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Academic literature on the topic 'Moths – Variation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Moths – Variation"

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Betzholtz, P. E., M. Franzén, and A. Forsman. "Colour pattern variation can inform about extinction risk in moths." Animal Conservation 20, no. 1 (June 2, 2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12287.

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Mata, Vanessa A., Francisco Amorim, Martin F. V. Corley, Gary F. McCracken, Hugo Rebelo, and Pedro Beja. "Female dietary bias towards large migratory moths in the European free-tailed bat ( Tadarida teniotis )." Biology Letters 12, no. 3 (March 2016): 20150988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0988.

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In bats, sexual segregation has been described in relation to differential use of roosting and foraging habitats. It is possible that variation may also exist between genders in the use of different prey types. However, until recently this idea was difficult to test owing to poorly resolved taxonomy of dietary studies. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing to describe gender-related variation in diet composition of the European free-tailed bat ( Tadarida teniotis ), while controlling for effects of age and season. We analysed guano pellets collected from 143 individuals mist-netted from April to October 2012 and 2013, in northeast Portugal. Moths (Lepidoptera; mainly Noctuidae and Geometridae) were by far the most frequently recorded prey, occurring in nearly all samples and accounting for 96 out of 115 prey taxa. There were significant dietary differences between males and females, irrespective of age and season. Compared to males, females tended to consume larger moths and more moths of migratory behaviour (e.g. Autographa gamma ). Our study provides the first example of gender-related dietary variation in bats, illustrating the value of novel molecular tools for revealing intraspecific variation in food resource use in bats and other insectivores.
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Löfstedt, Christer. "Population variation and genetic control of pheromone communication systems in moths." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 54, no. 3 (March 1990): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1990.tb01331.x.

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Bogdanowicz, S. M., P. W. Schaefer, and R. G. Harrison. "Mitochondrial DNA Variation among Worldwide Populations of Gypsy Moths, Lymantria dispar." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15, no. 3 (June 2000): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1999.0744.

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Kivelä, Sami M., Panu Välimäki, David Carrasco, Maarit I. Mäenpää, and Satu Mänttäri. "Geographic variation in resource allocation to the abdomen in geometrid moths." Naturwissenschaften 99, no. 8 (July 15, 2012): 607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-012-0940-2.

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McGeachie, W. J. "The effects of moonlight illuminance, temperature and wind speed on light-trap catches of moths." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 2 (June 1989): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018162.

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AbstractA Robinson 125-W mercury-vapour light-trap was operated at an exposed site near Cranfield aerodrome, south-eastern England. The effects of moon-light, temperature and wind speed on light-trap catch were investigated. The dependent variable, In (catch +1), was compared with the independent variables moonlight illuminance, air temperature and wind speed, using multiple regression analysis. An algorithm was developed and used to estimate moonlight illuminance. Increases in mean illuminance and mean wind speed were associated with a decreased light-trap catch. Increases in mean temperature were associated with an increased catch. When the moth catch was broken down into individual families and species, other trends became apparent. Catches of noctuid moths were unaffected by variation in mean illuminance, although they were influenced by variation in mean temperature and mean wind speed. On the other hand, catches of crambine moths were very sensitive to fluctuations in mean illuminance and mean wind speed although unaffected by changes in mean temperature. The multiple regression equations were used to predict future light-trap catches. The correlations between observed and predicted In (catch +1) for (a) all moths, (b) noctuid moths and (c) crambine moths, were very good. It is suggested that the observed moonlight trend for crambine moths is a consequence of changing behaviour as moonlight illuminance changes rather than the alternative of changing light-trap effectiveness.
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Forsman, Anders, Per-Eric Betzholtz, and Markus Franzén. "Variable coloration is associated with dampened population fluctuations in noctuid moths." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1808 (June 7, 2015): 20142922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2922.

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Theory and recent reviews state that greater genetic and phenotypic variation should be beneficial for population abundance and stability. Experimental evaluations of this prediction are rare, of short duration and conducted under controlled environmental settings. The question whether greater diversity in functionally important traits stabilizes populations under more complex ecological conditions in the wild has not been systematically evaluated. Moths are mainly nocturnal, with a large variation in colour patterns among species, and constitute an important food source for many types of organisms. Here, we report the results of a long-term (2003–2013) monitoring study of 115 100 noctuid moths from 246 species. Analysis of time-series data provide rare evidence that species with higher levels of inter-individual variation in colour pattern have higher average abundances and undergo smaller between-year fluctuations compared with species having less variable colour patterns. The signature of interspecific temporal synchronization of abundance fluctuations was weak, suggesting that the dynamics were driven by species-specific biotic interactions rather than by some common, density-independent factor(s). We conclude that individual variation in colour patterns dampens population abundance fluctuations, and suggest that this may partly reflect that colour pattern polymorphism provides protection from visually oriented predators and parasitoids.
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ter Hofstede, Hannah M., John M. Ratcliffe, and James H. Fullard. "Nocturnal activity positively correlated with auditory sensitivity in noctuoid moths." Biology Letters 4, no. 3 (March 4, 2008): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0617.

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We investigated the relationship between predator detection threshold and antipredator behaviour in noctuoid moths. Moths with ears sensitive to the echolocation calls of insectivorous bats use avoidance manoeuvres in flight to evade these predators. Earless moths generally fly less than eared species as a primary defence against predation by bats. For eared moths, however, there is interspecific variation in auditory sensitivity. At the species level, and when controlling for shared evolutionary history, nocturnal flight time and auditory sensitivity were positively correlated in moths, a relationship that most likely reflects selection pressure from aerial-hawking bats. We suggest that species-specific differences in the detection of predator cues are important but often overlooked factors in the evolution and maintenance of antipredator behaviour.
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Bogdanowicz, S. M., V. C. Mastro, D. C. Prasher, and R. G. Harrison. "Microsatellite DNA Variation among Asian and North American Gypsy Moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/90.6.768.

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Takanashi, Takuma, Ryo Nakano, Annemarie Surlykke, Haruki Tatsuta, Jun Tabata, Yukio Ishikawa, and Niels Skals. "Variation in Courtship Ultrasounds of Three Ostrinia Moths with Different Sex Pheromones." PLoS ONE 5, no. 10 (October 4, 2010): e13144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013144.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Moths – Variation"

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Mutanen, M. (Marko). "Genital variation in moths—evolutionary and systematic perspectives." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2006. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514280849.

