Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Motivation (Psychology) Moral and ethical aspects'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Motivation (Psychology) Moral and ethical aspects.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Motivation (Psychology) Moral and ethical aspects.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Heine, Gardielle. "The influence of integrity and ethical leadership on trust and employee work engagement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80031.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the emerging concept of work engagement and how organisational leaders can exert influence on it. It was therefore important to obtain understanding of and deeper insight into the impact of these key stakeholders on the employee’s work engagement and related concepts. The aim of the study was to investigate existing relationships between constructs that play a significant role in the relationship between leader and follower in the organisation. These constructs include integrity, ethical leadership and trust in the leader, and the effect these constructs have on employee work engagement. The study thus was undertaken to obtain more clarity about these aspects. Based on research on the existing literature, a theoretical model depicting how the different constructs are related to one another was developed and various hypotheses were formulated. Data for the purpose of the quantitative study were collected by means of an electronic web-based questionnaire. A total of 204 completed questionnaires were returned. The final questionnaire comprised four subscales, namely the 17-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), the 14-item Leader Trust Scale (LTS), the 17-item Leadership of Ethics Scale (LES), and the 9-item Behavioural Integrity Survey (BIS). The postulated relationships and the conceptual model were empirically tested using various statistical methods. Reliability analysis was done on all the measurement scales and adequate reliability was found. The content and structure of the measured constructs were investigated by means of confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses. The results indicated that good fit was achieved for all the refined measurement models. Subsequently, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to determine the extent to which the conceptual model fitted the data obtained from the sample and to test the relationships between the constructs. The results indicated positive relationships between trust in the leader and work engagement; ethical leadership and work engagement; ethical leadership and trust in the leader; integrity and ethical leadership; and integrity and trust in the leader. The present study contributes to existing literature on work engagement and ethical leadership by providing insights into the nature of the relationships among these constructs. The study also identifies practical implications to be considered in management practices in order to enhance and encourage these constructs, as well as the relationships between these constructs in the workplace. The limitations and recommendations present additional insights and possibilities that could be explored through future research studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige studie is gebaseer op die belangrikheid van werkstoewyding in die werkplek en op hoe leiers in die organisasie dit beïnvloed. Dit was dus belangrik om insig te verwerf rakende die invloed van hierdie belangrike rolspelers op die werknemer se werkstoewyding. Die studie het ten doel gehad om die verwantskappe tussen konstrukte wat binne die organisasie ‘n beduidende rol in die verhouding tussen die leier en ondergeskikte speel, te ondersoek. Hierdie konstrukte omvat integriteit en etiese leierskap, asook die vertroue tussen leier en ondergeskikte, en die graad van invloed wat die veranderlikes op die werknemer se werkstoewyding uitoefen. Die studie is dus uitgevoer om meer duidelikheid oor hierdie aspekte te verkry. ‘n Teoretiese model wat voorstel hoe die verskillende konstrukte aan mekaar verwant is, is op grond van die navorsing oor die bestaande literatuur ontwikkel. Verskeie hipoteses is geformuleer. Data vir die doel van die kwantitatiewe studie is deur middel van ‘n elektroniese web-gebaseerde vraelys ingesamel. ‘n Totaal van 204 voltooide vraelyste is terugontvang. Die finale vraelys is uit vier subvraelyste saamgestel, te wete die 17-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), die 14-item Leader Trust Scale (LTS), die 17-item Leadership of Ethics Scale (LES), en die 9-item Behavioural Integrity Survey (BIS). Die gepostuleerde verwantskappe en die konseptuele model is empiries met behulp van verskeie statistiese metodes getoets. Betroubaarheidsanalise is met behulp van die betrokke meetinstrumente uitgevoer en voldoende betroubaarheid is gevind. Die inhoud en die struktuur van die konstrukte wat deur die instrumente gemeet is, is verder deur middel van verkennende en bevestigende faktorontledings ondersoek. Die resultate het goeie passings vir al die hersiene metingsmodelle getoon. Daarna is struktuurvergelykings-modellering (SVM), gebruik om te bepaal tot watter mate die konseptuele model die data pas, en om die verwantskappe tussen die verskillende konstrukte te toets. Die resultate het positiewe verwantskappe tussen vertroue in die leier en werkstoewyding; etiese leierskap en werkstoewyding; etiese leierskap en vertroue; integriteit en etiese leierskap; en integriteit en vertroue in die leier aangedui. Hierdie studie dra by tot die bestaande literatuur aangaande beide werkstoewyding en etiese leierskap deurdat dit insig bied in die aard van verhoudings tussen hierdie konstrukte. Die studie identifiseer ook praktiese implikasies om in bestuurspraktyke in aanmerking geneem te word om die betrokke konstrukte, asook die verwantskappe tussen die veranderlikes, te versterk en aan te moedig. Die beperkings en aanbevelings van die studie dui op verdere insig en moontlikhede wat in toekomstige navorsing ondersoek kan word.
2
Oljar, Elizabeth Ann. "Moral reasons and motivation : prospects for ethical externalism /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5704.
Full text
3
Scheps, Anja. "The influence of ethical values on transformational leadership and ethical climate in organisations : an exploratory study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53651.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African organisations are facing fierce international competition, and to survive in the long-term it is necessary that they be led by leaders that will move them towards their vision in an ethical manner. While society condemns and the media extensively report fraud involving millions of rands by top executives, the truth of the matter is that more money is probably lost through low productivity, idleness and the wasting of resources through mismanagement (Mal an & Smit, 2001 ). In this study it is believed the cause of this problem is ultimately one of leadership. Leaders fail to direct and influence their subordinates to work with efficiency and integrity in order to achieve the organisation's objectives (Malan & Smit, 2001). Solutions for these problems must be found in order to build organisations that will prosper in the future. This study hopes to offer part of the solution. The main objective of this study was to establish whether there is a relationship between transformational leadership and the development of an ethical climate in organisations. One of the objectives of this study was to establish whether there was a direct relationship between altruism and transformational leadership. Another goal of this research was to establish whether integrity had a moderating effect on the relationship between transformational leadership and ethical climate. A model was developed to illustrate these relationships, which was tested in the South African context. A literature study of the role of transformational leadership, ethical values of altruism and integrity, and ethical climate in organisational performance was conducted. The relationship between these constructs has also been analysed in the literature study. A questionnaire consisting of five sections was compiled to test the hypotheses resulting from the structural models. These questionnaires were distributed to various organizations in the Cape Town area. The sample comprised 200 persons, each of whom had to complete the questionnaire. Section A was designed to give an indication of the demographics of the participants. Section B measured transformational leadership, based on Bass and Avolio's Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Section C was compiled in accordance with Victor & Cullen's Ethical Climate Questionnaire (ECQ), which measured respondents' perceptions of their work climate. Section D measured altruism, based on Langley's Value Scale. Section E measured integrity and was based on Butler's Conditions of Trust Inventory. The statistical analysis was conducted through correlation and regression analyses. The results revealed that altruism positively correlates with transformational leadership, and that transformational leadership in turn has a positive relationship with ethical climate. No convincing empirical support could be found for the proposition that integrity moderated the effect of leadership on ethical climate. However, many new and interesting insights were gained through the results. Conclusions were drawn from the results obtained and recommendations are made for future research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies staar strawwe internasionale kompetisie in die gesig. Om in die langtermyn te oorleef, is dit nodig dat hulle gelei word deur organisatoriese leiers wat hulle op 'n etiese wyse na hul strategiese doelwitte sal lei. Alhoewel die gemeenskap miljoene rande se bedrog deur topbestuurders veroordeel en die media ekstensief daaroor verslag lewer, is dit 'n feit dat meer geld waarskynlik verloor word deur lae produktiwiteit, sloerdery en die vermorsing van hulpbronne as gevolg van wanbestuur (Malan & Smit, 2001 ). Met hierdie studie word aangevoer dat die oorsaak van hierdie probleem uiteindelik een van leierskap is. Leiers misluk om hul ondergeskiktes te bestuur en te be'invloed om sodoende effektief en met integriteit op te tree, ten einde die organisasie se doelwitte te bereik (Malan & Smit, 2001 ). Oplossings moet vir hierdie probleme gevind word ten einde organisasies te bou wat in die toekoms sal floreer. Hierdie studie poog om voorstelle te maak om hierdie probleme te help oplos. Die hoofdoelwit vir hierdie studie was om vas te stel of daar 'n verband tussen transformasionele leierskap en die ontwikkeling van 'n etiese klimaat in organisasies is. Een van die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of daar 'n direkte verband tussen altru'isme en transformasionele leierskap is. 'n Verdere doelwit was om te bepaal of integriteit 'n modererende effek op die verband tussen transformasionele leierskap en 'n etiese klimaat het. 'n Model is ontwikkel om hierdie verwantskappe te illustreer, en is in die SuidAfrikaanse konteks getoets. 'n Literatuurstudie oor die rol van etiese waardes, veral die kernwaardes van altru'isme en integriteit, transformasionele leierskap en 'n etiese organisasieklimaat in organisatoriese prestasie is onderneem. Die verband tussen hierdie konsepte is ook in die literatuurstudie ontleed. 'n Vraelys, bestaande uit vyf afdelings, is opgestel om die hipoteses voortvloeiend uit die strukturele modelle te toets. Hierdie vraelyste is uitgedeel aan verskillende organisasies in die Kaapstad-omgewing. Die steekproef het uit 200 mense bestaan. Afdeling A van die vraelys was ontwerp om 'n aanduiding van die demografie van die respondente te gee. Afdeling B het transformasionele leierskap gemeet, gebaseer op Bass en Avolio se 'Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire' (MLQ). Afdeling C was opgestel in terme van Victor en Cullen se 'Ethical Climate Questionnaire' (ECQ), wat respondente se indrukke van hulle werksklimaat gemeet het. Afdeling D het altru'isme gemeet, gebaseer op Langley se 'Value Scale.' Afdeling E het integriteit gemeet en het Butler se 'Conditions of Trust Inventory' as basis gebruik. Die statistiese analise was uitgevoer deur middel van korrelasie- en regressieontledings. Die resultate het getoon dat altru·isme positief met transformasionele leierskap korreleer en dat transformasionele leierskap op sy beurt 'n positiewe verband met etiese klimaat toon. Geen oortuigende empiriese gronde kon gevind word vir die stelling dat integriteit die effek van leierskap op etiese klimaat modereer nie. Die resultate het nietemin heelwat nuwe en interessante insigte aan die lig gebring.
4
Bigney, Mark W. "Neither mechanic nor high priest : moral suasion and the physician-patient relationship." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99576.
Full textAbstract:
The most ordinary man or woman has means of knowledge concerning his own feelings and circumstances that immeasurably surpass those that anyone else can have.-John Stuart Mill, On LibertyOne feature that varies within competing conceptions of medical shared decision-making is how a patient's values are to be engaged by a physician. One detail that can be overlooked under "shared" decision-making is whether or not a physician ought (or be allowed) to attempt to persuade the patient to adopt particular health-related values. Some argue that it is incumbent on a physician to share her privileged understanding of medicine so as to help her patient embrace "better" values. This thesis argues that it is dangerous to patient autonomy for a physician to exert moral suasion on her patient to attempt to influence or change those values; the danger lies in the power imbalance between patients and physicians that seems inherent in medical encounters, and is exacerbated by the sick role. Thus, while a physician ought to help her patient articulate his health-related values, she ought not try to change them.
5
Wood, John Vincent. "An understanding of moral philosophy classifications and social risk in relation to decision-making." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1979.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to look at the relationships between moral philosophy classification and elements of risk, which in turn effect overall decision-making processes. Specifically, two moral philosophy classification were examined: utilitarian and egoism.
