Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Motivational theory'
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Shayganfar, Mohammad. "Affective Motivational Collaboration Theory." Digital WPI, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/45.
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Existing computational theories of collaboration explain some of the important concepts underlying collaboration, e.g., the collaborators' commitments and communication. However, the underlying processes required to dynamically maintain the elements of the collaboration structure are largely unexplained. Our main insight is that in many collaborative situations acknowledging or ignoring a collaborator's affective state can facilitate or impede the progress of the collaboration. This implies that collaborative agents need to employ affect-related processes that (1) use the collaboration structure to evaluate the status of the collaboration, and (2) influence the collaboration structure when required. This thesis develops a new affect-driven computational framework to achieve these objectives and thus empower agents to be better collaborators. Contributions of this thesis are: (1) Affective Motivational Collaboration (AMC) theory, which incorporates appraisal processes into SharedPlans theory. (2) New computational appraisal algorithms based on collaboration structure. (3) Algorithms such as goal management, that use the output of appraisal to maintain collaboration structures. (4) Implementation of a computational system based on AMC theory. (5) Evaluation of AMC theory via two user studies to a) validate our appraisal algorithms, and b) investigate the overall functionality of our framework within an end-to-end system with a human and a robot.
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Lindhe, Söderlund Lena. "Motivational Interviewing in Theory and Practice." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Socialmedicin och folkhälsovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-60330.
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An estimated 50% of mortality from the 10 leading causes of death is due to behaviour. Individuals can make important contributions to their own health by adopting health-related behaviours and avoiding others. Motivational interviewing (MI) has emerged as a counselling approach for behavioural change that builds on a patient empowerment perspective by supporting autonomy and self-efficacy. The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to improved understanding of the different factors that impact on general health care professionals’ learning and practice of MI. Specific aims are; study I was to identify barriers, facilitators and modifiers to use MI with pharmacy clients in community pharmacies; study II was to identify barriers and facilitators to use MI with overweight and obese children in child welfare and school health services; study III was to evaluate the attitudes towards MI and clinical use of MI with children´s weight issues one year after child health care nurses’ participation in MI training; study IV was to systematically review studies that have evaluated the contents and outcomes of MI training for general health care professionals. Participants in study I were 15 community pharmacy pharmacists in Östergötland, Sweden. Participants in study II were five child welfare centre nurses from the county council and six municipally-employed school health service nurses, all from Östergötland, Sweden. Data for both studies were obtained through focus group interviews. Study III, participants were 76 nurses from child health care centres in Östergötland, Sweden. 1-year after MI training they answered a survey. Study IV, the material was 10 empirical studies that have evaluated different aspects of MI training. MI training for general health care providers is generally of short duration and tends to focus on specific topics such as diabetes, smoking, and alcohol. The training seems to contain more training on phase I elements, such as clients’ inner motivation, than on phase II, which involves strengthening clients’ commitment to change. MI is seen as practical and useful in work with lifestyle and health promotion issues, especially with issues that may be perceived as sensitive, such as alcohol and obesity. General health care providers have positive attitudes to MI and view MI as being compatible with their values and norms about how they want to work. Clients’ resistance reactions are difficult to handle in the first stages of learning MI, and may lead to frustration. Strategies to avoid resistance are including in the final stages of learning MI. Learning and clinical use of MI for general health care providers is influenced by interactions with their environment (colleagues, staff and organization). Unlearning of old knowledge can be a problem for general health care providers in the learning and clinical use of MI.
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Albert, Erin. "Achievement Motivation Theory as a Model for Explaining College Athletes' Grit." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707327/.
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This study examined the direct and indirect associations of the perceived coach-created motivational climate, athletes' implicit theory, and athletes' achievement goal orientation in relation to their levels of grit. Five hundred twenty-three Division I and II collegiate student-athletes (male = 246, female = 277) from five institutions across the south-central and southeast areas of the United States completed self-report measures assessing the previously described constructs. The measurement model fit the data well (SRMR = .055; CFI = .938; RMSEA = .067) and demonstrated invariance across the male and female athletes. The structural model demonstrated adequate fit (SRMR = .088; CFI = .918; RMSEA = .068). All direct and indirect paths in the model were significant in the expected direction, with the exception of the direct path from entity theory to ego goal orientation and the indirect path from ego-involving climate to ego goal orientation through entity theory, which were both non-significant. The mastery-incremental constructs accounted for 65% of the variance in grit. Results indicate that achievement motivation theory is an appropriate framework through which to examine grit, and achievement motivation constructs may be significant antecedents of grit's development. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Tan, Peter Kia Liang. "An evaluation of the motivational factors of network marketing independent distributors using Vroom's work motivation theory." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426482.
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Muir, Christine. "The dynamics of intense long-term motivation in language learning : Directed Motivational Currents in theory and practice." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33810/.
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Directed Motivational Currents (DMCs) are a novel motivational construct which describe periods of highly motivated behaviour while working towards a well-defined and personally significant end goal (see e.g. Dörnyei, Henry & Muir, 2016). Such periods of motivation are found in diverse contexts and directed towards varied outcomes, yet are uniquely recognisable by the highly positive emotionality exhibited by individuals, who during this time often surpass even their wildest expectations. To date, DMC research has focused on qualitative accounts of the personal experiences of DMCs, and while this has offered a wealth of comprehensive data, key research strands remain unexplored. In response to this, this thesis comprises two complementary studies, each looking at a novel aspect of DMC theory and application. Study 1 takes a quantitative approach to research by addressing questions related to the recognisability of DMCs across continents and contexts, and considers basic questions such as how many people report having experienced periods of DMC-like motivation, what inspired them, and the durations they lasted. It additionally looks at the demographic factors of respondents to understand whether there are links between DMCs and either gender, age or nationality. The study uses a newly developed online questionnaire tool and involves a total of 1563 participants of 71 different nationalities. The results support the notion that DMCs are a well-recognisable and widely experienced motivational phenomenon in society, and indicate no significant links between DMCs and any demographic factors. In terms of language learning, the findings support the assertion that DMCs are found across a wide range of language levels and contexts. Study 2 addresses the practical applicability of DMC theory to language learning and teaching. This classroom intervention study – conducted in collaboration with Jessica Florent and David Leach – aimed to purposefully facilitate a group DMC experience in a class of 16 business English language learners. The basis of this study stems from the observation that within a classroom context, group DMCs can be thought of as intensive group projects. The study was structured around an ‘All Eyes on the Final Product’ project framework (Dörnyei et al., 2016), the end goal being the organisation of a large charity fundraising event. Data was collected throughout the five weeks from personal diary entries and Skype interviews with both students and teachers. Findings suggest the intervention was highly successful in creating a group DMC experience, and significantly, it was also found that students reported notable positive developments throughout the course, both in terms of their language learning and in other key skills. The cumulative conclusions presented in this thesis are therefore highly encouraging, offering strong empirical support to the claim that DMCs are a well-recognised and widely experienced motivational phenomenon which transcends borders and contexts. Results equally suggest that the purposeful facilitation of DMC experiences with varied groups of language learners in diverse contexts – to achieve dual motivational and educational aims – might be a very real possibility. Although positive results are reported, both studies venture into previously unchartered research territory and, in light of this, the conclusions put forward require validation and confirmation through further empirical work. Suggestions for future research are made.
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Cooper, David John. "Employee commitment : the motivational role of senior management : theory of action." Thesis, University of Salford, 2001. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2147/.
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The aim of this study is to explore the association between senior management theory-of-action and employee commitment. Field research uses quantitative and qualitative method and concentrates on one medium sized UK based organisation for data collection and experimentation. However, the study examines two further organisations to assist validity and specificity of findings. The written work is in six parts. Following an introductory chapter, chapter two contains a literature survey covering organisational purpose and senior management theory-of-action. Chapter three examines literature as to employee commitment, and personal and organisational values. The fourth chapter describes method. Field work in chapter five provides results arising from quantitative and qualitative research. The concluding chapter considers the extent to which findings should be generalised, and offers conclusions and reflection. The study points to the following conclusions: Field research supports the notion that compared with more conventional motivation factors, senior management employee related action is strongly associated with employee commitment. This finding was found to be especially prominent at lower hierarchical levels within the organisation. The adoption of what is termed conventional 'Model-One' theory-of-action adversely affects employee commitment. It is suggested that senior management theory-of-action can inhibit or facilitate the maintenance and growth of employee commitment. The work provides credence as to the importance and strength of association between senior management theory-of-action and employee commitment, and offers a method by which the association can be tested.
