceptual motor skills of high time-stress tasks in the sport domain.

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Buekers, Martinus J. A., Richard A. Magill, and Kellie G. Hall. "The Effect of Erroneous Knowledge of Results on Skill Acquisition when Augmented Information is Redundant." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 44, no. 1 (January 1992): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401285.

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Even though it can be shown that verbal knowledge of results (KR) is redundant with sensory feedback for learning certain motor skills, such findings do not eliminate the possibility that when KR is available it influences underlying learning processes. In order to examine the function of KR more closely, two experiments were designed in which the subjects received conflicting information about their own sensory feedback and the KR presented by the experimenter. In Experiment 1, two erroneous-KR groups, a correct-KR group, and a no-KR group performed 150 practice trials on a simple anticipation timing task and then performed three no-KR retention tests of 30 trials each following intervals of 10 minutes, 1 week, and 1 month. The results supported previous findings that providing correct KR is redundant in anticipation tasks. However, learning was influenced by KR as subjects performed according to the erroneous KR information, thereby ignoring their sensory feedback even after a 1-month interval. In Experiment 2, subjects practised a more complex striking response for the anticipation task for 75 trials and then performed no-KR retention trials either immediately, or 1 day or 1 week later. One of the groups received erroneous KR after 50 practice trials with correct KR. The results confirmed and extended those from Experiment 1, as erroneous KR, even after initial practice with correct KR, influenced retention performance. These results indicate that although KR provides information that is not needed to learn anticipation timing skills, this augmented verbal information is a dominant source of information that influences underlying cognitive processes involved in learning motor skills.

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Washburn, Auriel, Rachel W. Kallen, Charles A. Coey, Kevin Shockley, and Michael J. Richardson. "Harmony from chaos? Perceptual-motor delays enhance behavioral anticipation in social interaction." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 41, no. 4 (August 2015): 1166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000080.

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Brenton, John, and Sean Müller. "Is visual-perceptual or motor expertise critical for expert anticipation in sport?" Applied Cognitive Psychology 32, no. 6 (October 10, 2018): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3453.

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Niederer, Daniel, Ulrike Plaumann, Tanja Seitz, Franziska Wallner, Jan Wilke, Tobias Engeroff, Florian Giesche, Lutz Vogt, and Winfried Banzer. "How does a 4-week motor–cognitive training affect choice reaction, dynamic balance and cognitive performance ability? A randomized controlled trial in well-trained, young, healthy participants." SAGE Open Medicine 7 (January 2019): 205031211987002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312119870020.

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Background: We aimed to investigate the potential effects of a 4-week motor–cognitive dual-task training on cognitive and motor function as well as exercise motivation in young, healthy, and active adults. Methods: A total of 26 participants (age 25 ± 2 years; 10 women) were randomly allocated to either the intervention group or a control group. The intervention group performed a motor–cognitive training (3×/week), while the participants of the control group received no intervention. Before and after the intervention period of 4 weeks, all participants underwent cognitive (d2-test, Trail Making Test) and motor (lower-body choice reaction test and time to stabilization test) assessments. Following each of the 12 workouts, self-reported assessments (rating of perceived exertion, enjoyment and pleasant anticipation of the next training session) were done. Analyses of covariances and 95% confidence intervals plotting for between group and time effects were performed. Results: Data from 24 participants were analysed. No pre- to post-intervention improvement nor a between-group difference regarding motor outcomes (choice-reaction: F = 0.5; time to stabilization test: F = 0.7; p > 0.05) occurred. No significant training-induced changes were found in the cognitive tests (D2: F = 0.02; Trail Making Test A: F = 0.24; Trail Making Test B: F = 0.002; p > 0.05). Both enjoyment and anticipation of the next workout were rated as high. Discussion: The neuro-motor training appears to have no significant effects on motor and cognitive function in healthy, young and physically active adults. This might be explained in part by the participants’ very high motor and cognitive abilities, the comparably low training intensity or the programme duration. The high degree of exercise enjoyment, however, may qualify the training as a facilitator to initiate and maintain regular physical activity. The moderate to vigorous intensity levels further point towards potential health-enhancing cardiorespiratory effects.

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Stenner, Max-Philipp, Markus Bauer, Patrick Haggard, Hans-Jochen Heinze, and Ray Dolan. "Enhanced Alpha-oscillations in Visual Cortex during Anticipation of Self-generated Visual Stimulation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 11 (November 2014): 2540–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00658.

