Academic literature on the topic 'Motive to leave'
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Journal articles on the topic "Motive to leave"
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Superson, Anita M. "Scepticism about Moral Motives." Dialogue 35, no. 1 (1996): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300008040.
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Traditionally, the problem of defeating scepticism about the rationality of morality is that of showing that every morally required act is rationally required. Little or no direct attention has been paid to whether we must also show that it is rational for the agent to have and act from the morally appropriate motive, whatever that may be. This is not to say that philosophers have entirely ignored the issue of motives; a fair number—Kant and Aristotle come to mind—are concerned in part with the kind of motive agents ought to have and from which they ought to act. But the link to scepticism has not been clearly made. At issue is whether scepticism is fully defeated if we show that every morally required act is rationally required, even if we leave it possible that a fully rational person who performs the act just “goes through the motions” in doing so.
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Jurges, Hendrik. "Do Germans Save to Leave an Estate? An Examination of the Bequest Motive." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 103, no. 3 (September 2001): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9442.00252.
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Fox, Matthew, Leigh Plunkett Tost, and Kimberly A. Wade-Benzoni. "The Legacy Motive: A Catalyst for Sustainable Decision Making in Organizations." Business Ethics Quarterly 20, no. 2 (April 2010): 153–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201020214.
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ABSTRACT:In this article, we review and build on intergenerational and behavioral ethics research to consider how the motive to build a lasting legacy can impact ethical behavior in intergenerational decision making. We discuss how people can utilize their relationships to organizations to craft their legacies. Further, we elucidate how the legacy motive can enhance business ethics, incorporating theory and empirical findings from research on intergenerational decision making, generativity, and terror management theory to develop the legacy construct and to outline the psychological underpinnings of motivations to leave a positive legacy. We discuss the ways in which legacies can provide a link between life-meaning and pro-social motivation, and we consider the ways in which individuals’ social environments can moderate the intensity of the legacy motive and can impact legacy-building behavior by determining the types of legacies that are valued. Finally, we highlight the implications of these ideas for ethical behavior and sustainable decision making in business contexts.
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Wigger, Berthold U. "Social Security and Growth in an Altruistic Economy." German Economic Review 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00052.
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Abstract This paper studies the macroeconomic impact of private and public intergenerational transfers in the presence of endogenous growth. It focuses on two-sided altruism implying that individuals have both a motive to make gifts to their parents and a motive to leave bequests to their children. The growth effects of social security depend on whether children are making gifts to their parents or parents are leaving bequests to their children. Which of the transfers is operative, in turn, depends on the size of social security benefits. Social security is legislated endogenously. The introduction of a social security program which definitely reduces per capita income growth and harms future generations is contemplated by altruistic individuals even if non-altruistic individuals disapprove it.
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Mladenovic, Dusan, Anida Krajina, and Ivana Milojevic. "Motives for writing online reviews in post-vacation phase." International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcthr-12-2018-0169.
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Purpose This quantitative study aims to examine background motives that navigate individuals to share their opinions, in the context of an individual’s post-vacation phase and its relation to the destination of Serbia, from the standpoint of age, gender and nationality. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected throughout six weeks via a self-administered Web survey. The survey was adopted and based on the scale developed by Bronner and de Hoog (2011). Findings Results indicate that the dominant driver to submit an online review after a trip is to help vacationers (altruism) and that men and women display differences in this, but not in other motives. Both age and nationality do not influence the particular motive to leave an online review. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of this study is the total number of answers. However, sampling was rather purposive, which gives us a good indicator of the population behavior. Practical implications Understanding these drivers is essential in formulating strategies for managing the interaction with opinion leaders. On a larger scale, the results can contribute the market segmentation and customer communication approaches in Serbian tourism marketing. Originality/value Motives that trigger individuals to compose an online review have not been investigated and thematic studies are still missing, in the case of Serbia in particular.
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Somfai, László. "With or without the B-A-C-H Motive? Bartók’s Hesitation in Writing his First String Quartet." Studia Musicologica 60, no. 1-4 (October 21, 2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/6.2019.00002.
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Considering the appearance of the musical cryptogram “B-A-C-H” (B-flat– A–C–B -natural) in well-known works up to the time of his First String Quartet (1908/1909), Béla Bartók knew Liszt’s Fantasy and Fugue on the Theme B-A-C-H, presumably also Schumann’s Sechs Fugen über den Namen Bach, and Reger’s Fantasia and Fugue on B-A-C-H for organ. Such compositions quoted the celebrated motive, typically as a starting point, with the relevant (aforementioned) pitches because the musical cryptogram in this way allowed immediate recognition of the reference to the name of the Leipzig composer. However, Bartók’s planned “B-A-C-H” quotation in the development section of the sonata-form second movement of his First Quartet was not a typical homage to Johann Sebastian Bach but rather a vision: a distorted reference to the symbolic “B-A-C-H” motive. Undoubtedly Bartók liked this episode. There is reason to believe that his friend Zoltán Kodály advised him to leave out the inorganic and distorted “B-A-C-H” allusion.
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Frieze, Irene H., Bonka S. Boneva, Nataša Šarlija, Jasna Horvat, Anušska Ferligoj, Tina Kogovšek, Jolanta Miluska, et al. "Psychological Differences in Stayers and Leavers: Emigration Desires in Central and Eastern European University Students." European Psychologist 9, no. 1 (January 2004): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.9.1.15.
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The desires to live in another country or to emigrate from one's country of origin was examined in a sample of 3200 university students from Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia. All of these countries have been experiencing economic difficulties during their transition from socialist to market-driven economies. It was hypothesized that students who wanted to emigrate would score higher in Achievement and Power Motivation and would also show higher levels of Work Centrality and lower levels of Family Centrality than those who wanted to stay in their country of origin. Motive predictors were further expected to be most important for those with high Work Centrality. As predicted, high Work Centrality and low Family Centrality were found to differ for those who wanted to leave as compared to those who wished to remain in their country. The predicted interactions for motivation and Work Centrality were supported. Achievement Motive levels alone did not relate to emigration desires, but Power Motivation did differ for the two groups, as predicted.
