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Journal articles on the topic 'Motoneurones'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Büschges, A., J. Schmitz, and U. Bässler. "Rhythmic patterns in the thoracic nerve cord of the stick insect induced by pilocarpine." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 435–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.2.435.

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Bath application of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine onto the deafferented stick insect thoracic nerve cord induced long-lasting rhythmic activity in leg motoneurones. Rhythmicity was induced at concentrations as low as 1x10(-4) mol l-1 pilocarpine. The most stable rhythms were reliably elicited at concentrations from 2x10(-3) mol l-1 to 5x10(-3) mol l-1. Rhythmicity could be completely abolished by application of atropine. The rhythm in antagonistic motoneurone pools of the three proximal leg joints, the subcoxal, the coxo-trochanteral (CT) and the femoro-tibial (FT), was strictly alternati

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2

Vrbova, G., R. Navarrete, and M. Lowrie. "Matching of muscle properties and motoneurone firing patterns during early stages of development." Journal of Experimental Biology 115, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.115.1.113.

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In adults, muscle fibres match the functional requirements of the motoneurone that supplies them. During early stages of postnatal development of the rat neither muscle fibre properties, nor activity patterns of motoneurones supplying fast and slow muscles have completed their differentiation. Nevertheless, even at this early stage of development the muscles have characteristic properties that are well matched to the activity patterns of immature motoneurones. With further development differentiation of motoneurone activity and muscle fibre properties goes hand in hand. If during this period o

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3

Kittmann, R. "Neural mechanisms of adaptive gain control in a joint control loop: muscle force and motoneuronal activity." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (January 1, 1997): 1383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1383.

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An adaptive gain control system of a proprioceptive feedback system, the femur&shy;tibia control loop, is investigated. It enables the joint control loop to work with a high gain but it prevents instability oscillations. In the inactive stick insect, the realisation of specific changes in gain is described for tibial torque, for extensor tibiae muscle force and for motoneuronal activity. In open-loop experiments, sinusoidal stimuli are applied to the femoral chordotonal organ (fCO). Changes in gain that depend on fCO stimulus parameters (such as amplitude, frequency and repetition rate), a

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4

COOKE, IAN R. C. "Further Studies of Crayfish Escape Behaviour: II. Giant Axon-Mediated Neural Activity in the Appendages." Journal of Experimental Biology 118, no. 1 (September 1, 1985): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.118.1.367.

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Stereotyped responses were evoked in a number of motoneurones in the appendages of semi-intact crayfish when the command neurones for escape behaviour were activated. The medial giant neurones mediated short latency responses in pereiopod common inhibitor, promotor and extensor motoneurones, several abdominal first root neurones and one uropod exopodite promotor motoneurone. The lateral giant neurones mediated short latency responses in the pereiopod common inhibitor neurones, the same abdominal first root neurones and one uropod protopodite promotor motoneurone. These responses can be correla

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5

Gardiner, Phillip, Eric Beaumont, and Bruno Cormery. "Motoneurones "Learn" and "Forget" Physical Activity." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 352–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-127.

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In spite of our knowledge of activity related adaptations in supraspinal neurones and skeletal muscles, very little is known concerning adaptations in α-motoneurones to alterations in chronic activity levels. Recent evidence shows that the biophysical properties of α-motoneurones are plastic and adapt to both increases and decreases in chronic activation. The nature of the adaptations-in resting membrane potential, spike threshold, afterhyperpolarization amplitude, and rate of depolarization during spike generation-point to involvement of density, type, location, and/or metabolic modulation of

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6

Neuman, R. S. "Action of serotonin and norepinephrine on spinal motoneurones following blockade of synaptic transmission." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 6 (June 1, 1985): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-120.

