Journal articles: 'Moths – Variation'

1

Betzholtz, P. E., M. Franzén, and A. Forsman. "Colour pattern variation can inform about extinction risk in moths." Animal Conservation 20, no. 1 (June 2, 2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12287.

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Mata, Vanessa A., Francisco Amorim, Martin F. V. Corley, Gary F. McCracken, Hugo Rebelo, and Pedro Beja. "Female dietary bias towards large migratory moths in the European free-tailed bat ( Tadarida teniotis )." Biology Letters 12, no. 3 (March 2016): 20150988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0988.

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In bats, sexual segregation has been described in relation to differential use of roosting and foraging habitats. It is possible that variation may also exist between genders in the use of different prey types. However, until recently this idea was difficult to test owing to poorly resolved taxonomy of dietary studies. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing to describe gender-related variation in diet composition of the European free-tailed bat ( Tadarida teniotis ), while controlling for effects of age and season. We analysed guano pellets collected from 143 individuals mist-netted from April to October 2012 and 2013, in northeast Portugal. Moths (Lepidoptera; mainly Noctuidae and Geometridae) were by far the most frequently recorded prey, occurring in nearly all samples and accounting for 96 out of 115 prey taxa. There were significant dietary differences between males and females, irrespective of age and season. Compared to males, females tended to consume larger moths and more moths of migratory behaviour (e.g. Autographa gamma ). Our study provides the first example of gender-related dietary variation in bats, illustrating the value of novel molecular tools for revealing intraspecific variation in food resource use in bats and other insectivores.

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Löfstedt, Christer. "Population variation and genetic control of pheromone communication systems in moths." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 54, no. 3 (March 1990): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1990.tb01331.x.

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Bogdanowicz, S. M., P. W. Schaefer, and R. G. Harrison. "Mitochondrial DNA Variation among Worldwide Populations of Gypsy Moths, Lymantria dispar." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15, no. 3 (June 2000): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0744.

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Kivelä, Sami M., Panu Välimäki, David Carrasco, Maarit I. Mäenpää, and Satu Mänttäri. "Geographic variation in resource allocation to the abdomen in geometrid moths." Naturwissenschaften 99, no. 8 (July 15, 2012): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0940-2.

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McGeachie, W. J. "The effects of moonlight illuminance, temperature and wind speed on light-trap catches of moths." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 2 (June 1989): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018162.

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AbstractA Robinson 125-W mercury-vapour light-trap was operated at an exposed site near Cranfield aerodrome, south-eastern England. The effects of moon-light, temperature and wind speed on light-trap catch were investigated. The dependent variable, In (catch +1), was compared with the independent variables moonlight illuminance, air temperature and wind speed, using multiple regression analysis. An algorithm was developed and used to estimate moonlight illuminance. Increases in mean illuminance and mean wind speed were associated with a decreased light-trap catch. Increases in mean temperature were associated with an increased catch. When the moth catch was broken down into individual families and species, other trends became apparent. Catches of noctuid moths were unaffected by variation in mean illuminance, although they were influenced by variation in mean temperature and mean wind speed. On the other hand, catches of crambine moths were very sensitive to fluctuations in mean illuminance and mean wind speed although unaffected by changes in mean temperature. The multiple regression equations were used to predict future light-trap catches. The correlations between observed and predicted In (catch +1) for (a) all moths, (b) noctuid moths and (c) crambine moths, were very good. It is suggested that the observed moonlight trend for crambine moths is a consequence of changing behaviour as moonlight illuminance changes rather than the alternative of changing light-trap effectiveness.

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Forsman, Anders, Per-Eric Betzholtz, and Markus Franzén. "Variable coloration is associated with dampened population fluctuations in noctuid moths." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1808 (June 7, 2015): 20142922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2922.

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Theory and recent reviews state that greater genetic and phenotypic variation should be beneficial for population abundance and stability. Experimental evaluations of this prediction are rare, of short duration and conducted under controlled environmental settings. The question whether greater diversity in functionally important traits stabilizes populations under more complex ecological conditions in the wild has not been systematically evaluated. Moths are mainly nocturnal, with a large variation in colour patterns among species, and constitute an important food source for many types of organisms. Here, we report the results of a long-term (2003–2013) monitoring study of 115 100 noctuid moths from 246 species. Analysis of time-series data provide rare evidence that species with higher levels of inter-individual variation in colour pattern have higher average abundances and undergo smaller between-year fluctuations compared with species having less variable colour patterns. The signature of interspecific temporal synchronization of abundance fluctuations was weak, suggesting that the dynamics were driven by species-specific biotic interactions rather than by some common, density-independent factor(s). We conclude that individual variation in colour patterns dampens population abundance fluctuations, and suggest that this may partly reflect that colour pattern polymorphism provides protection from visually oriented predators and parasitoids.

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ter Hofstede, Hannah M., John M. Ratcliffe, and James H. Fullard. "Nocturnal activity positively correlated with auditory sensitivity in noctuoid moths." Biology Letters 4, no. 3 (March 4, 2008): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0617.