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Abstract genital characteristics have peculiar morphological patterns. They show great divergence between species. At the same time, they are assumed to vary little within species by taxonomists who frequently use genital features to delimit species. I studied moth (Lepidoptera) genital size and shape variation within and between species. I also tested hypotheses proposed to explain rapid genital diversification among species. Studies were carried out using traditional distance measurement morphometrics and modern geometric morphometrics. Several moth species were analyzed. d that genital structures show variation that in closely related species may show structural overlap. More surprisingly, the amount of variation in internal genitalia was equal to non-genital traits. These and some other findings are against the predictions of the lock-and-key hypothesis, which suggests that genital differences form a mechanical isolation system between species. Meanwhile, the findings are in good accordance with the various mechanisms of the sexual selection hypothesis. I found that external genital traits express varying amounts of variability. However, both external and internal genitalia consistently show small variation in size so that large individuals have disproportionately small genitalia and vice versa. This finding is consistent with the lock-and-key theory, but also with the cryptic female choice hypothesis. In conclusion, the results suggest that sexual selection plays a major role in genital diversification, but the exact mechanism remained unclear in this study. Some structures in moth genitalia strongly suggest that sexual conflict is present as well. It is possible that several mechanisms of sexual selection are in action simultaneously. dings have implications to insect taxonomy. Genital characters, although often useful, should not be considered superior to other characters because they may vary considerably within species. I have shown that subjective visual evaluation of genital characteristics and a priori assumption of their low variability may easily lead to unsound taxonomic conclusions. Sophisticated morphometric tools are very useful and objective in delimiting sibling species. Geometric morphometrics is particularly useful since it helps to evaluate limits of variation. There are, however, no theoretical grounds to assume that genitalia are not subject to intraspecific geographic variation. Such variation was detected in this study as well. Geographic relationships should therefore be taken into consideration more frequently when delimiting populations into different species.
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Loginova, Clouet Elizaveta. "Traitement automatique des termes composés : segmentation, traduction et variation." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=f9a1d95c-ba61-4322-96a9-ffda96d82504.

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Le nombre de termes spécialisés croît constamment dans les documents, à un rythme difficile à suivre pour les organismes de normalisation de la terminologie. Les méthodes de construction des lexiques terminologiques bilingues à partir de corpus de textes proposent des solutions. Notre thèse s’inscrit dans cette problématique : la construction de lexiques bilingues à partir de corpus comparables. Les termes composés (les termes contenant plusieurs radicaux, mais un seul mot graphique) constituent un défi pour les applications du traitement automatique des langues. Étant donné leur forme graphique, ils sont souvent traités comme des termes simples, ce qui empêche de capturer leur complexité sémantique. Notre participation à une évaluation d’extraction automatique de termes a permis de vérifier notre hypothèse : les termes composés nécessitent un traitement particulier dans un contexte multilingue. Nous avons proposé une méthode de reconnaissance et de segmentation des termes composés, combinant des caractéristiques dépendantes et indépendantes de la langue. Elle permet d’obtenir des résultats comparables à ceux des méthodes de l’état de l’art, tout en étant validée sur un échantillon de familles de langues varié (germanique, slave, romane) et adaptable au domaine de spécialité (vérifiée sur deux domaines : l’énergie éolienne et le cancer du sein). Nous avons exploité les segmentations produites pour la traduction compositionnelle des termes et pour la détection des variantes syntagmatiques des termes composés dans les textes spécialisés. Ces deux expériences illustrent l’utilité de la segmentation pour la construction des lexiques terminologiques bilingues
The number of specialized terms continuously grows in the documents, at a pace which is difficult to follow for the terminology standardization organizations. The methods of bilingual term lexicon construction from the text corpora provide solutions. Our thesis falls into this topic: bilingual lexicon acquisition from comparable corpora. Compound terms (terms containing several roots, but a single graphical unit) are challenging for natural language processing applications. Given their graphical form, they are often handled in the same manner as single word terms, which prevents from apprehending their semantic complexity. Our involvement in an automatical terminology extraction evaluation allowed us to check our hypothesis: compound terms need a particular processing in a multilingual context. We proposed a method for compound terms recognition and splitting, which combines language-independent and language-specific features. It allowed us to obtain results comparable with those of state-of-the-art methods, while validating on a sample of languages from several families (germanic, slavic, romance languages), and adapting the method to specialized domains (tested on two domains: wind energy and breast cancer). We used the produced segmentations for compositional translation of compound terms, and for their multi-word variant recognition in the specialized texts. These two experiments illustrate that compound splitting is beneficial for the bilingual term lexicon acquisition task
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Guy, Salomée. "Pas, les mots-N et la variation en québécois dans une grammaire minimaliste." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq21765.pdf.

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Chionne, Iris. "La variation thématique ou la symphonie des mots : l’oeuvre poétique de Giorgio Caprioni (1912-1990)." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040212.

