Books: 'MOTIVATION TO AVOID FAILURES'

1

Career barriers: How people experience, overcome, and avoid failure. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998.

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2

Beynon-Davies, Paul. Information systems failures and how to avoid them. London: FT Pitman, 1997.

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3

The six predictable failures of free schools -- and how to avoid them. Cambridge: LKM Publishing, 2011.

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4

Insolvency in business: How to avoid it, how to deal with it. London: Cassell, 1989.

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5

The leadership handbook: 101 ways to be a super-leader and avoid self-destruction. [Saratoga, Calif: R&E Publishers, 1991.

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6

Hendon, Donald W. Classic failures in product marketing: Marketing principles violations and how to avoid them. New York: Quorum Books, 1989.

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7

Hendon, Donald W. Classic failures in product marketing: Marketing principles violations and how to avoid them. Lincolnwood, Ill., USA: NTC Business Books, 1992.

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8

Sutton, Gary. Corporate canaries: Avoid business disasters with a coal miner's secrets. Nashville: Nelson Business, 2005.

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9

Andrew, Campbell. The growth gamble: When leaders should bet big on new businesses and how to avoid expensive failures. Boston: Nicholas Brealey International, 2005.

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10

Rudzki, Robert A. Beat the odds: Avoid corporate death and build a resilient enterprise. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: J. Ross Pub., 2007.

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11

Moseley, V. J. "Jon", Andreas Lampropoulos, Eftychia Apostolidi, and Christos Giarlelis. Characteristic Seismic Failures of Buildings. Edited by Stephanos E. Dritsos. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed016.

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<p>Earthquakes can cause considerable fatalities, injuries and financial loss. The forces of nature cannot be blamed, as the problem lies with the structures in seismic regions that may not have been designed or constructed to a sufficient degree to resist earthquake actions or they may have design flaws. This Structural Engineering Document (SED) concerns reinforced concrete and masonry buildings together with geotechnical aspects and presents in a concise and practical way the state of the art of current understanding of building failures due to earthquakes. It classifies the different types of seismic failure, explains the reasons for each failure, describes good practices to avoid such failures and also describes seismic retrofitting/upgrading procedures for pre-earthquake strengthening and post-earthquake repair and/or strengthening techniques for deficient buildings. Carefully selected photographs and diagrams illustrate the different failure types. This document could be considered as quite unique, as this is the first time such material concerning characteristic seismic failures of buildings has been presented together in one single document. It is intended to be a valuable educational reference textbook aimed at all levels of experience of engineers. It provides background information, ideas, guidance and reassurance to engineers in earthquake regions faced with the task of building a safer future for the public and to protect lives. <p> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Oddi3VTtxCM" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

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12

United States. Government Accountability Office. DOD business systems modernization: Navy ERP adherence to best business practices critical to avoid past failures : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2005.

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13

Hayward, Mathew. Ego check: Why executive hubris is wrecking companies and careers and how to avoid the trap. Chicago: Kaplan Pub., 2007.

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14

London, Manuel. Career Barriers: How People Experience, Overcome, and Avoid Failure. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.

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15

London, Manuel. Career Barriers: How People Experience, Overcome, and Avoid Failure. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.

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16

Frey, Bruno S., and Jana Gallus. Honours as Signals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798507.003.0007.

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Awards are non-material and symbolic rewards, and do not necessarily have to go with money. Award givers may emit signals of quality, of intent, and of their beliefs. Managers can use the signalling functions of awards to subtly steer the behaviour of (present and future) employees, without having to recur to control through explicit, conditional incentives. Awards can also give rise to signalling failures. They have to be used with moderation, and they can rarely be substituted for money where money is already in place. If well designed, awards can raise intrinsic motivation, as the recipients are explicitly lauded when they receive the award. In comparison to money, awards tend to raise loyalty to the giver and avoid crowding out intrinsic motivation; moreover, they have a more sustainable effect on behaviour. They also remain visible in the future, creating a trophy value that maintains the awards’ salience and their signalling functions even over the medium and long term.

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17

Kusek, Jody Zall. Fail safe management: Five rules to avoid project failure. 2013.

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18

Corporate Canaries: Avoid Business Disasters with a Coal Miner's Secrets. Thomas Nelson, 2007.

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19

Sutton, Gary. Corporate Canaries: Avoid Business Disasters with a Coal Miner's Secrets. HarperCollins Leadership, 2007.

