Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Moths – Variation'

Abstract genital characteristics have peculiar morphological patterns. They show great divergence between species. At the same time, they are assumed to vary little within species by taxonomists who frequently use genital features to delimit species. I studied moth (Lepidoptera) genital size and shape variation within and between species. I also tested hypotheses proposed to explain rapid genital diversification among species. Studies were carried out using traditional distance measurement morphometrics and modern geometric morphometrics. Several moth species were analyzed. d that genital structures show variation that in closely related species may show structural overlap. More surprisingly, the amount of variation in internal genitalia was equal to non-genital traits. These and some other findings are against the predictions of the lock-and-key hypothesis, which suggests that genital differences form a mechanical isolation system between species. Meanwhile, the findings are in good accordance with the various mechanisms of the sexual selection hypothesis. I found that external genital traits express varying amounts of variability. However, both external and internal genitalia consistently show small variation in size so that large individuals have disproportionately small genitalia and vice versa. This finding is consistent with the lock-and-key theory, but also with the cryptic female choice hypothesis. In conclusion, the results suggest that sexual selection plays a major role in genital diversification, but the exact mechanism remained unclear in this study. Some structures in moth genitalia strongly suggest that sexual conflict is present as well. It is possible that several mechanisms of sexual selection are in action simultaneously. dings have implications to insect taxonomy. Genital characters, although often useful, should not be considered superior to other characters because they may vary considerably within species. I have shown that subjective visual evaluation of genital characteristics and a priori assumption of their low variability may easily lead to unsound taxonomic conclusions. Sophisticated morphometric tools are very useful and objective in delimiting sibling species. Geometric morphometrics is particularly useful since it helps to evaluate limits of variation. There are, however, no theoretical grounds to assume that genitalia are not subject to intraspecific geographic variation. Such variation was detected in this study as well. Geographic relationships should therefore be taken into consideration more frequently when delimiting populations into different species.

Le nombre de termes spécialisés croît constamment dans les documents, à un rythme difficile à suivre pour les organismes de normalisation de la terminologie. Les méthodes de construction des lexiques terminologiques bilingues à partir de corpus de textes proposent des solutions. Notre thèse s’inscrit dans cette problématique : la construction de lexiques bilingues à partir de corpus comparables. Les termes composés (les termes contenant plusieurs radicaux, mais un seul mot graphique) constituent un défi pour les applications du traitement automatique des langues. Étant donné leur forme graphique, ils sont souvent traités comme des termes simples, ce qui empêche de capturer leur complexité sémantique. Notre participation à une évaluation d’extraction automatique de termes a permis de vérifier notre hypothèse : les termes composés nécessitent un traitement particulier dans un contexte multilingue. Nous avons proposé une méthode de reconnaissance et de segmentation des termes composés, combinant des caractéristiques dépendantes et indépendantes de la langue. Elle permet d’obtenir des résultats comparables à ceux des méthodes de l’état de l’art, tout en étant validée sur un échantillon de familles de langues varié (germanique, slave, romane) et adaptable au domaine de spécialité (vérifiée sur deux domaines : l’énergie éolienne et le cancer du sein). Nous avons exploité les segmentations produites pour la traduction compositionnelle des termes et pour la détection des variantes syntagmatiques des termes composés dans les textes spécialisés. Ces deux expériences illustrent l’utilité de la segmentation pour la construction des lexiques terminologiques bilingues
The number of specialized terms continuously grows in the documents, at a pace which is difficult to follow for the terminology standardization organizations. The methods of bilingual term lexicon construction from the text corpora provide solutions. Our thesis falls into this topic: bilingual lexicon acquisition from comparable corpora. Compound terms (terms containing several roots, but a single graphical unit) are challenging for natural language processing applications. Given their graphical form, they are often handled in the same manner as single word terms, which prevents from apprehending their semantic complexity. Our involvement in an automatical terminology extraction evaluation allowed us to check our hypothesis: compound terms need a particular processing in a multilingual context. We proposed a method for compound terms recognition and splitting, which combines language-independent and language-specific features. It allowed us to obtain results comparable with those of state-of-the-art methods, while validating on a sample of languages from several families (germanic, slavic, romance languages), and adapting the method to specialized domains (tested on two domains: wind energy and breast cancer). We used the produced segmentations for compositional translation of compound terms, and for their multi-word variant recognition in the specialized texts. These two experiments illustrate that compound splitting is beneficial for the bilingual term lexicon acquisition task

L’oeuvre poétique de Giorgio Caproni (Livourne 1912 – Rome 1990), alors qu’elle connaît un succès grandissant en Italie témoigné par un nombre croissant d’ouvrages lui étant consacrés, demeure relativement méconnue en France. Aussi, notre travail se fixe-t-il l’objectif de présenter et d’analyser la totalité des recueils de Caproni selon une démarche diachronique dans une perspective aussi bien endo qu’exo-textuelle afin de déceler les constantes et les variantes, les influences et les particularités de cette poésie si riche et fertile en ressources et en solutions. La méthode stylistique adoptée, se fonde sur une analyse textuelle à la fois formelle et conceptuelle qui nous conduit à fragmenter le corpus poétique capronien en quatre grandes sections reliées entre elles par le motif de la musique. En effet, l’oeuvre de Giorgio Caproni contient en germes dès les premiers poèmes les idées et les inquiétudes – sortes de thèmes musicaux continuellement variés – qui seront développées et creusées au fil des compositions. Il s’agit de l’accord de la jeunesse insouciante auquel répond en contrepoint celui du brouillard ; l’accord de l’errance et de la solitude ; celui du mythe déclassé et du sentiment de culpabilité ; celui de l’absence et de la quête spirituelle
Although the poetic work of Giorgio Caproni (Leghorn 1912 – Rome 1990) is enjoying an indisputable growing success in Italy judging from the number of publications devoted to it, it is still relatively unknown in France. Therefore, in order to present and analyse the whole collection of poems Caproni published, our work is centred on a diachronic process in an twofold perspective, endotextual as well as exotextual. This allows us to reveal constants and variants, influences and particularities of this poetry, so fertile and rich in resources and solutions. The stylistic method used here is based on a textual analysis both formal and conceptual. This leads us to split up this poetic work in four main sections, linked togheter by the theme of music. In fact, from his first poems, Giorgio Caproni’s work contains the seeds of the ideas and problems he develops and explains all along his pieces of poetry, like variations on some musical themes. Those particular chords concern the light-heartedness of youth and, in counterpoint, the fog ; the wandering and the loneliness ; the downgraded myth and the sense of guilt ; the absence and the spiritual quest