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The actions of serotonin and norepinephrine were investigated on spinal motoneurones in isolated, hemisected rat and frog spinal cords. Serotonin and norepinephrine induced slowly developing depolarizations of spinal motoneurones which were frequently preceded by brief, low amplitude hyperpolarizations. Neither the depolarizations nor the hyperpolarizations were attenuated by 20 mM Mg2+ or tetrodotoxin, although synaptic transmission was blocked in both cases. It thus appears unlikely that the action of serotonin and norepinephrine on spinal motoneurone polarization and results from an indirec

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7

Russell, D. F. "Neural basis of teeth coordination during gastric mill rhythms in spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus." Journal of Experimental Biology 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.114.1.99.

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Motoneurones that drive the closing of the lateral teeth during gastric mill rhythms in spiny lobsters start firing before the motoneurones that drive the medial tooth powerstroke. This has the expected behavioural interpretation that the lateral teeth must close on a food particle before the medial tooth is pulled across it. The neural basis of the teeth coordination was examined. Experiments were made during gastric rhythms in in vitro preparations comprising the stomatogastric, oesophageal and (paired) commissural ganglia. Identified neurones in the stomatogastric ganglion were polarized to

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8

Sears, T. A. "Structural changes in intercostal motoneurones following axotomy." Journal of Experimental Biology 132, no. 1 (September 1, 1987): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.132.1.93.

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Motoneurone disease (MND or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a paralysing disease of unknown cause involving progressive, widespread muscle atrophy due to degeneration of spinal and other motoneurones and an accompanying loss of Betz cells in the motor cortex. A current hypothesis attributes the disease to the loss of a muscle-derived neurotrophic factor acting in concert with the normal age-related deterioration and loss of motoneurones. The roots of this hypothesis are traced through research based mainly on the developing neuromuscular system, and in particular on the age-related processes

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9

Ferguson, G. P., and P. R. Benjamin. "The whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis. II. Activation of central motoneurones and muscles by sensory input." Journal of Experimental Biology 158, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.158.1.97.

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The role of centrally located motoneurones in producing the whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) was investigated. The motoneurones innervating the muscles used during whole-body withdrawal, the columellar muscle (CM) and the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM) were cells with a high resting potential (−60 to −70 mV) and thus a high threshold for spike initiation. In both semi-intact and isolated brain preparations these motoneurones showed very little spontaneous spike activity. When spontaneous firing was seen it could be correlated with the occurrence of two types of sponta

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10

Murayama, M., and M. Takahata. "Neuronal mechanisms underlying the facilitatory control of uropod steering behaviour during treadmill walking in crayfish. I. Antagonistically regulated background excitability of uropod motoneurones." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 1283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.9.1283.

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One of the postural reflexes of crayfish, the uropod steering response, is elicited by specific sensory inputs while the animal is walking. It is not elicited, however, by the same inputs when the animal is at rest. To clarify the neuronal mechanisms underlying this facilitatory control of body posture in the active animals, we used intracellular recordings to analyse the synaptic activities of uropod motor system neurones in an unanaesthetized whole-animal preparation. Several uropod motoneurones were found to receive sustained depolarizing inputs during walking, whereas the walking leg moton

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11

PEARSON, K. G., and H. WOLF. "Connections of Hindwing Tegulae with Flight Neurones in the Locust, Locusta Migratoria." Journal of Experimental Biology 135, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 381–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.135.1.381.

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1. The connections of afferents from the hindwing tegulae to flight motoneurones and interneurones in the locust, Locusta migratoria, have been determined by selectively stimulating the tegula afferents while recording intracellularly from identified neurones in the meso- and metathoracic ganglia. 2. Electrical stimulation of the hindwing tegula nerve (nerve lCla) revealed two groups of afferents distinguished by a difference in their conduction velocities. Both groups of afferents made excitatory connections to hindwing elevator motoneurones in the ipsilateral half of the metathoracic ganglio

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12

Ferguson, G. P., and P. R. Benjamin. "The whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis. I. Identification of central motoneurones and muscles." Journal of Experimental Biology 158, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 63–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.158.1.63.