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20

"Financial Times" Management Briefings: Information Systems Failures and How to Avoid Them (FT Management Briefings). Financial Times Prentice Hall, 1997.

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21

Eaker, Donald W. Super Grades For Super Students: How To Avoid Failing School. Writers Club Press, iUniverse, Author Solutions, 1999.

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22

I Can Beat Anorexia!: Finding the Motivation, Confidence and Skills to Recover and Avoid Relapse. Kingsley Publishers, Jessica, 2017.

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23

I can beat obesity!: Finding the motivation, confidence and skills to lose weight and avoid relapse. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2017.

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24

Andrew, Campbell. Growth Gamble: When Business Leaders Should Bet Big on New Businesses-And How They Can Avoid Expensive Failures. Brealey Publishing, Nicholas, 2017.

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25

When Giants Stumble: Classic Business Blunders and How to Avoid Them. Diane Pub Co, 1999.

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26

Logue, Heather. Perception First? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0009.

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Heather Logue, like Williamson, investigates an analogy—in her case, an analogy between knowledge and perception. This chapter asks if knowledge is unanalysable, might also perception be? After all, the history of attempts to analyse the perceptual relation have been subject to counterexamples in such as way as to broadly mirror the track record of the post-Gettier literature. To the extent that the failure of the post-Gettier project motivates a knowledge-first approach, it is natural to wonder whether an analogous sort of failure to analyse (in a fashion that avoids counterexamples) the perceptual relation motivates a perception-first approach. However, this chapter argues that even if the perceptual relation turns out to be unanalysable, this does not necessarily mean that we should embrace a perception-first approach. Finally, it suggests that there might, nonetheless, be an alternative motivation for a perception-first approach.

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27

What Your Doctor Won't (or Can't) Tell You: The Failures of American Medicine -- and How to Avoid Becoming a Statistic. Berkley Trade, 2005.

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28

Moore, Hank. The High Cost of Doing Nothing: How to avoid troubles and assure success - Painting the Big Picture of Business Knowledge (Business Library Anthology Series). Skyward Publishing, 2002.

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29

Hayward, Mathew. Ego Check: Why Executive Hubris is Wrecking Companies and Careers and How to Avoid the Trap. Kaplan Business, 2007.

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30

Smith, Virginia I. Interior Design Project Manager - Challenges, Solutions, and Golden Rules: Overcome Challenges of Interior Design Project Management and Avoid Project Failures Caused by Unclear Planning and Objective. Independently Published, 2020.

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31

Scharfman, Jason. Hedge Fund Due Diligence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0019.

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This chapter provides an overview of hedge fund due diligence challenges facing investors with a specific focus on the operational due diligence process. Operational due diligence is the process of evaluating the operational risks in place at a hedge fund. In recent years, due to a series of hedge fund failures and frauds, operational risks have become increasingly important. Risk mitigation techniques include information technology infrastructure; evaluations by the board of directors; business continuity planning; hedge fund service provider assessment, valuation, and fund operations; and back-office procedures. Another component of the operational due diligence process involves performing background investigations on key personnel. By seeking to evaluate these types of operational risk, investors can better diagnose and avoid losses from these hedge fund operational failures and outright fraud.

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32

Smith, Gary, and Jay Cordes. The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844396.001.0001.

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Scientific rigor and critical thinking skills are indispensable in this age of big data because machine learning and artificial intelligence are often led astray by meaningless patterns. The 9 Pitfalls of Data Science is loaded with entertaining real-world examples of both successful and misguided approaches to interpreting data, both grand successes and epic failures. Anyone can learn to distinguish between good data science and nonsense. We are confident that readers will learn how to avoid being duped by data, and make better, more informed decisions. Whether they want to be effective creators, interpreters, or users of data, they need to know the nine pitfalls of data science.

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33

Horn, Laurence. Pragmatics and the Lexicon. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.8.

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Since Paul and Zipf, it has become evident that lexical choice and meaning change are largely guided by pragmatic principles. Two central interacting principles are, first, the least-effort tendency to reduce expression and, second, the communicative requirements on sufficiency of information. Descendants of this opposition include Grice’s bipartite Maxim of Quantity (‘Make your contribution as informative as/no more informative than is required’) grounded within a general theory of rationality and cooperation, the Q and R Principles (essentially ‘Say enough’/‘Don’t say too much’), and the interplay of effort and effect within Relevance Theory. This chapter motivates a (Q-based) constraint on lexicalization, surveys the role of the R principle in motivating the Division of Pragmatic Labour, syntagmatic reduction, narrowing of meaning, euphemism, and negative strengthening, and provides pragmatic motivation for the lexical clone, un-noun, and un-verb constructions, and for the complementary Avoid Synonymy and Avoid Homonymy principles.