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Hafalir, Isa, and Vijay Krishna. "Asymmetric Auctions with Resale." American Economic Review 98, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.1.87.
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We study first- and second-price auctions with resale in a model with independent private values. With asymmetric bidders, the resulting inefficiencies create a motive for post-auction trade which, in our model, takes place via monopoly pricing—the winner makes a take-it-or-leave-it offer to the loser. We show (a) a first-price auction with resale has a unique monotonic equilibrium; and (b) with resale, the expected revenue from a first-price auction exceeds that from a second-price auction. The inclusion of resale possibilities thus permits a general revenue ranking of the two auctions that is not available when these are excluded. (JEL D44)
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Galster, George, and Lena Magnusson Turner. "Status discrepancy as a driver of residential mobility: Evidence from Oslo." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 9 (June 26, 2017): 2155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17717067.
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Planners have long advocated for “social mix” in neighborhoods without clear evidence that such mixing is stable over time. Indeed, if some groups perceive an intolerable discrepancy between their own economic status and that of their neighbors they may leave the neighborhood, thereby frustrating planners’ goals. We conduct a longitudinal analysis of Oslo household intrametropolitan residential mobility employing a panel model with fixed effects for both households and neighborhoods and interactions for status groups, which provides estimates of plausible causal effects. We theoretically and empirically identify two dimensions of intraneighborhood status discrepancy that prove important predictors of leaving a neighborhood, though impacts differ strongly depending on household income status as defined by Oslo-wide standards. More extreme relative standing above the neighborhood median income promotes exit (especially for low- and middle-status households), suggesting a status signaling motive. For high-status households, being below the median neighborhood income proves influential for out-mobility, suggesting a relative deprivation motive. The overall status composition of the neighborhood is a powerful mobility influence for both low- and high-status households, suggesting a strong preference for homophily. Results imply that policy-generated introduction of low-status households will encourage the exit of high- and, to a lesser degree, middle-status neighbors.
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Ovchintseva, L. A. "New villagers: motives and factors for moving from urban to rural areas." RUDN Journal of Sociology 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 296–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2021-21-2-296-310.
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In developed countries, along with urbanization, the opposite process - ruralization or deurbanization - is becoming increasingly noticeable. Ruralization is not only the movement of townspeople to the countryside, but also the development of villages and the increasing importance of rural areas as a place to live and work. Townspeople make the decision to move by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of living in urban and rural areas, and non-economic motives (the desire to get closer to nature, to find ones roots, to live in silence, without haste, to eat natural products, etc.) play an important role in this decision. Among economic motives, the difference in the cost of urban and rural real estate and of life in general is the most important motive, i.e., families, especially young and large, can improve their living conditions by moving to the countryside. The study, the results of which are presented in the article, aimed at identifying those groups of townspeople that tend to resettlement, their motives, and factors pushing people to leave cities and facilitating/hindering resettlement to rural areas. The research is based on the study of special literature on the topic and on the data of the survey of resettled townspeople and experts in ruralization. Unlike most publications on ruralization, the author focuses on the positive aspects of the resettlement of townspeople to the countryside and insists on the removal of administrative barriers that prevent ruralization, because the resettlement of townspeople to the countryside does not have a negative impact on the city and is compensated by the influx of people from the countryside, who want to get education or a new profession.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Motive to leave"
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Lind, Matilda, and Lina Larsson. "Personalomsättning som affärsmodell : En kvalitativ studie med fokus på före detta revisorsassistenter." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177178.
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Titel Personalomsättning som affärsmodell - En kvalitativ studie med fokus på före detta revisorsassistenter Författare Lina Larsson och Matilda Lind Handledare Pernilla Broberg Bakgrund Många nyexaminerade ekonomer lockas av revisorsprofessionen men cirka 50% väljer att sluta sin anställning inom tre år. Forskare menar att en anledning till den höga personalomsättningen inom revisionsbranschen kan vara att revisorsassistenter väljer att lämna yrket. Även faktorer som hög arbetsbelastning, missvisande förväntningar och uppfattningen av revisorsprofessionen används för att förklara personalomsättningen. Däremot finns det få studier som fokuserar på revisorsassistenten samt skillnader mellan små och stora revisionsbyråer. Syfte Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie är att förstå före detta revisorsassistenters förväntningar och uppfattningar av revisorsprofessionen samt deras motiv till att lämna yrket som revisorsassistent. Studien syftar även till att förstå vilka eventuella skillnader som finns i uppfattningarna hos före detta revisorsassistenter från små respektive stora revisionsbyråer. Metod Denna studie tillämpar en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med huvudsaklig deduktiv process och induktiva inslag. För datainsamling har totalt 15 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med före detta revisorsassistenter på små respektive stora revisionsbyråer. Slutsats Denna studie indikerar att revisorsassistenter förväntar sig hög arbetsbelastning, omfattande lärdomar och goda karriärmöjligheter när de tar anställning inom revisorsprofessionen. Uppfattningar som hög arbetsbelastning och låg lön visar sig inverka på revisorsassistentens arbetstillfredsställelse samt utgör motiv att lämna yrket. Studien indikerar även att det råder skillnader mellan små och stora revisionsbyråer, bland annat sett till arbetsuppgifter. Kunskapsbidrag Denna studie bidrar bland annat till att skapa förståelse för fenomenet personalomsättning ur revisorsassistentens perspektiv samt utökar kunskapen om faktisk personalomsättning inom revisorsprofessionen.Title Employee turnover as a business model - A qualitative study focusing on former auditing assistants Authors Lina Larsson and Matilda Lind Supervisor Pernilla Broberg Introduction Many newly graduated economists are attracted by the audit profession, but about 50% choose to terminate their employment within three years. Researchers believe that one reason for the high employee turnover in the auditing industry may be that audit associates choose to leave the profession. Factors such as high workload, misleading expectations and the perception of the audit profession are also used to explain employee turnover. However, few studies focus on the audit associate as well as differences between small and large audit firms. Purpose The main purpose of this study is to understand former audit associates’ expectations and perceptions of the audit profession as well as their motives for leaving the occupation as an audit associate. The study also aims to understand the possible differences in the perceptions of former audit associates from small and large audit firms. Method This study applies a qualitative research strategy with a primarily deductive process with inductive elements. For data collection, a total of 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with former audit associates at small and large audit firms. Conclusion This study indicates that audit associates expect a high workload, extensive learning experiences and useful career opportunities when they enter the audit profession. Perceptions such as high workload and low salary prove to affect the audit associates' job satisfaction and constitute motives for leaving the profession. In addition, this study indicates differences between small and large audit firms, for instance in terms of work assignments. Contribution This study contributes to create an understanding of the phenomenon of employee turnover from the perspective of the audit associate and to expand the knowledge of actual employee turnover within the audit profession.