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Two muscle systems mediated the whole-body withdrawal response of Lymnaea stagnalis: the columellar muscle (CM) and the dorsal longitudinal muscle (DLM). The CM was innervated by the columellar nerves and contracted longitudinally to shorten the ventral head-foot complex and to pull the shell forward and down over the body. The DLM was innervated by the superior and inferior cervical nerves and the left and right parietal nerves. During whole-body withdrawal, the DLM contracted synchronously with the CM and shortened the dorsal head-foot longitudinally. The CM and the DLM were innervated by a

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13

Mrówczyński, Włodzimierz, Piotr Krutki, and Jan Celichowski. "Double stimulation modulates afterhyperpolarization phase following action potentials evoked in rat motoneurones." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 67, no. 4 (December 31, 2007): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2007-1660.

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The influence of a pair of stimuli running in time sequence between 5–10 ms (a doublet) on the basic parameters of antidromic action potentials was studied in rat motoneurones. Electrophysiological experiments were based on stimulation of axons in the sciatic nerve and intracellular recording of antidromic action potentials from individual motoneurones located in L4–L5 segments of the spinal cord. The following parameters were analyzed after application of a single stimulus and a doublet: amplitude and duration of the antidromic spike, amplitude, total duration, time to minimum, half-decay tim

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14

Wallis, D. I., P. Elliott, G. A. Foster, and BMJ Stringer. "Synaptic activity, induced rhythmic discharge patterns, and receptor subtypes in enriched primary cultures of embryonic rat motoneurones." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y98-025.

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Long-term cultures of ventral horn neurones from embryonic rat spinal cord were established, after enrichment using density gradient centrifugation, to give a high proportion of cells (>82%) with motoneurone characteristics. Neurones were grown on spinal cord glial monolayers for 4-83 days and investigated using whole-cell patch clamp. Synaptic activity interrupted by periods of quiescence increased in frequency with culture age and was suppressed by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and strychnine. However, strychnine (10 µM) or bicuculline (10-30 µM) or removal of Mg2+ alone ind

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15

Hedwig, B., and G. Becher. "Forewing movements and intracellular motoneurone stimulation in tethered flying locusts." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 731–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.5.731.

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A new optoelectronic method was used for the measurement of wing movements in tethered flying locusts. The method is based on laser light coupled into a highly flexible optical fibre fastened to a forewing. A dual-axis position-sensing photodiode, aligned to the wing hinge, revealed the flapping, i.e. up-down movement, and lagging, i.e. forward-backward movement, of the wingtip as indicated by the emitted light. Measurements were combined with electromyographic recordings from flight muscles and with intracellular recording and stimulation of flight motoneurones. Compared with muscle recording

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16

Davis, R. L. "Influence of oxygen on the heartbeat rhythm of the leech." Journal of Experimental Biology 123, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.123.1.401.

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Raising and lowering the oxygen content in the fluid bathing the skin of the leech modified the frequency of the heartbeat. In raised concentrations of oxygen, the period between bursts of impulses in the heart excitor motoneurones (HE cells) was reduced. Conversely, with lowered oxygen concentrations bathing the skin, the heart rate was slowed, with longer periods between bursts of firing in the HE motoneurones. Changes in oxygen concentration did not affect HE motoneurone firing patterns in preparations in which the CNS was dissected from the skin and surrounding body tissues. Various other

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17

Syed, N. I., and W. Winlow. "Coordination of locomotor and cardiorespiratory networks of Lymnaea stagnalis by a pair of identified interneurones." Journal of Experimental Biology 158, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.158.1.37.

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1. The morphology and electrophysiology of a newly identified bilateral pair of interneurones in the central nervous system of the pulmonate pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis is described. 2. These interneurones, identified as left and right pedal dorsal 11 (L/RPeD11), are electrically coupled to each other as well as to a large number of foot and body wall motoneurones, forming a fast-acting neural network which coordinates the activities of foot and body wall muscles. 3. The left and right sides of the body wall of Lymnaea are innervated by left and right cerebral A cluster neurones. Although the

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18

Esmaeili, Behrooz, Jennifer M. Ross, Cara Neades, David M. Miller, and Julie Ahringer. "The C. elegans even-skipped homologue, vab-7, specifies DB motoneurone identity and axon trajectory." Development 129, no. 4 (February 15, 2002): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.4.853.