Lorsque les monstres désignent les « électroménagers », la décharge sauvage un « lieu de déchet illicite », quels sont les mécanismes mis en œuvre dans le processus de métaphorisation terminologique? Le déchet peut désigner à l a fois la « matière valorisable » et la « matière à éliminer ». Le déchet devient au fil du t emps, dans les textes de loi au Québec, la matière résiduelle. Ce changement linguistique est-il attribuable à un s ouhait de déconnotation, de rectitude politique? Les nanosondes et nanomachines passent de la série Star Trek aux nanotechnologies. L’énergie solaire et la voiture hybride sont des néologismes référentiels, l’« identité et la nation québécoises » des néologismes conceptuels. Quelles sont les motivations linguistiques et extralinguistiques derrière les variations dans les terminologies et les néoterminologies? Dans cette thèse, nous examinons ces questions. À partir d’une approche socioterminologique, communicationnelle et diachronique, nous avons développé un modèle de la variation terminologique à trois composantes : la variation dénominative, conceptuelle et polysémique. Nous avons également mis à jour la typologie et les notions des néologismes en créant deux nouvelles catégories de néologismes : référentiels et conceptuels. Puis, nous avons approfondi le critère de néologicité et créé quatre types de domaines néologiques. Nous avons pu é tablir des liens importants entre la néologie, la variation terminologique, la métaphorisation terminologique, la polysémisation et les causes de la variation terminologique. Les matières résiduelles (1998-2011), le développement durable (2010-2011), la question entourant le débat sur les accommodements raisonnables au Canada (2007) ainsi que le 400e anniversaire de la ville de Québec (2008) ont été autant de sujets et d’exemples permettant d’illustrer nos idées théoriques. Nous souhaitons que ces modèles puissent servir dans diverses études néologique, terminologique ou l inguistique mono- ou multilingues. Par ailleurs, la description de ces modèles pourra également servir dans l’enseignement de la terminologie.

The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a serious pest of citrus and other crops in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction of the Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) Cryptogran and Cryptex (biopesticides) has proven to be very effective in the control of FCM. However, markedly lower susceptibility of some codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) populations to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M), another granulovirus product used in the control of CM’s in Europe have been reported. Genetic differences between FCM populations in South Africa have also been established. It is therefore possible that differences in the susceptibility of these geographically distinct FCM populations to CrleGV-SA might also exist. To investigate this phenomenon, a benchmark for pathogenecity was established. In continuation of previous work with Cryptogran against the 1st and 5th instar FCM larvae, dose-response relationships were established for all five larval instars of FCM. In surface dose-response bioassays, the LC50 values for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were calculated to be 4.516 x 104, 1.662 x 105 and 2.205 x 106 occlusion bodies (OBs)/ml, respectively. The LC90 values for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were calculated to be 4.287 x 106, 9.992 x 106 and 1.661 x 108 OBs/ml, respectively. Susceptibility to CrleGV-SA was found to decline with larval stage and increase with time of exposure. The protocol was used in guiding bioassays with field collected FCM larvae. Laboratory assays conducted with Cryptogran (at 1.661 x 108 OBs/ml) against field collected FCM larvae from Addo, Kirkwood, Citrusdal and Clanwilliam as well as a standard laboratory colony, showed a significant difference in pathogenecity in only one case. This significant difference was observed between 5th instars from the Addo colony and 5th instars from the other populations. Four geographically distinct FCM colonies from Addo, Citrusdal, Marble Hall and Nelspruit were also established. Since Cryptogran and Cryptex are always targeted against 1st instar FCM larvae in the field, further comparative laboratory assays were conducted with the Addo colony and an old laboratory colony. Cryptogran was significantly more pathogenic than Cryptex against both the Addo and the old colony. However, a high level of heterogeneity was observed in responses within each population.

Many small, numerically abundant animals of low trophic position exhibit polymorphisms for colour and pattern. This variation is assumed to be adaptive and maintained by frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of phenotypes being negatively correlated with their frequency in the population. Noctua pronuba is an abundant moth species of the western Palaearctic and is now established in north eastern America. When the moth is at rest it is apparently cryptically coloured with the visible surfaces polymorphic in colour and pattern. The limitation of this variation to the exposed surfaces of the moth suggests that the variation may be maintained by visual selection by predators. The forewing polymorphism in N.pronuba can be split into three distinct phenotypes: rufous, ochre and silver, with the variation probably controlled by a single locus, with three alleles in a dominance hierarchy. The expression of these alleles is influenced by sex with females lighter in colour than males. The aim of this work was to establish whether natural selection maintains variation in forewing colour and pattern to give a balanced polymorphism, using the null hypothesis that the variation was neutral to selection and non-adaptive. This has been approached by experiment and the analysis of temporal and geographic variation in forewing phenotype frequencies. Background resting experiments failed to show different phenotypes adopting different backgrounds on which to rest but experimental conditions did affect the behaviour of individuals. Selection acting in opposite directions on males and females has been suggested as a mechanism maintaining the forewing polymorphism. Little evidence has been found to substantiate this claim with phenotype frequencies in light trap samples similar in males and females. No systematic changes in phenotype frequencies were observed in an analysis of temporal variation over a twenty-five year period. Only the ochre allele varied significantly but the variation is minimal suggesting that the polymorphism is temporally stable. Geographically there was remarkably little variation in phenotype frequencies with only samples from Finland, Scotland and N.lreland having significantly differentiated phenotype frequencies. A study of polymorphic allozymes suggested that large amounts of gene flow occur in the species. The consequence of this gene flow will be to unite geographically separate populations into one panmictic unit. High levels of gene flow, in conjunction with the local abundance of the species, mean that the effective population size will be large. Previous authors have considered that as crypsis is an adaptive trait, variation in the colour and pattern of a cryptic species must also be adaptive, and maintained by selection. This is not necessarily true, and there may be a number of colour patterns that are equally cryptic in the same habitat. It is hypothesised that the large population size and magnitude of gene flow in N.pronuba gives the forewing polymorphism inherent stability both temporally and geographically, without the need to invoke balancing selection.