6
Wolmarans, Janneke. "The effect of core ethical values on ethical leadership, organisational justice, ethical climate and leader effectiveness." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86357.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study arose from a high need to determine the factors contributing to leader effectiveness in South African organisations by identifying the determinants thereof. The purpose of the study furthermore was to identify the determinants of unethical and counterproductive behaviours in the workplace. There is a belief that leaders should set aside ethical standards to succeed in the rough-and-tumble world of business. In contrast, evidence has revealed that ethical leaders can frequently be seen as more effective in organisations. Since the purpose of this study was to examine factors contributing to perceived leader effectiveness within South African organisations, the relationship between perceived effective leadership, ethical climate, organisational justice, ethical leadership and core ethical values was investigated. The aim was to provide further theoretical and empirical evidence that effective ethical leadership can be realised through instilling an ethical organisational climate in which integrity, altruism and fairness are exhibited and encouraged. A theoretical model was developed to explain the structural relationships between the latent variables and effective leadership within organisations. Substantive hypotheses were formulated in order to determine the validity of the propositions made in the literature review, with the objective of testing the proposed ethical climate structural model. The sample was selected from of employees of a large retail company mainly situated in the Western Cape but with branches all over South Africa and in the rest of Africa. The selection consisted of 224 first-line and middle management employees. Each of the respondents completed the Leader Effectiveness Questionnaire (LEQ), the Ethical Climate Scale (ECS), the Justice Scale, the Leadership of Ethics Scale (LES), the Revised Behavioural Integrity Scale (BIS-R) and Langley’s Value Scale. The hypotheses and the structural model were empirically tested using various statistical methods. Reliability analysis was completed on all the measurement scales and satisfactory reliability was found. The content and structure of the measured constructs were examined by means of confirmatory factor analysis and the results indicated that good fit was achieved for all the refined measurement models. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was subsequently used to determine the extent to which the conceptual model fitted the data obtained from the sample and to test the relationships between the constructs. The results revealed that integrity and altruism have a direct and positive influence on ethical leadership. Support furthermore was found for the influence of ethical climate on leader effectiveness. The results however indicated that support could not be found for the relationship between organisational justice and leader effectiveness. Conversely, it was found that ethical leadership has a direct and positive influence on leader effectiveness. In addition, organisational justice also exhibited a positive influence on ethical climate. On the other hand, ethical leadership did not have a positive influence on ethical climate. Finally, support was found for the influence of ethical leadership on organisational justice. Final conclusions were drawn from the results obtained and recommendations for future research are made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ontstaan uit ‘n dringende behoefte om die faktore wat bydra tot leier-doeltreffendheid in Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies te bepaal, deur die determinante daarvan te identifiseer. Verder was die doel van die studie om die determinante van onetiese en teenproduktiewe gedrag in die werkplek te identifiseer. Daar is ʼn bewering dat leiers hul etiese standaarde eenkant toe moet skuif om in die hedendaagse besigheidswêreld suksesvol te wees. In teendeel is dit egter bewys dat etiese leiers in organisasies dikwels as meer effektief beskou kan word. Met die doel van hierdie studie om die faktore te bestudeer wat bydra tot waargenome leier doeltreffendheid in Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies, is die verwantskap tussen waargenome leier doeltreffendheid, etiese klimaat, organisatoriese geregtigheid, etiese leierskap en kern etiese waardes in hierdie studie ondersoek. Die studie het gepoog om addisionele teoretiese en empiriese bewyse te lewer dat etiese leiers die persepsie van doeltreffende leierskap indirek kan beïnvloed deur die skep van ‘n etiese organisasieklimaat waarin integriteit, altruisme en billikheid ten toon gestel en bevorder word. ‘n Teoretiese model is ontwikkel om die strukturele verwantskappe tussen die latente veranderlikes en doeltreffende leierskap in organisasies te verklaar. Substantiewe hypotheses is geformuleer om sodoende die geldigheid van die voorspellings uit die literatuurstudie te bepaal. Die doel hiervan was om die voorgestelde etiese klimaat strukturele model te toets. Die steekproef het bestaan uit werknemers van ‘n groot kleinhandel maatskappy wat hoofsaaklik in die Wes-Kaap geleë is, maar takke regoor Suid-Afrika en in die res van Afrika het. Die steekproef is saamgestel uit 224 eerste-vlak en middel-bestuur werknemers. Elke respondent het die Leader Effectiveness Questionnaire (LEQ), die Ethical Climate Scale (ECS), die Organisational Justice Scale, die Leader of Ethics Scale (LES), die Revised Behavioural Integrity Survey (BIS-R) en die Altruism Scale ingevul. Die hipoteses en die strukturele model is empiries getoets met behulp van verskeie statistiese metodes. Betroubaarheidanalise is op al die metingskale uitgevoer en bevredigende betroubaarheid is gevind. Die inhoud en struktuur van die gemete konstrukte is deur middel van bevestigende faktor-ontledings ondersoek en die resultate het aangedui dat integriteit en altruisme ‘n direkte en positiewe invloed op etiese leierskap het. Ondersteuning is ook gevind vir die invloed van etiese klimaat op leier doeltreffendheid. Die resultate het egter aangedui dat ondersteuning nie vir die verband tussen organisatoriese geregtigheid en leier doeltreffendheid nie gevind kon word. Daarteenoor is daar gevind dat etiese leierskap ‘n direkte en positiewe invloed op leier doeltreffendheid het. Boonop het organisatoriese geregtigheid ook ‘n positiewe invloed op etiese klimaat getoon. Daarteenoor het etiese leierskap nie ‘n positiewe invloed op etiese klimaat gehad nie. Laastens is ondersteuning gevind vir die invloed wat etiese leierskap op organisatoriese geregtigheid het. Finale gevolgtrekkings is afgelei van die resultate wat verkry is en aanbevelings is vir toekomstige navorsing gemaak.
7
Dunsire, Matthew. "Emotion altering effects of research participation." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1999. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1219.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies have suggested that participating in psychological research may temporarily amplify participants’ experience of positive or negative emotions (Daugherty & Lawrence. 1996). In the present research, 114 male and female university students completed either self-focused or non-self-focused questionnaires to investigate characteristics that may predispose some participants to positive or negative reactions following participation in research. Four hypotheses were examined: (a) A self-focused task compared to a non-self-focused task would significantly increase average levels of emotional arousal; (b) the amplification of emotional reactions would be greater in females than males (c) participants experiencing negative life events and who are less well adjusted would experience a negative emotional reaction to participation; and (d) participants experiencing positive life events and who are well adjusted would experience a positive emotional reaction to participation. Results suggest no difference between self-focused and non-self-focused tasks in their ability to effect emotions during research participation. Findings also indicate that males' emotional reaction was significantly more elevated than females after participation. Personality traits rather than life experiences were also identified as better predictors of emotional reactions to participation. These results bring into question conclusions drawn by previous research about sex-differences and self-focused attention and suggest that completion of self-report questionnaires have few aversive affects.
8
Burstein, Ronald Mark. "The ethical decision-making self-efficacy of psychologists and counselors." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186308.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the ethical decision making self-efficacy of a sample of state-credentialed psychologists and counselors. A questionnaire was constructed which asked respondents to rate the confidence they possessed in relation to thirty items (reflecting ten a priori ethical decision-making domains). The items described ethical knowledge and ethical decision-making tasks and situations. The questionnaire also included eight questions pertaining to respondents' personal characteristics and professional education, training, and experience. The questionnaire was mailed to 400 Arizona-licensed psychologists and 340 Arizona-certified counselors. Although no formal, a priori hypotheses were established prior to the survey, it was expected that the extent and quality of professional ethics training might be associated with higher scores on factors generated by an exploratory factor analysis performed on survey results. In particular, it was anticipated that a values-clarification component of ethics training would be associated with higher ethical decision-making factor scores. Approximately 50% of the total sample responded to the survey. The factor analysis of scorable questionnaires resulted in a six-factor model of ethical decision-making self-efficacy. The six factors were: (1) Knowledge, (2) Behavior, (3) Thinking, (4) Awareness, (5) Resources, (6) Authorities-Conflict Analysis/Resolution. Having taken an ethics course as a student was associated with higher scores on factors 1, 5, and 6. Having taken an ethics training seminar as a postgraduate was associated with higher scores on factors 1, 2, and 5. Those respondents with a values clarification component to their ethics training scored higher on factors 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. Study results suggest that further development of an Ethical Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale and pursuit of a national survey of psychologists and counselors addressing issues raised in this study are warranted.
9
De, Wet Daniel Rudolph. "Emmanuel Levinas and the practice of psychology." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2741.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.Psychology as a human science is rendered desperate by the human vacuum in its own contents. This paper argues that by adopting the methods and techniques of the natural sciences, psychology and psychotherapy not only transform the patient or client into an a-historical and a-social entity, but also propose an utopian view of reality and lose the inherent moral character of the psychotherapeutic endeavour. It seems as if the Post-Modern theoretical and psychotherapeutic alternatives do not offer a solution that solves the above mentioned problems. This paper aims to introduce the work of the French philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, as a stimulus providing a different starting point in the search for solutions to the mentioned problems. Such an approach seeks to understand the radically ethical character of the therapeutic meeting by recognising the fundamental responsibility of the therapist, not to “totalise” (that is to reduce) otherness (the not me) into sameness (the for me) by assigning differences into pre-established characteristics, properties and categories. Only by recognising the otherness of the client in the “face-to-face meeting” and reacting to the call of the other can psychotherapy be ethical and render justice to historical and social situatedness of the other facing us in therapy. Some of the implications that the ethical challenge of Levinas holds for psychology will be explored. This includes the implications for the therapeutic meeting, psychological ethics, and the possibility of a “Levinasanian psychology”.
10
Smith, Derek George. "The level of moral decision making amongst university residence rugby players." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53656.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The current study was an investigation into the moral development amongst rugby players in residence at the University of Stellenbosch. An adapted version of the Ethic of Care Interview was applied on thirty participants, 15 rugby players and 15 non-rugby players. Results were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test and indicated that there was no significant difference in moral reasoning between the two groups. However, there was a significant difference (p
11
Park, Seong-Su. "Christology as motivation for ethical exhortation in 1 Peter and Philippians." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10112007-115353/.
Full text
12
Theron, C. G. "Aborsie en adolessensie : die besluitnemingsproses." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53229.
Full textAbstract:
On t.p.: Werkstuk vir die graad van Magister in Lettere en Wysbegeerte (Voorligtingsielkunde)Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Adolescence is viewed as the transitional stage between childhood and adulthood. Development during this stage centres on identity, sexuality, cognition and morality. Abortion during adolescence demands a careful decision-making process. Research has shown that the adolescent's reaction to abortion is determined by the decision-making process that was adopted. This paper provides a literature review of developmental issues and the capacity of adolescents to make decisions about reproduction and motherhood. The conclusion is reached that age is not the determinant of the emotional state following abortion, but rather the nature of the decision-making process that was followed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Adolessensie word beskou as die oorgangsfase tussen die kinderjare en volwassenheid. Ontwikkeling tydens hierdie fase sentreer rondom identiteit, seksualiteit, kognisie en moraliteit. Aborsie tydens adolessensie vereis 'n indringende besluitnemingsproses. Navorsing het bewys dat die adolessent se reaksie op aborsie deur die besluitnemingsproses bëinvloed word. Hierdie werkstuk verskaf 'n literatuuroorsig van ontwikkelingsaspekte en die kapasiteit van adolessente om besluite oor voortplanting en moederskap te neem. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat die emosionele toestand na 'n aborsie nie bepaal word deur ouderdom nie, maar wel deur die aard van die besluitnemingsproses wat gevolg is
13
Rank, Janice Lee. "Moral orientation and decision-making: Ethnic and gender differences." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/456.
Full text
14
Yoyo, Vuyisa. "The role of African leadership values in achieving employee engagement in firms." Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/13392.