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Söderberg, Stig. "To leave it all behind : factors behind parasuicide roads towards stability." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Psykiatri, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-362.
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This study was motivated by encounters with persons with repeated suicidality in clinical psychiatry. Their suicide attempts are frequently regarded as manipulative, and the patients are often labelled a “borderline personality disorder”. They cause frustration and are sometimes met with repellent attitudes among clinicians, but clinical experience as well as research shows that their personal history regularly includes severe childhood trauma and often childhood sexual abuse. The first part of the study was undertaken to investigate the frequency of borderline personality disorder among consecutive persons admitted to hospital after a suicide attempt, the experience of adverse life events among them and the motives for the act. The concept and definition of parasuicide was used as inclusion criterion. During the 10 months of the study 81% of all parasuicide inpatients gave their consent to partake, altogether 64 patients, 41 women and 23 men. Standardized instruments were used for assessment of personality disorders, and self-report questionnaires were used to investigate motives and adverse life events. Seven years later, follow-up interviews were conducted with 51 of these persons, 32 women and 19 men. This second part of the study used qualitative methods in the form of thematic open-ended interviews to allow for the patients’ own descriptions of their suicidality and mental health in the years following the suicide attempt. The role of psychiatry in this process was one of the themes in the interview. Use of psychiatric treatment and support during the follow-up period was investigated through a review of the medical charts recorded at the psychiatric clinic. The quantitative part of the study showed that among the parasuicide patients there was a considerable overrepresentation of borderline personality disorder, and that the frequency of adverse life events was much higher in this subgroup. The motives for the parasuicide did not differ between those with borderline personality disorder and the others. Childhood sexual abuse could be identified as the most important factor influencing suicidality and extent of psychiatric treatment after the index parasuicide. The patients’ own descriptions in the follow-up interview were related to the theoretical perspectives of symbolic interactionism, therapeutic alliance, perception of difference, empowerment and the concept of modernity. In the narratives a picture emerges of a psychiatric health care that carries the potential to offer therapeutic relationships, but often fails in its aims. In therapeutic alliances built on personal relationships, characterized by close and frequent encounters and a focus not only the weaknesses but also the strengths of the patient, there was room for personal development. A reliance on therapeutic method instead of a therapeutic alliance with the patient and a lack of a collaborative perspective in therapeutic work set definite hindrances for the therapeutic process, according to the views of the patients. Regardless of the severity of the life experiences and personality dimensions that had lead to the parasuicide, the core prerequisite for subsequent stabilisation was an orientation towards significant others that saw and supported the potential for change and helped redefine the situation. These significant others were sometimes found in the psychiatric health care services, but were mainly found outside of psychiatry. The conclusions of the study are that there is a close correlation between repeated suicidality, borderline personality disorder, female gender and adverse events such as childhood sexual abuse, and that the repeated suicidality is better explained by adverse events such as childhood sexual abuse than by personality disorder. This background seriously challenges repellent attitudes towards these patients. The narratives of the patients pose definite challenges for the therapeutic community to embrace new ways to find working therapeutic alliances after a parasuicide, possibly based around perspectives of empowerment and mutuality. Identifying the processes that helps the person find “the difference that makes a difference” should be in focus of future psychiatric research and at the heart of psychiatric support and treatment after parasuicide, to enable the patients to find their own strengths and resources and in this way be able to leave it all behind.
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Björnlund, Stefan. "Att vandra i Daedalus hus : En analys av katabasis-motivet i Mark Z. Danielewskis House of Leaves." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-85940.
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Walking in the house of Daedalus – An analysis of the katabasis motif in Mark Z. Danielewski’s House of Leaves This study analyses the depiction of the labyrinth as a symbolic landscape in regard to both subject and form in the multi-layered novel House of Leaves by Mark Z. Danielewski. Using the mythological katabasis motif as a structural principle, this study discusses modern labyrinthine narratives wherein selfhood is constructed through an infernal journey between a descent and a return. This study analyses the novel with a thematic perspective from two points of view; how the labyrinth acts as central motif for the self in the novel and how the novel visually depicts the narrative through typographical choices throughout the text. The study’s main question is how the novel depicts the labyrinth in regard to its historical and cultural context and how it inscribes itself into a tradition of narratives that depicts the labyrinth as a metaphor for the mind and as a symbol for the exploration of the self. The result shows that House of Leaves uses a complex cluster of narratives to tell a katabatic story, both through the narrative and the form. Through the symbolic landscape and through the use of a genre typical and uncanny horror story, House of Leaves tells a story about alienation, guilt and love where the characters psychological developments changes in regard to confrontations with the labyrinth and through the symbolical tests that exists throughout the katabatic journey. The characters ascends traumatized from the labyrinth, but are at the same time rewarded with personal insight
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Quickelberghe, Y. Van. "Brats, niggers, trembling leaves .motifs and theme in the prose works of Truman Capote." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212762.