Dendroecological methods play a critical role in developing our understanding of forest processes by contributing historical evidence of climate variability and the temporal characteristics of disturbance. We seek to contribute to these methods by developing a research protocol for decoupling radial-growth signatures related to climate, fire, and insect outbreaks in central Oregon. Our methods are based on three independent, crossdated tree-ring data sets: 1) a 545-year tree-ring climate reconstruction, 2) a 550-year fire history, and 3) a 250-year pandora moth outbreak history derived from host (Pinus ponderosa) and non-host (Abies grandis-Abies concolor) tree-ring chronologies. Based on these data, we use visual criteria (marker and signature rings), statistical comparisons, and Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) to identify the timing of growth anomalies and establish the temporal relationships between drought, climate variation (ENSO and PDO), fire events, and pandora moth (Coloradia pandora) outbreaks. Our results show pandora moth outbreaks generally coincide with periods of below-average moisture, whereas fire in central Oregon often follows a period of wetter than average conditions. Fire events in central Oregon appear to be related to shifts in hemispheric climate variability but the relationship between fire and pandora moth outbreaks remains unclear.

Aspergillus fumigatus has long been a focus of research, as it is the cause of the majority of Aspergillus infections. A. fumigatus is widely distributed in the environment and mainly distributed in air as conidia and is the main source of lung infection. A. fumigatus airborne counts were determined monthly during two years from the outside air environment at the University of Manchester campus and compared to total fungal airborne counts. Total fungal airborne counts were strongly seasonally associated with peak counts occurring during the summer months reaching 1,100-1400 CFU m-3and were correlated positively with mean temperature (R2=0.697). In contrast, Aspergillus fumigatus counts were not seasonally associated and gave persistent low levels of between 3-20 CFU m-3and were not correlated with mean temperature. A random selection of Manchester environmental isolates collected over one year along with clinical patient isolates and environmental isolates from the air from Dublin were analysed for genetic diversity using two combined RAPD primers. RAPD analysis revealed that the Manchester environmental isolates represented a genetically diverse population while the clinical isolates were less diverse and formed three major clusters. The Dublin isolates were the least diverse, probably due to their isolation at a single time point. When the pathogenicity of clinical and Dublin isolates were compared with a random selection of Manchester isolates in a wax moth model, as a group, clinical isolates were significantly more pathogenic than environmental isolates. Moreover, when relative pathogenicity of individual isolates was compared, clinical isolates were the most pathogenic, Dublin isolates the least pathogenic and Manchester isolates showed a range of pathogenicities suggesting that selection for the most pathogenic isolates from the environment occurs during patient infection. When the expression of secreted phospholipases in vitro during wax moth larvae of a range of isolates displaying varying degrees of pathogenicity was compared, two phospholipase C genes, AfplcA and AfplcC were strongly correlated with pathogenicity. AfplcC was by far the most highly expressed, however a ΔAfplcC knockout strain did not show attenuated virulence compared to the wild type in wax moth larvae.

Le travail présenté ici propose une étude sociolinguistique d’un corpus oral recueilli récemment, auprès de différents locuteurs en rapport avec les milieux multiculturels et plurilingues, en Île-de-France.Partant de l’hypothèse que la variation (socio)linguistique (et ses locuteurs) reste encore aujourd’hui sous estimée en dépit de l’idéologie du standard, ce travail s’interroge sur les pratiques langagières des locuteurs qui sont significatives, non en tant que formes entièrement à part, mais en tant que formes à part entière de l’environnement socioculturel des locuteurs. Pour ce faire, notre réflexion sur ces formes dites non standard se base sur la proximité communicative entre les protagonistes (Koch & Oesterreicher, 2001) qui partagent des connivences et forment un réseau serré (Eckert, 2006), favorisant l’émergence de variétés linguistiques.L’analyse des unités formelles dans les parlers jeunes ordinaires montre qu’elles sont en constantes dynamiques tant au niveau lexical qu’au niveau sémantique, par lesquelles les locuteurs situent leurs identités. En d’autres mots, des marqueurs d’identités dans lesquels s’inscrivent les représentations sociolinguistiques du sujet se font jour (Mendoza-Denton, 2000)
The following thesis offers a sociolinguistic study of a recently collected oral corpus, from various speakers who belongs to different multicultural and multilingual milieu in Île-de-France.Starting from the hypothesis that the sociolinguistic variation including its speakers remain today undervalued despite of the standards’ ideology. The following research seeks to question the language dialects of the speakers which is very significant, not a as apart dialect practice, but as sociocultural environment dialects of the speakers in its own right. With this in mind, our reflexion about these dialects identified as non-standards, is based on the communicative proximity of the protagonists (Koch & Oesterreicher, 2001) who exchange connivance and constitute a tight network (Eckert, 2006), promoting the linguistic varieties emergence. The analysis of formal unities in basic young dialects shows that the language practice is constantly progressive lexically as well as semantically, through which the speakers situate their identities. In other words, the identity markers in which are inscribed the sociolinguistics representations of the subject are updated (Mendoza-Denton, 2002)