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Schade, Don F. "Fixed-price-award-fee an economic motivational, and contracting theory analysis /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA241829.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 1990.Thesis Advisor(s): Gates, William R. ; Terasawa, Katsuaki L. "December 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 2, 2010. DTIC Identifier(s): Award fee, economic incentives, cost reimbursement contracts, fixed price contracts, fixed price award fee. Author(s) subject Fixed Price Award Fee, FPAF, award fee, pricing arrangement, incentive contract, contractor motivation, economics, contracting, acquisition. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67). Also available in print.
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Sit, Hui-ping Cindy, and 薛慧萍. "Motivational orientations and sport participation in youth: a comparison of achievement goal theory and reversal theory." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B24873056.
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Sit, Hui-ping Cindy. "Motivational orientations and sport participation in youth : a comparison of achievement goal theory and reversal theory /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B24873056.
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Ridley, Louis E. Jr. "Motivational factors promoting postmodern volunteerism in Christian religious organizations." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3727502.
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The purpose of this qualitative descriptive case study was to document the motivational factors of postmodern era volunteers and to examine how potential commonalities in philosophy, theology, and leadership styles can provide common ground for the postmodern and traditional volunteers in Christian religious organizations (CRO). The scope of the research study was limited to a traditional CRO with active Generation X and millennial generations volunteering in the organization. The specific population consisted of members of a CRO. The use of interviews, focus groups, and observations supported the holistic analysis through the triangulation of data. The data analysis followed an inductive and deductive analysis process. The results of the study provided several findings related to postmodern era generation motivation factors. The emergent themes from the research of the phenomenon were: family focus, Spiritual release, modeling religion through leadership action, leadership style, giftings, volunteer opportunities that model religion, and community leadership. The results of the case study revealed that the postmodern era generations of the CRO studied favored family focus as motivation to volunteer. Additionally, the findings demonstrated that the postmodern era volunteers believed that the commitment to join also implied a commitment to volunteer time to the organization. The findings from the study demonstrated that the actions of the outreach ministries with the community should model the educational teaching of the organization. The recommendations from this study for CRO leaders include focusing on the whole family, designing outreach tasks that support service to families and the community, and demonstrating religion through service to community.
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Filip, Maurine. "MOTIVATION IN HIGH-LEVEL ROLLER DERBY : ATHLETES’ EXPERIENCED PEER MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE AND BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136877.
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The motivation behind the revival and development of roller derby may provide valuable insight to the structure of established sports regarding athlete engagement, drop-out, and well-being. To investigate the relationship of the cross-theoretical concepts, self-reported satisfaction and thwarting of basic psychological needs, and peer motivational climate of 255 high-level flat track roller derby athletes was examined in a cross-sectional design. Hierarchal regression analysis showed low effects of basic needs satisfaction on performance. Basic psychological need satisfaction and thwarting predicted 63% of the experienced task-involved motivational climate variance and 25% of ego-involved motivational climate. Relatedness proved strongest in predicting both types of peer motivational climates. In conclusion, the employed study method, limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research are discussed.Motivationen bakom återuppväckandet och utvecklingen av roller derby kan bidra med värdefull insikt i etablerade idrotters struktur gällande idrottares engagemang, avhopp, och välmående. Studiens syfte var att undersöka relationen mellan tvär-teoretiska koncept. Med en tvärsnittsdesign undersöks självrapporterad upplevelse av tillfredsställda och nedtryckta psykologiska behov, samt motivationsklimat hos 255 högpresterande flat track roller derby idrottare. Hierarkisk regressionsanalys påvisade svag effekt av behovstillfredsställelse på prestation. Grundläggande psykologisk behovstillfredsställelse och nedtryck förklarade 63% av variansen i det uppgiftsorienterade motivationsklimatet, och 25% av det ego-orienterade motivationsklimatet. Samhörighet visade på störst förutsägbarhet på båda typerna av motivationsklimat. Avslutningsvis diskuteras studiens metod och begränsningar, samt förslag på framtida studier.
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Solbrig, Linda. "Functional Imagery Training : a novel, theory-based motivational intervention for weight-loss." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12300.
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This thesis investigates the acceptability and efficacy of Functional Imagery Training (FIT), a motivational intervention for weight-management. FIT is based on Elaborated Intrusion Theory, delivered in the style of Motivational interviewing (MI), and designed to promote sustained behaviour change and address cravings. It trains the habitual use of affective, goal-directed mental imagery of personal incentives, using imagery to plan behaviours, anticipate obstacles, and mentally try out solutions from previous successes. Participants are taught to update their imagery from their experience, and to generalise their imagery skills to new goals. In study 1, focus groups explored problems and wishes in regards to weight-management, including reactions to Functional Imagery Training (FIT) as a possible intervention. The issue of waning motivation and the desire for motivational app support was expressed in all groups. Participants were positive about FIT. Study 2 was an uncontrolled pilot trial of FIT. Eleven out of 17 participants (65%) lost 5% body weight or more by three months. Participants continued to lose weight during an unsupported 12-month period and experienced mean weight loss of 6kg (SD= 5.7; d=1.06) and mean waistline reduction of 11.5 cm (SD= 7.4; d=1.56) at 15 months. Study 3 compared the impact of FIT with MI on motivation and self-efficacy, over the first month of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) for weight-loss. Structured elicitation and training in goal-related imagery, i.e., FIT, increased motivation and self-efficacy for weight-loss relative to MI. Study 4 was the RCT for weight-loss, comparing FIT and MI over an intervention-supported six-month period, followed by six months unsupported. The FIT group achieved clinically meaningful weight-loss at 6 months (M kg-loss=4.11) and continued weight-loss at 12 months (M kg-loss=6.44); the MI group stabilised by 12 months (M kg-loss=.67), after minimal weight loss at 6 months (M kg-loss=.74). Study 5 qualitatively explored experiences of MI and FIT RCT participants, upon completing the 6-month intervention phase. MI participants wished for continued therapist- support and feared relapse. FIT participants described a mind-set-change and were confident they could maintain changes and overcome challenges using imagery techniques. Given the demonstrated benefit of motivational imagery in weight-control, FIT should be considered and further tested as an intervention for health behaviour change.
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Tobin, Vannessa J. "Facilitating exercise behaviour change a self-determination theory and motivational interviewing perspective /." Thesis, Bangor University, 2003. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wales, Bangor, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-222). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Pincus, Robert. "Professional School Counselors and Motivational Interviewing with Student Clients." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5773.
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Mental health counselors who counsel adolescents suffering from substance abuse and obesity issues have successfully used motivational interviewing with their clients; however there is little data that has explored motivational interviewing when it has been used to address academic concerns in schools. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of school counselors who have used motivational interviewing to improve student academic performance. This heuristic phenomenological qualitative study examined the perceptions and experiences of professional school counselors who had used motivational interviewing in their schools. Criterion sampling was used to recruit 9 middle and high schools counselors from across the United States. Interview data was analyzed using NVivo software and provisional coding, which revealed four specific themes: defining motivational interviewing in schools, explaining specific techniques, combining motivational interviewing with other theories, and training opportunities for school counselors. The themes that emerged from this study strengthen existing research and provide current and future school counselors with insight into the potential that motivational interviewing could bring to their school counseling programs.
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Mathieu, Jean-Paul, Victor Videgren, and Auf Der Stroth Alexander Jost. "Users motivational drives to engage with athletes on social media." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75969.
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Title: Users motivational drives to engage with athletes on social media Authors: Victor Videgren, Alexander Jost Auf Der Stroth, Jean-Paul Mathieu Supervisor: Viktor Magnusson Examiner: Åsa Devine Background: With social media becoming a more and more prominent tool of communication within sports marketing, athletes stand to gain much by implementing it in their branding and marketing efforts. However, existing literature on the matter inclined that further research in which the perspective of the user was taken, thus advancing the understanding of user engagement motivation toward these athletes on social media networks. This study adapted the Uses and Gratifications theory in which six motivational categories had been summarized, these being: Informational, Entertainment, Remunerative, Social, Communicative and Convenience. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe what motivates users to engage with athletes on social media. Methodology: This work has incorporated a qualitative approach sided with a descriptive purpose. The empirical findings were collected through semi- structured interviews. Furthermore, these findings are coded and analysed by taking inspiration from grounded theory. Analysis: The empirical data was discussed within six motivational categories and was used to describe existing theory. Through the process of analysis, patterns of motivational theories interrelating with each other emerged. These being, a common interest which led users to engage with athletes, honesty and transparency which is what users saw and appreciated in the athlete and finally, the building of relationship which was what created from the engagement with athletes on social media. Conclusion: Through the analysis of the motivational drives patterns were discovered regarding users’ motivations to engage with athletes. The three patterns discovered interrelate with each other and are interpreted to be the typical motivation of a user to engage with an athlete on social media. The motivational patterns are “common interests with athlete”, second being the “transparency of athletes” and third “building a relationship” Keywords: Athlete branding, Social media, Uses and Gratification theory, Motivation, Engagement, Marketing, Grounded theory
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Sampson, Richard James. "Classroom Application of the L2 Motivational Self System – A Complex Systems Theory Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365925.