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Mazzilli, Luiz Eugenio Nigro. ""Análise dos afastamentos do trabalho por motivo odontológico em servidores públicos municipais de São Paulo submetidos à perícia ocupacional no período de 1996 a 2000"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23142/tde-14122004-124614/.
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Com o objetivo de subsidiar a reavaliação - e quiçá a implementação de novas medidas, políticas e práticas em saúde -, o presente estudo porpôs-se a pesquisar indicadores da prevalência, da incidência do absenteísmo e do tempo médio de afastamento do trabalho por motivos odontológicos, segundo a sua etiologia. A fundamentação teórica necessária ao objetivo proposto apoiou-se em uma revista da literatura que parte do absenteísmo em seu conceito mais amplo até alcançar as questões relacionadas ao absenteísmo por motivo de saúde e neste, em particular, aquele de origem odontológica. Em sua parte experimental o trabalho utiliza metodologia de pesquisa quantitativa em dados secundários advindos dos registros de perícias ocupacionais administrativas então realizadas. Busca investigar a prevalência, a incidência e o tempo médio de afastamento do trabalho, segundo as variáveis de interesse para a área de saúde, realizad por grupo nosológico e de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10 - OMS, 1984). Os resultados indicaram maior prevalência do gênero feminino, média etária de 42,2 anos - mínima de 20 e máxima de 69 anos -, com desvio padrão de 9,2 e coeficiente de variação de 21%. Observou-se, no estudo de proporções, maior freqüência na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos, emenor freqüência na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos. Apurou-se, como medida de tendência central, um tempo médio por afastamento de 5,4 dias, com desvio padrão de 5,3 e coeficiente de variação de 97%: mínimo 0 (negado o pedido) e máximo de 60 dias. Segundo a freqüência, os 5 primeiros motivos foram: 1)exodontias por via alveolar (24,94%); 2)doenças da polpa e tecido periapicais (17,81%); 3) doenças Periodontais (10,75%); 4) transtornos das articulações temporomandibulares (7,68%); 5) exodontias de inclusos ou impactados (6,88%). Quanto ao peso participativo no total de dias de afastamento, observou-se como principal causa os transtornos das articulações temporomandibulares, com 1712%.This work aims at studying the absenteeism due to oral and maxillofacial affections and correlated problems of municipal civil servers of São Paulo. The data was assesed onto sick-leave requests to the São Paulo Occupational Medical Department between December 1996 and December 2000. It is a contribution to the analysis of the oral health impact to the worker. The theorethical groundings of this dissertation lean on a literature review that departs from the absenteeism in its wider concept and reaches the issues of the health-related absenteeism, and within this latter, in particular, those related to dental origin. In its experimental respect, the work resorts to quantitative research methodology applied to secondary data retrieved from the database of administrative occupational expertise during the period. It aims at investigating the prevalence, the incidence and the average time of work absenteeism, according to the variables of interest to the health area, classified by nosologic groups and in agreement with the International Classification of Diseases and Problems Related to health - ICD - 10 - WHO - 1993. The results indicated a larger prevalence on the feminie gender, average of 42.2 years old, with standard deviation of 9.2 years and variation coefficient of 21%, minimum of 20 and maximum of 69 years of age. The analysis of proportions showed the largest frequency in the age group from 20 to 29 years, and the smallest frequency in the age group from 60 to 69 years. It was found, as a central tendency measure, an average sick-leave period of 5.4 days, with a 5.3 days of standard deviation and variation coefficient of 97%, with a minimum leave of 0 days (request denied) and a maximum of 60 days. According to the frequency, the 5 principal reasons were: 1) Erupted tooth extraction (24.94%); 2)Diseases of the pulp and periapical tissues (17.815); 3) Periodontal Diseases (10.75%); 4) TMJ disorders (7.68%); 5) Embedded and impacted teeth surgery (6.88%). Regarding to the participative weight in the total of sick-leave days, the TMJ disorders was observed to be the prevailing reason (17.12%).
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Garrett, Jasmine Jay Tamara, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Autobahn : a gene that has a role in auxin influx in Arabidopsis leaves." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2005, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/258.
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The development of leaf vascular patterns is a highly regulated process. The plant hormone
auxin is critical for vascular patterning: auxin canalization is proposed to cause files of cells to accumulate higher auxin levels and develop into veins. Thus, the response of cells to auxin and transport of auxin are critical to establish proper cell fate. We have characterized a mutation in the Arabidopsis thaliana gene name AUTOBAHN (ABN). abn leaves produce leaves that proliferate disorganized, overlapping veins parallel to the midvein with no differentiation of higher order veins. abn leaves show no normal aspects of the secondary auxin response though double mutant analysis suggest that ABN functions independently of previously characterized auxin response pathways. Wild type plants grown on an influx inhibitor phenocopy abn suggesting that abn is defective in carrier-mediated auxin influx.x, 69 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Steynen, Quintin John, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Genetic analysis of leaf vascular patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, Lethbridge : University of Lethbridge, University of Lethbridge. Faculty of Arts and Science, 2001, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/143.
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I have isolated and characterized a recessive mutation in the Forked (FKD) gene that results in the abnormal initiation of vascular bundles in the foliar organs, such that the apices of the vascular bundles initiate freely. Once initiated, the development of Fkd vascular bundles is like wild type, generating an open vascular pattern of similar complexity to the closed venation pattern of wild type. Despite the significant alteration in the vascular pattern, Fkd plants are morphologically indistinct from wild type. fkd mutants do not show altered sensitivity to the effects of auxin and show additive phenotypes with auxin response mutants, suggesting the FKD is part of a pathway acting independently of auxin. The similarity of the open vascular pattern of Fkd plants to that of ancestral vascular plants suggests that acquisition of this pathway may have been critical in the evolution of the closed vascular pattern.x, 55 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.