Cette thèse propose une étude quantitative de la variation de l'ordre des constituants en persan avec un intérêt particulier pour l'ordre relatif entre le COD et le COI étant donné son rôle crucial dans les analyses de la structure du SV. Afin de remédier à une lacune empirique dont souffre l’étude de la syntaxe du persan, notre premier objectif est d’évaluer, à partir de données empiriques robustes, l’hypothèse largement admise selon laquelle il existe un ordre relatif canonique dichotomique entre les compléments verbaux, dépendant du marquage différentiel de l'objet (MDO). Notre second objectif, relatif à la linguistique générale et à la typologie, est de contribuer aux débats controversés sur les préférences translinguistiques de l'ordre des mots en étudiant, dans une langue SOV à structure mixte, les effets des facteurs tels que le poids (ou la longueur relative). Les résultats de nos études de corpus et de nos expériences montrent l’inadéquation du critère MDO pour expliquer l’ordre relatif entre le COD et le COI. Cette conclusion nous conduit à réfuter également l’hypothèse de la position syntaxique double de l’objet au profit d’une structure plate pour le SV. De plus, nos données révèlent une préférence « long-avant-court » subordonnée aux facteurs contribuant à la saillance, tels que la définitude, l'animéité et le rôle grammatical. Nous arguons que cette préférence échappe, en partie ou totalement, aux modèles du traitement se fondant sur la distance entre la tête et ses dépendants, alors qu’elle est compatible avec l'hypothèse selon laquelle dans les langues SOV l'accessibilité conceptuelle des constituants longs favorise leur production plus en amont dans la phrase
This thesis proposes a quantitative study of word order variations in Persian, focusing on the relative order between the direct object (DO) and the indirect object (IO). The latter plays a crucial role in the theoretical analyses of the VP, which in the absence of quantitative studies lack solid empirical underpinning. My first goal is to contribute to the study of Persian syntax by providing reliable data in order to evaluate the prevailing hypothesis according to which there exists a dual canonical relative order between the two objects triggered by the Differential Object marking (DOM). My second goal is to contribute to the ongoing debates on word order preferences in general linguistics and typology by bringing in data on an SOV language with mixed head-direction. To this end, I study the effect of factors such as grammatical weight (or relative length), which are claimed to influence the linear order across languages. First, the results of our corpus and experimental studies show that the DOM account of the relative order between the DO and the IO is flawed. Based on this conclusion, I also reject the two object positions hypothesis and plead for a flat structure view of the VP. Second, our data reveal a “long-before-short” preference, which is shown to depend on the effect of salience-enhancing factors such as definiteness, animacy and the grammatical role. I argue that while this preference is, either totally or partially, incompatible with the predictions of processing-oriented dependency-based models, it can be accounted for by production models assuming that the greater conceptual accessibility of longer constituents favors their early position in SOV languages

La culture comportementale du plus grand nombre ne parvient pas à se faire reconnaitre et à s'imposer auprès de la culture savante d'une minorité. Cette culture est appelée par R. GALISSON « partagée» parce que l'immense majorité des natifs la maitrisent. Elle n'est enseignée nulle part, mais acquise, hors de l'école, au cours des événements quotidiens. Cependant, elle est essentielle parce qu'elle sert à la fois: De signe de reconnaissance tacite entre tous les individus qui se réclament de la même identité collective ; De modèle de conditionnement dans les situations grégaires de la vie courante ; D'ingrédient de convivialité, c'est-à-dire de commun dénominateur pour mieux se comprendre et s'accepter. Si cette culture primordiale est acquise par les locuteurs natifs, elle pourrait être apprise par les apprenants étrangers, donc décrite, et enseignée en cours de FLE. Et ce à travers l'étude de certains mots, nommés les mots à Charge Culturelle Partagée où elle se dépose avec prédilection. Ces mots pourraient être inventoriés, définis et consignés dans un dictionnaire dit de culture partagée. Ainsi ce dictionnaire aurait pour objet est de rendre compréhensible à des apprenants étrangers le discours et le comportement général des locuteurs natifs français
The culture of comportment of the majority can 't try to get the confession in the society side by side with the scientific culture. The French linguist R. GALISSON called this culture as "generally accepted", so the majority bearers of language posses il. It is nowhere studied, it is taken outside of school during the process of the daily life. Nevertheless, it is very important because it indicates at the same time: The sign of identify between people who rank themselves among the same society; The model of socio- cultural comportment (the conditional model) in the daily life's situations; The sign of benevolence or, in the other words, the common denominator for the best comprehension and tolerance. If this the most important culture is acquired by the bearers of language during the everyday life, it can be described and studied by the foreign students at the French lessons. Lt takes place thanks to the specific words which carry the vast layer of the "generally accepted" culture. These words must be defioed and entered in the special cultural dictionary, the purpose of which is to facilitate the perception of the socio- cultural component in the discourse and the comportment of the bearers oflanguage for the foreign students