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The perceived intensity of sensory stimuli is reduced when these stimuli are caused by the observer's actions. This phenomenon is traditionally explained by forward models of sensory action–outcome, which arise from motor processing. Although these forward models critically predict anticipatory modulation of sensory neural processing, neurophysiological evidence for anticipatory modulation is sparse and has not been linked to perceptual data showing sensory attenuation. By combining a psychophysical task involving contrast discrimination with source-level time–frequency analysis of MEG data, we demonstrate that the amplitude of alpha-oscillations in visual cortex is enhanced before the onset of a visual stimulus when the identity and onset of the stimulus are controlled by participants' motor actions. Critically, this prestimulus enhancement of alpha-amplitude is paralleled by psychophysical judgments of a reduced contrast for this stimulus. We suggest that alpha-oscillations in visual cortex preceding self-generated visual stimulation are a likely neurophysiological signature of motor-induced sensory anticipation and mediate sensory attenuation. We discuss our results in relation to proposals that attribute generic inhibitory functions to alpha-oscillations in prioritizing and gating sensory information via top–down control.

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Edwards, Jacqueline M., Digby Elliott, and Timothy D. Lee. "Contextual Interference Effects during Skill Acquisition and Transfer in Down’s Syndrome Adolescents." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 3, no. 3 (July 1986): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.3.3.250.

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An experiment is reported that investigated the effects of contextual interference on motor skill acquisition, and transfer of training in Down’s syndrome adolescents. Twenty Down’s syndrome adolescents and 20 nonhandicapped mental age controls learned a coincident anticipation timing task using either a random or a blocked training schedule. For transfer to a novel but similar task, subjects from both populations evidenced beneficial effects due to random practice. These data are discussed in terms of recent developments for strategy enhancement in motor learning by mentally retarded individuals.

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Meeuwsen, Harry J., Sinah L. Goode, and Noreen L. Goggin. "Effects of Aging on Coincidence Anticipation Timing in Females." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 5, no. 4 (October 1997): 285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.5.4.285.

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Ten young and 10 older adult females, who were all right-eye and right-hand dominant, performed a switch-press and a hitting coincidence anticipation timing task on a Bassin Anticipation Timing apparatus with stimulus speeds of 4,8, and 12 mph. Level of experience with open skills was determined by a self-report questionnaire, and all participants were screened on six visual characteristics using the Biopter Vision Test. Unlike the young adults, older adults reported no substantial experience with open skills. Prior experience with open skills was found to have little effect on the different dependent variables. Nonetheless, young females performed with less absolute and variable error than older females. Our data suggest that older females’ perceptual and motor systems are differentially affected by manipulations of task and stimulus characteristics.

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Bazarov, Komiljon I. "AGILITY AND COORDINATION IN THE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THOSE INVOLVED, SPECIALIZING IN WRESTLING AND MARTIAL ARTS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-08-17.

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The article is an analytical review on the problem of agility development in wrestling and martial arts. The current approach to the training of athletes in these types is characterized, which is based on technical and tactical training and improvement with clearly insufficient attention to the physical preparation of those involved, especially to the development of agility as a quality that is extremely important for fast effective motor actions in changing and unexpected situations. Differences between sports types of wrestling and martial arts are given, which determine the differentiation of the methodology for developing dexterity. The importance for the development of dexterity of using knowledge about the physiological foundations of movement control and motor actions and such concepts as “motor memory”, “motor field”, “anticipation”, “subconscious automated movements and actions”, “automatisms”.

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Lidor, Ronnie, Ester Argov, and Sharon Daniel. "An Exploratory Study of Perceptual-Motor Abilities of Women: Novice and Skilled Players of Team Handball." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 1 (February 1998): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.1.279.

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Comparisons of ability between skilled performers and novices have been made for activities such as basketball, volleyball, tennis, squash, and badminton, but there is little work on team-handball which is not a well-recognized sport in North America. To examine a variety of perceptual, e.g., anticipation time, reaction time, and motor, e.g., throwing tasks, abilities of skilled and novice female team-handball players 13 First Division (skilled) and 10 recreational (novice) players ( M age = 25.3 yr.) performed 2 laboratory activities (for measurement of anticipation time, reaction time and movement time) and 3 field tasks (for measurement of accuracy and speed of throwing abilities) in random order. Reaction time and movement time were collected during a unique team-handball motor activity. Analyses of variance with repeated measures on trial blocks indicated high mean proficiency for the skilled participants in reaction time and all field-throwing tests compared with the novice participants. These reliable differences in team-handball activities further support superiority in sport settings gained by physical achievements and psychomotor excellence. In other words, skilled female team-handball players threw faster and more accurately and responded more rapidly than novice players.

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Basiri, Fahimeh, Alireza Farsi, Behrooz Abdoli, and Maryam Kavyani. "The Effect of Visual and Tennis Training on Perceptual-Motor Skill and Learning of Forehand Drive in Table Tennis Players." Journal of Modern Rehabilitation 14, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jmr.14.1.3.