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Le, Pennec Hettie. "Du miroir au kaleidoscope : le dévoilement du sujet dans les quatre dernières oeuvres de Patrick White (The eye of the storm, A fringe of leaves, The Twyborn affair et Memoirs of many in one)." Rennes 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN20002.
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Cette thèse se propose de réévaluer la spécificité des quatre dernières œuvres de fiction de Patrick White. En effet, la tendance de la critique fut de ramener l’intégralité de l’œuvre de White aux romans de la période médiane (dont plusieurs appartiennent indéniablement au canon de la littérature australienne), ce qui ne fait pas justice à la spécificité des différents textes et à l’évolution perceptible au sein de l’œuvre. Dans cette perspective, c’est le motif religieux qui fait figure de clef de voûte de l’univers whitien, l’union au divin s’offrant comme solution au questionnement identitaire des personnages, qui y trouvent une forme d’unité. Or, précisément, dans les quatre dernières œuvres fictionnelles, le divin disparaît au fur et à mesure que le sujet émerge, comme en témoigne notamment l’affirmation progressive du récit à la première personne. Cette évolution thématique et esthétique entraîne une révision radicale de la quête d’identité des personnages et de son point d’aboutissement. À la lumière des concepts de moi et de sujet, hérités de Freud et réinterprétés par Lacan, nous proposons de voir comment s’opère une subversion de l’identité entendue comme « mêmeté » (Ricœur), qui aboutit à une redéfinition de l’unité et de la vérité de soi. Cette subversion de l’identité va de pair avec la remise en cause de l’identité littéraire de l’écrivain, dont l’œuvre fictionnelle ultime devient plus ludique, le jeu avec le lecteur participant de la construction d’une vérité à multiples facettesThe purpose of this thesis is to reassess the specificity of Patrick White’s last four long fictional works. Critics have indeed tended to interpret the whole of White’s literary production through the prism of the novels of the middle period – several of which undeniably rank high in Australian literary heritage – thus missing the specific character of the various texts or the perceptible evolution within White’s work. This perspective presents the religious motif as the keystone of the Whitian universe, where uniting with the divine is seen as a solution to the characters’ quest for identity. In White’s last fictional works however, the divine element gradually disappears as a divided subject emerges, this being particularly noticeable in the progressive assertion of the first person narrative. This thematic and aesthetic evolution brings about a radical change in the characters’ quest for identity and its conclusion. Freudian concepts of the self and the subject reinterpreted by Lacan allow the subversion of identity – understood as “sameness” (Ricoeur) – to be presented in terms of a redefinition of the self’s unity and truth. This subversion of identity also means questioning the writer’s literary identity: White’s last fictional works become more of a game involving the reader in the process of building up a multi-faceted truth
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Závůrková, Eva. "Motivace k učitelské profesi." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388975.
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1 Abstract This diploma thesis deals with motivation in teaching profession. It is devided into two parts. The teoratical part summarizes issues and motivation of teaching profession. The aim of the empirical part is research analysis focused on the view of the respondents' issues, their experiences and opinions. The results show that due to the respondents there are a lot of unsatisfactory factors, which are not long-term resolvable while these respondents speak about positive factors just sporadically. It is understood for them that some teachers were left the teaching profession.
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Horoshenkov, Kirill V., Amir Khan, and Hadj Benkreira. "Acoustic properties of low growing plants." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9664.
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NoThe plane wave normal incidence acoustic absorption coefficient of five types of low growing plants is measured in the presence and absence of soil. These plants are generally used in green living walls and flower beds. Two types of soil are considered in this work: a light-density, man-made soil and a heavy-density natural clay base soil. The absorption coefficient data are obtained in the frequency range of 50-1600 Hz using a standard impedance tube of diameter 100 mm. The equivalent fluid model for sound propagation in rigid frame porous media proposed by Miki [J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E) 11, 25-28 (1990)] is used to predict the experimentally observed behavior of the absorption coefficient spectra of soils, plants, and their combinations. Optimization analysis is employed to deduce the effective flow resistivity and tortuosity of plants which are assumed to behave acoustically as an equivalent fluid in a rigid frame porous medium. It is shown that the leaf area density and dominant angle of leaf orientation are two key morphological characteristics which can be used to predict accurately the effective flow resistivity and tortuosity of plants.
Books on the topic "Motive to leave"
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Kopczuk, Wojciech. To leave or not to leave: The distribution of bequest motives. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Kopczuk, Wojciech. To leave or not to leave: The distribution of bequest motives. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2004.
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Rajagopalan, Sudha. Leave disco dancer alone!: Indian cinema and Soviet movie-going after Stalin. New Delhi: Yoda Press, 2008.
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The sky between the leaves: Film reviews, essays & interviews, 1992-2012. Oak Park, MI: Mehring Books, 2013.
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The imaginative claims of the artist in Willa Cather's fiction: "possession granted by a different lease". Selinsgrove, Pa: Susquehanna University Press, 1996.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice. Audio and video first sale doctrine: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, first and second sessions, on H.R. 1027, H.R. 1029, and S. 32 ... October 6, 27, December 13, 1983, February 23 and April 12, 1984. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1985.
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Porter, Lindsay. Leaves: 20 Practical Inspirations (Design Motifs Series). Lorenz Books, 1997.
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Gann, Kyle. “Emerson” The Music. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040856.003.0005.
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The form of the Emerson has often been dismissed as too complex to characterize, yet it can easily be understood as an unconventional sonata-allegro form on seven themes, interrupted by eight developmental episodes. As the piece originated in an “Emerson Concerto,” the Beethoven’s Fifth motive (G-G-G-Eb) and “Emerson” theme act as ritornellos, framing devices for the originally conceived piano solos. The fact that opening material is recapitulated a helf-step higher leaves the movement open-ended, as a question the other movements will attempt to answer.