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It is well documented that Japanese students of English as a foreign language (EFL) often struggle to find meaning in their learning. In a field dominated by quantitative studies on motivation and demotivation, few studies have examined how strategies that connect learning to self-concept might have positive effects on motivation from students’ perspectives. Similarly, whilst many recent studies have explored the L2 Motivational Self System, a notion of language learner motivation built around the interaction between learners’ self-concepts and the environment (Dörnyei, 2009a), few have focused on the application of this model to improving educators’ understanding of the classroom learning experience and improving its quality.
This research approaches the study of classroom EFL learner motivation from a complex systems perspective. Working from the lived experience of the participants, it uses action research methods to explore the dynamic conditions operating in the foreign language classroom. Complex systems theory is used as a lens through which to examine the interplay between learner-internal and -external elements and their effects on motivation. Drawing on contemporary psychological research into the use of possible selves as a powerful motivational tool, this study investigates the ways classroom environments involving activities that connect learning to future self might encourage students to articulate the complex conditions affecting their motivation to learn English.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Education and Professional Studies
Arts, Education and Law
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Fox, Kristen R. "Ambivalence as a Moderator of Motivational Interview Effects among Blood Donors." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1527254051926838.
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岡田, 涼., and Ryo OKADA. "内発的動機づけ研究の理論的統合と教師―生徒間の交互作用的視点." 名古屋大学大学院教育発達科学研究科, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/10331.
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Wagnerová, Libuše. "Návrh motivačního programu jako účinného nástroje řízení ve firmě Gala, a.s." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264832.
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I deal with analysis of the original motivational program and introduce new motivational program in scope of needs of big company in my diploma work. Concrete aplication is solved in coooperation with Gala inc.In theoretic part I describe process of motivation and theory of motivation which I choose. I target the characteristic of select company, I describe history and line of products in my practical part. After I done SWOT analysis, I describe development of number of staff very short, organizational structure etc. After I analyzed present situation of motivational program in company from in-house document and from anonymous interrogatory. On the basis of interpretation I proposed new motivational program and measure which improve motivation of staff.
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Stephenson, Laxley Washington. "Implementing Motivational Strategies to Increase Funding in Nonprofit Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7754.
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Nonprofit organization senior leaders conduct business in an increasingly complex and competitive market environment relying on monetary donations to sustain the capacity of their organizations to meet service requirements. The purpose of this single case study was to explore the strategies that nonprofit organization senior leaders used to motivate donors to make monetary donations to their organizations. The target population of the study was 3 senior leaders of a nonprofit organization in the southeastern United States who implemented effective strategies to motivate donors to make monetary donations to their organization. The conceptual framework used for this study was self-determination theory. Data collection for this study consisted of semistructured participant interviews, a review of public and internal organization documentation, and organization performance outcomes. Data for this study were manually coded and thematically organized. The analysis of the data identified relationships, effective communication, active listening, and social media marketing as 4 key themes affecting donors’ motivation to donate to nonprofit organizations. The implications of this study for positive social change include the potential to provide practical strategies that nonprofit organization senior leaders can use to motivate donors to make monetary donations to their organizations, thereby enhancing senior leaders’ capacity to provide critical services to members of the communities in their organizations’ dedicated service areas.
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HE, WEIZHI, and LIANQIU JIANG. "Comparison between motivational techniques of Chinese and Swedish companies." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-12248.
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Aim & Research questions: The aim of this work is to study the motivational techniques of a Swedish and a Chinese company and analyze the effects of motivational techniques on employee motivation in both companies. Method: Both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used for data collection. Survey is contacted on the employees in the Swedish and Chinese company. Total of five interviews have been done. Findings & Conclusion: It is found that the Swedish and Chinese company both apply similar and different motivational techniques. The motivational techniques which are related to hygiene factors and motivators worked well to motivate employees in the Swedish company but not in the Chinese company. Contribution & Suggestions for future research: This study provides knowledge on how manufacturing industry motivate employees, especially in Sweden and China. It also gives readers new perspectives of culture and type of company in looking and thinking employee motivation. Besides, analyzing based on different motivation theories, explaining the reasons from different other perspectives and comparing the same type of companies could be the suggestions for future research. Finally, the future research could be extend to research in China-Sweden joint venture, how they motivate employees under the multi-culture background.
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Eklöf, Hanna. "Motivational beliefs in the TIMSS 2003 context : Theory, measurement and relation to test performance." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Beteendevetenskapliga mätningar, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-788.
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The main objective of this thesis was to explore issues related to student achievement motivation in the Swedish TIMSS 2003 (Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study) context. The thesis comprises of five empirical papers and a summary. The expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation was used as the general theoretical framework in all empirical papers, and all papers are concerned with construct validation in one form or another. Aspects of student achievement motivation were measured on a task-specific level (motivation to do well on the TIMSS test) and on a domain-specific level (self-concept in and valuing of mathematics and science) and regressed on test performance. The first paper reports the development and validation of scores from an instrument measuring aspects related to student test-taking motivation. It was shown that a number of items in the instrument could be interpreted as a measure of test-taking motivation, and that the test-taking motivation construct was distinct from other related constructs. The second paper related the Swedish students’ ratings of mathematics test-taking motivation to mathematics performance in TIMSS 2003. The students in the sample on average reported that they were well motivated to do their best on the TIMSS mathematics test and their ratings of test-taking motivation were positively but rather weakly related to achievement. In the third and the fourth papers, the internal structure and relation to performance of the mathematics and science self-concept and task value scales used in TIMSS internationally was investigated for the Swedish TIMSS 2003 sample. For mathematics, it was shown that the internationally derived scales were suitable also for the Swedish sample. It was further shown that ratings of self-concept were rather strongly related to mathematics achievement while ratings of mathematics value were basically unrelated to mathematics achievement. For the science subjects, the internal structure of the scales was less simple, and ratings of self-concept and valuing of science were not very strongly related to science achievement. The study presented in the fifth paper used interviews and an open-ended questionnaire item to further investigate student test-taking motivation and perceptions of the TIMSS test. The results mainly corroborated the results from study II. In the introductory part of the thesis, the empirical studies are summarized, contextualized, and discussed. The discussion relates obtained results to theoretical assumptions, applied implications, and to issues of validity in the TIMSS context.
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Eklöf, Hanna. "Motivational beliefs in the TIMSS 2003 context : theory, measurement and relation to test performance /." Umeå : Department of Educational Measurement, Umeå University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-788.
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Lees, Danielle C. "An Empirical Investigation of the Motivational Theory of Coping in Middle to Late Childhood." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366877.