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We investigated the relationship between predator detection threshold and antipredator behaviour in noctuoid moths. Moths with ears sensitive to the echolocation calls of insectivorous bats use avoidance manoeuvres in flight to evade these predators. Earless moths generally fly less than eared species as a primary defence against predation by bats. For eared moths, however, there is interspecific variation in auditory sensitivity. At the species level, and when controlling for shared evolutionary history, nocturnal flight time and auditory sensitivity were positively correlated in moths, a relationship that most likely reflects selection pressure from aerial-hawking bats. We suggest that species-specific differences in the detection of predator cues are important but often overlooked factors in the evolution and maintenance of antipredator behaviour.

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Bogdanowicz, S. M., V. C. Mastro, D. C. Prasher, and R. G. Harrison. "Microsatellite DNA Variation among Asian and North American Gypsy Moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/90.6.768.

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10

Takanashi, Takuma, Ryo Nakano, Annemarie Surlykke, Haruki Tatsuta, Jun Tabata, Yukio Ishikawa, and Niels Skals. "Variation in Courtship Ultrasounds of Three Ostrinia Moths with Different Sex Pheromones." PLoS ONE 5, no. 10 (October 4, 2010): e13144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013144.

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Fleury, Kane, Emma Burns, Barbara Anderson, Robert Hoare, and Ralf Ohlemuller. "Books and Drawers full of Moths." Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 2 (June 15, 2018): e26710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/biss.2.26710.

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The Otago Museum houses one of New Zealand’s largest Lepidoptera collections that consists of more than 31,000 macro moth specimens collected across New Zealand over the last 30 years. Alongside this collection, supplementary information is found in detailed field notebooks that cover, for most sites, the total abundance of the different species present in these samples. We have been able to use the notebooks to work out the sampling intensity and sites to map both the collections and the abundances to some degree. It is impractical to collect everything. As a result, the common species are left out of collections and the rare and unusual sightings fill the collections. When planning to resample collecting sites to investigate changes in ecosystems, just relying on collections for species presence and absence would skew the results. It should also be noted that field notebooks are not a panacea for biological information as the information in them ages, so too can the reliability and accuracy of the notes within. Here we discuss how the field notebook data compares with the information accompanying the specimens housed within the museum collection. This is a recently digitised collection and allows an insight into the collectors sampling, vouchering and data practices and how these can affect modern interpretation and variation in repeat sampling.

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Blankers, Thomas, Rik Lievers, Camila Plata, Michiel van Wijk, Dennis van Veldhuizen, and Astrid T. Groot. "Sex pheromone signal and stability covary with fitness." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 6 (June 2021): 210180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210180.

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If sexual signals are costly, covariance between signal expression and fitness is expected. Signal–fitness covariance is important, because it can contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation in signals that are under natural or sexual selection. Chemical signals, such as female sex pheromones in moths, have traditionally been assumed to be species-recognition signals, but their relationship with fitness is unclear. Here, we test whether chemical, conspecific mate finding signals covary with fitness in the moth Heliothis subflexa . Additionally, as moth signals are synthesized de novo every night, the maintenance of the signal can be costly. Therefore, we also hypothesized that fitness covaries with signal stability (i.e. lack of temporal intra-individual variation). We measured among- and within-individual variation in pheromone characteristics as well as fecundity, fertility and lifespan in two independent groups that differed in the time in between two pheromone samples. In both groups, we found fitness to be correlated with pheromone amount, composition and stability, supporting both our hypotheses. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to report a correlation between fitness and sex pheromone composition in moths, supporting evidence of condition-dependence and highlighting how signal–fitness covariance may contribute to heritable variation in chemical signals both among and within individuals.

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13

Hernández-L., N., Á. R. Barragán, S. Dupas, J. F. Silvain, and O. Dangles. "Wing shape variations in an invasive moth are related to sexual dimorphism and altitude." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 5 (January 27, 2010): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530999054x.

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AbstractWing morphology has great importance in a wide variety of aspects of an insect's life. Here, we use a geometric morphometric approach to test the hypothesis that variation, in insect wing morphology patterns, occurs between sexes and along altitudinal gradients for invasive species, despite their recent association to this environment. We explored the variation in wing morphology between 12 invasive populations of the invasive potato pest, Tecia solanivora, at low and high altitude in the central highlands of Ecuador. After characterizing sexual dimorphism in wing shape, we investigated if moths at higher elevations differ in wing morphology from populations at lower altitudes. Results indicate wing shape and size differences between sexes and between altitudinal ranges. Females showed larger, wider wings than males, while high altitude moths showed larger, narrow-shaped wings by comparison to low-altitude moths. GLM analyses confirmed altitude was the only significant determinant of this gradient. Our study confirms a sexual dimorphism in size and wing shape for the potato moth. It also confirms and extends predictions of morphological changes with altitude to an invasive species, suggesting that wing morphology variation is an adapted response contributing to invasion success of the potato moth in mountainous landscapes. Ours is one of the first studies on the morphology of invasive insects and represents a valuable contribution to the study of insect invasions because it both offers empirical support to previous genetic studies on T. solanivora as well as proving broader insight into the mechanisms behind morphological evolution of a recently introduced pest.

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14

Kaitaniemi, Pekka, Annette Scheiner, Tero Klemola, and Kai Ruohomäki. "Multi-objective optimization shapes ecological variation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (August 17, 2011): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1371.