La Colombie est un pays sociolinguistiquement très divers. Soixante-six langues indigènes et plusieurs variétés dialectales d'espagnol font partie du paysage sociolinguistique. Dans les grands centres urbains comme Bogota, Medellin ou Cali, cohabitent non seulement des communautés indigènes minoritaires, mais aussi des populations rurales originaires de différentes régions du pays. Cela crée, dans les grandes villes, des situations de contact linguistique et dialectal qui méritent d'être étudiées dans une perspective sociolinguistique du fait de leurs conséquences linguistiques et identitaires. Dans cette thèse, je me suis intéressé, en particulier, à une communauté indigène quichua originaire de l'Equateur qui s'est installée depuis plus de cinquante ans dans la ville de Cali. Commerçants pour la plupart, les Quichuas de Cali sont dans une situation de contact asymétrique avec la société hispanophone majoritaire. Dans leurs répertoires linguistiques, on trouve la variété d'espagnol andin qu'ils ont apprise en Equateur, le quichua qui est leur langue ancestrale et la variété d'espagnol de Cali qu'ils ont adoptée à leur arrivée dans cette ville. Plus concrètement, dans leurs pratiques langagières, on peut observer des phénomènes de variation comme l'alternance de langues (espagnol-quichua) et des variétés dialectales (espagnol andin-espagnol de Cali), la simplification des systèmes pronominaux et des articles, la variation de l'ordre des constituants syntaxiques et des phénomènes de variation phonétique comme l'aspiration du phonème /S/. Je me suis intéressé en particulier à la variation de l'ordre des constituants dans la variété d'espagnol andin parlée par les Quichuas de Cali. Dans mon corpus de pratiques langagières recueillies in situ lors d'un travail de terrain de type ethnographique, j'ai observé une haute fréquence de constructions syntaxiques de type OV et des énoncés avec un constituant doublé (doubling). En voici quelques exemples : ella amiga noms es (Lit. Elle amie seulement est), ah eso yo no entiende (Lit. Ah cela moi je ne comprends pas) ou encore, ahi yo vivo ahi (Lit. Là-bas j'habite là-bas). Les travaux précédents sur l'espagnol andin (Haboud 1998; Merma Molina 2007; Palacios Alcaine 2013; Pfänder 2009; Muntendam 2009) proposent que ces constructions sont influencées par l'ordre des constituants du quichua (langue de type SOV) ou qu'il s'agit d'un cas de convergence linguistique entre le quichua et l'espagnol. Ils ont également suggéré que les facteurs pragmatiques ou stylistiques (Muysken 1984) peuvent motiver ce type de constructions en espagnol andin. Même si ces explications sont séduisantes, j'ai considéré, suivant le principe de la multicausalité (Thomason 2001; Heine & Kuteva 2005; Aikhenvald 2006), qu'il était nécessaire de chercher des explications plurifactorielles à ce phénomène. Ainsi, dans la perspective de la linguistique du contact et de la linguistique de la variation et du changement, j'ai proposé une analyse plurifactorielle (Chamoreau & Léglise 2013; Léglise 2013) de la variation de l'ordre des constituants dans la variété d'espagnol andin des Quichuas de Cali en partant de deux principes : (1) les phénomènes de contact sont le résultat de l'interaction de différents facteurs à la fois intersystémiques, intrasystémiques et extrasystémiques ; (2) l'interaction des facteurs peut être signifiante dans l'échange conversationnel, dans le sens où elle peut avoir des implications sur les positionnements subjectifs et intersubjectifs des locuteurs (Dubois 2002; Bucholtz & Hall 2005). J'ai donc essayé de montrer comment ces facteurs interagissent entre eux dans les résultats observés. Les résultats des analyses ont montré que la variation de l'ordre des constituants est plus fine que ce que les travaux précédents l'ont suggéré. De plus, il est extrêmement difficile de postuler que les variations de l'ordre des constituants sont produites exclusivement par le contact linguistique et/ou par les stratégies pragmatiques permises par la structure informationnelle de l'espagnol. La haute fréquence des constructions de type OV observée dans mon corpus est le résultat de l'interaction de plusieurs facteurs et le contact agirait comme un « effet boule de neige » (Thomason 2001) qui renforcerait leur productivité en espagnol andin. Enfin, à la lumière d'une analyse séquentielle de la conversation (Auer 1995), j'ai proposé des explications complémentaires qui ont mis en évidence le rôle signifiant que peuvent jouer les énoncés de type OV et doubling dans l'interaction sociale. En effet, ils contribueraient à l'expression de la différence et/ou de la similitude par le biais de positionnements identitaires éphémères des locuteurs lors de la conversation
Colombia is a highly diverse country in sociolinguistic terms. Sixty six indigenous languages and several local varieties of Spanish attest this diversity. Indigenous minority groups as well as rural populations, coming from different regions of the country, converge within the largest urban metropoles such as Bogotà, Medellin or Cali. As a consequence, linguistic and dialectal contact situations emerge, and urge to be studied through a sociolinguistic approach as they may entai) linguistic and identity-related issues In this study, I worked with a Quichuan indigenous group from Equateur. They have lived in Cal for more than fifty years and their main income activity involves selling clothes at the city center. Quichuas in this city live within an asymmetrical contact situation vis-à-vis the Spanish speaking majority group. In their linguistic repertoires we can observe the Andean Spanish variety spoken in Equateur, the Quichuan variety which is their heritage language, and the Cali Spanish variety they adopted when they arrived in the city. In their linguistic social practices, we can particularly observe linguistic variation related phenomena such as codeswitching, dialect-switching, pronominal system and article system simplification, word order variation, anc phonetic variation, i. E. , /s/ phoneme. For this dissertation, I especially focused on variation of word order in the Andean Spanish variety they speak. From a corpus of linguistic social practices gathered in situ during an ethnographic-like fieldwork, I observed a high frequency of syntactic OV constructions and doubling constructions. For example, ella amiga noms es (Lit. She, friend only is), ah eso yo ne entiende (Lit. Ah that I don't understand) or even ahi yo vivo ahi (Lit. There I live there). Previous works on Andean Spanish (Haboud 1998; Merma Molina 2007; Palacios Alcaine 2013;Pfänder 2009; Muntendam 2009) suggest that these constructions are influenced by quichua word order (which is a SOV language), or that we deal with a case of linguistic convergence between Quichua and Spanish. They also suggest that pragmatic or stylistic factors (Muysken 1984) may motivate this kind of syntactic constructions in Andean Spanish. Even if these explanations are seductive, I consider that, following the multicausality principle (Thomason 2001; Heine & Kuteva 2005; Aikhenvald 2006), it is necessary to seek for multifactorial explanations to this phenomenon. In consequence, within a contact linguistic perspective taking into account language variation, I propose a plurifactorial analysis (Chamoreau & Léglise 2013; Léglise 2013) of word order variation in Andean Spanish spoken by Quichuas from Cali. To do this, two principles were followed: (1) contact phenomena are the result of the interaction of different intersystemic, intrasystemic, and extrasystemic factors; (2) the interaction of different factors may be meaningful in conversation for it may have implications on subjective and intersubjective positioning of speakers (Dubois 2002; Bucholtz & Hall 2005). I tried to show how these factors interact with each other producing word order variation. Findings reveal that word order variation is more complex than previous works suggested. In fact, it is extremely difficult to say that variations in word order are produced exclusively by language contact or by pragmatic strategies allowed by Spanish information structure. The high frequency of OV constructions observed in my corpus is the result of the interaction of several factors. Language contact, as one of these factors, may provoke a « snowball effect » (Thomason 2001) which reinforces the high productivity of OV constructions in Andean Spanish. Finally, following a sequential analysis of conversation (Auer 1995), I proposed complementary explanations which highlight the meaningfulole that OV constructions may have in social interaction. They seem to contribute to the expression of difference and/or similarity through ephemeral stances performed by speakers within conversation