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Core propositions of the Motivational Theory of Coping (Skinner & Wellborn, 1994) rest on the expectation that human behaviour is motivated by strivings to fulfil the three basic psychological needs of relatedness, competence and autonomy. Events are stressful when they threaten or challenge these psychological needs and particular emotional reactions and coping responses are expected to be more likely depending on levels of threat and challenge to the needs. In addition, children’s behavioural tendencies (e.g., temperament) and parental socialisation practices are expected to account for individual differences in children’s appraisals and responses to stressful events. Two studies were conducted with children in grades 3, 5 and 7 to examine aspects of the Motivational Theory of Coping. Age and sex differences were examined in both studies, and, in Study 2 only, children’s coping responses, temperament and parents’ ways of coping were examined as correlates of children’s distress reactions (sadness, fear and anger) and appraisals of stressful events. In Study 1 (N = 146), an analogue testing procedure was developed that involved the presentation of a series of eight videotaped vignettes followed by the completion of questionnaire items to gather children’s responses to each event. These vignettes displayed parent, peer and intrapersonal events known to be common and distressing to children. When scenarios were grouped according to whether children found them high or lower in threat to relatedness, competence and autonomy, higher threat scenario groups were appraised as significantly more distressing and less challenging than lower threat scenarios. Children also wanted to escape higher threat scenarios significantly more than lower threat scenarios. Some age differences were found with younger children appraising more distress and less threat than older children. Sex differences also were found; girls reported more distress than boys. Study 2 (N = 230) was a partial replication of the Study 1 method, but relied on a subset of four video vignettes that were high or lower in threat to relatedness. Two vignettes displaying peer stressors were high in threat, whereas two vignettes displaying parent stressors were lower in threat. Children reported their distress, appraisals of threat and challenge, orientation away and coping responses they would use after viewing each event. Coping was measured with the Motivational Theory of Coping Scale – 12 (MTC-12), a new measure developed for Study 2 that assessed the 12 families posited by Skinner, Edge, Altman and Sherwood (2003). Children also completed a more widely used measure of coping in a separate classroom session (Children’s Coping Strategies Checklist [CCSC]; Ayers, Sandler, West, & Roosa, 1996) and parents (N = 206) reported their children’s temperament and their own ways of coping with a recent self-nominated stressor. As expected, many items on the MTC-12 converged with subscales of the CCSC, and there was support for
the theoretical conceptualisation of the 12 families of coping. Results of Study 2 were most often consistent with Study 1 and provided further support for some aspects of the Motivational Theory of Coping. Yet, there were some discrepant findings when comparing Study 1 and 2. For example, there were no grade level differences in children’s distress and appraisals of threat in Study 2. Consistent with Study 1, girls were significantly more distressed than boys and wanted to escape stressful situations more than boys. Very few sex differences were found in children’s appraisals of threat in either Study 1 or 2, and girls enacted significantly more coping strategies in Study 2 than boys. Few associations were found when children’s appraisals of stress and coping responses were correlated with children’s temperament (negative reactivity, task persistence, approach/withdrawal and activity), and parental ways of coping. The analogue procedure and measures developed for these studies will be useful in future research on children’s appraisals of a range of stressful events and for studies of children’s development and individual differences in stress appraisals and coping responses. Additional theoretical, research and clinical implications of these studies also were discussed.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology (PhD)
School of Psychology
Faculty of Health
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Fung, Man-hong, and 馮文康. "Reducing academic procrastination for junior secondary school students : the application of the temporal motivational theory." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209687.
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The study examined the effectiveness of a motivational package developed based on the components of the temporal motivational theory on reducing the participants’ tendency to procrastinate. Characteristics of a sample of 308 junior secondary school students (formed 14 groups) were matched and randomly assigned (in group unit) into treatment and control conditions. Through watching a video in a workshop, the treatment group learned the skills to reduce procrastination while the control group learned relaxation skills. Participants then completed an assignment in 10 school days after the intervention workshop to apply the strategies they have learnt. Results indicated that participants who received the intervention package showed significantly less behavioral procrastination than those who did not. Implications of the findings were discussed.published_or_final_version
Educational Psychology
Master
Master of Social Sciences
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Weman-Josefsson, Karin Anna. "EXPLORING MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISMS IN EXERCISE BEHAVIOUR : Applying Self-determination theory in a person-centred approach." Licentiate thesis, Psykologiska Institutionen Göteborgs Universitet, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-25427.
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Involvement in physical activity (PA) and exercise behaviour is multifaceted and depends on bidirectional correlations between multiple factors; one avenue to increase the understanding of sustainable exercise behaviours would be to employ a motivational perspective. In this thesis, this was done by placing the primary focus on Self-determination theory (SDT) as a person-centred approach to study the motivational mechanisms believed to impact exercise behaviour based on the SDT process model. Study 1, conducted in a cross-sectional design, included 1,091 members of a web-based exercise service. Based on sophisticated mediation analysis, the results support the hypothesized associations between latent constructs and exercise behaviour in the related steps of the SDT process model. Moreover, moderating effects were discovered, demonstrating that these associations could differ in different subgroups based on gender and age. The results of Study 1 thereby represent a first indication that exercise intervention design might benefit from slightly different approaches when addressing different demographical groups like gender and age. Study 2 was conducted in a two-wave RCT design to test an SDT-informed intervention on 64 voluntary participants. Components of Motivational interviewing (MI), the Relapse prevention model (RPM) and Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) were used as practical application guidelines to deliver the intervention content. Results showed intervention effects on exercise level, exercise intensity and motivation quality as well as mediating effects of the RAI (Relative Autonomy Index; an index of the degree of self-determination), and identified regulation in relation to exercise behaviour. The experimental group also demonstrated significantly lower levels of extrinsic motivation than the control group post-intervention. Besides strong support for applying the basic tenets of SDT in the exercise domain, there are some main findings in this thesis. First of all, self-determined motivation was found to act as a mediating variable in the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and exercise, and these patterns of indirect effects differed across age and gender. This indicates that mechanisms in the SDT process model could vary (qualitatively) depending on subgroup, which carries potential implications for practice. Second, the results of Study 2 also provide evidence that the mediating mechanisms of the process model could be manipulated in an intervention, e.g. by creating need-supportive environments facilitating internalization and subsequent exercise behaviour. Furthermore, both studies demonstrated that identified regulation plays a prominent role in the motivational processes, supporting the significance of promoting internalization in activities like exercise. Finally, this thesis represents prospective value for the utility of employing a polytheoretical approach in exercise intervention design, more specifically regarding the prosperous outlooks in combining SDT with other theories and methods.Motion och fysisk aktivitet är multifacetterade beteenden som påverkas av komplexa samband mellan en mängd olika faktorer och ett sätt öka förståelsen för mekanismerna bakom hållbara motionsbeteenden är att studera motivationsrelaterade förhållanden och förutsättningar. Denna licentiatavhandling har därför en personcentrerad ansats som baseras på en deskriptiv processmodell som ingår i Självbestämmandeteorin (Self-determination theory; SDT). I Studie 1 genomfördes en tvärsnittsstudie på 1091 medlemmar i en web-baserad motionstjänst och avancerade medieringsanalyser genererade stöd för de hypotetiska relationerna mellan latenta variabler och motionsbeteende i processmodellen. Analyserna visade även modereringseffekter genom att dessa relationer skilde sig åt mellan grupper baserade på kön och ålder. Resultaten representerar därmed en första indikation på att utformandet av motionsinterventioner eventuellt kan gynnas av att anpassas till olika demografiska grupper, t ex baserat på kön och ålder. I Studie 2 genomfördes en intervention på 64 frivilliga deltagare i form av en RCT-design med två mätpunkter. Det SDT-baserade innehållet i interventionen förmedlades med hjälp av praktiska riktlinjer från metoderna Motiverande samtal (MI), Återfallsprevention (RPM) och Kognitiv beteendeterapi (CBT). Resultaten visade interventionseffekter på motionsbeteenden (mängd och intensitet), samt medieringseffekter av RAI (Relative Autonomy Index; ett index på graden av självbestämmande) och identifierad reglering i relation till motionsbeteende. Experimentgruppen uppvisade även lägre nivåer av yttre motivation än kontrollgruppen efter interventionen. Båda studierna är därmed i linje med det växande empiriska stödet för applicering av SDT inom motionsområdet och bidrar på flera sätt till kunskapsutvecklingen om motivationsrelaterade mekanismer. Det främsta bidraget är att självbestämmande motivation visade sig fungera som en medierande variabel i relationen mellan tillfredsställelse av psykologiska basbehov och motionsbeteende och att dessa latenta effekter skilde sig åt utifrån deltagarnas kön och ålder. Detta pekar på att mekanismerna i processmodellen kan variera i olika grupper, vilket skulle kunna påverka eventuella praktiska implikationer för framtida interventionsdesign. Vidare indikerar resultaten i Studie 2 att medieringsmekanismerna i processmodellen är möjliga att manipulera i en intervention, exempelvis genom att skapa stödjande miljöer som främjar internalisering och därigenom efterföljande motionsbeteenden. Båda studierna visar även att identifierad reglering har en viktig funktion i motivationsprocessen, vilket understryker betydelsen av att främja internalisering i aktiviteter som motion. Slutligen finns det argument för värdet av att anta en poly-teoretisk ansats i skapandet av motionsinterventioner, framförallt genom att kombinera SDT med andra teorier och metoder.
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Williams, Carl David. "Personal goals systems and social cognitive theory: A motivational model of college student alcohol use." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11096.
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College students drink at high rates. More than 80% of college students drink alcohol and about 40% engage in occasions of heavy drinking. Heavy episodic drinking among college students is associated with multiple negative consequences, such as verbal confrontations, physical fights, unprotected sex, vandalism, and driving while under the influence.
Goals constitute a broad cognitive context in which behaviors occur. As an established technology for studying goal constructs, personal projects (Little, 1983; 1989; 1998) assess both long-term and short-term goals, as well perceptions about the goals assessed. Aided by the assessment of personal projects, the present study examined the ability of goal constructs to explain variability in drinking among college students within an integrated social cognitive theory model.