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Ecological systems contain a huge amount of quantitative variation between and within species and locations, which makes it difficult to obtain unambiguous verification of theoretical predictions. Ordinary experiments consider just a few explanatory factors and are prone to providing oversimplified answers because they ignore the complexity of the factors that underlie variation. We used multi-objective optimization (MO) for a mechanistic analysis of the potential ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of variation in the life-history traits of a species of moth. Optimal life-history solutions were sought for environmental conditions where different life stages of the moth were subject to predation and other known fitness-reducing factors in a manner that was dependent on the duration of these life stages and on variable mortality rates. We found that multi-objective optimal solutions to these conditions that the moths regularly experience explained most of the life-history variation within this species. Our results demonstrate that variation can have a causal interpretation even for organisms under steady conditions. The results suggest that weather and species interactions can act as underlying causes of variation, and MO acts as a corresponding adaptive mechanism that maintains variation in the traits of organisms.

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15

Cook, L. M., and J. R. G. Turner. "Decline of melanism in two British moths: spatial, temporal and inter-specific variation." Heredity 101, no. 6 (October 22, 2008): 483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.105.

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16

MORTON, ASHLEY C. "Captive breeding of butterflies and moths: II. Conserving genetic variation and managing biodiversity." International Zoo Yearbook 30, no. 1 (January 1990): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1990.tb01147.x.

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MORTON, ASHLEY C. "Captive breeding of butterflies and moths: II. Conserving genetic variation and managing biodiversity." International Zoo Yearbook 30, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1090.1991.tb03470.x.

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18

Weller, S. J., T. P. Friedlander, J. A. Martin, and D. P. Pashley. "Phylogenetic Studies of ribosomal RNA variation in higher moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera: Ditrysia)." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1, no. 4 (December 1992): 312–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1055-7903(92)90007-4.

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19

Forsman, Anders, Daniela Polic, Johanna Sunde, Per‐Eric Betzholtz, and Markus Franzén. "Variable colour patterns indicate multidimensional, intraspecific trait variation and ecological generalization in moths." Ecography 43, no. 6 (February 13, 2020): 823–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04923.

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20

Polavarapu, Sridhar, and William D. Seabrook. "EVALUATION OF PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS AND PHEROMONE LURE CONCENTRATIONS FOR MONITORING BLUEBERRY LEAFTIER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS." Canadian Entomologist 124, no. 5 (October 1992): 815–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent124815-5.

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AbstractSix pheromone trap designs, including five high-capacily and a sticky trap, and four PVC lure concentrations of pheromone were evaluated for monitoring blueberry leaftier populations in six blueberry fields in Nova Scotia. Larval densities and subsequent male moth catches in the same year for all the trap designs evaluated, except double funnel traps, were highly correlated. Multipher III traps captured the highest number of moths, followed by Unitraps and double funnel traps. The ice cream container trap captured significantly fewer moths than any other trap design. At most locations, the first moth was caught on the same day in all the trap designs except the ice cream container trap. Trap catches increased with increasing pheromone concentration up to 0.03% dose. Traps baited with 0.3% lures captured significantly fewer moths than those with 0.003% or 0.03%. Based on mean trap catches, R2 values, coefficients of variation among traps, trap efficiency, and lure evaluations, the Unitraps baited with 0.003% lures are selected for further development of a population monitoring system for blueberry leaftier moths. The Multipher III traps baited with 0.03% lures captured up to 44 000 male moths (mean per trap per season) at high densities, demonstrating their potential in mass trapping blueberry leaftiers.

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Lassance, J. M., M. A. Lienard, B. Antony, S. Qian, T. Fujii, J. Tabata, Y. Ishikawa, and C. Lofstedt. "Functional consequences of sequence variation in the pheromone biosynthetic gene pgFAR for Ostrinia moths." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 10 (February 13, 2013): 3967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208706110.

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22

Svensson, Mats G. E., Marie Bengtsson, and Jan Löfqvist. "Individual Variation and Repeatability of Sex Pheromone Emission of Female Turnip Moths Agrotis segetum." Journal of Chemical Ecology 23, no. 7 (July 1997): 1833–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:joec.0000006454.84415.5f.

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23

Rabl, Dominik, Aura M. Alonso-Rodríguez, Gunnar Brehm, and Konrad Fiedler. "Trait Variation in Moths Mirrors Small-Scaled Ecological Gradients in A Tropical Forest Landscape." Insects 11, no. 9 (September 8, 2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090612.

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Along environmental gradients, communities are expected to be filtered from the regional species pool by physical constraints, resource availability, and biotic interactions. This should be reflected in species trait composition. Using data on species-rich moth assemblages sampled by light traps in a lowland rainforest landscape in Costa Rica, we show that moths in two unrelated clades (Erebidae-Arctiinae; Geometridae) are much smaller-sized in oil palm plantations than in nearby old-growth forest, with intermediate values at disturbed forest sites. In old-growth forest, Arctiinae predominantly show aposematic coloration as a means of anti-predator defense, whereas this trait is much reduced in the prevalence in plantations. Similarly, participation in Müllerian mimicry rings with Hymenoptera and Lycidae beetles, respectively, is rare in plantations. Across three topographic types of old-growth forests, community-weighted means of moth traits showed little variation, but in creek forest, both types of mimicry were surprisingly rare. Our results emphasize that despite their mobility, moth assemblages are strongly shaped by local environmental conditions through the interplay of bottom–up and top–down processes. Assemblages in oil palm plantations are highly degraded not only in their biodiversity, but also in terms of trait expression.