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34

Batson, C. Daniel. Avoiding Shame and Guilt. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651374.003.0005.

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After rejecting the remove–empathy hypothesis (Chapter 4), attention turned to the other two classic egoistic explanations for the motivation to help produced by empathic concern: empathy-specific punishment and empathy-specific reward. This chapter considers two kinds of empathy-specific punishment, shame and guilt. The shame hypothesis claims that we help more when we feel empathic concern because we’re motivated to avoid disapproval and censure from others. The guilt hypothesis says that we’re motivated to avoid self-condemnation for failing to do what we should. Contradicting the shame hypothesis, experiments revealed that even when no one else will know if participants fail to help, empathy still increased helping. Contradicting the guilt hypothesis, participants induced to feel empathy helped more even when provided a good excuse for not helping. Given that neither form of empathy-specific punishment could account for the empathy–helping relationship, our search shifted to the third classic egoistic explanation: pursuing pride.

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35

Cameron, Maxwell A. Political Institutions and Practical Wisdom. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190694333.001.0001.

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To be good citizens or statespersons, we need practical wisdom—the moral skill and will to know how to do the right thing in particular situations. Institutions work best when they cultivate practitioners who have the wisdom and judgment to choose the right aims and pursue them in the best way possible. Practical wisdom can be destroyed, however, when institutions rely too heavily on rules and incentives that encourage people to compete for extrinsic rewards or to avoid punishments. This book focuses on the ethical implications of institutional failures and identifies competitive utility-maximizing as a frequent source of such failures. Practical wisdom is often squeezed out of institutions by the market forces unleashed by neoliberalism. In the political sphere, hyper-partisanship is an expression of excessive competition, and it can undermine the deliberation necessary for a healthy democracy. There is, however, an alternative. A citizens’ democracy would aim at human flourishing. This book calls on social scientists to recognize the ethical foundation of our work, integrate the moral dimension of politics in our analyses, and accord greater attention to first-person perspectives in our ontologies. The cultivation of practical wisdom in politics, work, and everyday life is our best response to the pressures arising from market forces that threaten to destroy institutions and drive human activities toward catastrophic outcomes.

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36

Karlan, Dean, and Jacob Appel. Failing in the Field. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691183138.001.0001.

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All across the social sciences, from development economics to political science departments, researchers are going into the field to collect data and learn about the world. While much has been gained from the successes of randomized controlled trials, stories of failed projects often do not get told. This book delves into the common causes of failure in field research, so that researchers might avoid similar pitfalls in future work. Drawing on the experiences of top social scientists working in developing countries, the book investigates failed projects and helps guide practitioners as they embark on their research. From experimental design and implementation to analysis and partnership agreements, the book shows that there are important lessons to be learned from failures at every stage. The book describes five common categories of failures, reviews six case studies in detail, and concludes with some reflections on best (and worst) practices for designing and running field projects, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials. There is much to be gained from investigating what has previously not worked, from misunderstandings by staff to errors in data collection. Cracking open the taboo subject of the stumbles that can take place in the implementation of research studies, this is a valuable ‘how-not-to’ handbook for conducting fieldwork and running randomized controlled trials in development settings.

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37

Tyler, Tom R. Value-Driven Behavior and the Law. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.030.

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This article discusses an alternative approach to gaining compliance with the law. The approach involves motivating people through appeals to their values. Values reflect people's assessments of what is right or appropriate to do in a given situation; this involves people's feelings of obligation and responsibility to others. There are two arguments for value-based motivation. First, we gain the benefits of a value-based approach, e.g. increasing voluntary cooperation. Second, we avoid the problems associated with instrumental approaches. To gain these advantages we need to move to a system in which value-based motivations are the primary motivation tapped, and instrumental motivations are the backup for a small group that have to be dealt with instrumentally because they are unable or unwilling to act on their values.

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38

Taberlet, Pierre, Aurélie Bonin, Lucie Zinger, and Eric Coissac. DNA amplification and multiplexing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198767220.003.0006.