In prospective analyses, results indicated that alcohol self-efficacy, negative outcome expectancies, and drinking self-regulation strategies were shown to be significant predictors of drinking. In addition, the goal attribute variables of Involvement and Efficacy, incongruence, and avoidance accounted for unique variance in drinking after controlling for gender, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and drinking self-regulation. Results add to the understanding of motivational forces potentially important to drinking decisions, highlighting the contributions of goal variables.Ph. D.
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Rose, Elaine A. "Motivational and affective responses to exercise : issues for adherence and the role of causality orientations." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341181.
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Hallberg, Rasmus, and Lundsten Simon Svensson. "ATT VARA, ELLER ATT TILLFÄLLIGT VARA? – En kvalitativ studie om vad bemanningsanställd personal motiveras av i det dagliga arbetet." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för handel och företagande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20034.
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Bakgrund: Vår studie riktar sig mot den anställningsform som onekligen haft en inverkan på arbetsmarknaden det senaste decenniet och som inte visar något tecken på att stagnera i utbredning. Motivation som begrepp kan upplevas svårt att förstå men inre drivkraft har förmodligen varje individ erfarit vid något tillfälle i livet. Begreppet definieras vanligen som det psykologiska signum som leder individen till en handling mot ett önskat mål. Alla individer motiveras av olika faktorer utifrån situation, bakgrund samt förutsättningar och påverkas allt som oftast av rådande inre eller yttre krafter. Även om forskare genom åren försökt skapa modeller för hur prestationsnivån kan maximeras hos arbetstagare, är det ett stort antal faktorer som spelar avgörande roller vilket komplicerar kartläggningen av motivationsfaktorer. På en arbetsplats kan motivation innefatta faktorer som är relaterade till den fysiska arbetsplatsen eller aspekter som karaktäriserar den arbetsroll individen antar genom anställning. Kan det skilja sig gällande dessa motivationsfaktorer mellan personal som är heltidsanställda? Om så är fallet, vilka faktorer är det som främst motiverar bemanningsanställda till att prestera på sin arbetsplats? Funderingar likt ovan utgör grunden för vårt syfte med studien. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att vidga läsarens kunskaper gällande vilka faktorer som främst motiverar personal, som är anställda genom bemanningsföretag, i deras dagliga arbete. Det förekommer diverse variationer av anställningsformen men studien preciserar sig mot bemanningsanställda personer med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi som bakgrund. Metod: Studien genomförs utifrån en kvalitativ metod med deduktiv ansats genom semistrukturerade intervjuer där bemanningsanställd personal med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi har intervjuats. Rapportens metodologi är grundat utifrån ett kvalitativt synsätt. Teoretisk referensram: Teorigrunden består av motivationsfaktorer som vi dels har tagit från Herzbergs (1966) kända tvåfaktorteori, dels från achievement goal theory av McClelland (1953) och målsättningsteorin (Latham och Locke, 2002), för att få en större förståelse på vad som motiverar bemanningsanställda med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi. Maslows behovshierarki fanns även med för att hjälpa oss att förstå människors behov eller vad de motiveras av som komplement till tvåfaktorteorin. Slutsats: Förhoppningen var att med denna rapport kunna stärka vår tes om att anställningstrygghet är bemanningsanställdas främsta motivationsfaktor samt att vi ville reda på vad som motiverar bemanningsanställda med universitetsutbildning inom ekonomi. Det empiriska material som våra respondenter bidragit med har gett oss tydliga indikationer på att det är den faktor som i första hand skiljer sig åt, gentemot anställda med heltids befattning. Samtliga respondenter prioriterade denna faktor högt, tillsammans med flertalet andra faktorer som exempelvis möjlighet till personlig utveckling och arbetsvillkor. Alla respondenterna valde först andra motivationsfaktorer som viktigast, men ändrade sig när de blev tvungna att ställa det i förhållande till anställningstrygghet.Background: Our study focuses on the form of employment that has undeniably affected the labor market over the past decade and which shows no sign of stagnating in prevalence. Motivation as a concept can be seen as difficult to understand, but inner drive has probably been experienced by every individual at some point in their life. The term is usually defined as the psychological sign that leads the individual to an action towards a desired goal. All individuals are motivated by various factors based on situation, background and conditions and are most often affected by internal or external forces. Although researchers over the years have tried to create models for how the level of performance can be maximized within employees. There are a large number of factors that play crucial roles, which complicates the mapping of motivational factors. In a workplace, motivation can include factors that are related to the physical workplace or aspects that characterize the work role the individual assumes through employment. Can there be differences in these factors related to motivation between staff who are full-time employees? If so, what are the main factors that motivate staff to perform in their workplace? Thoughts similar to the form above, is the basis of our purpose with the study. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to broaden the reader's knowledge regarding which factors primarily motivate staff, who are employed through staffing companies, in their daily work. There are various variations of the form of employment, but the study is specific to staffing employees with an educational background in economics. Theory: The theoretical basis consists of motivational factors, we have partly taken it from Herzberg's known two factor theory but also from achievement goal theory and goal theory, to get a greater understanding of what motivates staffing employees. Maslow's hierarchy of needs was also included to help us understand people's motivation as a complement to the two-factor theory. Method: The study is carried out on the basis of a qualitative method with a deductive approach through semi-structured interviews where staff employed with educational backgrounds have been interviewed. The report's methodology is based on a qualitative approach. Conclusion: Our hope with this report were to be able to strengthen our thesis that employment security is the staffing staff's main motivating factor and find out what motivates staffing employees. The empirical material that our respondents have contributed has given us room for interpretation and clear indications that this is the factor that differs in the first place, compared to employees with full-time positions. All respondents gave the highest priority to this factor, together with most other factors such as the opportunity for personal development and working conditions. All respondents first chose other motivational factors as most important, but changed when they had to put it in relation to job security.
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Alharbi, Fahad. "The Dynamics of the L2 Motivational Self System among Saudi Study Abroad Students." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6672.
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Adult second language acquisition takes time over an extended period of time during which the L2 motivation of learners goes through periods of ups and downs. Dörnyei, MacIntyre and Henry (2015) recognized the inherently dynamic nature of L2 motivation and called for adopting the Complex Dynamic System Theory (CDST) when studying this phenomenon. While using a CDST perspective, this mixed method study drew on Dörnyei’s (2009b) model of the Motivational Self System to examine the L2 motivation of 86 Saudi study-abroad students. Also, the construct of the Anti-ought to Self (Thompson, 2015) and aspects of the Appraisal Theory (Schumann, 2001) were adopted to guide this examination. The results of the study showed that the L2 motivation of the participants fell into four main motivational patterns. Also, some of the participants shifted into new attractor states over the course of their academic semester. Another important finding was that the Anti-ought to Self appeared as an important construct. The results of the standard multiple regressions showed that the amount of the variance in the Intended Learning Effort that was accounted for by the Anti-ought to Self alone exceeded the amount of the variance accounted for by the other explanatory variables put together. Also, the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data showed that the use of the Appraisal Theory improved the construct validity of the Learning Experiences. The implications of these findings and future directions of the L2 motivational research were also discussed in the study.
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Harpell, Jody Vincent. "Expectancy & goal theory, motivational implications for framing styles of learners with and without academic difficulties." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0017/MQ56807.pdf.
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Finlinson, Scott. "Increasing Organizational Energy Conservation Behaviors: Comparing the Theory of Planned Behavior and Reasons Theory for Identifying Specific Motivational Factors to Target for Change." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1113856246.
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Finlinson, Scott MIchael. "Increasing organizational energy conservation behaviors : comparing the theory of planned behavior and reasons theory for identifying specific motivational factors to target for change /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113856246.
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Saari, Pauli. "Intrinsic Motivation : Psychological and Neuroscientific Perspectives." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-6862.
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The aim of this essay is to give an overview of the topic of intrinsic motivation based on psychological an neuroimaging research. More specifically, the objective is to give an overview of the various benefits of intrinsic motivation, discuss its relationship to extrinsic rewards, and review the existing neuroimaging research that has explicitly explored intrinsic motivatoin. A positive relationship betweeen intrinsic motivation and persistence, conceptual learning, creativity, and both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being has been demonstrated. A wealth of studies has shown that extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation, while the validity of these findings has been debated. Initial neuroimaging studies concerning the neural basis of intrinsic motivation have been conducted, showing unique activations in the intrinsic motivation conditions in e.g. the anterior precuneus and the right insular cortex. Conceptual and methodological problems have been discussed, and it is suggested that the neuroscientific findings mentioned above can be interpreted in terms of the neural distinction between wanting and liking, rather than in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and that psychological research can draw on neuroscientific findings in order to make its research more precise.