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SCHMIDT, B. CHRISTIAN, and FELIX A. H. SPERLING. "Widespread decoupling of mtDNA variation and species integrity in Grammia tiger moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Systematic Entomology 33, no. 4 (October 2008): 613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00433.x.

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25

Gu, H., and W. Danthanarayana. "Influence of Larval Rearing Conditions on the Body Size and Flight Capacity of Epiphyas-Postvittana Moths." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 6 (1992): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920573.

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Effects of rearing conditions of larvae on the body weight and flight duration of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), were evaluated in the laboratory. The body weight of both male and female moths at emergence decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 28-degrees-C during larval stages; in contrast, flight duration increased with rising temperature. There was no effect of larval density on flight duration, although the body weight of moths decreased as density increased. Variation in water content of artificial diet showed a significant influence on flight duration of female moths, but not on body weight in either sex. Flight duration was different only for females when their larvae were reared on young leaves of four host plants. Female moths from larvae on Rumex crispus and Plantago lanceolata flew for significantly longer periods than those from larvae on Trifolium repens and Pyrus malus. Larvae fed on young leaves yielded adults that flew for longer periods than those fed on senescent leaves. Inconsistency in relationships between body weight and flight duration of moths with respect to influences of different environmental factors during the larval stages indicates that flight capacity is unlikely to be influenced by body size in this species.

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Keena, Melody A., and Jessica Y. Richards. "Comparison of Survival and Development of Gypsy Moth Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Populations from Different Geographic Areas on North American Conifers." Insects 11, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11040260.

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Host utilization information is critical to managers for estimating the hosts at risk and potential geographic range for gypsy moths from different geographic origins. In this study, the development and survival of gypsy moths from all three subspecies on 13 North American conifers and three broadleaf hosts were compared. There was variation in the ability of gypsy moth larvae from different geographic origins to utilize (survive and develop on) key North American conifers. However, that variation was not consistent within gypsy moth subspecies, but instead was more consistent with populations from different origins being preadapted to utilize different hosts and having different biologic traits. Some Asian populations developed and survived well on some conifers while populations from Europe and North America gained weight faster and/or survived better than some Asian populations. Although development was slower and survival poorer on several of the conifers, first instar larvae were able to utilize conifers unless the needles were tough or feeding deterrents were present. Host phenology was also critical since the early instars fed preferentially on new foliage or buds. Gypsy moth larvae can utilize many hosts, so this makes it a very adaptable invasive species that warrants taking measures to prevent its spread.

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Green, K. "Altitudinal and temporal differences in the food of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) at alpine and subalpine altitudes in the Snowy Mountains." Wildlife Research 30, no. 3 (2003): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02008.

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The diet of foxes over three years at alpine and subalpine altitudes in the Snowy Mountains followed a cyclical change determined by seasonal climatic events that were very marked and predictable and did not allow for great variation in timing of prey availability. The diet was dominated by mammals in winter, with a change in the snow-free months to insects, mainly comprising bogong moths, with grasshoppers becoming important later in the season. Mammals preyed upon at both altitudes were mainly broad-toothed rats (Mastacomys fuscus), bush rats (Rattus fuscipes) and dusky antechinus (Antechinus swainsonii). In the alpine zone, foxes were less dependent upon the food chain deriving from in situ primary productivity than were foxes in the subalpine zone and were more reliant on other energy sources, particularly immigrant bogong moths.

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O'Donnell, Kaitlyn, and Eleanor Groden. "Variation in Captures of Adult Winter Moths (Operophtera brumata) in Coastal Maine Over Two Years." Northeastern Naturalist 24, sp7 (March 2017): B72—B80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/045.024.s709.

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Hwang, S. Y., and Richard L. Lindroth. "Clonal variation in foliar chemistry of aspen: effects on gypsy moths and forest tent caterpillars." Oecologia 111, no. 1 (June 6, 1997): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050213.

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Addicott, John F. "Variation in the costs and benefits of mutualism: the interaction between yuccas and yucca moths." Oecologia 70, no. 4 (1986): 486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00379893.

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31

Hemming, Jocelyn D. C., and Richard L. Lindroth. "Intraspecific variation in aspen phytochemistry: effects on performance of gypsy moths and forest tent caterpillars." Oecologia 103, no. 1 (July 1995): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00328428.

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32

Jones, Hayley B. C., Ka S. Lim, James R. Bell, Jane K. Hill, and Jason W. Chapman. "Quantifying interspecific variation in dispersal ability of noctuid moths using an advanced tethered flight technique." Ecology and Evolution 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2015): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1861.

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Lazarevic, Jelica, Vera Nenadovic, Milena Jankovic-Tomanic, and S. Milanovic. "Genetic variation and correlations of life-history traits in gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) from two populations in Serbia." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 4 (2008): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0804619l.