Full textAbstract:
Firms have been largely characterised by competition and this necessitates that organisations leverage on their own competitive advantage in order to stay relevant to their customers. This is applicable to organisations whether they sell products or render services. Employees become key in assisting organisations to ensure that they deliver quality services or products to these customers, as they are mostly the ones that liaise with these customers. Employee engagement becomes an important factor that needs to be understood together with the leadership values that can be utilised to increase employee engagement. Understanding the role of leadership values in achieving employee engagement is essential as this will assist management to practise and encourage the implementation of these values in their organisations. The aim of this study to assist organisations to improve employee engagement by investigating the leadership values that influence the increase in employee engagement. This study is specifically looking at investigating the role that African Values in Leadership (AVL), as measured by communalism, cooperativeness, selflessness and collectivism, play in the achievement of employee engagement in firms. An empirical study, consisting of a mail survey was conducted amongst 109 employees of the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in the Eastern Cape Province. The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent and leadership determinants of employee engagement in the SOEs. The key findings indicated that AVL played a vital role in achieving employee engagement. Important values that were found to be significant in increasing employee engagement were selflessness, collectivism and cooperativeness. Furthermore recommendations were made to management to ensure that they encourage employees to practise AVL and also lead by examples through modelling these values to foster employee engagement in SOEs.
15
Thayer, Nancy Lynn. "Children's Conception of the Social and Moral Dilemmas Associated with Drug Use." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4852.
Full textAbstract:
The use and abuse of drugs among adolescents and adults has prompted a renewed national concern about drug abuse. Educational programs have attempted to provided factual information and create negative attitudes about drug use so that students will decide not to use drugs. Studies have revealed, however, that the drug programs have not been effective in reducing drug use. The present research addresses two primary questions: 1) Are there developmental differences in young persons' perceptions of social and moral dilemmas associated with drug use? and 2) Are gender and race associated with social and moral reasoning about drug use? Semi-structured interviewers were conducted with 32 fourth and 32 eleventh grade students. The interview posed two vignettes about drug-related behavior, including helping behavior. In addition, the interview probed respondents' conceptions of the problems associated with drug use and of the treatment that users and dealers should receive. Content analysis produced 40 codes which reached the reliability criterion of 60 percent agreement. The Kappas ranged from .57 to .91 (m = .66). Chi square tests were conducted, using the variables of race, sex and the thematic categories associated with each question. Of the 26 tests of significance conducted on the variables, two were significant for grade, two were significant for gender and one was significant for race. Eleventh grade students were more likely to specifically reject some category of help than the fourth grade students (x2 = 4.48,p < .05, df = 1). Fourth grade students were more likely to consider teachers as a source of help (x2 = 3.48,p < .06, df= 1). Female students were more likely to acknowledge risk to themselves due to helping (x2 = 4.27,p < .04, df= I). Caucasian students were more likely to acknowledge that there may be risks to the helpee due to helping (x2 = 3.52,p < .06, df= 1). Male students were more likely to want punishment and control of drug dealers (x2 = 5.32,p < .05, df= 1). In general, the :findings indicate that there are fewer developmental, gender and race differences in children's perception of drug use and associated dilemmas than might be expected. Students' descriptions did reveal that they are thinking and reasoning about the information given to them.
16
Baker, David Adrion. "Can Quantitative Assessment of Moral Identity Be Improved?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1453.
Full textAbstract:
According to results from Aquino and Reed (study 5, 2002) and Hall and Derryberry (2010), high means and very low standard deviations of the average score for each question for both the internalization and symbolization scales of the Moral Identity Scale (MIS) are common. This study attempts to measure the extent to which a person considers morality to be a central part of his or her self-concept. Because participants may feel pressure to respond in a certain way on the MIS, the role of social desirability to respond favorably is very plausible. The current study, therefore, attempts to reduce socially desirable responding on the moral identity construct. The hypothesis of this study was that the revised Moral Identity Scale—compared to the original Moral Identity Scale—would display a reduction in skewness, a reduction in social desirability effects, and an increase in the ability to predict moral functioning. Analyses partially supported a reduction in social desirability and supported an increase in the ability to predict moral functioning. However, analyses did not support a reduction in negative skewness.
17
Caudill, Leann E. "Does Type of Leader Matter in Moral and Risky Decision Making? An Investigation of Transformational and Servant Leadership." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1396340649.
Full text
18
Scott, Liesel. "The meaning of work : an ethical perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21439.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The central idea developed in this thesis is that meaningful work provides the normative standard of what work should be for all human beings, based on the normative idea that being human entails a realization of one’s potential and the expression of one’s intellect and creativity as a necessary part of living a full and flourishing life. Thus the key ethical foundation upon which my argument was built rests primarily upon classic Aristotelian ethical theory as well as more contemporary adaptations thereof. In reality, however, research reveals that up to eighty percent of people engage in work that is not meaningful in the sense that they are unable to experience both excellence and enjoyment through their work. This problem has been labeled as “employee disengagement” and has been acknowledged by organizations as a disturbingly growing trend particularly because of the financial cost it carries through lost productivity. My objective in this thesis was to outline the scope of the problem, and to make a strong case for the recognition of employee disengagement as a moral problem, and not simply as an economic one. Thus a major focus of this thesis was to unpack the concept of meaningful work and to argue for its moral value. Throughout my thesis, the importance of understanding meaningful work as a balance between both the subjective and objective elements that make work meaningful for the individual was emphasized. Having established employee disengagement as a moral problem, my attention then turned towards analyzing the potential causes of the problem at a systemic, organizational and individual level. My primary conclusion was that the modern paradigm facilitated a certain way of organizing business activity as well as a certain way of construing the relationship between work and life that has ultimately had a deep seated causal effect upon the absence of meaningful work. Thus addressing the problem entails a detachment from this paradigm and challenging some of the basic assumptions about organizational life. Finally, I proposed a business model that serves as a framework for a new way of working which has the capacity to be more fulfilling to the human spirit. This model assumes the tenets of virtue ethics as its core. In this model, individual employees, the organization as a community and leaders in the business all have specific roles and responsibilities to bring the model to life, and thus the quest for meaningful work has to be undertaken as a collaborative effort. The field of business ethics, with a refreshed Aristotelian mindset, has a lot of value to add in offering much needed ethical guidance to help steer this radical, yet exciting workplace transformation process in the right direction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kerngedagte van hierdie tesis is dat betekenisvolle arbeid die normatiewe standaard sou skep van wat werk vandonderstel is om vir die mensdom te beteken. Dit berus op die veronderstelling dat menswees meebring dat die individu se volle potensiaal, intelligensie en kreatiwiteit sal lei tot ‘n betekenisvolle bestaan. Die sleutelargument steun primêr die klassieke Aristoteliese etiese teorie asook hendendaagse aanpassings daarvan. Navorsing bewys egter dat tot 80% van die arbeidsmag betrokke is in betekenislose (sinlose) arbeid in die sin dat hulle geen genot of uitnemendheid ervaar nie. Die probleem word geetiketteer as “werknemersonttrekking” en word deur maatskappye beskou as ‘n onstellende tendens ten opsigte van die finansiële impak en die gepaardgaande verlies van produktiwiteit. Die oogmerk van die tesis is om die omvang van die probleem uit te lig en om redes aan te voer dat werknemers onttrekking as ‘n morele vraagstuk aangespreek moet word en nie net gesien sal word as ‘n finansiële dilemma nie. Die beweegrede van die tesis is om die begrip van betekenisvolle arbeid te ondersoek en om die morele aspek daarvan te debatteer. Die belangrikheid van die begrip, betekenisvolle arbeid, as ‘n balans tussen beide die subjektiewe en objektiewe beginsels word deurgaans onderstreep. Aangesien “werknemersonttrekking” as ‘n morele probleem beskou word is die oogmerk om die oorsake van die probleem te analiseer, op ‘n sistematiese, organisatoriese en individuele vlak. Die gevolgtrekking is dan dat die moderne paradigma ‘n sekere invloed het op die organisasie se besigheidsaktiwiteite en is ook ‘n metode om die verhouding tussen werk en bestaan te bepaal, wat uiteindelik ‘n diepgesete redegewende invloed het in die afwesigheid van sinvolle arbeid. ‘n Skeiding van die voorbeeld en die basiese veronderstelling van georganiseerde bestaan word benodig om begenoemde begrip te bevraagteken. Laastens is daar ‘n besigheidsmodel wat dien as ‘n raamwerk vir ‘n nuwe manier van werk, wat sal meebring dat werk meer vervulling aan die menslike gees sal bied. Díe model, veronderstel die beginsel van eerbare etiek as die grondslag. Werknemers van organisasies, die organisasie as ‘n gemeenskap en besigheidsleiers het spesifieke rolle en verantwoordelikhede, om lewe te gee aan die model. Daarvolgens moet die soeke na sinvolle arbied as ‘n kollektiewe poging beskou word. Die gebied van besigheidsetiek , met ‘n vernuwende Aristoteliese denkwyse, het tot voordeel , ‘n waardevolle bydrae tot ‘n onmisbare etiese leiding, om hierdie radikale maar opwindende transformasie in die werkplek mee te bring.
19
Holroyd, Carl. "On being-in-community : a phenomenological explication of the experience of being-in-community : in the context of the community building workshop TM and business." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2003. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1317.
Full textAbstract:
A call for business to introduce a humanistic workplace ethos within a supportive work community resounds throughout the western world. Scott Peck's model of community building workshops is explored as a tool for creating a business ethos centred-on human flourishing which embraces the principles of socially responsible community. The CBW provides a concrete experience of a psychological and physiological sense of deep-community. In -Peck's vernacular, this is termed as being in-community. In my research the experience of being-in-community is explicated via phenomenological analysis, which allows some of the eidetic structures of the phenomenon to come to light. The experience is represented by four interpretive themes; encountering the other; emptying and emptiness; speaking; and being-in-community, with chapters five arid six showing the meaning of the experience for CBW participants. A phenomenological approach is used to report the meaning of experience, as phenomenology is suited to explicating both ideographic and homothetic representations of experience. The experience of being-in-community is shown to have properties that can profoundly affect and change the experiencing person. This research found that the experience of being-in-community has universal eidetic structures that exist beyond the embodied human, whilst being intrinsically connected to human consciousness. The experience of being-in-community is ontologically re-formational and bridges and transcends perceived differences of self and Other. This experience is shown to contain connective and unifying qualities, which bond people in an empathic and inclusive experience of the Other in community. Personal barriers to community are laid aside and the· Other is seen with ‘fresh eyes'. Differences are accepted in an attitude of care and respect for the Other, which is supportive and healing. People are bound in a lattice of fellow-feeling which can fortify and support individual and organisational endeavours to change. The CBW 'is proposed as a way to build sustainable business for the 21st century; businesses that can create and sustain community.
20
Welch, Michael (Michael Francis). "The Value Systems of Incarcerated Embezzlers: The Implications for Sociological Practice and Value Clarification Programs for Correctional Institutions." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330949/.
Full textAbstract:
An empirical investigation at a southwestern minimum security federal correctional institution was designed to assess the value systems of incarcerated embezzlers (N = 31) as they compared to a matched offender control group (N = 31). Based on their responses on the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS). no statistically significant differences between these groups were found. Therefore, this finding suggested that these embezzlers possessed similar value systems held by those inmates convicted of other crimes.
When the responses of the embezzler sample were combined with their matched offender control group, a few differences were revealed between the combined inmate group and the general population norms (National Opinion Research Center [NORC]; Rokeach, 1968, 1973). Simple comparisons of the composite medians of the male inmate group and the NORC showed differences on the following survey items: "a world at peace," "equality," and "national security." Among the items which demonstrated differences between the female prison group and the NORC were "an exciting life," "wisdom," "independent," "intellectual," "logical," "a world at peace," and "national security." The findings provided partial support for Cochrane's (1971) conclusions that prisoners are self-centered, and place low importance on those values which do not have immediate or personal relevance. However, because many of the inmates' responses emulated the NORC data, it was concluded that their value systems resembled the general population more than other prison populations.