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After a brief reminder of the principles underlying the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Chapter 6 “DNA amplification and multiplexing” discusses the choice of a DNA polymerase for the PCR. In particular, it warns against the use of proofreading polymerases, that can lead to a substantial loss of PCR specificity. Chapter 6 insists on the benefits of including different types of controls in the PCR (e.g., PCR negatives and positives, tagging system controls, etc.). The most common causes of PCR failures and their solutions are addressed, as well as the precautions to take to avoid and monitor contaminations. Chapter 6 also deals with the particular case of blocking oligonucleotides, which aim at reducing the amplification of undesired sequences. It gives some valuable guidelines to design such oligonucleotides and use them efficiently. Finally, Chapter 6 presents different strategies for tagging individual samples during the amplification, to allow subsequent multiplexing during the sequencing step.

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Locke, Edwin A., and Gary P. Latham. Theory Development by Induction. Edited by Michael A. Hitt, Susan E. Jackson, Salvador Carmona, Leonard Bierman, Christina E. Shalley, and Douglas Michael Wright. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190650230.013.002.

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This monograph summarizes goal-setting theory as originally developed in 1990; it then updates the theory based on research findings subsequent to that time period. These new findings include the economic value of goal setting, the use of stretch goals, new analyses of commitment, goal determinants, multiple goals, learning goals, long-term goal effects, and team goals. We also summarize studies involving the application of goal setting to field such as creativity, negotiation, sports, health, aging, entrepreneurship, psychotherapy, education, self-development, and subconscious motivation. We point out potential problems and pitfalls in the use of goal setting and how to avoid them.

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Thorlund, Jonas Bloch, and L. Stefan Lohmander. Other surgical approaches in the management of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0034.

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Joint replacement is often considered the surgical treatment for patients with osteoarthritis (OA). However, several other surgical treatments, of which some are more frequently performed, have been advocated for patients with OA in order to relieve symptoms, stall progression, and avoid or postpone joint replacement. This chapter briefly describes the most common procedures such as knee and hip arthroscopy and knee and hip osteotomy. It also reviews the evidence for the efficacy of these treatments compared with non-surgical alternatives, which is frequently insufficient due to lack of controlled low-risk-of-bias studies. The risk of adverse events is also reported when data is available. Some of the more recent surgical techniques such as implantation of chondrocytes or stem cells are also described and discussed but their utility for treating osteoarthritis remains uncertain. There is a great need for continued innovation and development of surgical techniques for managing in particular the earlier stages of osteoarthritis. To reduce the risk of future costly failures, a stepwise introduction of new surgical procedures and devices must be encouraged.

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41

Schnider, Armin. Mechanisms of confabulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789680.003.0007.

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From the initial observations, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain confabulations. This chapter presents the current models of confabulation and examines their empirical basis. Is gap-filling a confirmed mechanism? What is the role of personality and motivation? Does the combination of amnesia with executive failures suffice to induce confabulation? What is the experimental evidence for deficient monitoring processes—and how would such processes work? Is the confusion of memories in time a feature or a cause of confabulation? A conclusion from this chapter will be that many models lack confirming experimental evidence and fail to account for the dissociation between different forms of confabulation.

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42

Md Dahalin, Zulkhairi. Implementing information strategy planning in an enterprise. UUM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9833827039.

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Information Strategy Planning is about formulating an Information System strategy for the enterprise by developing a high-level overview model of the enterprisesinformation requirements. This overview model is the enterprises information architecture or blueprint which aims at aligning the enterprises business strategywith its Information Technology (IT) strategy. This book provides a practical guide to implementing Internet Service Provider (ISP) in an enterprise. It gives a completeunderstanding of the approach, tools and techniques used to carry out an ISP study. A real-life case study company is used to provide actual learning experience and itshould be a useful lesson for those contemplating on conducting an ISP study. Real life scenarios with limitations and pitfalls are combined with ideal situations so that lessons can be learnt to avoid common mistakes and alert potential failures as well as to highlight best practices. This book also provides reference to the Malaysian Government Manpower and Modernization Planning Unit (MAMPU) Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Strategic Plan Guideline and the MAMPU ISP Template Version 1.0 which are the main reference documents for government ministries and agencies embarking on an ISP study. Though the format of this book is not based on the guideline and the template, much of the main sections in the guideline and the template are covered in detail in this book.