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Locomotory activity is defined by the specification of motoneurone subtypes. In the nematode, C. elegans, DA and DB motoneurones innervate dorsal muscles and function to induce movement in the backwards or forwards direction, respectively. These two neurone classes express separate sets of genes and extend axons with oppositely directed trajectories; anterior (DA) versus posterior (DB). The DA-specific homeoprotein UNC-4 interacts with UNC-37/Groucho to repress the DB gene, acr-5 (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit). We show that the C. elegans even-skipped-like homoedomain protein, VAB-

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19

Kuo, Jason J., Martijn Schonewille, Teepu Siddique, Annet N. A. Schults, Ronggen Fu, Peter R. Bär, Roberta Anelli, C. J. Heckman, and Alfons B. A. Kroese. "Hyperexcitability of Cultured Spinal Motoneurons From Presymptomatic ALS Mice." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 1 (January 2004): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00665.2003.

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ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is an adult-onset and deadly neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive and selective loss of motoneurons. Transgenic mice overexpressing a mutated human gene (G93A) coding for the enzyme SOD1 (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase) develop a motoneuron disease resembling ALS in humans. In this generally accepted ALS model, we tested the electrophysiological properties of individual embryonic and neonatal spinal motoneurons in culture by measuring a wide range of electrical properties influencing motoneuron excitability during current clamp. There were no

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PAUL, D. H., and B. L. ROBERTS. "Spinal Neuronal activity During the Pectoral Fin Reflex of the Dogfish: Pathways For Reflex Generation and Cerebellar Control." Journal of Experimental Biology 148, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.148.1.403.

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ingle units were recorded from the spinal cord of decerebrate dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) during pectoral fin reflexes (PFR) evoked by electrical pulse trains to the fin. The units were classified as primary afferent neurones, motoneurones or interneurones. Motoneurones discharged for limited (and various) periods during the reflex at latencies of 20 ms or more. There was no evidence for monosynaptic activation by primary afferents. Short-latency (S) units received monosynaptic input from fast-conducting afferents at latencies (&lt;20 ms) appropriate for pre-motor interneurones. Howeve

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Power, Kevin E., Evan J. Lockyer, Davis A. Forman, and Duane C. Button. "Modulation of motoneurone excitability during rhythmic motor outputs." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 43, no. 11 (November 2018): 1176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0077.

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In quadrupeds, special circuity located within the spinal cord, referred to as central pattern generators (CPGs), is capable of producing complex patterns of activity such as locomotion in the absence of descending input. During these motor outputs, the electrical properties of spinal motoneurones are modulated such that the motoneurone is more easily activated. Indirect evidence suggests that like quadrupeds, humans also have spinally located CPGs capable of producing locomotor outputs, albeit descending input is considered to be of greater importance. Whether motoneurone properties are recon

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Zill, S. N. "Plasticity and proprioception in insects. II. Modes of reflex action of the locust metathoracic femoral chordotonal organ." Journal of Experimental Biology 116, no. 1 (May 1, 1985): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116.1.463.

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Reflex responses of tibial motoneurones were examined during mechanical stimulation of the femoral chordotonal organ, a joint angle receptor of the locust hindleg. Step displacements of the main ligament of the organ, mimicking 10–15 degree changes in joint angle, produced different patterns of discharge in motoneurones (1) when the leg was resting against a support and (2) when the support was removed to induce active searching movements. Tibial motoneurones showed resistance reflex responses to oppose the apparent joint movement when the leg rested against a support. Resistance reflexes cons

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23

Consoulas, C., R. Hustert, and G. Theophilidis. "THE MULTISEGMENTAL MOTOR SUPPLY TO TRANSVERSE MUSCLES DIFFERS IN A CRICKET AND A BUSHCRICKET." Journal of Experimental Biology 185, no. 1 (December 1, 1993): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.185.1.335.