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Periodic fluctuations in density impose different selection pressures on populations of outbreaking Lepidoptera due to changes in their nutritional environment. The maternal effects hypothesis of insect outbreak predicts the transmission of this nutritional "information" to subsequent generations and alterations in offspring life-history traits. To test for these time-delayed effects of the parental generation, we compared life-history traits and their variation and covariation among laboratory-reared gypsy moths hatched from egg masses collected from low- and medium-density populations. Decreased individual performance was recorded in offspring from the medium-density population, indicating reduced egg provisioning under crowding conditions. Genetic variance and covariance were also shown to be sensitive to density of the parental generation. In gypsy moths from the medium-density population, quantitative genetic analysis revealed significantly higher broad-sense heritabilities for development duration traits and demonstrated a trade-off between development duration and body size.

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Oliveira, F. B. "Body-size influence on defensive behavior of Amazonian moths: an ecophysiological approach." Brazilian Journal of Biology 65, no. 1 (February 2005): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842005000100014.

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Ectotherm locomotion is restricted by low temperatures, and many species, such as some flying insects, need to achieve thermal thresholds before taking off. Body size influences heat exchange between an animal and the environment. Therefore, larger animals have higher thermal inertia, and necessarily spend more time in pre-flight warming up, a critical period when they remain exposed and more susceptible to predators. Thus, one could expect larger animals, along their evolutionary history, to have developed a more diversified repertoire of defensive behaviors when compared to their smaller counterparts. Moths are an interesting model for testing this hypothesis, as they exhibit considerable variation in body size and many species present pre-flight warming up by muscle shivering, an evidence of thermal restriction on locomotion. I registered the responses of 76 moths immediately after simulating the attack of a predator and then associated behavioral response to body size. I conducted the experiments at 20 and 25ºC to check for possible thermal restrictions on behavior, and identified animals to the family level to check for the effects of a common phylogenetic history. When disturbed at 25ºC, smaller moths tend to fly, while larger ones tend to run. At 20ºC almost all moths ran, including the smaller ones, indicating a possible thermal restriction on flight. Corroborating the proposed hypothesis, a more diversified repertoire of defensive behaviors was registered among larger moths. An alternative interpretation would be that common behaviors among related moths could be explained by common phylogenetic histories. However, two facts support the physiological restriction hypothesis: (1) the analysis within Sphingidae and Geometridae (not closely related families) showed similar results to those of the overall analysis, and (2) a more diverse repertoire of defensive behaviors was associated to the lower, and therefore more restrictive to locomotion, temperature (20ºC).

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McCravy, Kenneth W., R. Scott Cameron, and C. Wayne Berisford. "Variation in Developmental Synchrony of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with Implications for Chemical Control." Journal of Entomological Science 39, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-39.4.551.

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Regional variation in developmental phenology of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), was studied at four locations in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. A companion study assessed the effects of developmental asynchronony on insecticide spray timing efficacy. Substantial variation in developmental synchrony was found within a relatively small area, with more synchronous development at Greensville and Isle of Wight Co., VA sites, and high levels of asynchrony at Sussex Co., VA, and Hertford Co., NC, sites. The Greensville Co. site showed a typical three generation developmental phenology, while the Isle of Wight Co. site had a more atypical two generation phenology. The Sussex and Hertford Co. sites appeared to have phenologies that were a combination of the other two sites. Spray timing evaluations with permethrin at the Sussex Co. site suggested that mid-April to early May and early to mid-July periods offer opportunities for effective chemical control of tip moths. These dates corresponded to the presence of high proportions of eggs and early-instar larvae in the field. Later season sprays were largely ineffective due to high developmental asynchrony, which resulted in the presence of high proportions of late-stage tip moths on virtually all collection and spray dates. Results suggest that multiple late-season treatments likely would be more effective. Overall, optimal spray dates at the Greensville Co. site, which had a typical three-generation tip moth developmental pattern, agreed most closely with published optimal spray period predictions which are based on historical temperature data.

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Fay, HA C. "Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships between fruit-piercing moths and the Menispermaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960227.

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Twining vines of the family Menispermaceae provide the food for larvae of the principal fruit-piercing moths in Australia, and in most of the Old World tropics and near tropics. These large noctuid moths are adult pests of a range of commercial fruits, and can cause crop losses of more than 50%. In Australia, the Menispermaceae are represented by 13 genera and 24 species, which predominantly occur through coastal and subcoastal regions in the east and north of the continent. Their density and diversity is greatest in the wet tropical forest areas of north-east Queensland. Around 60% of the Australian menisperm species are now known to support fruit-piercing moth larvae to various extents. While moth species-menisperm associations range from species specific (i.e. monophagy) to genera generalist (i.e. polyphagy), polyphagy appears to contribute less to a moth's status as a pest than habitat diversity. Tinospora smilacina and Stephania japonica are the two most widely occurring Australian menisperms, with forms or varieties occupying habitats from wet tropical forest to semi-desert, and these species are particularly important to the fruit-piercing moth problem. Some moth species-host plant associations appear to be dynamic, as indicated by the dietary expansion of the moth Othreis fullonia in recent centuries onto Erythrina spp. (Fabaceae) in New Guinea and the Pacific. The perceived relationship between Erythrina spp. and the Menispermaceae is through the similar alkaloids they possess (i.e. the tetracyclic Erythrina-type), which are found particularly in certain species within the tribe Menispermeae. Variation in the alkaloids associated with certain menisperm genera may explain specific moth–host plant relationships, which in turn support alternative tribal associations for some menisperm taxa to those currently recognised.