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Mahon, Charlotte. "Is motivational interviewing an effective intervention for improving the behaviour of targeted primary aged pupils?" Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37889/.
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Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a treatment approach which over the last 25 years has received increasing evidentiary support. In recent years efforts have been made to explore the effectiveness of MI in educational settings. Research has highlighted favourable outcomes in terms of increasing academic achievement (Strait, Smith, McQuillin, Swan and Malone, 2012, Terry, Strait, McQuillin and Smith, 2014),reducing levels of obesity (Flattum, Friend, Neumark-Sztainer and Story (2009) and improving teacher-student interactions (Wells, Jones and Jones, 2015) in secondary and higher education settings. However, a literature search revealed that only one published study, (Atkinson and Cryer, 2015) adopting a case study methodology, has investigated the use of MI with Primary aged pupils. The aim of the current study was therefore to investigate whether a 4/5 week MI intervention could improve the disruptive classroom behaviour of six primary aged pupils. A Single Case Experimental Design (SCED) was implemented adopting an AB design. Repeated observation measures were taken to assess the efficacy of the MI intervention. This data was triangulated with a pre and post measure of class teacher’s perception of pupil’s behaviour, assessed using Goodman’s (1997) Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results of the study show improvements in three of the participants’ disruptive classroom behaviour, highlighted by the repeated observation measure. In the remaining three cases there were no clear changes in any of the targeted behaviours that could be reliably attributed to MI. In addition the single case data is supported by a reduction in the Total Difficulties Score for all pupils on the SDQ (Goodman, 1997). Limitations of the study are highlighted and implications of the findings in relation to Educational Psychology practice are discussed.
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Cermak, Joshua A. "Examining the Role of Goal Orientations, Motivational Climate, and Self-Esteem on Self-Handicapping Behavior in Division I Collegiate Athletes." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1530536354977531.
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Klag, Stefanie, and n/a. "Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour Applied to Substance Abuse Treatment in a Therapeutic Community Setting." Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070112.144521.
Full textAbstract:
In the 21st century drug and alcohol abuse presents one of the most serious problems worldwide. Of particular concern is the strong relationship between drug use and crime. While law enforcement strategies, including incarceration, have been revealed to contribute little to break the vicious cycle of drug use and crime, substance abuse treatment has been shown to represent an effective form of intervention. Substantial research on the effectiveness of drug treatment has demonstrated the importance of motivation in predicting treatment retention and success. However, substance users are frequently coerced into therapy by external sources, including the criminal justice system, therefore, typically exhibiting little motivation to enter and remain in treatment long enough to overcome their substance addiction. Although past research investigating the effects of treatment-entry coercion indicates positive treatment results, the vast majority of these studies are seriously impeded by extensive conceptual and methodological problems, questioning the postulated value of coercion in substance abuse treatment. Following the call for a shift in the methodological focus of future studies made by some researchers, the author of the present study tested three models that were based on well-established theories. The first model was based on Self Determination Theory (SDT), a motivational theory, while the second model was based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), an expectancy-value theory. The third model consisted of a combination of the two theories, which was argued to provide a more complete and comprehensive model than each theory on its own. The testing of the models allowed the exploration of the dynamic interplay and relationships between a number of variables including perceptions of coercion, motivation, perceived autonomy support, and behavioural intentions in an effort to explain and predict retention and treatment outcomes amongst drug and alcohol abusers. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved the development of a 29-item instrument called the Perceived Coercion Questionnaire, which was designed to assess participants' perceptions of coercion to enter drug and alcohol treatment originating from six different sources. The scale was shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the coercion construct. Phase 2 involved the testing of the three models longitudinally by using a sample of 350 substance abusers from six therapeutic communities across Australia. Participants were asked to complete a battery of standardised measures within the first two weeks of treatment admission (Time 1), two months into treatment (Time 2), and at completion of the treatment program (Time 3). The models were tested cross-sectionally and longitudinally employing hierarchical multiple regression analysis. In addition, change scores were calculated to test whether changes in predictor variables would predict outcomes and changes in outcomes cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Analyses of Time 1 and Time 2 cross-sectional data revealed that the SDT model, compared to the TPB and the combined model, provided a better and more parsimonious account of the factors that influence outcomes in therapeutic community treatment. Given the complexity of the study, it was decided to resume the analysis by focusing on the investigation of the SDT model alone. To highlight some of the most important findings, results demonstrated that motivation was a key factor in the treatment and rehabilitation of substance users. As anticipated, intrinsic motivation was consistently predictive of retention and more positive treatment outcomes, while external motivation and amotivation were associated with more negative outcomes. Results also revealed that clients who entered treatment as the result of a legal mandate experienced substantially higher levels of legal coercion compared to clients who entered treatment voluntarily. Legal coercion, in turn, was found to exert a negative impact on substance users' motivation for treatment, thereby indirectly resulting in more negative treatment outcomes. In contrast, self coercion (i.e., feelings of pain and suffering) and health-related pressures seemed to facilitate the development of a more intrinsic motivational attitude towards treatment. Besides, perceptions of competence and control in relation to the therapeutic regime emerged as consistent and important predictors of motivation and treatment outcomes. Finally, findings suggested that treatment staff who employed more autonomous and non-coercive strategies that guided substance users through the change process directly influenced individuals' treatment motivation and thereby facilitated more positive treatment outcomes. In sum, findings provided support for the usefulness of the SDT model in predicting dropout as well as processes and outcomes in therapeutic community drug and alcohol treatment. Implications for residential substance abuse treatment were discussed, as well as the strengths and limitations of the study. The discussion concludes with implications for practice and suggestions for future research.
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Klag, Stefanie. "Self-Determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour Applied to Substance Abuse Treatment in a Therapeutic Community Setting." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366533.
Full textAbstract:
In the 21st century drug and alcohol abuse presents one of the most serious problems worldwide. Of particular concern is the strong relationship between drug use and crime. While law enforcement strategies, including incarceration, have been revealed to contribute little to break the vicious cycle of drug use and crime, substance abuse treatment has been shown to represent an effective form of intervention. Substantial research on the effectiveness of drug treatment has demonstrated the importance of motivation in predicting treatment retention and success. However, substance users are frequently coerced into therapy by external sources, including the criminal justice system, therefore, typically exhibiting little motivation to enter and remain in treatment long enough to overcome their substance addiction. Although past research investigating the effects of treatment-entry coercion indicates positive treatment results, the vast majority of these studies are seriously impeded by extensive conceptual and methodological problems, questioning the postulated value of coercion in substance abuse treatment. Following the call for a shift in the methodological focus of future studies made by some researchers, the author of the present study tested three models that were based on well-established theories. The first model was based on Self Determination Theory (SDT), a motivational theory, while the second model was based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), an expectancy-value theory. The third model consisted of a combination of the two theories, which was argued to provide a more complete and comprehensive model than each theory on its own. The testing of the models allowed the exploration of the dynamic interplay and relationships between a number of variables including perceptions of coercion, motivation, perceived autonomy support, and behavioural intentions in an effort to explain and predict retention and treatment outcomes amongst drug and alcohol abusers. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved the development of a 29-item instrument called the Perceived Coercion Questionnaire, which was designed to assess participants' perceptions of coercion to enter drug and alcohol treatment originating from six different sources. The scale was shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the coercion construct. Phase 2 involved the testing of the three models longitudinally by using a sample of 350 substance abusers from six therapeutic communities across Australia. Participants were asked to complete a battery of standardised measures within the first two weeks of treatment admission (Time 1), two months into treatment (Time 2), and at completion of the treatment program (Time 3). The models were tested cross-sectionally and longitudinally employing hierarchical multiple regression analysis. In addition, change scores were calculated to test whether changes in predictor variables would predict outcomes and changes in outcomes cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Analyses of Time 1 and Time 2 cross-sectional data revealed that the SDT model, compared to the TPB and the combined model, provided a better and more parsimonious account of the factors that influence outcomes in therapeutic community treatment. Given the complexity of the study, it was decided to resume the analysis by focusing on the investigation of the SDT model alone. To highlight some of the most important findings, results demonstrated that motivation was a key factor in the treatment and rehabilitation of substance users. As anticipated, intrinsic motivation was consistently predictive of retention and more positive treatment outcomes, while external motivation and amotivation were associated with more negative outcomes. Results also revealed that clients who entered treatment as the result of a legal mandate experienced substantially higher levels of legal coercion compared to clients who entered treatment voluntarily. Legal coercion, in turn, was found to exert a negative impact on substance users' motivation for treatment, thereby indirectly resulting in more negative treatment outcomes. In contrast, self coercion (i.e., feelings of pain and suffering) and health-related pressures seemed to facilitate the development of a more intrinsic motivational attitude towards treatment. Besides, perceptions of competence and control in relation to the therapeutic regime emerged as consistent and important predictors of motivation and treatment outcomes. Finally, findings suggested that treatment staff who employed more autonomous and non-coercive strategies that guided substance users through the change process directly influenced individuals' treatment motivation and thereby facilitated more positive treatment outcomes. In sum, findings provided support for the usefulness of the SDT model in predicting dropout as well as processes and outcomes in therapeutic community drug and alcohol treatment. Implications for residential substance abuse treatment were discussed, as well as the strengths and limitations of the study. The discussion concludes with implications for practice and suggestions for future research.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