In addition to the empirical analyses, this project addressed the practical implications of value systems research by proposing value clarification programs for correctional institutions. The selection of value clarification programs was inspired by the implications of the emerging perspective of sociological practice. Sociological practice was described as it relates to these programs as well as to sociology in the larger context.
21
Neri, Marc P. "Loyalty and Fairness: A Study of the Influence of Moral Foundations on Auditors' Propensity to Subordinate their Judgment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955066/.
Full textAbstract:
Subordination of judgment is a fundamental threat to auditor objectivity. Subordination of judgment occurs when auditors agree with their superiors either in spite of or without forming their own independent judgments. Many audit procedures rely on independent, critical thinking at every level of the audit team; however, a number of studies suggest that auditors tend to agree with superiors even when a superior's views clearly run contrary to generally accepted accounting principles. While there is general agreement among scholars that subordination of judgment is "bad," very little attention has been given to moral biases that might influence an auditor's tendency to subordination of judgment, or to potential remedies that could mitigate an auditor's tendency to subordinate judgment.
Moral Foundations Theory suggests that individuals tend to make intuitive, normative evaluations of situations based upon a set of personal moral biases or preferences called "moral foundations." Two specific moral foundations could influence subordination of judgment in divergent ways. The moral foundation of loyalty-respect may make agreement with a superior's views seem more acceptable than would disagreement. Meanwhile, the moral foundation of fairness may make an auditor more sensitive to the observance of rules, resulting in less subordination of judgment when a superior's views run contrary to professional rules.
Social Identity Theory suggests that in-group favoritism may exacerbate subordination of judgment in general; however, strengthening an auditor's professional identity salience (PIS) could strengthen an auditor's objectivity. PIS is the temporary, heightened awareness of an auditor's identity as a professional and their role as guardian of professional rules. As a result, PIS may interact with an auditor's innate sense of fairness, resulting in less subordination of judgment than when professional identity is less salient.
Results supported the hypothesis that auditors tend to subordinate their judgment to that of a superior, but not that PIS mitigates the effect of subordination of judgment. Results also supported the hypotheses that the moral foundations of loyalty-respect and fairness influence the tendency of auditors to subordinate their judgment to that of a superior. Specifically, auditors with higher levels of loyalty-respect were more likely to agree with a superior who suggested an incorrect accounting treatment than auditors with lower levels of loyalty-respect. Whereas, auditors with higher levels of fairness were less likely to agree with a superior who suggested an incorrect treatment than were auditors with lower levels of fairness.
Therefore, this dissertation provides evidence that moral foundations bias professional judgment and decision making in auditing and calls for further research into the influence of moral heuristics.
22
De, Witt Stephen. "Spirituality in the workplace : the emerging role of meaning in the workplace, and how spirituality addresses this need." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50452.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study report addresses the emerging role of meaning in the workplace, and how spirituality meets this need. The conclusion is drawn that each person's interpretation of meaning is informed by their unique experience of reality, and that the path of self-actualisation gives a sense of purpose to the lives of individuals. More particularly, Frankl's concept of logotherapy proposes that people find meaning when they are future-orientated. The absence of meaning leads to an existential vacuum, a phenomena experienced individually, and collectively by whole societies. The latter causes a state of boredom or meaninglessness, a malaise that so profoundly inflicts the modern age. Numerous management surveys report that the majority want to find meaning in their work. However at times this seems at odds with the organisation's aims. This is partly the result of contending worldviews: scientific rationality versus non-physical models of the universe. The former suggests that the universe is made of separate physical matter, while the latter encourages interconnectedness. The paradigm of separateness pits employers against employees and does not entertain or prioritise individual aspirations to meaning within the workplace environment. Consequently employees become dispirited as evidenced in low productivity, rising absenteeism and low morale. The argument is made for a fundamental societal transition that embraces a spiritual perspective of reality. Consensus is reached that spirituality refers to a feeling of interconnectedness between all things underpinned by a basic harmony in the design of the universe. Some ascribe transcendence or divinity to this process. Individuals use spirituality to integrate their inner self to the known world and beyond. Spirituality itself is purposeful and therefore is an end in itself. As such it is the antidote to meaninglessness. Studies have shown that a new generation of first world people, particularly Americans, ascribe to new values of work, success, consumption and spirituality, rejecting the hedonism and materialism of the X generation. From this informal movement come new terms like Spiritual Intelligence (SQ). Altruism and self-actualisation are eagerly embraced in a new sense of the sacred that incorporates personal growth psychology, the spiritual realm and service to others. Sweeping social and economical changes, including downsizing, mergers, globalisation, the threat of terrorism since the 9/11 attacks, and Enron-type debacles are all contributing to business's spiritual awakening. In order to cope with increased stress and alienation, both managers and employees seek meaning and purpose in the workplace. Bringing spirituality into the workplace benefits all stakeholders as productivity improves and multiple bottom lines improve. This process is occurring rapidly in many different guises in orqanisations across the first world. Both individual and organisation-centred approaches towards transformation predominate. The end result is organisations that align personal and workplace spirituality, providing meaning and fulfilment to many. This study report provides numerous examples and brief case studies from across the world, including practical guidance for implementing and measuring workplace spirituality. The conclusion speculates on whether the movement is a passing fad or a real attempt at genuine transformation based on universal spiritual principles.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studieprojek spreek die tevoorskynkoming van sinrykheid in die werksplek aan en hoe dit die behoefte spiritueël tegemoetkom word. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat elke persoon se interpretasie van sinrykheid gevorm word deur hulle unieke ervaring van realiteit en dat die pad van selfaktualisering 'n gevoel van sin toevoeg tot die lewens van individue. In die besonder stel Frankl se konsep van logoterapie voor dat mense doel vind sodra hulle toekomsgerig is. Die afwesigheid van doel lei tot 'n eksistensiële vakuum, 'n verskynsel wat individueel ervaar word, en gesamentlik deur gemeenskappe. Die laasgenoemde veroorsaak 'n staat van verveligheid of doelloosheid, 'n onbehaaglikheid wat die moderne gang diepsinnig kwel. Talle bestuursopnames doen verslag dat die meerderheid sin wil vind in hulle werk. Nietemin staan dit somtyds in stryd met die organisasie se oogmerke. Dit is deels die gevolg van strydende wêreld opvattinge: wetenskaplikke rasionaliteit teenoor die nie-fisiese wêreldmodelle. Die eersgenoemde stel voor dat die wêreld bestaan uit afsondelike fisiese materie, terwyl die laasgenoemde interverbinding voorstaan. Die paradigma van afsonderlikheid kuil werkgewer en werknemer teen mekaar op en trakteer of prioritiseer nie individuele aspirasies tot sin in die werkplek omgewing nie. Gevolglik raak werknemers ontmoedig soos bewys deur lae produktiwiteit, toenemende afwesigheid en lae moraal. Die argument ontstaan ten gunste van 'n fundementele gemeenskaplike oorganklikheid wat 'n spirituele perspektief van realiteit omvat. Daar bestaan konsensus dat spiritualiteit verwys na 'n gevoel van interverbintenis tussen alle dinge onderstut deur 'n basiese harmonie in die wêreldbestel. Sommige skryf voortreflikheid of geestelikheid toe tot hierdie proses. Individue gebruik spiritualiteit om die innerlike self te integreer tot die bekende en verby. Spiritualiteit is doelgerig en is in sigself 'n doel. Dit is dus 'n teenmiddel tot doelloosheid. Studies het bewys dat 'n nuwe generasie van eerste-wêreld mense, bepalend die Amerikaners, toeskryf tot nuwe waardes van werk, sukses, verbruik en spiritualiteit, wat die hedonistiese en materialisme van die X-generasie verwerp. Deur hierdie informele beweging kom nuwe terme soos Spirituele Intelligensie tot stand. Altruisme en selfaktualisering word gretig ontvang in 'n nuwe gewaarwording van die heilige wat persoonlike sielkundige groei, die spirituele realm en diens tot andere inkorporeer. Verrykende sosiale en ekonomiese verandering, insluitende personeelvermindering, samesmeltings, globalisering, bedryging van terrorisme sedert die 9/11 aanval en die Enron-tipe fiasco dra alles by tot spirituele ontwaking van besighede. Ten einde by te hou met die vergrotende stres en vervreemding, word beide werkgewer en werknemer genoop tot die soeke na sinrykheid en doel in die werkplek. Die totstandbrenging van spiritualiteit in die wekplek bevoordeel alle insethouers en produktiwiteit verhoog en die multi onderlyne vergroot. Hierdie proses kom vinnig onder verskeie maskers in organisasies oor die eerste wêreld voor. Beide individuele en organisatories-sentreerde benaderings tot die transformasie heers. Die eindresultaat is organisasies wat persoonlike en werkplek spiritualiteit spoor en sinrykheid en bevrediging aan die menigte voorsien. Hierdie studieprojek voorsien menige voorbeelde en kort gevallestudies vanoor die wêreld, insluitende praktiese voorligting vir implementering en maatstawwe vir werkplek spiritualiteit. Die slotsom spekuleer of die beweging 'n verbygaande gier is of 'n ware poging tot opregte transformasie is gebaseer op universele spirituele beginsels.
23
Peck, Courtney Miriam Glenn. "A Latter-Day Saint Perspective on Evaluation." CLICK HERE for online access, 2003. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTNZ,10556.
Full text
24
Krapf, Elizabeth Maria. "Euthanasia, the Ethics of Patient Care and the Language of Propaganda." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/606.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an examination of euthanasia, eugenics, the ethic of patient care, and linguistic propaganda in the Second World War. The examination of euthanasia discusses not only the history and involvement of the facility at Hadamar in Germany, but also discuss the current euthanasia debate. Euthanasia in World War II arose out of the Nazi desire to cleanse the Reich and was greatly influenced by the American eugenics movement of the early 20th century. Eugenics was built up to include anyone considered undesirable and unworthy of life and killed many thousands of people before the invasion of allied troops in 1944. Paramount to euthanasia is forced sterilization, the ethic of patient care, and how the results of the research conducted on euthanasia victims before their deaths should be used. The Nazis were able to change the generally accepted terms that researchers use to describe their experiments and this change affected how modern doctors and researchers use the terms in current research. This thesis includes research conducted in Germany and the United States from varied resources.
25
Conradie, Niël. "The nexus of control : intentional activity and moral accountability." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13660.
Full textAbstract:
There is a conceptual knot at the intersection of moral responsibility and action theory. This knot can be expressed as the following question: What is the relationship between an agent's openness to moral responsibility and the intentional status of her behaviour? My answer to this question is developed in three steps. I first develop a control-backed account of intentional agency, one that borrows vital insights from the cognitive sciences – in the form of Dual Process Theory – in understanding the control condition central to the account, and demonstrate that this account fares at least as well as its rivals in the field. Secondly, I investigate the dominant positions in the discussion surrounding the role of control in moral responsibility. After consideration of some shortcomings of these positions – especially the inability to properly account for so-called ambivalence cases – I defend an alternative pluralist account of moral responsibility, in which there are two co-extant variants of such responsibility: attributability and accountability. The latter of these will be shown to have a necessary control condition, also best understood in terms of a requirement for oversight (rather than conscious or online control), and in terms of the workings of the dual system mechanism. I then demonstrate how these two accounts are necessarily related through the shared role of this kind of control, leading to my answer to the original question: if an agent is open to moral accountability based on some activity or outcome, this activity or outcome must necessarily have positive intentional status. I then apply this answer in a consideration of certain cases of the use of the Doctrine of Double Effect.
26
Caldas, Laura Cândida Pedrosa. "Assédio moral no trabalho, sofrimento e impactos na família: estudo com trabalhadores atendidos no CEST (Centro de Especializado em Saúde do Trabalhador), da Prefeitura do Recife/PE, 2007." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=274.