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43

Lambacher, Jason. The Limits of Freedom and the Freedom of Limits. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.27.

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When we conceive of “freedom” as the absence of limitations, it is easy to associate green politics with coercion and restriction. This troubling linkage frames environmentalism as hostile to freedom as such, and even leads many green theorists to doubt its relevance to environmental political theory. Is this, however, a narrow way of thinking about the concept of freedom and its relationship to environmentalism? Can freedom be greened to enhance ways of life that advance environmental goals? There are good reasons to think that it can. Green concepts of freedom not only offer salient critiques of ecologically destructive modes of freedom, they also open up creative aspirations to live autonomously and meaningfullywithinecological constraints. Ignoring the potential of freedom as a productive concept in environmental political theory overlooks powerful sources of motivation, experimentation, and political resonance. Green theorists should therefore work with, and not avoid, discourses of freedom in order to explore visions of individual, social, and ecological flourishing.

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44

Puranam, Phanish. Integration of Effort. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0004.

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For a given division of labor, (potential) breakdowns of integration can be traced to either motivational or knowledge-related sources (or both). Integration failures arising from coordination problems require managing the need for and/or the extent of predictive knowledge; those arising from cooperation problems require managing the valence of interdependence. A fruitful area for further enquiry awaits the student of organization design at the intersection of these sources of integration failure. I outlined two possible approaches: a closer look at the interactions between knowledge and motivation-related issues, or a coarser bundling of both into the construct of integration. In particular, given the behavioral assumptions of adaptive rationality, thinking of integration of effort as a search problem may be an area of high research potential. It can help understand organizations as “marvels but not miracles”—how boundedly rational designers can nevertheless organize boundedly rational agents towards accomplishing goals.

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45

Jansson, André, and Paul C. Adams, eds. Disentangling. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197571873.001.0001.

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After the rapid rise of digital networking in the 2000s and 2010s, we are now seeing a rise of interest in how people can disentangle their lives from the increasingly pervasive networks of digital communications. This edited volume contributes to the turn toward digital disconnection research by bringing together an interdisciplinary group of authors with expertise in various forms and philosophies of disentangling. By “disentangling” we mean disconnection not just from media but from a digitalized world, a world in which places and landscapes are increasingly structured around digital connectivity. People increasingly look for strategies that will let them reject, avoid, and rework the pervasive media demanding they remain connected at all times. How might we facilitate autonomy from tendrils of digital surveillance, revalue places over dematerialized flows, and unravel digital dependency? Who gets to disconnect and who does not? How do natural cycles such as sleep and death relate to disentangling? Can we clarify the means and objectives of “digital detox”? Can we map the failures, glitches, contradictions, and paradoxes that plague digital connectivity? What does our willing and unwilling entanglement in digital networks say with regard to social resilience and cultural resistance? The book’s three sections start with questions about ethics and justice associated with the power geometries of digital (dis)connection, then move on to consider digitally entangled lives and afterlives, and conclude with a look at the ambiguities of (dis)connection in time-spaces of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Cargill, Robert R. Melchizedek, King of Sodom. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190946968.001.0001.

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This book argues that the biblical figure Melchizedek mentioned in Gen. 14 as the king of Shalem originally appeared in the text as the king of Sodom. Textual evidence is presented to demonstrate that the word סדם‎ (Sodom) was changed to שׁלם‎ (Shalem) in order to avoid depicting the patriarch Abram as receiving a blessing and goods from the king of Sodom, whose city was soon thereafter destroyed for its sinfulness according to the biblical tradition. This change from Sodom to Shalem caused a disjointed narrative in Gen. 14:18–20, which many scholars have wrongly attributed to a later interpolation. This book also provides textual evidence of minor, strategic redactional changes to the Hebrew Bible and the Samaritan Pentateuch that demonstrate the evolving, polemical, sectarian discourse between Jews and Samaritans as they were competing for the superiority of their respective temples and holy mountains. These minor strategic changes to the HB were used as the ideological motivation in the Second Temple Jewish literary tradition for the relocation of Shalem away from the Samaritan religious center at Mt. Gerizim to the Levitical priestly center in Jerusalem. This book also examines how the possible reference to Melchizedek in Ps. 110 may have influenced later Judaism’s understanding of Melchizedek.

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Robertson, Simon. Nietzsche and Contemporary Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722212.001.0001.