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Srivastava, Vivek, Melody A. Keena, Galen E. Maennicke, Richard C. Hamelin, and Verena C. Griess. "Potential Differences and Methods of Determining Gypsy Moth Female Flight Capabilities: Implications for the Establishment and Spread in Novel Habitats." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010103.

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The introduction of the Asian gypsy moth into novel environments continues with frequent interceptions in North America. There is a concern that these subspecies will pose a greater threat to the forests and urban environments of North America than the established gypsy moths (Lymantria dispardispar L.), due to their greater capacity for female flight. Asian gypsy moth populations vary in many key traits, including female flight capabilities. The potential impacts of female flight, in combination with the other key traits, on the ecology and spread of this insect are first discussed in this communication. This also provides the first review of most of the current literature on the variations in flight capability and flight distance of gypsy moth populations, as well as variation in other traits of concern and the potential methods of identification, with special attention paid to the Asian subspecies Lymantria dispar japonica Motschulsky and Lymantria dispar asiatica Vinkovskij. There are currently good tools for identifying the general origin of introduced gypsy moth populations, but these do not provide enough information to effectively manage introductions. Gypsy moth key traits differ among populations, even within each subspecies of the gypsy moth, so introduction of gypsy moths from other world areas into locations where the gypsy moth is already present could result in unwanted changes in gypsy moth biology. It also appears that the introduction of flight-capable females could enhance a population’s dispersal capability and require modifications to management protocols used for flightless females. Therefore, rapid tools to assess key traits in introduced populations are needed to adequately plan for, or deal with, new introductions into novel habitats.

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Betzholtz, Per‐Eric, Anders Forsman, and Markus Franzén. "Inter‐individual variation in colour patterns in noctuid moths characterizes long‐distance dispersers and agricultural pests." Journal of Applied Entomology 143, no. 9 (June 5, 2019): 992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12670.

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Bennik, Rebecca M., Robert J. B. Hoare, and Gregory I. Holwell. "Seasonal variation in body size and male mating success within lichen tuft moths Izatha (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae)." Austral Entomology 59, no. 4 (September 2, 2020): 802–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aen.12495.

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Song, S. V., C. Anderson, R. T. Good, S. Leslie, Y. Wu, J. G. Oakeshott, and C. Robin. "Population differentiation between Australian and Chinese Helicoverpa armigera occurs in distinct blocks on the Z-chromosome." Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, no. 6 (February 5, 2018): 817–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000081.

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AbstractOver the last 40 years, many types of population genetic markers have been used to assess the population structure of the pest moth species Helicoverpa armigera. While this species is highly vagile, there is evidence of inter-continental population structure. Here, we examine Z-chromosome molecular markers within and between Chinese and Australian populations. Using 1352 polymorphic sites from 40 Z-linked loci, we compared two Chinese populations of moths separated by 700 km and found virtually no population structure (n = 41 and n = 54, with <1% of variation discriminating between populations). The levels of nucleotide diversity within these populations were consistent with previous estimates from introns in Z-linked genes of Australian samples (π = 0.028 vs. 0.03). Furthermore, all loci surveyed in these Chinese populations showed a skew toward rare variants, with ten loci having a significant Tajima's D statistic, suggesting that this species could have undergone a population expansion. Eight of the 40 loci had been examined in a previous study of Australian moths, of which six revealed very little inter-continental population structure. However, the two markers associated with the Cyp303a1 locus that has previously been proposed to be a target of a selective sweep, exhibited allele structuring between countries. Using a separate dataset of 19 Australian and four Chinese moths, we scanned the molecular variation distributed across the entire Z-chromosome and found distinct blocks of differentiation that include the region containing Cyp303a1. We recommend some of these loci join those associated with insecticide resistance to form a set of genes best suited to analyzing population structure in this global pest.

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Sourakov, Andrei. "Emperors, admirals and giants, zebras, tigers and woolly bears: casting a broader net in exploring heparin effects on Lepidoptera wing patterns." F1000Research 7 (November 11, 2020): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16926.2.