Full textAbstract:
Este estudo visa compreender o sofrimento do trabalhador, vítima de assédio moral, seu contexto de trabalho e as repercussões em sua família. Especificamente, tem por objetivo descrever o contexto de trabalho dos trabalhadores vitimados; caracterizar as situações de assédio moral e relacioná-Ias com o sofrimento no trabalho; e verificar as repercussões desta forma de violência na família dos assediados. A Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e a Teoria Geral
de Sistemas são as principais bases epistemológicas que subsidiam este estudo. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa de natureza qualitativa. Participaram 06 (seis) trabalhadores vitimados, atendidos no CEST -Centro Especializado em Saúde do 1 Trabalhador, órgão da Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife/PE. A técnica utilizada para a coleta dos dados foi a entrevista semi-diretiva ou semi-estruturada. O método foi a Análise de Conteúdo, na perspectiva de Minayo. As respostas obtidas foram categorizadas por temas alinhados aos objetivos propostos, baseando-se na Análise Temática. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a organização do trabalho contribui sobremaneira para as práticas e as reproduções das situações de assédio moral, provocando vivências de sofrimento no trabalhador vitimado. Indicam que o significado do trabalho, considerando sua subjetividade e sua ideologia, sofre alterações de caráter negativo em função da violência vivida, além de causar insatisfação e desmotivação no trabalho. Os sinais de assédio moral, evidenciados nas entrevistas, denotam repercussões negativas na saúde do trabalhador e na família; seja porque o trabalhador vitimado não encontra suporte entre seus entes significativos; seja porque ele reproduz, em sua família, a violência sofrida. É ainda evidenciado, neste estudo, embora extrapolando os objetivos propostos, impactos no desempenho profissional. Os dados obtidos ainda revelam que as organizações não saem ilesas desta forma de violência praticada em sua ambiência. As falas dos participantes indicam que o fenômeno do assédio moral inviabiliza as relações socioprofissionais, aumentam os indicadores de absenteísmo e rotatividade, diminuem a produtividade, além de gerar danos econômicos e financeiros, haja vista que algumas empresas foram condenadas na Justiça do Trabalho. Este estudo pretende, por fim, contribuir para o incremento de novas pesquisas que apontem estratégias preventivas e corretivas para as situações de violência moral no trabalho e que aprofundem, principalmente, acerca das repercussões da organização do trabalho na dinâmica familiar do coletivo de seus trabalhadores.
27
Caldas, Laura Cândida Pedrosa. "Assédio moral no trabalho, sofrimento e impactos na família: estudo com trabalhadores atendidos no CEST (Centro de Especializado em Saúde do Trabalhador), da Prefeitura do Recife/PE, 2007." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2008. http://tede2.unicap.br:8080/handle/tede/89.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
pre-textuais.pdf: 4476169 bytes, checksum: a3f1d1ed02024404c143fa749b00ceda (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008-06-17This study aims at understanding the suffering of employees who have been victims of moral harássment, their working context and the repercussions in their families. Its main aims are to objectively describe the working context of victimized employees; characterize situations of moral harassment e relate them to the suffering at work; and check the repercussion of such form of violence in the harassee's family. Work Psychodynamics and General Systems Theory are the main epistemological basis underlying this study. The methodology applied is qualitative. Six victimized employees attended at CEST -Worker's Health Specialized Center which is part of Recife City Hall, located in Pemambuco, Brazil. A semi-directive or semi-structured interview was used to collect data. The method is that of the Contents Analysis under the perspective of Minayo. The answers obtained were categorized according to themes aligned with the objectives proposed having the Thematic Analysis as a basis. The results obtained indicate that the work organization encourages moral harassment practices which bring suffering to the victimized employee. They also indicate that the signification of work, considering its subjectivity and ideology, suffers a negative alteration due to the violence inflicted as well as causes dissatisfaction and decrease of motivation at work. The evidence of moral harassment found in the interviews denote negative consequences to the employee's health and their families. Either because the harassee finds no support among bis or her peers or because he or she reproduces, in bis family, the violence suffered. Although it extrapolates the objectives proposed, it is made evident, in this study, the impact of moral harassment to professional performance. Data collected also reveal that the organizations themselves are also victims of the violence practiced inside their premises. Informants speech indicate that moral harassment hinders socio-professional relationships, increases absenteeism and dismissals, decreases productivity as well as causes economic and financial damages once some companies have been penalized by law. Lastly, this study intends to contribute to the implement of further research which indicate preventive and corrective strategies to situations of moral harassment at the workplace and study more profoundly the repercussion of work organization to the worker's family dynamics.
Este estudo visa compreender o sofrimento do trabalhador, vítima de assédio moral, seu contexto de trabalho e as repercussões em sua família. Especificamente, tem por objetivo descrever o contexto de trabalho dos trabalhadores vitimados; caracterizar as situações de assédio moral e relacioná-Ias com o sofrimento no trabalho; e verificar as repercussões desta forma de violência na família dos assediados. A Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e a Teoria Geral de Sistemas são as principais bases epistemológicas que subsidiam este estudo. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa de natureza qualitativa. Participaram 06 (seis) trabalhadores vitimados, atendidos no CEST -Centro Especializado em Saúde do 1 Trabalhador, órgão da Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife/PE. A técnica utilizada para a coleta dos dados foi a entrevista semi-diretiva ou semi-estruturada. O método foi a Análise de Conteúdo, na perspectiva de Minayo. As respostas obtidas foram categorizadas por temas alinhados aos objetivos propostos, baseando-se na Análise Temática. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a organização do trabalho contribui sobremaneira para as práticas e as reproduções das situações de assédio moral, provocando vivências de sofrimento no trabalhador vitimado. Indicam que o significado do trabalho, considerando sua subjetividade e sua ideologia, sofre alterações de caráter negativo em função da violência vivida, além de causar insatisfação e desmotivação no trabalho. Os sinais de assédio moral, evidenciados nas entrevistas, denotam repercussões negativas na saúde do trabalhador e na família; seja porque o trabalhador vitimado não encontra suporte entre seus entes significativos; seja porque ele reproduz, em sua família, a violência sofrida. É ainda evidenciado, neste estudo, embora extrapolando os objetivos propostos, impactos no desempenho profissional. Os dados obtidos ainda revelam que as organizações não saem ilesas desta forma de violência praticada em sua ambiência. As falas dos participantes indicam que o fenômeno do assédio moral inviabiliza as relações socioprofissionais, aumentam os indicadores de absenteísmo e rotatividade, diminuem a produtividade, além de gerar danos econômicos e financeiros, haja vista que algumas empresas foram condenadas na Justiça do Trabalho. Este estudo pretende, por fim, contribuir para o incremento de novas pesquisas que apontem estratégias preventivas e corretivas para as situações de violência moral no trabalho e que aprofundem, principalmente, acerca das repercussões da organização do trabalho na dinâmica familiar do coletivo de seus trabalhadores.
28
Caldas, Laura Cândida Pedrosa. "Assédio moral no trabalho, sofrimento e impactos na família: estudo com trabalhadores atendidos no CEST (Centro de Especializado em Saúde do Trabalhador), da Prefeitura do Recife/PE, 2007." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2017. http://tede2.unicap.br:8080/handle/tede/896.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2017-10-16T18:36:51Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
dissertacao_laura_candida_pedrosa_caldas.pdf: 134179949 bytes, checksum: e92e680d6701ab77d84a923e0ec12227 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T18:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_laura_candida_pedrosa_caldas.pdf: 134179949 bytes, checksum: e92e680d6701ab77d84a923e0ec12227 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06
Sem resumo em inglês.
Este estudo visa compreender o sofrimento do trabalhador, vítima de assédio moral, seu contexto de trabalho e as repercussões em sua família. Especificamente, tem por objetivo descrever o contexto de trabalho dos trabalhadores vitimados; caracterizar as situações de assédio moral e relacioná-Ias com o sofrimento no trabalho; e verificar as repercussões desta forma de violência na família dos assediados. A Psicodinâmica do Trabalho e a Teoria Geral de Sistemas são as principais bases epistemológicas que subsidiam este estudo. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa de natureza qualitativa. Participaram 06 (seis) trabalhadores vitimados, atendidos no CEST -Centro Especializado em Saúde do 1 Trabalhador, órgão da Prefeitura da Cidade do Recife/PE. A técnica utilizada para a coleta dos dados foi a entrevista semi-diretiva ou semi-estruturada. O método foi a Análise de Conteúdo, na perspectiva de Minayo. As respostas obtidas foram categorizadas por temas alinhados aos objetivos propostos, baseando-se na Análise Temática. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a organização do trabalho contribui sobremaneira para as práticas e as reproduções das situações de assédio moral, provocando vivências de sofrimento no trabalhador vitimado. Indicam que o significado do trabalho, considerando sua subjetividade e sua ideologia, sofre alterações de caráter negativo em função da violência vivida, além de causar insatisfação e desmotivação no trabalho. Os sinais de assédio moral, evidenciados nas entrevistas, denotam repercussões negativas na saúde do trabalhador e na família; seja porque o trabalhador vitimado não encontra suporte entre seus entes significativos; seja porque ele reproduz, em sua família, a violência sofrida. É ainda evidenciado, neste estudo, embora extrapolando os objetivos propostos, impactos no desempenho profissional. Os dados obtidos ainda revelam que as organizações não saem ilesas desta forma de violência praticada em sua ambiência. As falas dos participantes indicam que o fenômeno do assédio moral inviabiliza as relações socioprofissionais, aumentam os indicadores de absenteísmo e rotatividade, diminuem a produtividade, além de gerar danos econômicos e financeiros, haja vista que algumas empresas foram condenadas na Justiça do Trabalho. Este estudo pretende, por fim, contribuir para o incremento de novas pesquisas que apontem estratégias preventivas e corretivas para as situações de violência moral no trabalho e que aprofundem, principalmente, acerca das repercussões da organização do trabalho na dinâmica familiar do coletivo de seus trabalhadores.