La recherche a pour objet la structuration du champ lexical des mots « chance », « fortune », « hasard » et « risque » du XVIIIe au XXIe siècle. Témoin de mutations qu’a connues la civilisation occidentale durant cette période, ce champ, qui se rattache à la notion de fortune / hasard, présente une relative homogénéité sémantique.Les mots (et leurs dérivés) sont étudiés à travers le déploiement, la régulation et la répartition des normes d’usages, non seulement en français hexagonal, mais aussi en français québécois. L’étude se fonde sur l’exploitation de deux types de corpus. D’une part, un corpus d’articles extraits d’une cinquantaine de dictionnaires sert à mettre en évidence la productivité morphosémantique et sémantique de ces unités dans une perspective historique large. D’autre part, un grand ensemble d’énoncés diversifiés permet, par la mise au jour de types de contextes, d’effectuer un suivi diachronique des usages. L’approche continuiste des différences d’usages s’appuie sur une représentation fréquentielle des changements sémantiques.La thèse apporte une contribution à la question de la variation des usages et du changement sémantique, qui ouvre sur plusieurs perspectives. Elle se veut d’abord une réflexion sur la théorie et la méthodologie descriptives, appréhendées à la lumière de l’analyse de la nature et du rôle des corpus. Elle met ensuite en évidence l’importance de la dimension intersubjective dans l’activité de signification, en particulier le rôle déterminant des structures syntagmatiques dans l’établissement de nouveaux usages sémantiques. Enfin, elle permet de mettre en relation le changement sémantique avec les conditions sociohistoriques et les représentations collectives
The present study deals with the way in which the lexical field regrouping the words “chance”, “fortune”, “hazard” and “risqué” has been structured in the French language from the eighteenth century till the present day. Revealing major changes in western societies during this period of time, the field, which corresponds to the linguistic representation of the notion of fortune / hasard, presents a certain coherence.We have examined these words and their derived forms through the display, regulation, and distribution of norms of use, not only in Hexagonal French, but also in Quebec French. Two types of corpora have been analysed. On the one hand, a corpus of articles from around 50 dictionaries has been used to emphasize the lexical and semantic productivity of the different units on a large historical scale. On the other hand, in revealing context types, a set of texts reflecting French language varieties has allowed for carrying out a diachronic analysis of lexical uses. The continuist approach to semantic differences rests upon a frequential representation of semantic changes.The thesis brings a significant contribution to the question of usage variations and semantic change, providing new perspectives. It first deals with theory and methodology of lexical description, considered through the analysis of the nature and the role of corpora. It then evidences the central role of syntagmatic structures in the setting of new semantic uses. The study has finally put into relation semantic changes with their historical background and the collective representations of the time

Gentner (1982) propose que le biais nominal (tendance précoce à produire davantage des noms) est un phénomène universel et tient aux propriétés du système cognitif qui traiterait plus facilement les éléments concrets vs. Abstraits. L’universalité du biais nominal est toutefois remise en cause. D’une part, l’ampleur du biais nominal n’est pas une constante lorsqu’on compare les langues entre elles. D’autre part, des variations d’ampleur du biais nominal semblent dépendre des méthodes de recherche. A propos des variations interlangues, nous nous inscrivons dans une approche fonctionnaliste selon laquelle les propriétés structurelles et statistiques de la langue maternelle influencent le développement langagier. C’est ainsi que nous avons comparé les productions réelles d’enfants arabophones et francophones (20 à 30 mois). Comme attendu, on constate un biais nominal dans les 2 langues, biais qui s’atténue avec l’âge et qui est moins important chez les enfants arabophones. Dans un 2e temps, nous avons montré que la capacité des sujets adultes à repérer les mots d’un langage artificiel dépend de leur position dans les phrases. Concernant l’effet des méthodes de recherche sur le lexique précoce, nous avons trouvé que le biais nominal est plus important dans l’inventaire parental que dans les productions réelles et, dans ces dernières, qu’il est dépendant du contexte d’observation. Ainsi, le lexique précoce est contraint par des propriétés du système cognitif qui interceptent en priorité les éléments les plus saillants du langage. Par ailleurs, les comparaisons interlangues ne peuvent prendre sens qu’à condition de standardiser les méthodes de recherche

Notre étude s'inscrit dans le cadre des études sur la zoonymie dialectale dans une perspective géolinguistique. Le travail que nous proposons s'inspire pour une grande partie des travaux effectués au sein des deux projets géolinguistiques, l'Atlas Linguarum Europae (ALE) et l'Atlas Linguistique Roman (ALiR), dont une des thématiques principales consiste dans l'étude des aspects motivationnels de la zoonymie dialectale. Les désignations animalières qui font l'objet de notre analyse sont issues d'une série d'enquêtes de terrain dans les variétés grecques modernes de l'île de Lesbos. L'analyse de ces données lexicales tient compte d'une approche théorique qui a à l'origine une proposition de Guiraud (1986 [1967]) selon laquelle la motivation sémantique constitue une composante fondamentale du processus de dénomination, son rôle ne cessant pas d'être essentiel au cours de l'évolution lexicale. Dans cette optique, nous considérons que le processus de dénomination rend compte, d'une part, de la nature des choses nommées - ou du moins, les représentations que les locuteurs s'en font - d'autre part, des aspects culturels auxquels celle-ci est liée. Notre propos est centré sur la variation dans l'espace : nous décrivons d'abord les faits lexicaux relevés dans les variétés de Lesbos. Nous tentons ensuite de révéler les aspects motivationnels sous-jacents aux désignations et, en adoptant une démarche comparative, nous mettons en relation les données de l'île de Lesbos avec celles d'autres aires du domaine grec mais également d'autres variétés dialectales d'Europe, le but étant de contribuer au développement d'une typologie des motivations dans le lexique zoonymique européen.