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Bartrum, Dee A., and n/a. "Job Change and Job Insecurity in the Police Service: Applying the Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory of Emotion." Griffith University. School of Psychology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070219.115614.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis tested an appraisal, coping and adaptation model of job insecurity and organisational change with a sample of police officers. The model integrated key aspects of Lazarus' (1991a, 1999) cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion (personal coping resources, appraisal questions, emotion, coping and adaptation outcomes) with the ten job characteristics (opportunity for control, opportunity for skill use, externally generated goals, variety, environmental clarity, availability of money, physical security, opportunity for interpersonal contact, valued social position and supportive supervision) from Warr's (1987, 1999) vitamin model. The ten job characteristics were viewed as valued aspects of the environment that may potentially be lost or threatened during organisational crisis or change. The service within which the police officers worked underwent a large scale organisational restructuring from late 2001 to July 2002. Three research studies were conducted for this thesis. The first study developed a psychometrically sound, 40-item job characteristics scale, based on the ten dimensions of Warr's vitamin model. This scale assessed participants' worries about changes to aspects in their work environment. The development of this scale met a need within the job insecurity literature for a theoretically-derived measure of valued job features, and enabled the investigation of the appraisal, coping and adaptation model. This measure was included in the questionnaire for the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that formed the second and third major research projects of this thesis. The main aim of the second study was to test a proposed model of appraisal, emotion, coping and adaptation following the experience of organisational change. The model proposed that person variables and personal coping resources (e.g., personal control and coping self-efficacy) would have indirect associations with the adaptational outcomes of Psychological Distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The personal coping resources were proposed to have indirect relationships with coping strategies through job characteristics, appraisal and emotion as well as direct associations with levels of distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The ten job characteristics were expected to have a direct relationship with Psychological Distress, and indirect associations with the three adaptational outcomes through appraisal, emotion and coping. Primary and secondary appraisal was proposed to precede and directly influence emotion. In turn, emotions were expected to directly relate to the coping strategies that were used, with coping strategies mediating the association between emotion and the three adaptational outcomes. An additional focus of this study was to determine whether there were mean differences for males and females on the variables examined. The second study was conducted in November 2002, three months after the restructuring. Two thousand two hundred and eighteen police officers were invited to participate in the study, with a total sample of 303 police officers responding. The antecedent variables (personal resources, job characteristics, perception of global job insecurity, appraisal components, feelings, coping strategies) and the indicators of employee adjustment (Psychological Distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour) were collected via a self-report questionnaire. Collateral data were also obtained from a friend, spouse/partner or work colleague of the police officer for the dependent variables of Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were applied to investigate the aims of this study. Some support for a partial mediating model was obtained, mainly with the work specific adaptational outcomes of Psychological Distress and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The antecedent variables in the model explained a substantial amount of variance for each of the adaptation outcomes. Notably, the antecedents of the model to uniquely account for variance in Life Satisfaction, a non-work contextual outcome, were person variables and personal coping resources. The third research study used a two-wave longitudinal panel design. The principle aim of this study was to test the proposed model of appraisal, coping and adaptation, longitudinally. Specifically, the aim was to examine whether initial levels, and changes in levels over time in aspects of the proposed model predicted later levels, and changes across time in the adaptational outcomes of Psychological Distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The study was conducted in April and May, four to five months after the T1 data had been collected, and seven months after the restructuring. A total of 158 police officers responded from the 303 that participated in Study 2. Difference scores were calculated to examine change across time within hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Three longitudinal regression models (Basic, Change-in-Outcome and Change/Change) were examined to test for robust effects. The model explained considerably more variance in Psychological Distress across all three longitudinal models tested, compared to Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. Generally the work related antecedents (T1) had no or minimal association with change in Life Satisfaction. However, change in physical safety was associated with change in Life Satisfaction across the two points in time. Some robust associations were found for emotion coping strategies with Psychological Distress; personal control with Life Satisfaction; and negative feelings with Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The findings from the three studies are discussed with reference to Lazarus' (1991a, 1999) cognitive-motivational-relational theory and Warr's (1987, 1999) vitamin model. The findings from the cross-sectional and longitudinal research studies support partial mediating relationships among the antecedents with the adaptational outcomes. There is debate within the job insecurity literature as to whether potential loss of job features should be included in the definition and operationalisation of this construct. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that the definition and operationalisation of job insecurity include potential loss of job features and potential loss of the job. The model tested accounted for more variance in the work specific outcomes of Psychological Distress and Job Withdrawal Behaviour than Life Satisfaction. Thus, the organisational restructuring appeared to have a greater association with work-specific outcomes rather than non-work outcomes. Some limitations of the research are noted. For example, the small sample size limited the ability to use latent variable model testing procedures. Second, the conclusions from the research studies are applicable to a police service organisation and thus may be limited in their application to employees in other organisations. Third, the model focused quite heavily on the individual within the organisation, examining personal resources and characteristics. Nonetheless, this research has contributed to the literature in several ways by: (a) developing a theoretically founded measure of valued job characteristics, (b) demonstrating the importance of evaluating changes to these features of the work environment and the potential loss of the job during organisational instability, and (c) testing an appraisal, coping and adaptation model that shows much promise for use within organisations undergoing crisis or change. This newly developed and tested model appears especially useful in understanding the impact of organisation changes on work related outcomes.
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Hancox, Jennie Elizabeth. "Examination of the social-environmental and motivational processes operating in dance contexts : a self-determination theory approach." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5162/.
Full textAbstract:
Grounded in the self-determination (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000) and achievement goal (Nicholls, 1989) theories this thesis had the broad aim of expanding current knowledge and theoretical understanding of motivational processes. This was achieved via four studies in dance addressing contemporary conceptual and methodological issues raised in the motivation literature. The studies aimed to progress the conceptualisation and measurement of key motivational constructs (i.e., the teacher-created motivational climate and motivation regulations) by examining their application in dance using quantitative and qualitative methods. Additionally, the studies aimed to enhance understanding of the motivational processes via which the motivational climate, as a multi-dimensional construct, predicts dancers’ psychological well- and ill-being. Specifically, the mediating roles of basic psychological needs and motivation regulations between dancers’ perceptions of the motivational climate and affective states were examined. Collectively the thesis supports the central features of the SDT framework, including Duda’s (2013) conceptualisation of the motivational climate as multi-dimensional, and basic psychological need thwarting (as detailed in Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Ryan, & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2011b). The studies in this thesis will substantiate the need for and inform theoretically-grounded interventions which aim to educate teachers in how they can support dancers’ psychological well-being in a variety of dance settings.
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Richardson, Roslyn C. "Using Motivational Systems Theory to Explore Factors that Influence the Teaching Strategies of Undergraduate Social Work Faculty." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1238790333.