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L’oeuvre poétique de Giorgio Caproni (Livourne 1912 – Rome 1990), alors qu’elle connaît un succès grandissant en Italie témoigné par un nombre croissant d’ouvrages lui étant consacrés, demeure relativement méconnue en France. Aussi, notre travail se fixe-t-il l’objectif de présenter et d’analyser la totalité des recueils de Caproni selon une démarche diachronique dans une perspective aussi bien endo qu’exo-textuelle afin de déceler les constantes et les variantes, les influences et les particularités de cette poésie si riche et fertile en ressources et en solutions. La méthode stylistique adoptée, se fonde sur une analyse textuelle à la fois formelle et conceptuelle qui nous conduit à fragmenter le corpus poétique capronien en quatre grandes sections reliées entre elles par le motif de la musique. En effet, l’oeuvre de Giorgio Caproni contient en germes dès les premiers poèmes les idées et les inquiétudes – sortes de thèmes musicaux continuellement variés – qui seront développées et creusées au fil des compositions. Il s’agit de l’accord de la jeunesse insouciante auquel répond en contrepoint celui du brouillard ; l’accord de l’errance et de la solitude ; celui du mythe déclassé et du sentiment de culpabilité ; celui de l’absence et de la quête spirituelle
Although the poetic work of Giorgio Caproni (Leghorn 1912 – Rome 1990) is enjoying an indisputable growing success in Italy judging from the number of publications devoted to it, it is still relatively unknown in France. Therefore, in order to present and analyse the whole collection of poems Caproni published, our work is centred on a diachronic process in an twofold perspective, endotextual as well as exotextual. This allows us to reveal constants and variants, influences and particularities of this poetry, so fertile and rich in resources and solutions. The stylistic method used here is based on a textual analysis both formal and conceptual. This leads us to split up this poetic work in four main sections, linked togheter by the theme of music. In fact, from his first poems, Giorgio Caproni’s work contains the seeds of the ideas and problems he develops and explains all along his pieces of poetry, like variations on some musical themes. Those particular chords concern the light-heartedness of youth and, in counterpoint, the fog ; the wandering and the loneliness ; the downgraded myth and the sense of guilt ; the absence and the spiritual quest
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Thomas, Anna Mair. "Cultural variations in mother-infant interactions during feeding : a prospective study from birth to six months." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392394.

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Pelletier, Julie. "La variation terminologique : un modèle à trois composantes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28430/28430.pdf.

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Lorsque les monstres désignent les « électroménagers », la décharge sauvage un « lieu de déchet illicite », quels sont les mécanismes mis en œuvre dans le processus de métaphorisation terminologique? Le déchet peut désigner à l a fois la « matière valorisable » et la « matière à éliminer ». Le déchet devient au fil du t emps, dans les textes de loi au Québec, la matière résiduelle. Ce changement linguistique est-il attribuable à un s ouhait de déconnotation, de rectitude politique? Les nanosondes et nanomachines passent de la série Star Trek aux nanotechnologies. L’énergie solaire et la voiture hybride sont des néologismes référentiels, l’« identité et la nation québécoises » des néologismes conceptuels. Quelles sont les motivations linguistiques et extralinguistiques derrière les variations dans les terminologies et les néoterminologies? Dans cette thèse, nous examinons ces questions. À partir d’une approche socioterminologique, communicationnelle et diachronique, nous avons développé un modèle de la variation terminologique à trois composantes : la variation dénominative, conceptuelle et polysémique. Nous avons également mis à jour la typologie et les notions des néologismes en créant deux nouvelles catégories de néologismes : référentiels et conceptuels. Puis, nous avons approfondi le critère de néologicité et créé quatre types de domaines néologiques. Nous avons pu é tablir des liens importants entre la néologie, la variation terminologique, la métaphorisation terminologique, la polysémisation et les causes de la variation terminologique. Les matières résiduelles (1998-2011), le développement durable (2010-2011), la question entourant le débat sur les accommodements raisonnables au Canada (2007) ainsi que le 400e anniversaire de la ville de Québec (2008) ont été autant de sujets et d’exemples permettant d’illustrer nos idées théoriques. Nous souhaitons que ces modèles puissent servir dans diverses études néologique, terminologique ou l inguistique mono- ou multilingues. Par ailleurs, la description de ces modèles pourra également servir dans l’enseignement de la terminologie.
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Opoku-Debrah, John Kwadwo. "Geographic variation in the susceptibility of false colding Moth, Thaumatotibia Leucotreta, populations to a granulovirus (CrleGV-SA)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/984.

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The false codling moth (FCM), Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a serious pest of citrus and other crops in Sub-Saharan Africa. The introduction of the Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus (CrleGV-SA) Cryptogran and Cryptex (biopesticides) has proven to be very effective in the control of FCM. However, markedly lower susceptibility of some codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.) populations to Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV-M), another granulovirus product used in the control of CM’s in Europe have been reported. Genetic differences between FCM populations in South Africa have also been established. It is therefore possible that differences in the susceptibility of these geographically distinct FCM populations to CrleGV-SA might also exist. To investigate this phenomenon, a benchmark for pathogenecity was established. In continuation of previous work with Cryptogran against the 1st and 5th instar FCM larvae, dose-response relationships were established for all five larval instars of FCM. In surface dose-response bioassays, the LC50 values for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were calculated to be 4.516 x 104, 1.662 x 105 and 2.205 x 106 occlusion bodies (OBs)/ml, respectively. The LC90 values for the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars were calculated to be 4.287 x 106, 9.992 x 106 and 1.661 x 108 OBs/ml, respectively. Susceptibility to CrleGV-SA was found to decline with larval stage and increase with time of exposure. The protocol was used in guiding bioassays with field collected FCM larvae. Laboratory assays conducted with Cryptogran (at 1.661 x 108 OBs/ml) against field collected FCM larvae from Addo, Kirkwood, Citrusdal and Clanwilliam as well as a standard laboratory colony, showed a significant difference in pathogenecity in only one case. This significant difference was observed between 5th instars from the Addo colony and 5th instars from the other populations. Four geographically distinct FCM colonies from Addo, Citrusdal, Marble Hall and Nelspruit were also established. Since Cryptogran and Cryptex are always targeted against 1st instar FCM larvae in the field, further comparative laboratory assays were conducted with the Addo colony and an old laboratory colony. Cryptogran was significantly more pathogenic than Cryptex against both the Addo and the old colony. However, a high level of heterogeneity was observed in responses within each population.
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Hammond, Rob. "Geographical and temporal variation of biochemical and colour-pattern polymorphisms in the European moth, Noctua pronuba (L.)." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1994. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/12feb164-d4fa-49d0-b7f9-9d84aa604634/1/.