Marqué par l’afflux des emprunts d’origine anglaise jusqu’à « La Révolution tranquille », l’état de la néologie lexicale québécoise reste aujourd’hui à découvrir. C’est dans cette optique que cette étude cherche à situer la néologie lexicale québécoise à partir d’un corpus des mots récents dont l’analyse démontre que la néologie lexicale québécoise connaît des sources d’enrichissement variées et que sa productivité est différente suivant le type, procédé de formation, origine, etc. du néologisme. Afin de mesurer l’efficacité de la néologie lexicale québécoise, elle s’intéresse également à son actualisation, c'est-à-dire, à sa reconnaissance et fréquence d’usage dans la langue à travers un sondage linguistique réalisé au Québec.Ce travail ouvre des perspectives pour une étude comparée des susdits aspects de la néologie lexicale québécoise avec le français de France
Marked by the influx of English borrowings until “The Quiet Revolution”, the state of the lexical neologisms in Quebec French today has yet to be researched. In this context, this study seeks to classify lexical neologisms in Quebec French taken from a corpus of words which was recently analyzed and shows that Quebec lexical neologisms have varied sources of enrichment and their difference in productivity dependent on their type, formation process, origin, etc. In order to measure the effectiveness of lexical neologisms in Quebec French, this paper is also interested in its actualization that is its recognition and frequency of use in the language monitored in a linguistic survey conducted in Quebec.This work provides news perspectives and ideas for a comparative study on the aforementioned aspects of lexical neologisms in Quebec French and the French language of France

La thèse concerne les composés nominaux à premier membre prépositionnel en grec ancien, en particulier le cas du premier membre ἐν°. Elle est constituée par l’analyse morphologique et sémantique d’un large corpus de données, dont le but est de relever les différents procédés de formation des mots, ainsi que leurs évolutions. Les composés à premier membre prépositionnel se distinguent des autres composés par deux caractéristiques : premièrement, ils ne sont pas constitués par deux lexèmes, étant donné qu’une préposition n’est pas un lexème véritable ; deuxièmement, la structure interne n’est pas toujours reconnaissable.Les questions ayant guidé cette recherche sont donc les suivantes : la nature spéciale de ces composés change-t-elle selon les différentes variétés diachroniques et diaphasiques ? Quelles sont les différentes valeurs du premier membre ἐν° dans les différentes catégories des composés ? On examine, avec une grande attention philologique aux contextes d’emploi, les composés attestés dans trois phases synchroniques successives : en premier lieu, dans la poésie épique archaïque ; en deuxième lieu, dans la prose classique du V-IVe siècle (notamment dans les œuvres de Platon et d’Aristote) ; la troisième partie examine les néo-formations de la période qui va de l’époque de Théophraste jusqu’à celle de Nonnos. Dans une quatrième partie on trouve les composés attestés dans les inscriptions arcadiennes, ainsi que quelques anthroponymes. En conclusion, cette étude montre les changements de la valeur du premier membre ἐν° dans les différentes catégories : ἐν° remplit plusieurs fonctions, qui, pourtant, partagent les signes d’une perte progressive de signification
This thesis deals with ancient Greek nominal compounds with a prepositional first member (FM), and in particular the case of the FM ἐν°. I analyse a great amount of words from a morphological and semantical point of view. The pool of words is based on a formal criterion; the goal of the analysis is to outline different processes of compound formation, as well as their evolution. As compared to other compounds, those with a prepositional FM present two special characteristics: first, they are not formed by two lexemes, since prepositions/adverbs are not real lexemes; secondly, their internal structure is not often recognizable. The guide-questions of this research are: does the special nature of prepositional FM compounds change over different diachronic and diaphasic varieties? Moreover, which are the values of the FM ἐν° in the different compound categories? Most of the thesis consists in a thorough analysis of compounds attested in three consecutive synchronic phases: first, in archaic epic poetry, then in classical prose of V-IV century (in particular Plato’s and Aristotle’s works); the third part examines all neo-formations appearing in the long period starting from the age of Theophrastus till the age of Nonnus of Panopolis. A brief fourth part presents compounds attested in Arcadian inscriptions, as well as some anthroponyms. In the conclusions, I point out the changes in the value of the FM ἐν° in the different categories: ἐν° takes on several functions, that, however, share the signs of a progressive loss of meaning
La tesi riguarda i composti nominali a primo membro preposizionale in greco antico, il particolare quelli a primo membro ἐν°. Essa è costituita dall’analisi morfologica e semantica di un vaso corpus di parole; lo scopo dell’analisi è di far emergere i diversi processi di formazione delle parole composto e la loro evoluzione.I composti a primo membro preposizionale si differenziano dagli altri composti per due caratteristiche: in primo luogo, essi non sono costituiti da due lessemi, dato che una preposizione non è un vero e proprio lessema; in secondo luogo, la loro struttura interna non è sempre facilmente riconoscibile.Le domande che guidano la ricerca sono dunque le seguenti: la natura speciale di questi composti cambia a seconda delle varietà diacroniche e diafasiche? Quali sono i valori del primo membro ἐν° nelle diverse categorie di composti?Con attenzione filologica ai contesti d’uso, si esaminano i composti attestati in tre fasi sincroniche successive: in primo luogo, nella poesia epica arcaica; in secondo luogo, nella prosa classica del V-IV secolo a. C. (in particolare, nelle opere di Platone e Aristotele); la terza parte riguarda le neoformazioni apparse nel periodo che va dall’epoca di Teofrasto a quella di Nonno di Panopoli. In una quarta sezione si trovano i composti attestati nelle iscrizioni arcadiche, oltre a qualche antroponimo.In conclusione, la ricerca mostra i mutamenti del valore del primo membro ἐν° nelle diverse categorie: ἐν° assume diverse funzioni, che però condividono i segni di una progressiva perdita di significato

M.Sc.
Imbrasia belina is a well-utilised natural resource in southern Africa. This resource can only be utilised sustainably after a thorough study of its ecology, breeding system and its genetic structures are assessed. The implementing of breeding programmes should be evaluated with well-defined management and conservation controls and regulations. The purpose of this study was to establish the amount of genetic variation and gene flow in two wild populations and the staggered generations of I. be/ina, and to determine which developmental stage should be used for further studies. Gene products of 41 protein-coding loci were analysed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. High levels of polymorphism (42% and 47%) and heterozygosity (0.182 to 0.21 0) were present in all groups. Results from initial studies indicated developmental constraints on the expression of several loci, namely CK, GPO and PEP-S. After further studies with larger sample sizes, it now appears that there are only allozyme and not isozyme differences between the individuals from the various developmental stages. The groups studied exhibit a large amount of variation within, but little differentiation and a large amount of gene flow between them. Results of the study indicate that the genetic diversity of I. be/ina populations is healthy. Thus, sustainable utilisation of the Messina Experimental farm (November/December) group is recommended due to the high heterozygosity and genetic variation in this population.