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Background: Studies of heparin effects on Lepidoptera wing patterns have been restricted to a small number of species. I report observations from experiments on a broader range of taxa, including first results from swallowtails, tiger moths and microlepidoptera. Methods: Heparin injections were made in prepupae and pupae of Junonia coenia (common buckeyes), Agraulis vanillae (gulf fritillaries), Heliconius charithonia (zebra longwings), Asterocampa clyton (tawny emperors), Danaus plexippus (monarchs), Vanessa atalanta (red admirals); Heraclides cresphontes (giant swallowtails), Pterourus troilus (spicebush swallowtails), Protographium marcellus (zebra swallowtails), Battus polydamas (polydamas swallowtails); Hypercompe scribonia (giant leopard moths), Estigmene acrea (acrea moths), Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm moths), Utetheisa ornatrix (ornate bella moths); Glyphodes sibillalis (mulberry leaftier). Results: Heparin sometimes altered the entire pattern in a dramatic way, sometimes caused changes locally. In buckeyes, the previous heparin study conducted on pupae was compared to injections made at a prepupal stage. In gulf fritillaries, zebra longwings and tawny emperors, the dramatic changes occurred throughout their wings, while in monarchs, changes were restricted to wing margins. Changes achieved in red admirals, show that heparin action is unrelated to the original color. In swallowtails, transformations were restricted to border system, indicating higher levels of stability and compartmentalization of wing patterns. In mulberry leaftier, changes were restricted to the marginal bands. In tiger moths, elongation of black markings led to merging of spots; in the ornate bella moth, it was accompanied by an expansion of the surrounding white bands, and results were compared to the effects of colder temperatures. Conclusions: Using pharmaceutical intervention demonstrates that there are many similarities and some very significant differences in the ways wing patterns are formed in different Lepidoptera lineages. By creating a range of variation one can demonstrate how one pattern can easily evolve into another, aiding in understanding of speciation and adaptation processes.

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Sourakov, Andrei. "Emperors, admirals and giants, zebras, tigers and woolly bears: casting a broader net in exploring heparin effects on Lepidoptera wing patterns." F1000Research 7 (December 4, 2020): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16926.3.

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Background: Studies of heparin effects on Lepidoptera wing patterns have been restricted to a small number of species. I report observations from experiments on a broader range of taxa, including first results from swallowtails, tiger moths and microlepidoptera. Methods: Heparin injections were made in prepupae and pupae of Junonia coenia (common buckeyes), Agraulis vanillae (gulf fritillaries), Heliconius charithonia (zebra longwings), Asterocampa clyton (tawny emperors), Danaus plexippus (monarchs), Vanessa atalanta (red admirals); Heraclides cresphontes (giant swallowtails), Pterourus troilus (spicebush swallowtails), Protographium marcellus (zebra swallowtails), Battus polydamas (polydamas swallowtails); Hypercompe scribonia (giant leopard moths), Estigmene acrea (acrea moths), Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm moths), Utetheisa ornatrix (ornate bella moths); Glyphodes sibillalis (mulberry leaftier). Results: Heparin sometimes altered the entire pattern in a dramatic way, sometimes caused changes locally. In buckeyes, the previous heparin study conducted on pupae was compared to injections made at a prepupal stage. In gulf fritillaries, zebra longwings and tawny emperors, the dramatic changes occurred throughout their wings, while in monarchs, changes were restricted to wing margins. Changes achieved in red admirals, show that heparin action is unrelated to the original color. In swallowtails, transformations were restricted to border system, indicating higher levels of stability and compartmentalization of wing patterns. In mulberry leaftier, changes were restricted to the marginal bands. In tiger moths, elongation of black markings led to merging of spots; in the ornate bella moth, it was accompanied by an expansion of the surrounding white bands, and results were compared to the effects of colder temperatures. Conclusions: Using pharmaceutical intervention demonstrates that there are many similarities and some very significant differences in the ways wing patterns are formed in different Lepidoptera lineages. By creating a range of variation one can demonstrate how one pattern can easily evolve into another, aiding in understanding of speciation and adaptation processes.

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Spitzer, Karel, and Josef Jaroš. "Long-term monitoring of moth populations (Lepidoptera) associated with a natural wetland forest: synthesis after 25 years." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1, no. 2 (2009): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498308x414751.

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AbstractTemporal variability of moth abundance was monitored for 28 years (1981-2008) by nightly light trap samples during the growing season in native habitat in the Černiš alder carr (open forested wetland) in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. The results of this long-term inventory are summarized and discussed. The wetland moth community was analysed for species richness and population dynamics (temporal variability of abundance were measured by a coefficient of variation – CV) and evaluated against select ecological parameters. Moth population variability (year to year fluctuation), which is highly species-specific, is a result of complex interactions between bionomic strategies (correlates of “r-K continuum”) and habitat characteristics. High bioindicator and conservation values are characteristic of moths with low values of coefficient of variation associated with vegetation units close to edaphic “climax” in the alder carr wetland. The local and regional dynamics of all moth populations associated with the natural wetland (alder carr) were investigated, and the data obtained are critical for predicting patterns of biodiversity.

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Barclay, Robert M. R., Mary-Anne Dolan, and Alvin Dyck. "The digestive efficiency of insectivorous bats." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-256.

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To analyze foraging strategies and energy budgets, a knowledge of the digestive efficiency of animals is essential. There are no such data for insectivorous bats feeding on natural prey. We fed moths of various sizes to bats of three species, Myotis lucifugus, M. evotis, and M. volans and calculated digestive efficiencies using a micro-bomb calorimeter to measure the energy content of prey, uneaten remains and feces. Bats typically did not consume the legs or wings of the moths, and occasionally also rejected the heads. Despite this, all three species had mean digestive efficiencies between 75 and 78%, significantly lower than that of individuals fed mealworm larvae in this and previous studies (88–90%). There was a significant positive correlation between moth size and digestive efficiency, with small moths (20 mg) being digested at under 75% efficiency. Since most natural prey are even smaller than that and are typically consumed whole (including legs and wings), and many are likely less digestible than moths, we predict that actual digestive efficiencies realized by bats in the field will be under 70%. Variation in the efficiency of digestion of different prey may have significant implications for prey selection by bats. In addition, our results suggest that to meet energy demands, bats must consume greater quantities of prey than was previously estimated, and likely consume more than their own body weight per night during times of high energy demand, such as lactation.