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Many small, numerically abundant animals of low trophic position exhibit polymorphisms for colour and pattern. This variation is assumed to be adaptive and maintained by frequency-dependent selection, the fitness of phenotypes being negatively correlated with their frequency in the population. Noctua pronuba is an abundant moth species of the western Palaearctic and is now established in north eastern America. When the moth is at rest it is apparently cryptically coloured with the visible surfaces polymorphic in colour and pattern. The limitation of this variation to the exposed surfaces of the moth suggests that the variation may be maintained by visual selection by predators. The forewing polymorphism in N.pronuba can be split into three distinct phenotypes: rufous, ochre and silver, with the variation probably controlled by a single locus, with three alleles in a dominance hierarchy. The expression of these alleles is influenced by sex with females lighter in colour than males. The aim of this work was to establish whether natural selection maintains variation in forewing colour and pattern to give a balanced polymorphism, using the null hypothesis that the variation was neutral to selection and non-adaptive. This has been approached by experiment and the analysis of temporal and geographic variation in forewing phenotype frequencies. Background resting experiments failed to show different phenotypes adopting different backgrounds on which to rest but experimental conditions did affect the behaviour of individuals. Selection acting in opposite directions on males and females has been suggested as a mechanism maintaining the forewing polymorphism. Little evidence has been found to substantiate this claim with phenotype frequencies in light trap samples similar in males and females. No systematic changes in phenotype frequencies were observed in an analysis of temporal variation over a twenty-five year period. Only the ochre allele varied significantly but the variation is minimal suggesting that the polymorphism is temporally stable. Geographically there was remarkably little variation in phenotype frequencies with only samples from Finland, Scotland and N.lreland having significantly differentiated phenotype frequencies. A study of polymorphic allozymes suggested that large amounts of gene flow occur in the species. The consequence of this gene flow will be to unite geographically separate populations into one panmictic unit. High levels of gene flow, in conjunction with the local abundance of the species, mean that the effective population size will be large. Previous authors have considered that as crypsis is an adaptive trait, variation in the colour and pattern of a cryptic species must also be adaptive, and maintained by selection. This is not necessarily true, and there may be a number of colour patterns that are equally cryptic in the same habitat. It is hypothesised that the large population size and magnitude of gene flow in N.pronuba gives the forewing polymorphism inherent stability both temporally and geographically, without the need to invoke balancing selection.
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Pohl, Kelly A., Keith S. Hadley, and Karen B. Arabas. "Decoupling Tree-Ring Signatures of Climate Variation, Fire, and Insect Outbreaks in Central Oregon." Tree-Ring Society, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/262623.

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Dendroecological methods play a critical role in developing our understanding of forest processes by contributing historical evidence of climate variability and the temporal characteristics of disturbance. We seek to contribute to these methods by developing a research protocol for decoupling radial-growth signatures related to climate, fire, and insect outbreaks in central Oregon. Our methods are based on three independent, crossdated tree-ring data sets: 1) a 545-year tree-ring climate reconstruction, 2) a 550-year fire history, and 3) a 250-year pandora moth outbreak history derived from host (Pinus ponderosa) and non-host (Abies grandis-Abies concolor) tree-ring chronologies. Based on these data, we use visual criteria (marker and signature rings), statistical comparisons, and Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) to identify the timing of growth anomalies and establish the temporal relationships between drought, climate variation (ENSO and PDO), fire events, and pandora moth (Coloradia pandora) outbreaks. Our results show pandora moth outbreaks generally coincide with periods of below-average moisture, whereas fire in central Oregon often follows a period of wetter than average conditions. Fire events in central Oregon appear to be related to shifts in hemispheric climate variability but the relationship between fire and pandora moth outbreaks remains unclear.
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Alshareef, Fadwa. "Genetic and virulence variation of the population of environmental and clinical isolates of the pathogenic Aspergillus fumigatus." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/genetic-and-virulence-variation-of-the-population-of-environmental-and-clinical-isolates-of-the-pathogenic-aspergillus-fumigatus(556afc33-5107-4a87-8e1e-4164f561632f).html.

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Aspergillus fumigatus has long been a focus of research, as it is the cause of the majority of Aspergillus infections. A. fumigatus is widely distributed in the environment and mainly distributed in air as conidia and is the main source of lung infection. A. fumigatus airborne counts were determined monthly during two years from the outside air environment at the University of Manchester campus and compared to total fungal airborne counts. Total fungal airborne counts were strongly seasonally associated with peak counts occurring during the summer months reaching 1,100-1400 CFU m-3and were correlated positively with mean temperature (R2=0.697). In contrast, Aspergillus fumigatus counts were not seasonally associated and gave persistent low levels of between 3-20 CFU m-3and were not correlated with mean temperature. A random selection of Manchester environmental isolates collected over one year along with clinical patient isolates and environmental isolates from the air from Dublin were analysed for genetic diversity using two combined RAPD primers. RAPD analysis revealed that the Manchester environmental isolates represented a genetically diverse population while the clinical isolates were less diverse and formed three major clusters. The Dublin isolates were the least diverse, probably due to their isolation at a single time point. When the pathogenicity of clinical and Dublin isolates were compared with a random selection of Manchester isolates in a wax moth model, as a group, clinical isolates were significantly more pathogenic than environmental isolates. Moreover, when relative pathogenicity of individual isolates was compared, clinical isolates were the most pathogenic, Dublin isolates the least pathogenic and Manchester isolates showed a range of pathogenicities suggesting that selection for the most pathogenic isolates from the environment occurs during patient infection. When the expression of secreted phospholipases in vitro during wax moth larvae of a range of isolates displaying varying degrees of pathogenicity was compared, two phospholipase C genes, AfplcA and AfplcC were strongly correlated with pathogenicity. AfplcC was by far the most highly expressed, however a ΔAfplcC knockout strain did not show attenuated virulence compared to the wild type in wax moth larvae.
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Books on the topic "Moths – Variation"

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Keena, Melody A. Effects of laboratory rearing on gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Radnor, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1994.

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Wolf, Marco. J'te raconte pas--: Les mots ont-ils encore un sens. Paris: Balland, 2003.

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Kristine, Bentzen, Westergaard, Marit R. (Marit Richardsen), and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Variation in the Input: Studies in the Acquisition of Word Order. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2010.

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Fall, Khadiyatoulah. Énonciation et forme du sens: Identité lexicale et variations sémantiques des mots manger, aimer et raison. [Québec]: Presses de l'Université Laval, 2002.

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E, Wickman Boyd. Seasonal variation of degree-day accumulation in relation to phenology of western spruce budworm, Douglas-fir tussock moth, and host trees in northeastern Oregon. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1988.