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Most abdominal sternites of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus and the bushcricket Decticus albifrons are bridged by a transverse muscle (TM) which supports expiratory movements. In the cricket, ventilatory contractions are controlled both within each segment, by a bilateral pair of excitatory motoneurones in the abdominal ganglion supplying the left and right halves of the TM independently, and intersegmentally, by peripheral collaterals of homologous motoneurones from adjacent segments. The axons of these motoneurones run in the ipsilateral paramedian nerve. This unique divergence of excitatory

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RAJASHEKHAR, K. P., and J. L. WILKENS. "Control of ‘Pulmonary’ Pressure and Coordination with Gill Ventilation in the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.147.

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In the shore crab, Carcinus maenas (L.), forward ventilation creates negative pulses of hydrostatic pressure while reversed ventilation causes dramatic positive pressure fluctuations in the branchial chamber. These pressures are transmitted via the gills to the haemolymph of the open circulatory system. The branchiostegal sinus, which is a compliant chamber, may function as a reservoir for displaced haemolymph and may operate as an accessory pump driven by the action of the dorsoventral (DV) muscles. A band of dorsoventral muscles controls the volume of the branchiostegal sinuses. The muscular

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PEARSON, K. G., and J. M. RAMIREZ. "Influence of input from the Forewing Stretch Receptors on Motoneurones in Flying Locusts." Journal of Experimental Biology 151, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.151.1.317.

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1. Previous studies on the forewing stretch receptors (FSRs) of locusts have suggested that feedback from these receptors during flight contributes to the excitation of depressor motoneurones and reduces the duration of depolarizations in elevator motoneurones. We have investigated these proposals by measuring the timing of FSR activity relative to depressor activity and by examining the effects of stimulating the FSRs on the membrane potential oscillations in flight motoneurones. 2. Activity in the FSRs was recorded in tethered intact animals flying in a windstream and in preparations that al

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HEAD, STEWART I., and BRIAN M. H. BUSH. "PROPRIOCEPTIVE INPUT FROM TWO BASAL JOINT STRETCH RECEPTORS TO LEG MOTONEURONES IN THE ISOLATED THORACIC GANGLION OF THE SHORE CRAB." Journal of Experimental Biology 163, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.163.1.187.

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The reflex effects and interactions of two proprioceptors upon motoneurones supplying the four basal leg muscles of the shore crab Carcinus maenas have been studied in a new in vitro preparation consisting of the thoracic-coxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO) and the coxo-basal chordotonal organ (CBCO) isolated together with the whole thoracic ganglion complex to which they were still connected by their afferent nerves. Each receptor strand was stimulated mechanically, while recording intracellularly from motoneurones in the ganglion, and extracellularly from the cut motor nerves innervating the

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BÜSCHGES, ANSGAR. "Nonspiking Pathways in a Joint-control Loop of the Stick Insect Carausius Morosus." Journal of Experimental Biology 151, no. 1 (July 1, 1990): 133–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.151.1.133.

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In the stick insect Carausius morosus (Phasmida) intracellular recordings were made from local nonspiking interneurones involved in the reflex activation of the extensor motoneurones of the femur-tibia joint during ramp-like stimulation of the transducer of this joint, the femoral chordotonal organ (ChO). The nonspiking interneurones in the femur-tibia control loop were characterized by their inputs from the ChO, their output properties onto the extensor motoneurones and their morphology. Eight different morphological and physiological types of nonspiking interneurones are described that are i

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Irvine, Sian, and Jessica Kwok. "Perineuronal Nets in Spinal Motoneurones: Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan around Alpha Motoneurones." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19041172.

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Harris-Warrick, R. M., and A. H. Cohen. "Serotonin modulates the central pattern generator for locomotion in the isolated lamprey spinal cord." Journal of Experimental Biology 116, no. 1 (May 1, 1985): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.116.1.27.