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Introduction: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of visual and skill training on learning forehand drive in table tennis and motor-perceptual abilities (reaction time, coincidence-anticipation timing, eye-hand coordination, and depth perception).Materials and Methods: Forty volunteer female students (Mean±SD age: 21.50±0.78 years) were selected and randomly assigned to one of four groups (each group had 10 participants): visual and tennis training group, visual training group, tennis training group, and control group. Motor perceptual abilities (reaction time, coincidence-anticipation timing, eye-hand coordination, and depth perception) and forehand drive performance were measured before and after the training period, and also after 24 h retention period. After the pretest, including the accuracy of the kicks test for assessment of forehand drive in table tennis and motor-perceptual test, the experimental groups underwent four weeks (three sessions per week) of visual training, table tennis forehand training, or both. The control group followed their normal daily life for the whole study period. Then, they participated in the posttest and 24 h later in the retention test of kick accuracy.Results: The results revealed that visual and table tennis training, visual training, and table tennis training had a significant effect on the reaction time (P=0.001), coincidence-anticipation timing (P=0.001) and eye-hand coordination (error time) (P=0.01). Moreover, visual and tennis training and table tennis training had a significant effect on the acquisition (P=0.001) and retention of forehand drive (P=0.005). Besides, the post hoc LSD (Least Significant Difference) test showed that visual and tennis training had a more significant impact on the learning forehand drive. Visual training and tennis training had a significant effect on eye-hand coordination (number of errors). The three types of training programs were not effective in the depth of perception.Conclusion: Visual training can be used as a supplementary program in the athletes’ training schedule.

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Kourtis, Dimitrios, Natalie Sebanz, and Günther Knoblich. "Favouritism in the motor system: social interaction modulates action simulation." Biology Letters 6, no. 6 (June 23, 2010): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0478.

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The ability to anticipate others' actions is crucial for social interaction. It has been shown that this ability relies on motor areas of the human brain that are not only active during action execution and action observation, but also during anticipation of another person's action. Recording electroencephalograms during a triadic social interaction, we assessed whether activation of motor areas pertaining to the human mirror-neuron system prior to action observation depends on the social relationship between the actor and the observer. Anticipatory motor activation was stronger when participants expected an interaction partner to perform a particular action than when they anticipated that the same action would be performed by a third person they did not interact with. These results demonstrate that social interaction modulates action simulation.

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Bozkurt, Sinan. "Perceptual and Motor Components at Young Football Players." Journal of Education and Training Studies 5, no. 13 (December 31, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v5i13.2906.

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The purpose of this study was to determine some perceptual and motor components level of young football players and to investigate the relationships between perceptual and motor components. Thirty-eight (38) selected football players from different division of Turkey whose mean age was 13.50±.42 years, height 150.00±5.60 cm and body weight 40.00±4.75 kg were tested as voluntarily in this study. This study was conducted in the Riva Orhan Saka Facility of the Turkish Football Federation. The findings indicated that statistically significant relations were observed between visual reaction time and anticipation time and also between sit-ups and sprint time, reaction time and agility times. On the other hands, there is no significant relation was found in other parameters.These findings may be useful for trainer and physical education teachers in the selection process and talent identification and preparing sport education programs.

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Kano, Michiko, Adam D. Farmer, Qasim Aziz, Vincent P. Giampietro, Michael J. Brammer, Steven C. R. Williams, Shin Fukudo, and Steven J. Coen. "Sex differences in brain response to anticipated and experienced visceral pain in healthy subjects." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 304, no. 8 (April 15, 2013): G687—G699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00385.2012.

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Women demonstrate higher pain sensitivity and prevalence of chronic visceral pain conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders than men. The role of sex differences in the brain processing of visceral pain is still unclear. In 16 male and 16 female healthy subjects we compared personality, anxiety levels, skin conductance response (SCR), and brain processing using functional MRI during anticipation and pain induced by esophageal distension at pain toleration level. There was no significant difference in personality scores, anxiety levels, SCR, and subjective ratings of pain between sexes. In group analysis, both men and women demonstrated a similar pattern of brain activation and deactivation during anticipation and pain consistent with previous reports. However, during anticipation women showed significantly greater activation in the cuneus, precuneus, and supplementary motor area (SMA) and stronger deactivation in the right amygdala and left parahippocampal gyrus, whereas men demonstrated greater activation in the cerebellum. During pain, women demonstrated greater activation in the midcingulate cortex, anterior insula, premotor cortex, and cerebellum and stronger deactivation in the caudate, whereas men showed increased activity in the SMA. The pattern of brain activity suggests that, during anticipation, women may demonstrate stronger limbic inhibition, which is considered to be a cognitive modulation strategy for impending painful stimulation. During pain, women significantly activate brain areas associated with the affective and motivation components of pain. These responses may underlie the sex differences that exist in pain conditions, whereby women may attribute more emotional importance to painful stimuli compared with men.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Motor anticipation'

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