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Thierry, Leguay, ed. Saute paillasse: Les sens cachés des mots de la langue française. Paris: Larousse, 2004.

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Out of the mouths of slaves: African American language and educational malpractice. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.

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Senecal, Anna C. Variations in physical habitat features and small fish assemblages during the summer months in the Powder River, Wyoming: Report of preliminary field season, summer 2007. Laramie, Wyo: U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, 2007.

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Choi, Hye-Won. Optimizing structure in context: Scrambling and information structure. Stanford, Calif: CSLI Publications, 1999.

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Ontario. Esquisse de cours 12e année: Danse atc4m cours préuniversitaire. Vanier, Ont: CFORP, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Moths – Variation"

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Morgan, Michael B., and John R. Hamill. "Histology with Regional and Ethnic Variation." In Atlas of Mohs and Frozen Section Cutaneous Pathology, 17–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74847-4_3.

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Morgan, Michael B., and John R. Hamill. "Histology with Regional and Ethnic Variation." In Atlas of Mohs and Frozen Section Cutaneous Pathology, 17–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84800-6_3.

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Karunananda, Dayani, Ramya Ranathunga, and Wathsala Abeysinghe. "60Co gamma irradiation-induced mutation in vegetatively propagated Philodendron erubescens 'Gold'." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 386–98. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0040.

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Abstract Philodendron erubescens 'Gold', an ornamental plant and a popular climber with brilliant greenish yellow leaves, is used in indoor gardening and landscaping. It is commonly propagated through vegetative cuttings, thus incorporation of new traits through conventional breeding is impracticable. As commercial floriculture always demands novel varieties, this study was carried out to induce mutation in P. erubescens 'Gold' leaves using gamma- ray irradiation. Rooted cuttings (n = 200) of P. erubescens 'Gold' were subjected to 70 Gy, 100 Gy and 150 Gy gamma-rays and recovered on a propagator. Surviving shoots were transferred to pots. Regenerated shoots were multiplied vegetatively and ten M1 lines were maintained as M1-1 to M1-10 for 12 generations (M1V12) to evaluate growth and morphological variations along with their genetic stability. Of all 70 Gy and 100 Gy treated cuttings, 24 and two, respectively, survived after 6 months. Most of the irradiated plants had lost regeneration ability except for two M1 plants, which also showed comparatively reduced growth (one leaf in 45 days). Only one regenerated M1 plant showed morphological variation in its leaves and it was multiplied and maintained as lines. Several variations, including characteristics of leaves (shape, size, colour), stems (internodal length and branching) and plant stature, were observed among M1 lines and in subsequent vegetative generations. Leaves had three different colour patches, but neither the colour nor its distribution pattern was uniform or stable. The M1-4 line showed the highest stability of colour distribution in leaves; the colour composition of its leaves ranged as 0-10% dark bluish green, 60-90% strong yellow green and 10-30% brilliant greenish yellow throughout the 12 generations. This study demonstrates that gamma irradiated P. erubescens 'Gold' line M1-4 can be a promising mutant to develop as a new Philodendron cultivar.
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Benoist, Jean-Pierre. "La formation des principes de l’ordre des mots du russe moderne en tant que problème de stylistique littéraire et de linguistique." In Stability, Variation and Change of Word-Order Patterns over Time, 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.213.04ben.

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McNeil, Jeremy N., and Johanne Delisle. "Seasonal variation in the importance of pollen volatiles on the reproductive biology of the sunflower moth." In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Insect-Plant Relationships, 157–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1654-1_52.

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Kholoptsev, A. V., and S. A. Podporin. "On Relationship Between Variations in Total Atmospheric Methane Levels and Climate Warming in the Russian Far East in Summer Months." In Processes in GeoMedia - Volume II, 153–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53521-6_18.

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"3. Variation in Moth Pheromones: Causes and Consequences." In Pheromone Communication in Moths, 25–42. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520964433-004.

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"Duck — goose — peacock — turkey — guinea fowl — canary bird — goldfish — hive-bees — silk-moths." In The Works of Charles Darwin: Vol 19: The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (, 1875, Vol I), 280–307. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315476896-16.

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Wionet, Chantal. "La Mothe lecteur de Vaugelas : l’ombre du doute." In Bon usage et variation sociolinguistique, 53–64. ENS Éditions, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.enseditions.31700.

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Mulak, Karen E., and Catherine T. Best. "Development of Word Recognition across Speakers and Accents." In Theoretical and Computational Models of Word Learning, 242–69. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2973-8.ch011.

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The pronunciation of a given word can contain considerable phonetic variation both within and between speakers, affects, and accents. For reliable word recognition, children must learn to hear through the variation that does not change a word’s identity, while still discerning variation that does not belong to a given word’s identity. This requires knowledge of phonologically specified word invariants above the level of phonemic specification. Reviewing developmental accounts and empirical evidence, this chapter discusses the emergence of children’s ability to attend to speaker- and accent-independent invariants. The authors focus particularly on changes between the ages of 7.5-10.5 months, where evidence points to a developing ability to recognize speech across within-speaker and within-group variation, and 14-19 months, where increasing evidence suggests a shift from phonetically to more phonologically specified word forms. They propose a framework that describes the attentional shifts involved in this progression, with emphasis on methodological concerns surrounding the interpretation of existing research.
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Conference papers on the topic "Moths – Variation"

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Spiridonov, Iskren, Simeon Yordanov, Rumyana Boeva, and Aleksandar Milkov. "Investigation of process colours variations of electrophotography colour production presses." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p48.

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In this investigation is approached method for assessing and evaluation of colour repeatability and variation for digital electrophotography printing presses. Two of most popular midlevel electrophotography colour production presses were chosen. These presses are widely used in printing houses for the printing of book covers, posters, etc. in small circulations. The similar perception of quality of digital production to the offset printing quality (ISO 12647-2:2013 ) is required from most of the clients of printing houses, publishers, etc. One of the problems of midlevel electrophotography colour production presses are variations of colours in the printing run and variations of colours during the time – weeks, months, years. The variation degree depends on many factors like – the precision of internal calibration method and types of sensors during the printing run, quality of used materials, calibration precision made by press operator, temperature and humidity variation, etc. (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2000) Specially designed for experiment test forms have been printed on two of most widely used materials for book covers, business cards, etc. – 300 g/m2 matt-coated board and 300 g/m2 offset uncoated board. The evaluation method is based on colorimetrical and densitometrical measurements (Kachin, Spiridonov, 2004) of 100 continuous printed sheets. The experiment was repeated in different time periods -between 6 hours and 4 months, to collect data for colour variation between reprinting the same test images in the time.
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Gawne, Richard. "Phenotypic variation and aposematic signaling in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix)." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113788.