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The central pattern generator for locomotion in the spinal cord of the lamprey can be activated in vitro by the addition of D-glutamate to the bathing saline. Serotonin has no effects when bath-applied alone, but it modulates the D-glutamate-activated swimming pattern. Three major effects are observed: a dose-dependent reduction in the frequency of rhythmic ventral root burst discharge; enhancement of the intensity of burst discharge, due in part to the recruitment of previously inactive motoneurones; prolongation of the intersegmental phase lag. Motoneurone activation appears to result from e

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Taylor, A., R. Durbaba та P. H. Ellaway. "Direct and indirect assessment of γ-motor firing patterns". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, № 8-9 (1 липня 2004): 793–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-053.

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The study of the patterns of γ-motor activity which accompany natural contractions has been long and difficult, and has not as yet led to general agreement. In this review we have simplified matters by considering the case of locomotion in the cat only, and we have avoided discussion of the various hypotheses which have been advanced to provide general schemes of γ control for a wide range of movements. The development of the subject is shown to depend very much on devising ingenious methods applicable to reduced and intact animals. Direct recording from γ-motoneurones has only been possible i

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Gandevia, S. C. "Mind, muscles and motoneurones." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2, no. 3 (October 1999): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(99)80171-6.

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McLarnon, James G. "Potassium currents in motoneurones." Progress in Neurobiology 47, no. 6 (December 1995): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(95)00032-1.

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Akay, Turgay, Sebastian Haehn, Josef Schmitz, and Ansgar Büschges. "Signals From Load Sensors Underlie Interjoint Coordination During Stepping Movements of the Stick Insect Leg." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 1 (July 2004): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01271.2003.

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During stance and swing phase of a walking stick insect, the retractor coxae (RetCx) and protractor coxae (ProCx) motoneurons and muscles supplying the thorax-coxa (TC)-joint generate backward and forward movements of the leg. Their activity is tightly coupled to the movement of the more distal leg segments, i.e., femur, tibia, and tarsus. We used the single middle leg preparation to study how this coupling is generated. With only the distal leg segments of the middle leg being free to move, motoneuronal activity of the de-afferented and -efferented TC-joint is similarly coupled to leg steppin

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Chagnaud, Boris P., Michele C. Zee, Robert Baker, and Andrew H. Bass. "Innovations in motoneuron synchrony drive rapid temporal modulations in vertebrate acoustic signaling." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 12 (June 15, 2012): 3528–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00030.2012.

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Rapid temporal modulation of acoustic signals among several vertebrate lineages has recently been shown to depend on the actions of superfast muscles. We hypothesized that such fast events, known to require synchronous activation of muscle fibers, would rely on motoneuronal properties adapted to generating a highly synchronous output to sonic muscles. Using intracellular in vivo recordings, we identified a suite of premotor network inputs and intrinsic motoneuronal properties synchronizing the oscillatory-like, simultaneous activation of superfast muscles at high gamma frequencies in fish. Mot

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Hess, Dietmar, and Ansgar Büschges. "Role of Proprioceptive Signals From an Insect Femur-Tibia Joint in Patterning Motoneuronal Activity of an Adjacent Leg Joint." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1856–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.4.1856.

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Role of proprioceptive signals from an insect femur-tibia joint in patterning motoneuronal activity of an adjacent leg joint. Interjoint reflex function of the insect leg contributes to postural control at rest or to movement control during locomotor movements. In the stick insect ( Carausius morosus), we investigated the role that sensory signals from the femoral chordotonal organ (fCO), the transducer of the femur-tibia (FT) joint, play in patterning motoneuronal activity in the adjacent coxa-trochanteral (CT) joint when the joint control networks are in the movement control mode of the acti

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Büschges, A., and H. Wolf. "Gain changes in sensorimotor pathways of the locust leg." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 2437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.11.2437.

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Feedback systems that control the leg joints of animals must be highly flexible in adapting to different behavioural tasks. One manifestation of such flexibility is changes in the gain of joint control networks. The femur&shy;tibia (FT) control network of the locust leg is one of the feedback systems most thoroughly studied with regard to its neural circuitry. Despite excellent information concerning network topology, however, actual gain changes and their underlying mechanisms have not yet been examined because of the marked spontaneous variations in the action of the control network for

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37

Dubas, F., R. T. Hanlon, G. P. Ferguson, and H. M. Pinsker. "Localization and stimulation of chromatophore motoneurones in the brain of the squid, Lolliguncula brevis." Journal of Experimental Biology 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.121.1.1.