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Cook, L. M., B. S. Grant, I. J. Saccheri, and J. Mallet. "Selective bird predation on the peppered moth: the last experiment of Michael Majerus." Biology Letters 8, no. 4 (February 8, 2012): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1136.

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Colour variation in the peppered moth Biston betularia was long accepted to be under strong natural selection. Melanics were believed to be fitter than pale morphs because of lower predation at daytime resting sites on dark, sooty bark. Melanics became common during the industrial revolution, but since 1970 there has been a rapid reversal, assumed to have been caused by predators selecting against melanics resting on today's less sooty bark. Recently, these classical explanations of melanism were attacked, and there has been general scepticism about birds as selective agents. Experiments and observations were accordingly carried out by Michael Majerus to address perceived weaknesses of earlier work. Unfortunately, he did not live to publish the results, which are analysed and presented here by the authors. Majerus released 4864 moths in his six-year experiment, the largest ever attempted for any similar study. There was strong differential bird predation against melanic peppered moths. Daily selection against melanics ( s ≃ 0.1) was sufficient in magnitude and direction to explain the recent rapid decline of melanism in post-industrial Britain. These data provide the most direct evidence yet to implicate camouflage and bird predation as the overriding explanation for the rise and fall of melanism in moths.

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Sharoy, Alexei A., Andrew M. Liebhold, and E. Anderson Roberts. "Spatial Variation Ainong Counts of Gypsy Moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Pheromone-Baited Traps at Expanding Population Fronts." Environmental Entomology 25, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 1312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/25.6.1312.

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Potocký, Pavel, Alena Bartoňová, Jiří Beneš, Michal Zapletal, and Martin Konvička. "Life-history traits of Central European moths: gradients of variation and their association with rarity and threats." Insect Conservation and Diversity 11, no. 5 (March 6, 2018): 493–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12291.

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Jallow, MFA, and MP Zalucki. "Within- and Between-Population Variation in Host-Plant Preference and Specificity in Australian Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 5 (1996): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960503.

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Using a tethered-insect technique, we investigated within- and between-population variation in the post-alighting host-plant preference and specificity of female Helicoverpa armigera from four populations. No significant difference occurred among populations in host-plant preference. Differences in host-plant preference existed among female moths within a population, and these differences are under genetic control and heritable. Most females ranked maize, sorghum and tobacco highest, followed by cotton varieties DP90 and HG660. The least-preferred plants were cowpea and lucerne. A few females (20%) differed from this general pattern and among each other, and reversed the rank order of host plants. Within a population, individual female moths differed in their host-plant specificity, with some individuals being more generalist than others. Similarly, significant differences occurred in host-plant specificity among populations. The relevance of these findings are discussed in relation to polyphagy in H. armigera.

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Sprengers, Ellen, Erik Matthysen, Stefan Van Dongen, and André Dhondt. "Mate Selection by Male Winter Moths Operophtera Brumata (Lepidoptera, Geometrldae): Adaptive Male Choice or Female Control?" Behaviour 135, no. 1 (1998): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853998793066401.

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AbstractMate choice is an important component of sexual selection. It is expected to evolve if the benefits of choice outweigh the costs. Yet, the relative importance of costs and benefits in the evolution of mate choice remain poorly understood. In this study we present experimental evidence for adaptive mate choice by males, but not females, in the winter moth. In a series of experiments we show that: (a) males have a higher probability of attempting to copulate, and consequently also a higher probability to copulate with a larger, more fecund female; (b) if males are given the choice between two females they are more likely to copulate with the larger female; and (c) females do not seem to show any mate discrimination. A sample of winter moths collected in copula in the field did not show any assortative mating for body size. This is the first demonstration of male choice in a moth species with chemical communication. This choice is possibly based on variation in female pheromone quality and/or quantity. We argue that the relatively higher variation in female quality and the limited number of male matings probably have led to male choosiness despite a strongly male biased operational sex ratio. This is consistent with recent studies indicating that choice and competition may occur more frequently in the same sex than previously thought.

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Wainhouse, D., and M. R. Jukes. "Geographic variation within populations of Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Britain." Bulletin of Entomological Research 87, no. 1 (February 1997): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300036415.

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AbstractGel electrophoresis was used to study isoenzyme variation in Panolis flammea Denis Schiffermüller from a total of eight forest sites in England and Scotland dominated by either Scots or lodgepole pine. Four polymorphic loci (esterase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were examined in adult moths. Most of the genotype frequencies conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. An estimate of standardized gene frequency variance (Fst=0.109 ±0.032) indicated that there was significant genetic differentitation between populations. There was in addition a latitudinal cline in allele frequency at the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus. The possible role of variation between P. flammea populations in contributing to regional differences in pest status is briefly discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Moths – Variation'

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