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Hill Jr, Thomas E. Duties and Choices in Philanthropic Giving. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190648879.003.0002.
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This essay explains Kant’s general duty of beneficence and addresses the objections that as interpreted here the principle is too anemic (Cummiskey), that it requires us devalue our own happiness (Slote), and that it fails to acknowledge that some acts are good to do but not required (Urmson). The general duty leaves a wide area of free choice, but other moral considerations may affect the application of Kant’s principles to particular cases of philanthropic giving: justice, respect, the kind of help needed, and the motives of the giver.
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Caney, Simon. Justice and Posterity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0009.
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What kind of world should current generations bequeath to those who come after them? One appealing principle holds that those alive at any one time should leave future people with a standard of living that is at least as good as the one that they claim for themselves. Versions of this principle have been put forward by economists, philosophers, and legal scholars. However, while the principle is an attractive one, its meaning is also elusive. This chapter therefore explores how best to spell out the underlying principle. It then seeks to motivate support for this principle and to outline its implications for development, global inequalities, and addressing climate change.
Book chapters on the topic "Motive to leave"
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Bohr, Tomas, Hanna Rademaker, and Alexander Schulz. "Water Motion and Sugar Translocation in Leaves." In Plant Biomechanics, 351–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79099-2_16.
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Fan, Jiangchuan, Xinyu Guo, Chuanyu Wang, Xianju Lu, and Sheng Wu. "The State of Motion Stereo About Plant Leaves Monitoring System Design and Simulation." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture XI, 419–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06179-1_42.
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Brandth, Berit, and Elin Kvande. "Flexible Use of the Father’s Quota: Problems and Possibilities." In Designing Parental Leave Policy, 51–66. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201574.003.0004.
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Research on work-family balance has seen flexible work arrangements as a key solution for reconciling work and family, but it has given contradictory results regarding fathers. This chapter focuses on flexible parental leave use for fathers in Norway. It is based on interviews with 20 fathers who have used the father’s quota flexibly either as part-time combined with part-time leave or as piecemeal leave. The study describes the motives for using flexible leave and the consequences of the two types of flexibility for fathers’ caregiving. Flexibility provides them with a menu of choices, which affects their caregiving differently. Findings show that part-time leave allows work to invade care, produces a double stress and promotes halfway fathering. It tends to confirm fathers as secondary caregivers instead of empowering them as primary caregivers.
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Vindrola-Padros, Cecilia, and Nolan Kline. "“It’s Too Risky to Leave the House”:." In Healthcare in Motion, 35–52. Berghahn Books, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw04c6p.7.
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Brandth, Berit, and Elin Kvande. "Negotiating Parental Leave and Working Life." In Designing Parental Leave Policy, 153–68. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529201574.003.0010.
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The development of parental leave policies was the most important area of expansion for the Norwegian welfare state in the 1990s. Schemes were extended, and special rights were granted to fathers. This chapter shows how fathers in various male-dominated work organizations relate to the obligation to take leave at a time when the father’s quota was in its infancy. It underscores the importance of work context as well as personal agency and perceptions. Four different leave practices are described, and they show variations in how seriously the fathers and their work organizations relate to the new policy, and how they adapt to it. Some opposition is demonstrated, but there are clear indications that something is set in motion by the introduction of the father’s quota.
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Gabel, Shirley Gatenio, Wen-Jui Han, and Xiaoran Wang. "China: leave and population policies." In Parental Leave and Beyond, edited by Peter Moss, Ann-Zofie Duvander, and Alison Koslowski, 111–28. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447338772.003.0007.
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China’s recent abolition of its one-child policy has provided a major impetus to formally restructure its Maternity Leave policy. Confronted by shifting socio-demographics and changing roles of government and employers as a result of a transition to a market economy, China needed to adjust the demographic structure of the country and address social expectations of family composition and caring. To motivate parents to have more than one child, Maternity Leave has been lengthened nation-wide and Paternity Leave introduced in some areas. This chapter reviews the evolution of modern Maternity Leave policy in China beginning in 1951 and traces how Maternity (and most recently Paternity) Leave policies have unfolded in response to changing political, socio-economic and demographic goals. In its earliest period, China’s leave policy was driven initially by socialist ideals, then largely by economic reasons and women’s rights from the 1980s into the new century. The most recent shift in family policy was primarily led by social research raising concerns about demographic changes and economic growth. The chapter ends with a discussion of how current changes may affect future directions.
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Allum, Felia. "Local Motives, Global Choices." In The Invisible Camorra. Cornell University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501702457.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the motives for Camorra mobility. Camorristi decide when to leave and where to go in a three-stage process: first, local push factors propel them to leave Naples, then two phases of global pull factors influence their choice of destination. Push factors are individual and personal, emanating from the local context: being wanted by the judiciary and the police, thus forcing “the escape,” and a fear of gang warfare and being murdered by a criminal rival. Pull factors are structural circumstances that influenced camorristi's exact choice of destination. Indeed, if a Camorra boss did move away from Naples and needed to spend time in a particular location, he would have specific motives for choosing his destination. Three global-structural factors were initially identified: familiar networks, profitable markets, and vulnerable law-enforcement regimes.
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Ho, Elaine Lynn-Ee. "Chinese Re-migration." In Citizens in Motion, 17–32. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503606661.003.0002.
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Counter-diasporic migration, or the return of diasporic descendants to an ancestral land, has become a noticeable global trend. This chapter troubles linear narratives of emigration and immigration by examining the re-migration of diasporic descendants. It focuses on Chinese diasporic descendants in Malaya, Indonesia, and Vietnam who were compelled to leave due to ethnic persecution between the years 1949 and 1979, a period that coincided with the inauguration of communist rule in China. The Chinese state resettled the refugees in state-owned farms and labeled them as “returnees,” legitimizing its reach toward the diaspora. But the social realities they experienced expose contestations over presumed kinship and co-ethnicity. After 1978 China’s diaspora strategizing shifted from privileging co-ethnicity to encouraging foreign investment and scientific skills transfer to benefit the country’s national development. This discussion foregrounds how citizenship formations in China were intimately connected to the experiences of the Chinese abroad and those who re-migrated to the ancestral land.