碩士
長榮大學
醫務管理學系碩士班
101
Objective: This study employed the 360 townships and cities in Taiwan as units to analyze the regional distribution of average medical expenditure per person 6 months before end-of-life (EOL). Subsequently, relevant factors affecting regional variations in EOL medical expenditures were explored. Method: The data sources for this study included the 2003 death statistics collected by the Taiwan Department of Health, as well as ID-linked data from National Health Insurance and Ministry of the Interior. The independent variables comprised regional demographic characteristics (i.e., population ratio constituted by males, the elderly, and the indigenous), urbanization level (i.e., urbanized, emerging, aging, and remote towns), cause-of-death data (i.e., ratios of deaths from cancer, deaths in a medical institution, and deaths in region of residence), and medical supplies and resources (i.e., ratios of physicians, number of hospital beds, and number of intensive care units per thousand people). Average medical expenditure 6 months before death for each region was established as the dependent variable. After adjusting using the EOL expenditure index(EOL-EI), the expenditures were categorized into five groups. This categorization reflects differing variables and the regional distribution of EOL medical expenditures. Finally, a regression analysis was used to study relevant factors affecting regional variations in EOL medical expenditures. Result: The adjusted average regional medical expenditure per person 6 months before EOL was NT$205,479, and the coefficient of variation was 0.15. Jinfeng Township of Taitung County exhibited the highest EOL expenditure (NT$287,983), and Lanyu Township of Taitung County had the lowest (NT$83,915). Consequently, the highest regional expenditure was 3.43 times the lowest regional expenditure. The overall explanatory power of the regional variable regarding the average regional III EOL expenditure 6 months before death was 27.81% (p < 0.0001). Among the variables, ratios of male population, deaths from cancer, deaths in region of residence, physicians per thousand people, and number of intensive care units per thousand people

碩士
長榮大學
醫務管理學系(所)
101
Objective: This study employed the 360 townships and cities in Taiwan as units to analyze the regional distribution of average medical expenditure per person 6 months before end-of-life (EOL). Subsequently, relevant factors affecting regional variations in EOL medical expenditures were explored. Method: The data sources for this study included the 2003 death statistics collected by the Taiwan Department of Health, as well as ID-linked data from National Health Insurance and Ministry of the Interior. The independent variables comprised regional demographic characteristics (i.e., population ratio constituted by males, the elderly, and the indigenous), urbanization level (i.e., urbanized, emerging, aging, and remote towns), cause-of-death data (i.e., ratios of deaths from cancer, deaths in a medical institution, and deaths in region of residence), and medical supplies and resources (i.e., ratios of physicians, number of hospital beds, and number of intensive care units per thousand people). Average medical expenditure 6 months before death for each region was established as the dependent variable. After adjusting using the EOL expenditure index (EOL-EI), the expenditures were categorized into five groups. This categorization reflects differing variables and the regional distribution of EOL medical expenditures. Finally, a regression analysis was used to study relevant factors affecting regional variations in EOL medical expenditures. Result: The adjusted average regional medical expenditure per person 6 months before EOL was NT$226,931, and the coefficient of variation was 0.16. Wulai Township of Taipei County exhibited the highest EOL expenditure (NT$372,958), and Lanyu Township of Taitung County had the lowest (NT$85,044). Consequently, the highest regional expenditure was 4.4 times the lowest regional expenditure. The overall explanatory power of the regional variable regarding the average regional EOL expenditure 6 months before death was 31.39% (p < 0.0001). Among the variables, ratios of male population, deaths from cancer, deaths in region of residence, physicians per thousand people, and number of intensive care units per thousand people were the primary factors affecting average regional EOL medical expenditures 6 months before death. Conclusion: Taiwan’s average medical expenditures 6 months before EOL display significant regional variations. Regional medical care resources and medical care utilization modes both affect regional EOL medical expenditures. This study recommends decreasing the utilization rate of urgent care services and further focusing on the effective allocation of regional resources to reduce regional variations in EOL medical expenditures. Keywords: regional variation, end-of-life (EOL) medical expenditure, medical supplies and resources

碩士
國立中興大學
畜產學系
87
The purposes of this study were conducted to investigate the relationships of the somatic cell counts (SCC), electrical conductivities (EC) and milk serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the quarter milk and the effects of parity, stage of lactation, different quarter, infected and uninfected status on SCC, EC and LDH activities. The experiment was starting from December 1998 to May 1999. Milk samples were collected weekly from different quarter of 10 Holstein cows in the morning and afternoon milking from calving to three months of postparturient period. Milk samples were stored at 4℃for cell counting, EC and LDH activities analyses. There were significant correlation between the EC and SCC, LDH activities and SCC, LDH isoenyzmes activities and SCC. The correlation coefficient of SCC with EC were 0.2, while the correlation coefficient of SCC with the activities of LDH, LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, LDH 4 and LDH5 in milk were 0.5, -0.54, 0.49, 0.41, 0.48 and 0.36 respectively. EC increased with the lactation progressed. SCC and LDH activities in milk were highly significant increased (P<0.01) shortly after calving, then rapidly declined to a nadir at second week of postpartum period. In SCC<50104cells/ml group, SCC and LDH activities in milk maintained at 3.5104cells/ml to 13.5104cells/ml and 47.04IU/ml to 111.05IU/ml respectively. In SCC50104cells/ml group, SCC and LDH activities maintained at 100.2104cells/ml to 164.0104cells/ml and 85.15IU/ml to 143.27IU/ml respectively. SCC and LDH activities in foremilk were not affected by milking time, but EC of foremilk samples from morning milking were significant higher (P<0.01) than those of afternoon. In healthy cows, SCC, EC and LDH activities in milk from each quarter were similar. However, if one or more quarters were infected, then the SCC, EC and LDH activities in milk of infected quarter were higher than those of noninfected quarter. SCC, EC and the activities of LDH in milk were not affected by the parity. EC in milk was also not affected by the colonies of bacteria, but SCC and LDH activities in milk were significantly higher (P<0.01) when the colonies of bacteria were over forty.