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Schneller, Eric, Narendra S. Shiradkar, and Neelkanth G. Dhere. "Performance variation of commercially available modules after six months of outdoor system voltage stress testing." In 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2014.6925620.

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Ceylan, Ogguzhan, and Sumit Paudyal. "Optimal capacitor placement and sizing considering load profile variations using moth-flame optimization algorithm." In 2017 International Conference on Modern Power Systems (MPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mps.2017.7974468.

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Mashudi, Sugeng Pudjiono, Dedi Setiadi, Nur Hidayati, Maman Sulaeman, Liliana Baskorowati, Rina Laksmi Hendrati, and Mudji Susanto. "Growth Variation of Swietenia macrophylla King. Progeny Trial at 18 Months of Age in Trenggalek East Java." In 3rd KOBI Congress, International and National Conferences (KOBICINC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210621.009.

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Pudjiono, Sugeng, Mudji Susanto, Mashudi, Dedi Setiadi, Maman Sulaeman, Ratna Adji Hartati, Taufik Rahmadi, and Aris Wibowo. "The Manglid (Manglietia glauca Bl) Growth Variations at Age of 42 Months in Candiroto Temanggung Central Java." In 3rd KOBI Congress, International and National Conferences (KOBICINC 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210621.015.

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Diniţă, Alin, Mihail Minescu, Andrei Dumitrescu, Cătălin Teodoriu, and Codruţ Ştefan Săraru. "Assessment of Variations in the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Fiberglass Tubing Working in Different Environments." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96283.

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Abstract This paper presents the results of the experimental investigations carried out by the authors in order to evaluate the changes in the physico-mechanical properties of fiberglass tubing used to transport fluids between different facilities. In the near future, water injection wells will be equipped with fiberglass tubing, as an alternative to the more traditional metal tubing. The mechanical properties of fiberglass material (ultimate tensile strength, impact energy, burst pressure) have been determined for sets of 5 specimens that have been maintained (at a temperature of 80°C) in different environments and with different exposure times (hydrochloric acid: 6/24/48 hours; acetic acid: 6/24/48 hours; hydrochloric acid + hydrofluoric acid: 6/24/48 hours; xylene: 1/2/3 months; condensates: 1/2/3 months).
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Kuganathan, Sivashanthini, Dhanushka Dilini Jayaweera Shivatharshini Yohi, and Kuttithamby Gunaalan. "Quantitative Analysis Of Trace Metal In Water And Soft Tissues Of Balanus Amphitrite In Nandikadal Lagoon, Sri Lanka." In 2nd International Conference on Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/2nd.icrset.2019.11.778.

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Due to long–term military activities carried out in Nandikadal lagoon situated at Mullaitivu, Sri Lanka, there are high possibilities to impact water and biota with heavy metals. Balanus amphitrite (Barnacles) has been found as a strong candidate for biomonitoring of trace metals. Therefore, the present study describes the impacts of trace metal pollution on water and the soft tissues of Balanus amphitrite. Water samples and barnacles were collected from two locations of the lagoon for four months during the dry and wet seasons. Quantitative analysis of trace metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn) were detected in the water and tissue samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Cd, Cr, Pb and Cu found in tissues of barnacles were several times higher than the International recommended level except for Zn. The concentration of Pb in tissues of barnacles showed a significant (p < 0.05) spatial variation. The Cd and Cu concentrations obtained in soft tissues showed significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variations. The concentration of Cr in water showed a significant (p < 0.05) spatial variation and other trace metals (Pb,Cd) except Zn, showed significant (p < 0.05) seasonal variations. There were significant positive correlations between water and soft tissues with respect to Cd (p=0.000 & r = 0.893) and Pb (p=0.002 & r=0.435). Zn found in samples showed negative correlation between water and soft tissues. According to this results Balanus amphitrite has an ability to accumulate trace metals several times greater than in the lagoon water. Therefore, Balanus amphitrite is a strong net–accumulator of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr. Hence, it is a good choice to be used as a bioindicator organism to find the level impact of trace metal contamination.
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Roccetti, Marco. "A Pedagogy of COVID-19: Facts from 30 Pandemic Months." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002788.

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While the scientific community, health authorities, international media and the public are still arguing about several characteristics of this virus and the patterns of its spread, after 30 months of pandemics there are now some facts, along with their dynamics, over which a scientific consensus has been finally reached. In science, it is well known that facts and observations should be explained by a hypothesis, which should be tested until it is refuted. This is not, unfortunately, still the case for many of the aforementioned agreed facts. Nonetheless, the time has come for a rapid review of those facts and relative data, which is the specific goal of this short article, while avoiding all the myriads of logical fallacies that have pervaded the universe of discussions about COVID in these months. The undisputed facts we will cite and comment include the following: mechanisms through which the virus spreads (including what is meant with a COVID wave), transmissibility and virulence (i.e. the degree to which this virus sickens and kills), role of meteorological and environmental factors in the transmission, role of control measures and vaccination, role of variants and their evolution, preparedness for pandemics and epidemics, societal impact of COVID (including factors that could explain the variation in infections and mortality across different countries). At the end, it will be evident that, even if many of these facts represent unchallenged and accepted truths, they are not still meaningfully associated with precise causes and clear underlying phenomena on any possible level, including biological, biochemical, bio-statistical, economic and social. And the conclusion is that this just means we need to do more of what we have already done so far.
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Krutskih, Yuliya, Nina Kamalova, and Natal'ya Evsikova. "MODELING THE ANNUAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF DAILY AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS." In PHYSICAL BASIS OF MODERN SCIENCE-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGIES. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/pfmsit2022_60-67.