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Wolak, Jennifer. "Partisan Motives and Consideration of Compromise." In Compromise in an Age of Party Polarization, 83–102. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510490.003.0005.
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In a time of party polarization, citizens increasingly see the world in partisan terms. The animosities people feel for the opposing partisan side could threaten the prospects for compromise. This chapter considers degree to which partisan biases prevail over principled thinking when it comes to supporting compromise in politics. With experimental evidence and a set of surveys that span three presidential administrations, partisans are shown to be enthusiastic about the principle of compromise in politics, and are willing to call on their own party to nominate candidates who are willing to make compromises. Yet partisan thinking leaves its mark, as people are more likely to demand compromise from the opposing side than to call on their own party to do the same. People call for compromise among their own ranks as a result of their moderate preferences, while they think their opponents should make concessions as a matter of democratic principle.
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Jackson, Robert. "The Anatomy of Thrift: Markets, Media, and William Faulkner’s Great Depression." In Faulkner and Money, 31–44. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496822529.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses Faulkner's turn to short fiction around 1930 as evidence of his reckoning with the broad market pressures that would leave a powerful imprint on his entire literary career.Reading "Thrift" (1930), one of Faulkner's earliest stories to be published in a national magazine, as a complex meditation on the penetration of economic concerns into every corner of human existence, and considering the story's placement amid Faulkner's most creative years of work (during the early years of the Great Depression), the chapter seeks to demonstrate that a greater attention on the financial motives and constraints in Faulkner's life and work will illuminate many of these texts, and the economic and social histories in which they were produced, in complex ways.
Conference papers on the topic "Motive to leave"
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Girouard, Audrey, Noah W. Smith, and Donna K. Slonim. "Motif Evaluation by Leave-one-out Scoring." In 2006 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cibcb.2006.330989.
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Zikmundova, Veronika. "On the Mongolian verb of motion yav- ‘to go, to travel, to leave’." In 4th Mikola Conference. Szeged: University of Szeged, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/sua.2017.51.51-73.
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Moeslund, T. B., M. Aagaard, and D. Lerche. "3D Pose Estimation of Cactus Leaves using an Active Shape Model." In 2005 Seventh IEEE Workshops on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV/MOTION'05). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acvmot.2005.1.
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Plotnikov, Kirill, Valeriya Ryabinina, Alevtina Khodakova, and Natalia Blazhko. "Viral Load Distribution of Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus in Leaves." In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference The Fifth Technological Order: Prospects for the Development and Modernization of the Russian Agro-Industrial Sector (TFTS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200113.171.
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Gibson, Alison E., Mark R. Ison, and Panagiotis Artemiadis. "User-Independent Hand Motion Classification With Electromyography." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-3832.
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Electromyographic (EMG) processing is an important research area with direct applications to prosthetics, exoskeletons and human-machine interaction. Current state of the art decoding methods require intensive training on a single user before it can be utilized, and have been unable to achieve both user-independence and real-time performance. This paper presents a real-time EMG classification method which generalizes across users without requiring an additional training phase. An EMG-embedded sleeve quickly positions and records from EMG surface electrodes on six forearm muscles. An optimized decision tree classifies signals from these sensors into five distinct movements for any given user using EMG energy synergies between muscles. This method was tested on 10 healthy subjects using leave-one-out validation, resulting in an overall accuracy of 79±6.6%, with sensitivity and specificity averaging 66% and 97.6%, respectively, over all classified motions. The high specificity values demonstrate the ability to generalize across users, presenting opportunities for large-scale studies and broader accessibility to EMG-driven applications.
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Niemi-Pynttäri, Olli, Matti Linjama, Arto Laamanen, and Kalevi Huhtala. "Parallel Pump-Controlled Multi-Chamber Cylinder." In ASME/BATH 2014 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2014-7820.
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This study focused on the use of fixed displacement pumps in parallel connection to control the velocity of a multi-chamber cylinder piston. The system’s basic principle was to combine the discrete flow supply control of parallel pumps with the discrete effective area control of a multi-chamber cylinder to produce a speed control resolution high enough for accurate velocity tracking and positioning. Some throttling was used in the return line to control the system with overrunning loads. The properties of the system were tested with a 1-DOF boom mockup mimicking a medium-sized mobile machine boom. The test system revealed a feature that caused load acceleration to drop when the effective cylinder area was reduced during movement. Additionally, some delay was observed in accelerating the piston against the load force. These two system properties along with the discrete control method resulted in mediocre speed and position tracking in the system when movement was directed against the load force. The system was able to control restricting and overrunning loads as well as a large inertia mass with a low load force. The system’s energy losses were low considering that no pressure accumulators were used, but the throttling losses in the return line and the lack of energy recuperation leave room for improvement.
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Orlov, Denis. "MODELING THE INFLUENCE OF A TEMPERATURE SHOCK ON THE MOTION OF A TECHNOLOGICAL SPACE VEHICLE." In PROBLEMS OF APPLIED MECHANICS. Bryansk State Technical University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/conferencearticle_5fd1ed0430c700.17612010.
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The article is devoted to solving the problem of assessing additional microaccelerations arising as a result of a temperature shock when a small spacecraft leaves the Earth's shadow and dives into it, in order to develop recommendations for controlling the level of microaccelerations in the area of technological equipment intended for the implementation of gravitationally sensitive technological processes on board. small spacecraft
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Kalmár-Nagy, Tamás, Jon R. Pratt, Matthew A. Davies, and Michael D. Kennedy. "Experimental and Analytical Investigation of the Subcritical Instability in Metal Cutting." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/vib-8060.