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The relatively simple chromatophore system of the squid, Lolliguncula brevis, was studied with combined behavioural, morphological and electrophysiological methods in order to understand how the chromatophore patterns in the skin are organized at the level of the posterior chromatophore lobes (PCL). There are nine simple chromatic components of patterning in L. brevis. Retrograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase from chromatophores in the mantle skin established that the chromatophore motoneurones are located in the PCL. Focal threshold stimulation of the PCL in perfused, semi-intact prepar

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ElBasiouny, Sherif M., and Vivian K. Mushahwar. "Suppressing the excitability of spinal motoneurons by extracellularly applied electrical fields: insights from computer simulations." Journal of Applied Physiology 103, no. 5 (November 2007): 1824–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00362.2007.

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The effect of extracellularly applied electrical fields on neuronal excitability and firing behavior is attributed to the interaction between neuronal morphology and the spatial distribution and level of differential polarization induced by the applied field in different elements of the neuron. The presence of voltage-gated ion channels that mediate persistent inward currents (PICs) on the dendrites of spinal motoneurons enhances the influence of electrical fields on the motoneuronal firing behavior. The goal of the present study was to investigate, with a realistic motoneuron computer model,

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Katakura, N., and S. H. Chandler. "An iontophoretic analysis of the pharmacologic mechanisms responsible for trigeminal motoneuronal discharge during masticatory-like activity in the guinea pig." Journal of Neurophysiology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 356–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.2.356.

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1. The effects of iontophoretic application of the excitatory amino acid antagonists kynurenic acid (KYN) and DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), as well as the monoamines serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), on extracellularly recorded jaw opener motoneuron [digastric motoneuron (DIG)] discharge during cortically induced rhythmical masticatory-like activity (RMA) were examined in the anesthetized guinea pig. 2. Iontophoretic application of KYN, a broad-spectrum amino acid antagonist, suppressed the motoneuronal discharge evoked by short pulse train stimulation of the cortex for mos

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MOFFETT, STACIA, DANIEL P. YOX, LINDA B. KAHAN, and RICHARD L. RIDGWAY. "Innervation of the Anterior and Posterior Levator Muscles of the Fifth Leg of the Crab Carcinus Maenas." Journal of Experimental Biology 127, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.127.1.229.

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In the fifth pair of legs, the anterior levator muscle of the basi-ischiopodite (AL) consists of a dorsal thoracic head (ALd), two closely aligned ventral thoracic heads (ALv) and a small coxal head (ALc). Major thoracic subdivisions are separately innervated, whereas the nerve innervating the coxal head projects from ALd. The posterior levator (PL) is located in the coxa and is separately innervated. Nerve recordings, dye backfilling, muscle fibre recordings and nerve crosssections yielded somewhat different estimates for the levator motor innervation. Nerve backfills reveal at least 10 moton

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Taylor, Anthony. "Respiratory drive to thoracic motoneurones." Journal of Physiology 579, no. 3 (March 14, 2007): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.128892.

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Alory, Alysson, Arnaud Jacquier, David Gentien, Pierre de la Grange, and Georg Haase. "Facteurs neurotrophiques pour les motoneurones." médecine/sciences 33, no. 10 (October 2017): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/20173310008.

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Piette, Patrice. "Le système des motoneurones miroirs." Kinésithérapie, la Revue 10, no. 102 (June 2010): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1779-0123(10)74852-x.

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Binder, Marc D., and Randall K. Powers. "Synaptic integration in spinal motoneurones." Journal of Physiology-Paris 93, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0928-4257(99)80137-5.

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Powers, R. K., F. R. Robinson, M. A. Konodi, and M. D. Binder. "Effective synaptic current can be estimated from measurements of neuronal discharge." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.3.964.