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The probability of occurrence of catastrophic situations in forest areas is determined by the processes of their interaction with the environment. Therefore, the formation of models for monitoring the state of forests is impossible without a systematic analysis of the dynamics of the main climatic characteristics: precipitation and temperature throughout the year. The paper proposes a statistical model for the dynamics of the probability of observing the practical absence of daily temperature fluctuations during the year. For statistical modeling of temperature data by months, the time series method was used. The applied approach can become a convenient tool in systems for predicting catastrophic situations in ecological systems.
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Reports on the topic "Moths – Variation"

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Brodie, Katherine, Ian Conery, Nicholas Cohn, Nicholas Spore, and Margaret Palmsten. Spatial variability of coastal foredune evolution, part A : timescales of months to years. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41322.

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Coastal foredunes are topographically high features that can reduce vulnerability to storm-related flooding hazards. While the dominant aeolian, hydrodynamic, and ecological processes leading to dune growth and erosion are fairly well-understood, predictive capabilities of spatial variations in dune evolution on management and engineering timescales (days to years) remain relatively poor. In this work, monthly high-resolution terrestrial lidar scans were used to quantify topographic and vegetation changes over a 2.5 year period along a micro-tidal intermediate beach and dune. Three-dimensional topographic changes to the coastal landscape were used to investigate the relative importance of environmental, ecological, and morphological factors in controlling spatial and temporal variability in foredune growth patterns at two 50 m alongshore stretches of coast. Despite being separated by only 700 m in the alongshore, the two sites evolved differently over the study period. The northern dune retreated landward and lost volume, whereas the southern dune prograded and vertically accreted. The largest differences in dune response between the two sections of dunes occurred during the fall storm season, when each of the systems’ geomorphic and ecological properties modulated dune growth patterns. These findings highlight the complex eco-morphodynamic feedback controlling dune dynamics across a range of spatial scales.
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Wickman, Boyd E. Seasonal variation of degree-day accumulation in relation to phenology of western spruce budworm, Douglas-fir tussock moth, and host trees in northeastern Oregon. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-482.

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Harari, Ally R., Russell A. Jurenka, Ada Rafaeli, and Victoria Soroker. Evolution of resistance to mating disruption in the pink bollworm moth evidence and possible mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598165.bard.

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t The pink bollworm, Pectinophoragossypiellais a key pest of cotton world-wide. In Israel mating disruption sex pheromone is used in all cotton fields and recent repeated outbreaks of the pest populations has suggested a change in the population sex pheromone characteristics. The research goals were to (1) determine the change in pheromone characteristic of PBW females after long experience to Mating Disruption (MD), (2) to test the male’s antennae response (EAG) to pheromone characteristics of laboratory, naive females, and of field collected, MD experienced females, (3) to analyse the biosynthetic pathway for possible enzyme variations, (4) to determine the male behavioural response to the pheromone blend involved in the resistance to MD. The experiments revealed that (1) MD experienced females produced pheromone blend with higher ZZ ratio than lab reared (MD naive females) that typically produced ZZ:EE ratio of 1:1. (2) Male’s origin did not affect its response to pheromone characteristics of lab or field females. (3) A transcriptome study demonstrated many gene-encode enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, but some of the transcripts were produced in differing levels in the MD resistant populations. (4) Male origin (field or lab) influenced males’ choice of mate with strong preference to females sharing the same origin. However, when MD was applied, males of both populations were more attracted to females originated form failed MD treated fields. We conclude that in MD failed fields a change in the population mean of the ratio of the pheromone components had occurred. Males in these fields had changed their search “image” accordingly while keeping the wide range of response to all pheromone characteristics. The change in the pheromone blend is due to different level of pheromone related enzyme production.
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Bridges, Todd, Sandra Newell, Alan Kennedy, David Moore, Upal Ghosh, Trevor Needham, Huan Xia, Kibeum Kim, Charles Menzie, and Konrad Kulacki. Long-term stability and efficacy of historic activated carbon (AC) deployments at diverse freshwater and marine remediation sites. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38781.

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A number of sites around the United States have used activated carbon (AC) amendments to remedy contaminated sediments. Variation in site-specific characteristics likely influences the long-term fate and efficacy of AC treatment. The long-term effectiveness of an AC amendment to sediment is largely unknown, as the field performance has not been monitored for more than three years. As a consequence, the focus of this research effort was to evaluate AC’s long-term (6–10 yr) performance. These assessments were performed at two pilot-scale demonstration sites, Grasse River, Massena, New York and Canal Creek, Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Aberdeen, Maryland, representing two distinct physical environments. Sediment core samples were collected after 6 and 10 years of remedy implementation at APG and Grasse River, respectively. Core samples were collected and sectioned to determine the current vertical distribution and persistence of AC in the field. The concentration profile of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment pore water with depth was measured using passive sampling. Sediment samples from the untreated and AC-treated zones were also assessed for bioaccumulation in benthic organisms. The data collected enabled comparison of AC distribution, PCB concentrations, and bioaccumulation measured over the short- and long-term (months to years).
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Plourde, A. P., and J. F. Cassidy. Mapping tectonic stress at subduction zones with earthquake focal mechanisms: application to Cascadia, Japan, Nankai, Mexico, and northern Chile. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330943.

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Earthquake focal mechanisms have contributed substantially to our understanding of modern tectonic stress regimes, perhaps more than any other data source. Studies generally group focal mechanisms by epicentral location to examine variations in stress across a region. However, stress variations with depth have rarely been considered, either due to data limitations or because they were believed to be negligible. This study presents 3D grids of tectonic stress tensors using existing focal mechanism catalogs from several subduction zones, including Cascadia, Japan, Nankai, Mexico, and northern Chile. We bin data into 50 x 50 x 10 km cells (north, east, vertical), with 50% overlap in all three directions. This resulted in 181380 stress inversions, with 90% of these in Japan (including Nankai). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first examination of stress changes with depth in several of these regions. The resulting maps and cross-sections of stress can help distinguish locked and creeping segments of the plate interface. Similarly, by dividing the focal mechanism catalog in northern Japan into those before and those &amp;gt;6 months after the 2011 Mw 9.1 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, we are able to produce detailed 3D maps of stress rotation, which is close to 90° near the areas of highest slip. These results could inform geodynamic rupture models of future megathrust earthquakes in order to more accurately estimate slip, shaking, and seismic hazard. Southern Cascadia and Nankai appear to have sharp stress discontinuities at ~20 km depth, and northern Cascadia may have a similar discontinuity at ~30 km depth. These stress boundaries may relate to rheological discontinuities in the forearc, and may help us unravel how forearc composition influences subduction zone behaviour and seismic hazard.
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Rosse, Anine, and Myles Cramer. Water quality monitoring for Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site: 2019 data report. National Park Service, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2295547.