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Abstract A single-degree-of-freedom dynamic cutting fixture is used to map out a part of the lobed stability boundary in a simple high-speed machining experiment. The experiment reveals the hysteretic nature of the instability. A 1 DOF mechanical model is derived using parameters identified from the experiment. We then show the existence of a subcritical Hopf bifurcation in this delay-differential equation model which corresponds to the observed experimental instability. The calculation is based on center manifold reduction. Then time domain simulation is used to solve the full nonlinear equation of motion that allows for the tool to leave the workpiece giving excellent agreement with the experiment.
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Wang, Wei, Zejiang Wang, Xinbo Chen, and Junmin Wang. "A Lateral Motion Planning Method for Automated Vehicles Based on Sinusoids." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3115.
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Abstract For automated driving applications, exact motion planning is pivotal to obstacle-avoidance and local driving, particularly in sophisticated surroundings. Treating this problem from a differential geometric viewpoint aids in simplifying the control and planning processes. Different from the classic differential geometric methods that result in piece-wise solutions with both forward and backward moving, this paper explores the application of sinusoids in exact motion planning regarding both the positive/continuous speed requirements and the system non-holonomic constraint. By converting the vehicle kinematic model to a similar chained form, we apply sinusoidal inputs with biases to generate the reference trajectory and discuss the principles of parameter selection for a given lateral displacement. To overcome the extra constraint brought by l’Hospital rule, we introduce a pair of entry/leave transition periods to ensures an adjustable speed profile and design flexibility. The resulting trajectory reflects an strong applicability to lane-changing or evasive steering scenarios. Since the proposed method does not account for the small-time controllability because of the positive/continuous speed constraint, the reachability problem is further investigated. We provide an analytic estimation of the reachable area edge and compare it with the numerical simulation results. Finally, some indoor field-tests verified the feasibility of the proposed method.
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Meghdari, A., and M. Aryanpour. "Dynamical Modeling and Analysis of the Human Jumping Process." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39358.
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A dynamical model was developed in order to study the jumping process in human, and the effect of factors like joint speeds and hand motion. An experiment was designed and setup to compare the theoretical model with the experimental observations. Time histories of vertical force, mass center velocity and driving torques were obtained too. Using dynamical equations, the effect of joint speeds on the maximum values of these quantities is discussed. It is shown that reducing the joint speeds of a body can lead to an unsuccessful jump in which the body does not enter the flight phase. An increase in speed reduces the take-off time (the time necessary for the body to leave the ground) and increases the body’s linear velocity at take-off, as well as, the maximum value of driving torques. Effect of hand motion is also investigated through suppressing motion of the Shoulder and Elbow. It is observed that hand motion has an improving effect on the body’s linear velocity. Although speed of joints did not show to have a great influence on most torques, those at the Shoulder and Elbow were observed to be more sensitive to it.
Reports on the topic "Motive to leave"
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Kopczuk, Wojciech, and Joseph Lupton. To Leave or Not To Leave: The Distribution of Bequest Motives. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11767.
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Sheridan, Anne. Annual report on migration and asylum 2016: Ireland. ESRI, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat65.
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The Annual Report on Migration and Asylum 2016 provides an overview of trends, policy developments and significant debates in the area of asylum and migration during 2016 in Ireland. Some important developments in 2016 included: The International Protection Act 2015 was commenced throughout 2016. The single application procedure under the Act came into operation from 31 December 2016. The International Protection Office (IPO) replaced the Office of the Refugee Applications Commissioner (ORAC) from 31 December 2016. The first instance appeals body, the International Protection Appeals Tribunal (IPAT), replacing the Refugee Appeals Tribunal (RAT), was established on 31 December 2016. An online appointments system for all registrations at the Registration Office in Dublin was introduced. An electronic Employment Permits Online System (EPOS) was introduced. The Irish Short Stay Visa Waiver Programme was extended for a further five years to October 2021. The Second National Action Plan to Prevent and Combat Human Trafficking was published. 2016 was the first full year of implementation of the Irish Refugee Protection Programme (IRPP). A total of 240 persons were relocated to Ireland from Greece under the relocation strand of the programme and 356 persons were resettled to Ireland. Following an Oireachtas motion, the Government agreed to allocate up to 200 places to unaccompanied minors who had been living in the former migrant camp in Calais and who expressed a wish to come to Ireland. This figure is included in the overall total under the IRPP. Ireland and Jordan were appointed as co-facilitators in February 2016 to conduct preparatory negotiations for the UN high level Summit for Refugees and Migrants. The New York Declaration, of September 2016, sets out plans to start negotiations for a global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration and a global compact for refugees to be adopted in 2018. Key figures for 2016: There were approximately 115,000 non-EEA nationals with permission to remain in Ireland in 2016 compared to 114,000 at the end of 2015. Net inward migration for non-EU nationals is estimated to be 15,700. The number of newly arriving immigrants increased year-on-year to 84,600 at April 2017 from 82,300 at end April 2016. Non-EU nationals represented 34.8 per cent of this total at end April 2017. A total of 104,572 visas, both long stay and short stay, were issued in 2016. Approximately 4,127 persons were refused entry to Ireland at the external borders. Of these, 396 were subsequently admitted to pursue a protection application. 428 persons were returned from Ireland as part of forced return measures, with 187 availing of voluntary return, of which 143 were assisted by the International Organization for Migration Assisted Voluntary Return Programme. There were 532 permissions of leave to remain granted under section 3 of the Immigration Act 1999 during 2016. A total of 2,244 applications for refugee status were received in 2016, a drop of 32 per cent from 2015 (3,276). 641 subsidiary protection cases were processed and 431 new applications for subsidiary protection were submitted. 358 applications for family reunification in respect of recognised refugees were received. A total of 95 alleged trafficking victims were identified, compared with 78 in 2015.