29
Robertson, Veronica L. "Homosexuality : the disclosure process during adolescence." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17954.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEd )--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During no other time in history have sexual minority individuals been the recipients of so much attention, scrutiny and unprecedented acceptance and inclusion into mainstream culture. However, despite advances and society's ever increasing tolerance toward sexual minorities, many individuals with alternative sexual orientations remain fearful of disclosing their sexuality. Consequently, adolescents often hide their alternative sexual orientation from others or disclose to only a select few. Adolescents with alternative sexual orientations face unique challenges, such as the coming out process, during which they must recognise, explore, define and disclose their orientation in a way that heterosexual individuals need not. Disclosure of an alternative sexual orientation is a struggle for most lesbian, gay and bisexual youth due to fears of discrimination, ostracism and violence from others. Despite a growing body of scientific literature on homosexuality in general, little is known about the disclosure process and its impact on an adolescent. This study seeks to help fill the gaps by giving voice to the adolescent by exploring the experience of disclosure. Furthermore, this study seeks to provide insight and knowledge to mental health professionals to aid adolescent clients throughout the disclosure process. This study's research methodology can be described as qualitative research which is embedded within an interpretive/constructivist paradigm. Purposive sampling was used to select five male and five female research participants. The methods of data collection that were employed comprised semi-structured individual interviews and reflective notes. Furthermore, content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings of this study suggest that many unique issues besides the normative challenges that lesbian and gay adolescents share with heterosexual adolescents characterise their development. This research study suggests that there are several milestones that are characteristic of lesbian and gay identity development, the negotiation of which may hinder development in other areas. The male and female participants described a similar trajectory to coming out, consistently identifying a feeling of being different during early childhood which resolved into an awareness of same-sex attraction that concluded in their self-labelling as gay or lesbian. The findings of this study suggest that the process of disclosure is continuous and emergent. The reactions of parents ranged from extreme outrage and expulsion from the home to support and acceptance of the fact that their child had disclosed his/her homosexual orientation. From the findings of this study it would appear that the participants' parents were initially ill prepared and unable to support their child during his/her disclosure. The participants voiced various strategies to support an adolescent in the position of disclosing to family. There are several implications of this study's findings for mental health professionals working with lesbian, gay and bisexual adolescents and youth.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die aandag, noukeurige betragting, aanvaarding en ongekende insluiting binne die hoofstroom van die kultuur wat tans deur seksuele minderheidsgroepe ervaar word, is ongekend in die geskiedenis. Ten spyte van vooruitgang en die toenemende verdraagsaamheid teenoor die seksuele minderheid in die samelewing, vrees diegene wat 'n alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie toon steeds om hulself bloot te stel. Gevolglik hou adolessente dikwels hul alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie geheim of onthul hulle dit slegs aan 'n uitgesoekte paar persone. Adolessente met 'n alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie kom op 'n wyse wat nie vir heteroseksuele individue nodig is nie, voor unieke uitdagings soos die openbaarmaking van hul oriëntasie te staan wanneer hulle dit moet erken, verken, definieër en aan die moet lig bring. Die erkenning van 'n alternatiewe seksuele oriëntasie plaas die meeste lesbiese, gay en biseksuele jeugdiges voor 'n stryd vanweë die vrees vir diskriminasie, verstoting en geweld deur andere. Ten spyte van die algemene toenemende hoeveelheid wetenskaplike literatuur oor homoseksualiteit, is daar weinig kennis van die verklaringsproses en die impak daarvan op 'n adolessent. Hierdie studie poog om die ervaring van verklaring te ondersoek om die adolessent se stem te laat hoor en sodoende die kennisgaping te oorbrug. Verder poog die studie ook om insig en kennis aan professionele persone binne die gebied van die geestesgesondheid te bied, om hulle in staat te stel om adolessente kliënte met die verklaringsproses by te staan. Die navorsingsmetodologie wat vir die studie gebruik is, kan as kwalitatiewe navorsing binne 'n interpretiewe/konstruktiwistiese paradigma beskou word. Doelgerigte toetsing is ingespan om vyf manlike en vyf vroulike deelnemers vir die navorsingspoging te werf. Data is met behulp van semigestruktureerde onderhoude en reflektiewe notas ingesamel. Verder is inhoudsanalise gebruik om die data te ontleed. Die bevindings van die studie dui daarop dat die ontwikkeling van gay en lesbiese adolessente benewens die normatiewe uitdagings wat deur hulle sowel as heteroseksuele adolessente aangespreek moet word, ook deur unieke kwessies gekenmerk word. Hierdie navorsingstudie suggereer dat verskeie mylpale kenmerkend is van die ontwikkeling van lesbiese en gay identiteit en dat die bewerkstelliging daarvan ontwikkeling in ander areas kan stuit. Die manlike en vroulike deelnemers aan die studie het langs soortgelyke bane tot die verklaring van hul oriëntasie gekom en het die gewaarwording dat hulle tydens hul vroeë jeug reeds 'n gevoel dat hulle anders was konsekwent geïdentifiseer. Hierdie gevoel het tot 'n bewustheid van die aantrekking van dieselfde geslag ontwikkel en tot self-etikettering as gay of lesbies gelei. Die bevindings van die studie stel voor dat die verklaringsproses voortdurend en opdoemend van aard is. Die reaksies van ouers wissel vanaf uiterste verontwaardiging en verdrywing vanuit die tuiste tot ondersteuning en aanvaarding van die wete dat hul kind sy/haar homoseksuele oriëntasie verklaar het. Die bevindings laat blyk ook dat die ouers van die deelnemers aanvanklik gebrekkig voorbereid was en nie in staat was om hul kind tydens die verklaring te ondersteun nie. Die deelnemers het verskeie strategieë voorgestel vir die ondersteuning van 'n adolessent wat hom/haar op die punt van hierdie verklaring aan die gesin bevind. Die studie se bevindings het ook verskeie implikasies vir professionele persone wat binne die gebied van die geestesgesondheid met lesbiese, homoseksuele en biseksuele adolessente en jeugdiges te doen het.
30
Benjamin, Arlene. "Community counsellors' experiences of trauma and resilience in a low-income community." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86553.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Violence is considered a global mental health problem. The rate of violence in South Africa is amongst the highest in the world and much of this violence is disproportionately skewed towards the poorer and historically disadvantaged communities. Low-income communities continue to bear the brunt of historical legacies of violence which are perpetuated through current ongoing cycles of interpersonal and community violence. While much has been documented about trauma and resilience in environments where the violence or traumatic event has ceased, there is a dearth of literature conceptualising trauma and resilience in contexts where the violence persists. Furthermore, even fewer studies have captured how trauma and resilience are conceptualised from the perspectives of the voices who experience this violence daily. The social constructionist framework of this study aims to contribute to the knowledge of how trauma and resilience is constructed by those who experience ongoing violence, and whether resilience and healing does occur in an environment of continuous traumatic stress. The voices of the participants of the study provide an additional perspective from that of community-based counsellors. Their dual experience of living and working in a violent community gives a rich insight into the relationship between trauma and resilience. The study is located in Hanover Park, a low-income community, notorious for its high levels of community violence. The participants are community-based counsellors who volunteer at Organisation X, a community-based ecological intervention that has been developed in response to addressing the cyclical impacts of ongoing violence and continuous trauma. The research design is a purposive in-depth case study of eighteen counsellors, investigating the narratives of their lives within its real-life context. Follow-up focus groups held with the counsellors were guided by ideas and practices of narrative theory. The narratives were analysed using thematic content and experience-centred form analysis. Multi-level themes related to trauma and resilience were constructed by the participants. It was revealed that the trauma effects related to systemic ongoing violence are viewed as maladaptive features of negative resilience. At the same time positive resilience which promotes healing, empowerment and transformation is possible despite negative and violent environments. The perspectives of community counsellors which offer critically important insight into their experience of the context of violence, and the complex interconnecting of individual, interpersonal and social aspects of trauma and healing in disadvantaged communities, could also inform future evidence-based interventions, provide alternate paradigms within which mental health professionals could position themselves to engage in issues of social justice and psychosocial health.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geweld word wêreldwyd as 'n geestesgesondheidsprobleem beskou. Die voorkoms van geweld in Suid-Afrika, is tans een van die hoogstes in die wêreld en die meeste van hierdie geweld neig om veral die armer en histories benadeelde gemeenskappe negatief te raak. Gemeenskappe in die laer inkomstegroepe is dus die mense wat die spit afbyt, omdat hierdie historiese nalatenskap van geweld deur die huidige voortdurende kringloop van interpersoonlike en gemeenskapsgeweld voortleef. Alhoewel daar alreeds baie dokumentêre bewyse bestaan oor trauma en veerkragtigheid in omgewings waar geweld of traumatiese gebeure beëindig is, is daar 'n gebrek aan literatuur wat trauma en veerkragtigheid vasvang waar geweld die orde van die dag is. Daar is verder nog minder studies wat vaslê hoe trauma en veerkragtigheid uit die oogpunt van die betrokkenes wat geweld daagliks ervaar, gekonseptualiseer word. Die sosiale konstruksionisme raamwerk van hierdie studie beoog om 'n bydrae te lewer oor hoe , indien wel, trauma en genesing beleef word deur diegene wat voortdurende geweld ervaar in 'n omgewing waar aanhoudende traumatiese stres voorkom. Die deelnemers aan hierdie studie verskaf 'n addisionele perspektief van die van gemeenskapsberaders. Hul tweeledige ervaring van leef en werk in 'n gewelddadige gemeenskap verskaf 'n dieper insig in die verhouding tussen trauma en veerkragtigheid. Die buurt waar die studie gedoen is, is Hanover-park - 'n lae inkomste gemeenskap wat berug is vir hoe vlakke van gemeenskapsgeweld. Die deelnemers is beraders uit die gemeenskap wat vrywillige werk doen by Organisasie X - 'n gemeenskapsgebaseerde ekologiese intervensie wat ontwikkel is om die sikliese impak van voortdurende geweld en trauma te verminder. Die navorsingstudie is 'n doelgerigte diepgaande gevallestudie van agtien beraders wat hul lewensverhale binne die werklike konteks ondersoek. Die beraders het die opvolg fokus-groepe gelei deur idees en die narratiewe teorie in die praktyk toe te pas. Die vertellings is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van die tematiese inhoud en 'n ervarings-gesentreerde analitiese formaat. Veelvlakkige temas wat verband hou met trauma en veerkragtigheid is deur die deelnemers saamgestel. Dit het aan die lig gebring dat die effek van trauma wat verband hou met voortdurende sistemiese geweld geag word as wanaangepaste kenmerke van negatiewe veerkragtigheid. Terselfdertyd is die positiewe veerkragtigheid wat genesing, bemagtiging en verandering evorder moontlik, ten spyte van negatiewe en gewelddadige omgewings. Die vooruitsigte van die gemeenskapsberaders wat belangrike en kritiese insig in hul ervarings binne geweldsverband bied, die ingewikkelde verbondenheid van die indiwiduele, interpersoonlike en sosiale aspekte van trauma en genesing in benadeelde gemeenskappe kan insiggewend wees vir toekomstige ingryping. Dit kan alternatiewe modelle voorsien waarvolgens beroepslui in die geestesgesondheidveld hulself kan inrig om kwessies van sosiale geregtigheid en psigo-sosiale gesondheids-toestande aan te spreek.
31
Gewald, Rieka Susan. "The possibility of psychotherapeutic privilege in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008208.
Full textAbstract:
Privilege is an evidential principle which, on the grounds of public policy, excludes evidence relevant and otherwise admissible. This thesis aims to discover whether privilege should be applied to the psychotherapeutic profession in South Africa. At present, the only profession in South Africa afforded privilege is the legal profession. There are two main theoretical justifications for privilege: the utilitarian and the individual/human rights approach. This thesis considers whether the psychotherapeutic profession wan-ants privilege under either theory, and recommends that the law of privilege integrate both theories rather than adopt one or the other. The impact of the Constitution and the right to privacy receive particular attention. Very little literature or case law on the question of psychotherapeutic privilege was found in South Africa. Consequently, extensive comparative research into the common-law systems of England, Canada and United States of America was done. This research yielded some interesting findings. The first is that case-by-case development of the law of privilege is uncel1ain and fragmented. The next is that psychotherapeutic privilege exists in almost absolute form in the United States of America, but is littered with lacunae causing as much uncertainty as the case-by-case approach to privilege law. The most helpful method of dealing with the problem was found in Canada, where a two-stage approach to protecting personal information, including psychotherapeutic records, has been developed. In light of this research, this thesis reassesses the original viability of psychotherapeutic privilege in South Africa. Privilege, it was found, is not the best solution to protecting psychotherapeutic communications. This thesis recommends legislative adoption of an amended two-stage approach based on the Canadian model for sexual offence trials as the best method of protecting psychotherapeutic communications in both civil and criminal proceedings. The thesis ends by suggesting draft legislative provisions.