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The Northern Great Plains Inventory and Monitoring Network (NGPN) began monitoring water quality in the Knife River at Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site (KNRI) in 2013, with the assistance of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This report summarizes the data collected during the 2019 ice-free season (April 18 through October 31) for streamflow, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and pH. This was the third season of continuous monitoring. 2019 began as moderately dry year until discharge on the Knife River peaked at 1,900 cubic feet per second in September following unusually heavy precipitation. There was considerable seasonal variation in all water quality measures. A summary of our results can be found in Descriptive Statistics Summary tables for the ice-free season (Table 2) and for each month (Table 3). Notably, water temperature exceeded state standards (Table 1) in summer months although these exceedances made up less than 1% of all records. Additionally, dissolved oxygen was observed below state standards twice on the same day in June, but Knife River still met the dissolved oxygen standard due to the brief nature of this deficiency. NGPN’s collaboration with USGS supported real-time and archived access to this data through the USGS National Water Information System Website KNIFE RIVER NR STANTON, ND - USGS Water Data for the Nation, where it remains available to the public
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Peitz, David. White-tailed deer monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, Missouri: 2005–2022 trend report. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2295163.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network has monitored white-tailed deer over an 18-year period (2005–2022) within a defined survey area of Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield, documenting both a rapid decline and recovery in the population. The rapid die-off was the result of a region-wide hemorrhagic disease outbreak reported by the Missouri Department of Conservation that started in the fall of 2005, six months after we initiated deer monitoring. Although declines occurred 2005 to 2007, 2016 to 2017, and 2019 to 2022, the deer population still increased on average by 7.2% annually. The number of deer in the survey area ranged from a low of 14.9 ± 10.1 (mean ± 95% CI) individuals/km2 in 2007 to a high of 167.2 ± 57.4 individuals/km2 in 2016. The visible area surveyed each year varied between 0.7 and 1.1 km2 (coefficient of variation = 14.1%). Annual deer harvest data in the area nearby Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield exhibit similar trends to our annual adjusted counts suggesting that factors other than hunting maybe driving annual changes in deer population size in most years. However, these trends were not significantly correlated (r = 0.34, p = 0.33), so this relationship is only speculative. Overall, the increasing number of deer pose several problems for Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield. First, increasing deer populations add a level of complexity to implementing Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield Cultural Landscape Report recommendations. Deer preferentially browse native vegetation over exotic vegetation, promoting the spread of exotic species, and the success of tree plantings can be curtailed by heavy deer browsing. Second, controlling deer-related disease, some of which can affect domestic livestock and human health in and around the park, becomes increasingly harder as the deer population increases. Third, as additional ancillary data suggests, the largely unreported and costly deer-vehicle collisions in and around Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield have the potential to increase when there are more deer.
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Freeman, Stanley, and Daniel Legard. Epidemiology and Etiology of Colletotrichum Species Causing Strawberry Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7695845.bard.

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Diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. are one of the most important limitations on international strawberry production, affecting all vegetative and fruiting parts of the plant. From 1995 to 1997, C. acutatum infections reached epidemic levels in Israeli strawberry nurseries, causing extensive loss of transplants in fruit-bearing fields and additional reductions in yield. Although C. acutatum also occurs on strawberry in Florida, recent crown rot epidemics have been primarily caused by C. gloeosporioides. Little is known about the basic epidemiology of these important diseases on strawberry. The source of initial inoculum for epidemics in Israel, Florida (other US states including California) and the rest of the world is not well understood. Subspecies relationships between Colletotrichum isolates that cause the different diseases on strawberry (i.e. attack different tissues) are also not well understood. Objectives of this proposal were to detennine the potential of infested soil, strawberry debris and other hosts as sources of primary inoculum for strawberry diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. in Israel and Florida. In addition, traditional (ie. morphological characteristics, benomyl sensitivity, vegetative compatibility grouping) and DNA based methods were used to investigate the etiology of these diseases in order to resolve epidemiologically important subspecies variation. In Israel it was found that C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum infecting strawberry could remain viable in sterilized soil for up to one year and in methyl-bromide fumigated soil for up to 4 months; inoculum in mummified fruit remained viable for at least 5 months under field conditions whereas that in infected crowns was not recovered. Therefore, the contribution of these inocula to disease epidemics should be considered. The host range and specificity of C. acutatum from strawberry was examined on pepper, eggplant, tomato, bean and strawberry under greenhouse conditions. The fungus was recovered from all plant species over a three-month period but caused disease symptoms only on strawberry. C. acutatum was also isolated from healthy looking, asymptomatic plants of the weed species, Vicia and Conyza, growing in infected strawberry fruiting fields. Isolates of C. acutatum originating from strawberry and anemone infected both plant species in artificial inoculations. The habitation of a large number of plant species including weeds by C. acutatum suggests that although it causes disease only on strawberry and anemone in Israel, these plants may serve as a potential inoculum source for strawberry infection and pennit survival of the pathogen between seasons. In Florida, isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from diseased strawberry fruit and crowns were evaluated to detennine their etiology and the genetic diversity of the pathogens. Only C. acutatum was recovered from fruit and C. gloeosporioides were the main species recovered from crowns. These isolates were evaluated at 40 putative genetic loci using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic analysis of RAPD markers revealed that the level of linkage disequilibrium among polymorphic loci in C. gloeosporioides suggested that they were a sexually reproducing population. Under field conditions in Florida, it was detennined that C. gloeosporioides in buried crowns survived
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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Abstract:
Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.
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10

Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder, and William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.

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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.
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