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1. The basic question of how motoneurons transform synaptic inputs into spike train outputs remains unresolved, despite detailed knowledge of their morphology, electrophysiology, and synaptic connectivity. We have approached this problem by making measurements of a synaptic input under steady-state conditions and combining them with quantitative assessments of their effects on the discharge rates of cat spinal motoneurons. 2. We used a modified voltage-clamp technique to measure the steady-state effective synaptic currents (IN) produced by rubrospinal input to cat triceps surae motoneurons. In

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Lorez, M. "Neural control of hindleg steering in flight in the locust." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 869–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.4.869.

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Corrective flight steering with the hindlegs was investigated in intact tethered flying locusts inside a wind tunnel as well as in animals dissected for intracellular recording and showing fictive flight activity. In intact tethered flying animals, activity in the second coxal abductor muscle (M126) was highly correlated with hindleg steering and was coupled to the elevator phase of the flight cycle. Fictive flight and steering could also be elicited in animals dissected for intracellular recording of motoneurones innervating M126. During fictive flight activity, motoneurones 126 were rhythmic

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Murayama, M., and M. Takahata. "Neuronal mechanisms underlying the facilitatory control of uropod steering behaviour during treadmill walking in crayfish. II. Modulation Of uropod motoneurone excitation by leg proprioception." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 1295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.9.1295.

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The synaptic activities underlying the uropod steering behaviour of crayfish evoked by tilting the substratum beneath the legs have been studied intracellularly in unanaesthetized animals standing or walking on a treadmill. The uropod motoneurones showed little or no synaptic response when the treadmill was tilted while the animal was in a quiescent state and the membrane potential was at its resting value. When the same stimulus was given while the animal was walking or in an active stance on the treadmill, the motoneurones showed transient much-enhanced excitatory or inhibitory responses to

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Wadepuhl, M. "Depression of excitatory motoneurones by a single neurone in the leech central nervous system." Journal of Experimental Biology 143, no. 1 (May 1, 1989): 509–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.143.1.509.

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Intracellular staining techniques have been used to characterize the morphology of a newly identified neurone, cell 151, in the segmental ganglia of the leech. This neurone ramifies extensively within the neuropile and sends multiple extensions into roots and connectives. Strong dye coupling and non-rectifying electrical coupling were observed between the contralateral homologues. No action potentials were recorded from the cell body, but postsynaptic potentials and slow potential changes (greater than 1 s, greater than 15 mV) were observed. Upon injection of hyperpolarizing currents, the effe

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Chopek, Jeremy W., Patricia C. Sheppard, Kalan Gardiner, and Phillip F. Gardiner. "Serotonin receptor and KCC2 gene expression in lumbar flexor and extensor motoneurons posttransection with and without passive cycling." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (March 1, 2015): 1369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00550.2014.

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Sacrocaudal motoneuron gene expression is altered following a spinal transection. Of interest here is the regulation of serotonin (5-HT) receptors (R), glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1 (mGluR1), and potassium-chloride cotransporter (KCC2), which mediate motoneuron excitability, locomotor recovery, and spasticity posttransection. The examination of these genes in lumbar motoneurons posttransection has not been studied, which is necessary for developing potential pharmacological interventions aimed at restoring locomotion and/or reducing spasticity. Also, if activity is to be used to promote r

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Barrett, D. J., and E. W. Taylor. "The characteristics of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the dogfish." Journal of Experimental Biology 117, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.117.1.459.

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Preganglionic vagal motoneurones supplying the heart of the dogfish have been located in the medulla by antidromic stimulation of the central cut end of the branchial cardiac branch of the vagus. They supplied axons with conduction velocities between 4.75 and 16.3 m s-1, which is similar to mammalian B fibres. Motoneurones were found in two locations: the rostromedial (N = 5) and lateral (N = 12) divisions of the vagal motor column. Their measured depths and rostrocaudal distributions with respect to obex corresponded with the location of branchial cardiac motoneurones determined by horseradis

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