32
Tayob, Hawa. "Understanding primary school teachers' knowledge and attitudes around HIV and AIDS." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5398.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MEdPsych))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Teachers have been strategically positioned to mediate information that might lead to increased HIV and AIDS knowledge and preventative measures among school-based youth. This study attempted to understand such teachers' knowledge and attitudes within a particular social context using the Bio-ecological systems model of Bronfenbrenner. The systems model provided the framework for understanding teachers' knowledge and attitudes of HIV and AIDS given their choices in terms of background, knowledge, attitude, and their links with multiple systems. The study was conducted within the qualitative paradigm. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirteen intermediate phase primary school teachers from seven primary schools in Phillipi, Cape Town. This study showed that teachers were aware of being part of complex systems. They expressed their difficulties with teaching HIV and AIDS education in the classroom, particularly conditioned by cultural taboos. This study further showed that teachers. interactions, particularly with people living with HIV and AIDS, changed their knowledge of, and attitudes towards, HIV and AIDS and the teaching thereof. It also pointed to the dissonance between teachers' beliefs and behaviours in serving people living with HIV and AIDS. For some teachers, religious beliefs provided the means with which to deal with the HIV and AIDS pandemic. For others, particularly some female teachers, unequal gendered roles and expectations with regard to sex and sexuality in their communities had a direct impact on the spread of HIV and AIDS and safe-sex practices (knowledge) in their communities. Finally, teachers were actively and critically engaged with systems that impact upon them; particularly, the Macrosystem of the Education Department (in this case, the Western Cape), and the Microsystems of the societies and communities within which their schools were located. In summary, the study showed that a contextual, system-related approach to teachers in the classroom highlighted how they related to HIV and AIDS. Such complex, and inter-connected relations cannot be ignored by teachers, educators, policy-makers, material developers and trainers. More studies will give us a better model of the challenges and opportunities facing those who are helping stem the tide of the pandemic.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Onderwysers is in 'n strategiese posisie om inligting oor te dra aan jong leerders wat sal lei tot meer kennis van MIV en ook sal voorkom dat dit versprei. In hierdie studie is onderneem om onderwysers se kennis en denkwyse in 'n besondere sosiale verband te verstaan, deur gebruik te maak van die Bio-ekologiese stelsels-model van Bronfenbrenner. Die stelsels-model voorsien die raamwerk om onderwysers se kennis en houdings van MIV/VIGS te verstaan, aangesien hulle keuses maak in terme van hulle agtergrond, kennis, denkwyse en hulle kontak met meervoudige stelsels. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer in die kwalitatiewe paradigma. Halfgestruktureerde onderhoude is uitgevoer met dertien intermediêre fase primêre-skool onderwysers by sewe primêre skole in Philippi, Kaapstad. Hierdie studie het bewys dat onderwysers bewus is daarvan dat hulle deel vorm van ingewikkelde stelsels. Hulle het te kenne gegee dat hulle dit moeilik vind om MIV/VIGS opvoeding te gee in die klaskamer, veral as gevolg van kulturele taboes. Hierdie studie het ook bewys dat onderwysers se interaksie, veral met mense wat met MIV/VIGS saamleef, hulle kennis van en houding teenoor MIV/VIGS, en die onderrig daarvan, verander het. Dit het ook die verskil tussen onderwysers se godsdienstige oortuigings en houdings uitgewys wanneer hulle in kontak kom met mense wat met MIV/VIGS saamleef. Sommige onderwysers het hulle godsdienstige oortuigings gebruik wanneer hulle met die MIV/VIGS pandemie gewerk het. Sommige onderwyseresse veral, het gevind dat ongelyke geslagsrolle en verwagtinge ten opsigte van seks en seksualiteit in hulle gemeenskappe 'n direkte invloed gehad het op die verspreiding van MIV/VIGS en veilige sekspraktyke in hulle gemeenskappe. Onderwysers was aktief betrokke by stelsels wat 'n invloed op hulle gehad het, veral die Makrostelsel van die Onderwysdepartement (in hierdie geval die Wes-Kaap), en die Mikrostelsels van die samelewings en gemeenskappe waar die skole hulself bevind. In opsomming, het hierdie studie bewys hoedat 'n kontekstuele, stelsel- verwante benadering tot onderwysers in die klaskamer in verhouding staan met kennis en houdings teenoor MIV/VIGS. Sulke komplekse en onderlinge verhoudings kan nie deur onderwysers, beleidmakers, materiële ontwikkelaars en afrigters geïgnoreer word nie. Verdere navorsing en studies sal vir ons 'n meer effektiewe model bied van die uitdagings en geleenthede wat onderwysers in die gesig staar en wat sal help om die pandemie hok te slaan.
33
Timm, Delysia Norelle. "Towards the biochemical nature of learning and its implication for learning, teaching and assessment : a study through literature and experiences of learners and educators." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/919.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Technology: Education, Durban University of Technology, 2013.In this study I have explored scientific insights towards establishing how the biochemistry of the human being could have a significant impact on human learning in a number of different ways. I have discovered that the biochemistry within the whole human being is triggered by the molecules of emotion occurring in a psychosomatic network active throughout the whole being. The molecules of emotion are neuropeptides such as endorphins, linked to their receptors, such as opiate receptors. This triggering of the molecules of emotion constitutes the pleasure principle which enables and encourages learning. In addition, the growth of myelin ensheathing all the neurons, through a process of myelination, also informs human learning biochemically. These biochemical processes make human learning ‘active’. These biochemical processes also constitute a network of subtle energies operating in the viscera of all human beings, and so account for the anthropology of learning, viz. what is common to all human learning, regardless of ethnic group, language, economic circumstances, religious belief system, level of education, social class, age, gender, rural or urban location, inter alia. I have then drawn on my own learning experiences – my autobiography - and the experiences of others – an autoethnography - for evidence of the operation of the biochemistry in my and their learning. I have presented evidence of the emotions of joy, love and fun activating whole-being-learning that occurs in all of personal, spiritual and educational human learning. I have described my living spiritual and living educational theory as one where human learning happens when there is joy-filled love and love-filled joy within a safe community of practice. Within this safe community of practice, at least three aspects are argued to be features of whole-being-learning: the relationships between the learners, their teachers and the subject are characterised by joy-filled love and love filled joy. the talents and gifts of both the learners and the teachers are explored, celebrated, and used for inclusive benefit. the knowledges of, about, and between, learners and teachers become integrated and coherent. My original contributions to the body of scholarly knowledge evidenced by my study include the following : I have established the link between human learning as a biochemical process and the efficiency of games as a learning tool, thereby showing the link between learning and fun. I have explored the holistic, organic intrinsic connections between personal, spiritual and educational human learning. I have contributed to a growing understanding of the study of self as a subject and object in terms of my ways of human knowing (my epistemology), my ways of being human (my ontology) and my values (my axiology) which (in)form my attitudes of joy-filled love and love filled joy in all that I do.
34
Nefale, Matshepo Catherine. "The health belief model and motivations for/against HIV-testing." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4665.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation has made an attempt at exploring the psychological factors that motivates individuals into opting for or against undertaking an HIV-test. The Health Belief Model is used to ascertain its predictive powers towards the motivation for undertaking such a test. Literature on HIV-testing indicates non-exploration of voluntary HIV-testing, as opposed to massive reporting on mandatory HIV-testing. Therefore, the focus of this dissertation is on voluntary HIV-testing. The sample used for the study. comprised of antenatal mothers who were offered HIV/Aids education and then presented with an option of either undertaking the HIV-test, or not.
The results of the study indicate that the Health Belief Model has failed in its predictive powers towards motivations for or against HIV-testing. However, the study provided valuable psychological factors that are associated with the decision to undertake the HIV-test, which will be important for future research on HIV/Aids and on the control in the spread of the disease.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.
35
Noja, Marcelle Maria. "Moral identity and ethical decision making." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156334.
Full textAbstract:
Four studies were undertaken to assess the role of moral identity in ethical decision making. The first two studies attempted to use two primes of moral identity to determine whether, when a person's moral identity is threatened, they undertake moral cleansing or compensatory behaviour, whereas where a person's moral identity is salient they have a strong self-worth and will consequently use moral licensing to act less ethically. Both studies were unsuccessful in supporting this hypothesis. Discussion of the results suggested that the approach within the research methodology was too complex. Based on this result, a third study attempted a simplified approach to assessing influences on ethical decision making. Specifically, Study 3 assessed the role of in-group and out-group judgements comparative to judgments of the self. The results suggested that in some circumstances, a person may change their own behaviour depending on what a colleague or non-colleague might do. The final study used this result to assess the impact of an observer on participants' ethical decision making. The results confirmed that the value of donations to charity could be influenced by both the presence of another person and that person's status relative to the participant. The implications for the ethical decision making field, along with future research in this area, are discussed.
36
Postma, Ferdinand. "'n Ontwikkelingsperspektief op geloofsekerheid." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8916.
Full text
37
Pretorius, Willem Liebrecht. "A leadership performance model for selected multicultural parastatals in South Africa." 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000243.
Full textAbstract:
D.Tech. Organisational Leadership. Business School.Organisations in South Africa and parastatals and semigovernmental organisations, in particular are adversely impacted upon by the low productivity of the workforce. The adverse situation invariably points to ineffective leadership. Few organisations focus on personal character, principles and moral skills, which everyone in a leadership role should possess to ensure long-term sustainable results. Improving the performance of individual organisations to the benefit of South Africa should be one of the country's highest priorities. The formulated conceptual process model could serve as a mechanism to achieve this highly complex objective.
38
Corbella, Nicole. "Ethics and social science research : a survey of social science researchers' experiences of ethically challenging incidents and ethics review." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2148.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to profile social science researchers' experiences of ethically challenging incidents and ethics review and to consider these experiences in terms of the two institutions from which participants were selected. Data was gathered by means of an email survey sent to social science researchers working in both a university and a research organisation. The findings reveal that ethically challenging incidents involving privacy, confidentiality and anonymity, harm, beneficence, poor science, role conflict, informed consent, recruitment of participants and publication were encountered frequently by social science researchers. While respondents reported both positive and negative experiences of ethics review, researchers at the university reported significantly more ethically challenging incidents and negative experiences of ethics review than did researchers from the research organisation.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.
39
Brindley-Richards, Lenna Getrinna. "South African stakeholders' perceptions of informed consent in HIV vaccine trials." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/962.
Full textAbstract:
In the history of public health vaccines have proven to be among the most effective disease prevention tools. It is clear that in the fight against HIV that new and powerful preventive technology such as a vaccine is badly needed. Ethically, however the processes of developing a vaccine against HIV have been distinctly different from that of any previous pharmaceutical products. HIV vaccine trials can be ethically complex for a number of reasons. In 2004 the HIV I AIDS Vaccine Ethics Group undertook a research initiative that aimed to collect data from various South African stake holders of HIV vaccine trials to ascertain what they perceived as the ethical challenges related to HIV vaccine trials. A quantitative content analysis on the data from 31 semistructured interviews revealed that the ethical issue listed spontaneously by most of the respondents was that of informed consent. Further probing and discussion on informed consent identified a number of sub issues which the respondents thought would pose important challenges to HIV vaccine trials in the South African context. This study undertook to do a more in-depth qualitative analysis of the data to ascertain whether the challenges and concerns the stakeholders have are consistent with or different to those already identified in the literature and ethical guidelines on informed consent in medical research. What variables may be impacting on the position stakeholders take was also of interest. Results indicated that many concerns relating to the substantive and procedural elements of informed consent were consistent with those debated in the literature. These issues related to first person consent, the voluntariness of participants' consent, practicing cultural sensitivity, dealing with language issues, promoting and assessing understanding of material disclosed, issues around the vulnerability of .. participants, children and adolescents' capacity to consent and the role of the media. More specific to the South African context, stakeholders were concerned about the legal framework under which the trials take place, the general lack of education and training about HIV vaccine trials, a lack of communication and coordination between stakeholder groups, and the historical influences of apartheid on black South African participants' capacity to consent. The main variables that appeared to impact on the position stakeholders took related to the role the stakeholders play within the trials, the philosophical position underpinning their ethical viewpoints, stakeholders' understanding of vulnerability and capacity to consent, and how they view the universality or relativity of ethical issues.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.
40
Koen, Jennifer Leigh. "The "over-researched community" : an exploration of stakeholder perceptions and ethical analysis." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5163.
Full textAbstract:
Research in resource-limited, multi-cultural contexts raises complex ethical concerns. The term ‘over-researched
community’ (ORC) has increasingly been raised as an ethical concern and potential barrier
to community participation in research. However, the term lacks conceptual clarity and is omitted from
established ethical guidelines and academic literature. In light of the concern being raised in relation to
vitally needed HIV prevention research in developing countries, a critical exploration of the meaning of
the notion was undertaken.