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Bartrum, Dee A. "Job Change and Job Insecurity in the Police Service: Applying the Cognitive-Motivational-Relational Theory of Emotion." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366781.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis tested an appraisal, coping and adaptation model of job insecurity and organisational change with a sample of police officers. The model integrated key aspects of Lazarus' (1991a, 1999) cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion (personal coping resources, appraisal questions, emotion, coping and adaptation outcomes) with the ten job characteristics (opportunity for control, opportunity for skill use, externally generated goals, variety, environmental clarity, availability of money, physical security, opportunity for interpersonal contact, valued social position and supportive supervision) from Warr's (1987, 1999) vitamin model. The ten job characteristics were viewed as valued aspects of the environment that may potentially be lost or threatened during organisational crisis or change. The service within which the police officers worked underwent a large scale organisational restructuring from late 2001 to July 2002. Three research studies were conducted for this thesis. The first study developed a psychometrically sound, 40-item job characteristics scale, based on the ten dimensions of Warr's vitamin model. This scale assessed participants' worries about changes to aspects in their work environment. The development of this scale met a need within the job insecurity literature for a theoretically-derived measure of valued job features, and enabled the investigation of the appraisal, coping and adaptation model. This measure was included in the questionnaire for the cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that formed the second and third major research projects of this thesis. The main aim of the second study was to test a proposed model of appraisal, emotion, coping and adaptation following the experience of organisational change. The model proposed that person variables and personal coping resources (e.g., personal control and coping self-efficacy) would have indirect associations with the adaptational outcomes of Psychological Distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The personal coping resources were proposed to have indirect relationships with coping strategies through job characteristics, appraisal and emotion as well as direct associations with levels of distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The ten job characteristics were expected to have a direct relationship with Psychological Distress, and indirect associations with the three adaptational outcomes through appraisal, emotion and coping. Primary and secondary appraisal was proposed to precede and directly influence emotion. In turn, emotions were expected to directly relate to the coping strategies that were used, with coping strategies mediating the association between emotion and the three adaptational outcomes. An additional focus of this study was to determine whether there were mean differences for males and females on the variables examined. The second study was conducted in November 2002, three months after the restructuring. Two thousand two hundred and eighteen police officers were invited to participate in the study, with a total sample of 303 police officers responding. The antecedent variables (personal resources, job characteristics, perception of global job insecurity, appraisal components, feelings, coping strategies) and the indicators of employee adjustment (Psychological Distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour) were collected via a self-report questionnaire. Collateral data were also obtained from a friend, spouse/partner or work colleague of the police officer for the dependent variables of Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were applied to investigate the aims of this study. Some support for a partial mediating model was obtained, mainly with the work specific adaptational outcomes of Psychological Distress and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The antecedent variables in the model explained a substantial amount of variance for each of the adaptation outcomes. Notably, the antecedents of the model to uniquely account for variance in Life Satisfaction, a non-work contextual outcome, were person variables and personal coping resources. The third research study used a two-wave longitudinal panel design. The principle aim of this study was to test the proposed model of appraisal, coping and adaptation, longitudinally. Specifically, the aim was to examine whether initial levels, and changes in levels over time in aspects of the proposed model predicted later levels, and changes across time in the adaptational outcomes of Psychological Distress, Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The study was conducted in April and May, four to five months after the T1 data had been collected, and seven months after the restructuring. A total of 158 police officers responded from the 303 that participated in Study 2. Difference scores were calculated to examine change across time within hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Three longitudinal regression models (Basic, Change-in-Outcome and Change/Change) were examined to test for robust effects. The model explained considerably more variance in Psychological Distress across all three longitudinal models tested, compared to Life Satisfaction and Job Withdrawal Behaviour. Generally the work related antecedents (T1) had no or minimal association with change in Life Satisfaction. However, change in physical safety was associated with change in Life Satisfaction across the two points in time. Some robust associations were found for emotion coping strategies with Psychological Distress; personal control with Life Satisfaction; and negative feelings with Job Withdrawal Behaviour. The findings from the three studies are discussed with reference to Lazarus' (1991a, 1999) cognitive-motivational-relational theory and Warr's (1987, 1999) vitamin model. The findings from the cross-sectional and longitudinal research studies support partial mediating relationships among the antecedents with the adaptational outcomes. There is debate within the job insecurity literature as to whether potential loss of job features should be included in the definition and operationalisation of this construct. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended that the definition and operationalisation of job insecurity include potential loss of job features and potential loss of the job. The model tested accounted for more variance in the work specific outcomes of Psychological Distress and Job Withdrawal Behaviour than Life Satisfaction. Thus, the organisational restructuring appeared to have a greater association with work-specific outcomes rather than non-work outcomes. Some limitations of the research are noted. For example, the small sample size limited the ability to use latent variable model testing procedures. Second, the conclusions from the research studies are applicable to a police service organisation and thus may be limited in their application to employees in other organisations. Third, the model focused quite heavily on the individual within the organisation, examining personal resources and characteristics. Nonetheless, this research has contributed to the literature in several ways by: (a) developing a theoretically founded measure of valued job characteristics, (b) demonstrating the importance of evaluating changes to these features of the work environment and the potential loss of the job during organisational instability, and (c) testing an appraisal, coping and adaptation model that shows much promise for use within organisations undergoing crisis or change. This newly developed and tested model appears especially useful in understanding the impact of organisation changes on work related outcomes.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Psychology
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Sinclair-Miracle, Kadian. "A Post-Donation Motivational Interview with Implementation Intentions Enhances BloodDonor Identity." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1449232453.
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Banfield, Mara L. "The Effects of Motivational Factors on Student Achievement in STEM." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1588853831612102.
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Goulding, Christina. "A grounded theory investigation of contemporary consumer behaviour in relation to museum/heritage consumption : a motivational and experimental analysis." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361979.
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Hunka, Nicole. "Pedometer Use as a Motivational Tool for Increased Physical Activity in Bariatric Surgery Patients." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1321374425.
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Karlsson, Oskar, and Oskar Sjöbeck. "The use of SRI strategies and motivational factors : A case study among banks and fund companies." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96879.
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Background: In today's society, there is more pressure to be sustainable and not least in the financial world. Several agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, have been created to steer countries towards more sustainability. When it comes to the economy, several SRI strategies have been developed to serve the same purpose. However, the problem that emerges is that investors who invest sustainably and use these strategies can lose returns and thus depart from their main goal of maximizing profits. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine how SRI strategies are used by investors when constructing their portfolios in terms of profit maximization. The paper will thus conclude if the underlying motivation behind the choice of strategy is affected by maximizing profit. Method and implementation: By conducting a qualitative study and interviewing several fund managers at the largest banks and fund companies in Sweden, the authors aim to answer the research question. The answers provided by the respondents are presented and analyzed in the empirical section and linked to the study's theory. Conclusion: In this study, there is clearly shown that by investing, according to SRI, a professional investor is still able to profit maximize. The authors, therefore, see that the new way of being rational as an investor is to include SRI strategies. The relationship with being both sustainable and profit-maximizing can be seen as a significant motivating factor. The same can be said about reduced ESG risk and creating legitimacy towards customers. Furthermore, a combination of strategies can be seen as a way to create an optimal portfolio by the investors. This further proves that sustainable investing is the most rational way of investing and a way to achieve an investors main goal to profit maximize.
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Dorland, Jeanne Marie. "OBJECTIFICATION THEORY: EXAMINING THE RELATION BETWEEN SELF-OBJECTIFICATION AND FLOW FOR COLLEGE-AGED WOMEN ATHLETES." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1163634310.
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Hardy, Deborah Lewis. "Learning Strategies and Motivational Patterns, as Measured by the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, Among Students Pursuing Nursing and Allied Health Careers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1363549558.
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Kumlin, Terese. "Social science students’ perceptions of motivational methods and approaches in science class." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för lärande och samhälle (LS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-36394.
Full textAbstract:
How to motivate students effectively is a question teachers have asked for thousands ofyears. In my teaching program at Malmö University, a variety of teaching methods andapproaches, that also increase motivation, have come into focus. These include:teaching at the right level, using a variety of teaching methods, seeing every student,being enthusiastic about the material, using formative evaluation, connecting lessons tostudents’ everyday life, and adapting classes to students’ interests. The aim of this studyis to find out how secondary students in a social science program perceive teachingmethods and approaches aimed at increasing motivation, and determine which methodsthey perceive as most/least effective. The study used both qualitative and quantitativemethods. 23 upper-secondary students from a class at a school in southern Swedenwere interviewed in four focus groups, where participants were purposefully sampled.10 of these students were also asked to complete a questionnaire ranking the teachingmethods and approaches on a scale of 1-7 (where 1 was most effective at increasingmotivation and 7 least effective), and the mean values of these scores were used in theanalysis. A phenomenological approach and content analysis were used to code andanalyze the data. Students perceived all of the motivational methods to be effective, themost effective being teaching lessons at the right level, followed by using a variety ofteaching methods, with mean values of 1.9 and 3.2, respectively. Adapting lessons tostudents’ interests and connecting them to everyday life were the least effective, withmean values of 5.6 and 5.7, respectively. The categories of teachers having a positiveattitude towards the material and the students, and seeing every student, had the samemean value, 3.8, while formative evaluation had a mean value of 3.9. When trying tomotivate students, it would thus appear more effective to make sure that lessons aretaught at the right level and that teachers vary the lessons, than to adapt lessons tostudents’ interests or connect the material to everyday life. While this was a small studyand the findings cannot be generalized to school populations, they are of high interestfor the researcher.