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Nietzsche is one of the most subversive ethical thinkers of the Western canon. This book offers a critical assessment of his ethical thought and its significance for contemporary moral philosophy. It develops a charitable but critical reading of his thought, pushing some claims and arguments as far as seems fruitful while rejecting others. But it also uses Nietzsche in dialogue with, so to contribute to, a range of long-standing issues within normative ethics, metaethics, value theory, practical reason, and moral psychology. The book is divided into three principal parts. Part I examines Nietzsche’s critique of morality, arguing that it raises well-motivated challenges to morality’s normative authority and value: his error theory about morality’s categoricity is in a better position than many contemporary versions; and his critique of moral values has bite even against undemanding moral theories, with significant implications not just for rarefied excellent types but also us. Part II turns to moral psychology, attributing to Nietzsche and defending a sentimentalist explanation of action and motivation. Part III considers his non-moral perfectionism, developing models of value and practical normativity that avoid difficulties facing many contemporary accounts and that may therefore be of wider interest. The discussion concludes by considering Nietzsche’s broader significance: as well as calling into question many of moral philosophy’s deepest assumptions, he challenges our usual views of what ethics itself is—and what it, and we, should be doing.

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Gaiha, Raghav, Raghbendra Jha, Vani S. Kulkarni, and Nidhi Kaicker. Diets, Nutrition, and Poverty. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.029.

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This chapter addresses a persistent tension in current debates over food security, with illustrative data from India. The case allows us to disaggregate concepts in food policy that are often lumped together, so as to better understand what is at stake in rapidly changing economies more generally. Despite rising incomes, there has been sustained decline in per capita nutrient intake in India in recent years. The assertion by Deaton and Dreze (2009) that poverty and undernutrition are unrelated is critically examined. A demand-based model in which food prices and expenditure played significant roles proved robust, while allowing for lower calorie “requirements” due to less strenuous activity patterns, life-style changes, and improvements in the epidemiological environment. This analysis provides reasons for not delinking nutrition and poverty; it confirms the existence of poverty-nutrition traps in which undernutrition perpetuates poverty. A new measure of child undernutrition that allows for multiple anthropometric failures (e.g., wasting, underweight, and stunting) points to much higher levels of undernutrition than conventional ones. Dietary changes over time, and their nutritional implications, have welfare implications at both ends of the income and social-status pyramids. Since poverty is multidimensional, money-metric indicators such as minimum income or expenditure are not reliable, because these cannot adequately capture all the dimensions. The emergent shift of the disease burden toward predominately food-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) poses an additional challenge. Finally, the complexity of normative issues in food policy is explored. Current approaches to food security have veered toward a “right-to-food” approach. There are, however, considerable problems with creating appropriate mechanisms for effectuating that right; these are explored briefly. Cash transfers touted to avoid administrative costs and corruption involved in rural employment guarantee and targeted food-distribution programs are likely to be much less effective if the objective is to enable large segments of the rural population to break out of nutrition-poverty traps. The chapter ends by exploring an alternative model, based on the same normative principle: a “right to policies,” or a “right to a right.”

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Studd, J. P. Everything, more or less. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719649.001.0001.

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Almost no systematic theorizing is generality-free. Scientists test general hypotheses; set theorists prove theorems about every set; metaphysicians espouse theses about all things regardless of their kind. But how general can we be? Do we ever succeed in theorizing about ABSOLUTELY EVERYTHING in some interestingly final, all-caps-worthy sense of ‘absolutely everything’? Not according to generality relativism. In its most promising form, this kind of relativism maintains that what ‘everything’ and other quantifiers encompass is always open to expansion: no matter how broadly we may generalize, a more inclusive ‘everything’ is always available. The importance of the issue comes out, in part, in relation to the foundations of mathematics. Generality relativism opens the way to avoid Russell’s paradox without imposing ad hoc limitations on which pluralities of items may be encoded as a set. On the other hand, generality relativism faces numerous challenges: What are we to make of seemingly absolutely general theories? What prevents our achieving absolute generality simply by using ‘everything’ unrestrictedly? How are we to characterize relativism without making use of exactly the kind of generality this view foreswears? This book offers a sustained defence of generality relativism that seeks to answer these challenges. Along the way, the contemporary absolute generality debate is traced through diverse issues in metaphysics, logic, and the philosophy of language; some of the key works that lie behind the debate are reassessed; an accessible introduction is given to the relevant mathematics; and a relativist-friendly motivation for Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory is developed.

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