Guided by Emanuel et al.’s (2004) eight principles for ethically sound research in developing countries,
this study explored the relevance and meaning of the terms ‘over-research’ and ‘over-researched
community’ through a thorough review of ethical guidance documents and analysis of key stakeholder
perspectives. In-depth interviews were conducted with 23 resource persons from research ethics
committees, community advisory boards and research organisations in South Africa. Interviews were
transcribed and translated where necessary and data were analysed thematically.
‘Over-research’ was found to reflect a conglomeration of ethical concerns, often being used as a proxy
for existing ethical concepts. ‘Over-research’ might be interpreted to mean exploitation. However,
exploitation itself could mean a range of different things. ‘Over-research’ seemed fundamentally linked
to disparate positions and perspectives between different stakeholders in the research interaction,
arising from challenges in inter-stakeholder relationships. Analysis of the data suggests that using the
term may lead to an obscured understanding of real or perceived ethical transgressions, making it
difficult to intervene to address the underlying concerns. It is recommended that the term not be used
in research ethics discourse. However, because it represents other legitimate concerns, it should not
be dismissed without careful exploration.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
41
Kok, Cecelia Margaret. "Ethics and identity." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/24569.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, I examine the connection between race and the
morality of action. I argue that moral racial identitarianism, where
this is the position that in some cases the moral status of a person’s
actions depends on their race, is false.A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Applied Ethics for Professionals), 2017
GR2018
42
Wassenaar, Douglas Richard. "Ethical issues in South African psychology : public complaints, psychologists' dilemmas and training in professional ethics." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10564.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined three perspectives on ethical dimensions of South African professional
psychology. These perspectives were derived from three data sets. The first data set comprised a
series of public complaints against psychologists; the second a series of ethical dilemmas reported
by psychologists themselves, and the third comprised a study of the training of South African
psychologists in professional ethics.
Clear patterns emerged in the analysis of each data set, and efforts were made to integrate the
findings. Psychologists in particular registration categories, trained at particular universities and
working in particular practice contexts were disproportionately more likely to attract complaints.
Similarly, patterns of dilemmas experienced by psychologists also emerged. Comparison of
complaints with dilemmas suggested that there were significant differences and some similarities
in the ethical issues and contexts associated with public complaints and psychologists' own ethical
dilemmas. The study of ethics training suggested general dissatisfaction with the relevance and
quantity of ethics training nationally.
The main findings were integrated to make recommendations for improving the ethics training of
South African psychologists. The limitations of the data are described, along with suggestions for
future research to examine in greater depth and specificity several dominant patterns described by
the present study.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.
43
Herington, Jonathan. "The concept of security : uncertainty, evidence and value." Phd thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150947.
Full textAbstract:
Typically we think of security as a good like any other, something with a fairly determinate content which is enjoyed by individuals or groups. There have been many conceptions of what this good consists in but little agreement. In this thesis I conduct an analysis of the concept of security, arguing that while conceptions of security disagree about the content of this good, they all rely on an underlying thin concept: a mode of enjoying that content 'securely.' I provide an account what it means for an entity to enjoy a good securely from both a fact-relative and an evidence-relative perspective. From the fact-relative perspective I argue against a commonly held conception of secure enjoyment as protection from the interference of the powerful and instead suggest that it should be understood purely as the objective probability of enjoying the good in the future. From the evidence-relative perspective, I argue that we should understand the security of a good as the minimum degree of credence an agent may justifiably assign to enjoying that good. Securely enjoying a good therefore implies a reasonable guarantee of enjoying that good in the future, even in instances where the available evidence is limited or imprecise. I argue that the secure enjoyment of goods, from both a fact-relative and an evidence-relative perspective, has an important role to play in moral decision-making. In particular, the importance an agent places on the fact-relative security of a good models the agent's attitude towards outcome risks. Likewise, in situations where there are multiple credence functions compatible with the evidence, placing special weight on the secure expected utility of an act, appears to model the importance of avoiding an epistemic risk. In this respect, the value of security may amount to ensuring the achievement of a minimally decent future despite the limits of the available evidence.
44
Mokgatla-Moipolai, Boitumelo. "Enrolment of children in clinical trials : Botswana perspective." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9135.
Full textAbstract:
Paediatric clinical trials are crucial to ensure safety and efficacy of medicines in children.
This study explored parents’ perceptions in Gaborone, Botswana, regarding children’s
participation in clinical trials. One hundred participants completed a self-administered
questionnaire. The results showed that 93% of the participants had a good knowledge of
clinical trials; 74% thought that children would benefit from clinical trial participation;
63% would not enrol their children in clinical trials; 55% suggested that children should
only be enrolled once they have reached the age of 18 years; and 71% reported that only
children with an active disease should be enrolled. A large proportion (82%) reported that
children’s participation should be voluntary, while joint parental consent was supported
by 93% of responders. Regarding children’s assent 91% deemed respect for children’s
assent essential, although 52% thought that children’s assent should not override the
parental decision. There was a statistically significant correlation between finding clinical
trials in general important and children’s participation in clinical trials (p=0.008, Fisher’s
Exact Test), as well as the need for individual consent p<0.0001, Chi-Square). There was
also a statistically significantly association between respondents, who would allow their
children’s participation in clinical trials and who would encourage their family members
and friends’ participation in clinical trials (p=0.0001, Chi-Square). An overwhelming
94% advocated for special regulations in Botswana to govern paediatric clinical trials.
Almost all participants (99%) explicitly expressed the opinion that there should be global
regulations for paediatric clinical trials.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2012.
45
Peel, Malcolm Shane. "A study of informal breaches of confidentiality among a sample of South African clinical, counselling, and educational psychologists, in the light of aspects of ethical education and of countertransference phenomena." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5923.
Full textAbstract:
The informal breach of client confidentiality by psychologists was discussed in relation to various issues in professionalism and professional ethics, both in general and in the South African context. lnformal breaches of client confidentiality were identified as a common by under researched form of ethical malpractice, and nominated as the dependent variable in this study. Different emphases in ethical education were discussed in relation to various theories of moral thinking and moral action (particularly the
'levels' theory of moral thinking of R.M. Hare), and identified as an independent variable for the empirical portion of the study. A second independent variable, of countertransference responses by psychologists to
clients, was also identified and discussed. A purpose-developed postal questionnaire was administered to a sample of South African clinical, counselling, and educational psychologists to assess the incidence of
informal breaches of confidentiality in a South African sample, as well as the relationship between the variables. Although a high incidence of informal breaches of confidentiality was reported by the sample, and indirect support for Hare's levels theory of moral thinking found, the results did not demonstrate a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.
46
Tanchuk, Nicolas Jordan. "Is Inquiry Learning Unjust? An Ethical Defense of Deweyan Instructional Design." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-9evz-qq73.
Full textAbstract:
A long tradition of progressive pedagogy, running from Jean-Jacques Rousseau and through the work of John Dewey, argues that it is ethically and politically important for students to learn to co-direct the process of inquiry. In a series of recent articles, a group of cognitive scientists (hereafter called ‘DI theorists’) has argued that due to the nature of human cognitive architecture, student-led instructional designs are likely to be less effective than fully teacher-led instructional designs and to exacerbate achievement gaps. Were DI theorists correct, contrary to the intentions of many educators, a great deal of progressive pedagogy would be likely to have negative effects on educational justice. In this dissertation, I argue that the framing of the debate in cognitive science misconstrues the ethical and political value of treating students as cooperative designers of educative experiences.
To defend this controversial claim, I advance a Deweyan approach to ethics and justice in instructional design against two recent philosophical challenges. The first challenge, which I call ‘Dewey’s grounding problem’, asserts that Dewey’s appeal to the single ethical and political value of learning is unjustified against dissent and oppressive of reasonable pluralism. The second challenge, which I call ‘Dewey’s problem of elitism’, argues that his call to promote the common good of learning in ethics and politics will sometimes permit or require elitism, aristocracy, or tyranny. Based on the Deweyan ethos I defend, I trace four principles of just instructional design to reassess the claims of DI theorists. I argue that integrating DI theorists’ insights about efficacy and equality as means to create a student co-led community of inquiry confirms many educators’ intuitions: that student-led designs are important parts of developing the skills of inquiry, are well placed as culminating tasks, and are best phased in on a developmental pathway towards greater student independence.
47
Majola, Pinky Zibuyile. "Autonomy, relatedness and ethics : perspectives from researchers, community members and community representatives." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/682.
Full text
48
Phalane, Tshegofatso Precious. "A survey of researchers' ethics, law and human rights dilemmas, resources and needs in HIV vaccine trials (HVTs) in Africa." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5162.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the Ethic, Law, and Human rights (ELH) dilemmas of researchers involved in preparing for and/or conducting HVTs in African countries. Furthermore it investigated availability of ELH material resources and infrastructure necessary for the successful conduct of HVTs. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The main ethical challenges that researchers face when conducting HVTs include; high seroconversion rates, determining social value, working collaboratively with participants and communities, and paying trial participants. Legal challenges faced by researchers included; termination of participants who meet study inclusion criteria due to demands to do so from their parents and/or male partners, and in some countries lack of support from health care service providers when it comes to caring form trial participants. Understanding of consent age in African countries by communities was reported as a human right concern for researchers. The study concludes that researchers conducting or preparing to conduct HVTs in African countries face different ethics, law and human rights challenges when conducting HVTs at their sites and these challenges need to be addressed in order to improve the conduct of HVTs in Africa.
49
Bayi, Tenjiwe Lindiwe. "An exploratory investigation of the common ethical dilemmas experienced by psychologists assessing Black African school children." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/7527.
Full textAbstract:
This is an explorative study into the challenges and ethical dilemmas that practitioners face when assessing the intellectual functioning of black learners. Participants were registered psychologists and intern psychologists involved in assessing black African learners. Data were collected by means of an interview schedule that had been designed for this purpose, based on the literature in the field. All participants were interviewed individually. The psychological practitioners interviewed in this study reported linguistic barriers, limited cultural knowledge, and lack of scientific validation as posing the major challenges for them in assessing black African learners. Among the ethical dilemmas that were reported were confidentiality and informed consent which were sometimes compromised by their dual responsibilities to the client and the schooling system or another third party. Forming discussion forums, development of new and appropriately normed assessment tools and incorporating relevant skills in training programs were recommended as some of the strategies to overcome these challenges and ethical dilemmas.Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
50
Gasa, Nolwazi Bright Khanyisile. "Cultural conceptions of research and informed consent." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5843.
Full textAbstract:
AIDS has had a negative impact on developing countries. Because most developing countries
cannot afford the new antiretroviral drug therapies, it has been suggested that preventive
vaccines might reduce the spread of the HIV/AIDS epidemic (Bloom, 1998). The clinical
trials of AIDS vaccines do, however, present with complex ethical issues such as informed
consent. Informed consent is primarily grounded on the Western principle of respect for
individuals as autonomous agents. This may be at variance, however, with African societies'
emphasis on the social embeddedness of the individual.
The current study forms part of the HIVNET vaccine trials to be conducted in Hlabisa, in
Northern Zululand, under the auspices of the South African Medical Research Council. The
main aim of the study was to explore key informants' cultural conceptions of research and
informed consent in order to facilitate community consultation and cultural sensitivity.
Maximum variation sampling was used to select twenty-three key informants, who are in
leadership positions within Hlabisa. An interview guide was used to facilitate narrative
disclosure of cultural conceptions of research and informed consent. Perceptions of research,
conceptions of the informed consent process, and projected motivations for why individuals
agree to participate in studies were explored during interviews.
Results suggest that members of the Hlabisa community have a limited understanding of the
Western research process. Community education about research is therefore warranted.
Informants indicated that community members would value the establishment of a
relationship characterised by mutual respect for cultural differences between researchers and
participants. This was perceived as likely to facilitate shared decision-making, and the
reduction of the power differentials that exist between researchers and participants. While the
involvement of key community leaders and family members was recommended by most
informants, a few informants felt that participants could also make individual decisions about
participation. The theoretical implications of the study are considered last.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.