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1
Tozer, K. N., D. F. Chapman, P. E. Quigley, P. M. Dowling, R. D. Cousens, and G. A. Kearney. "Integrated management of vulpia in dryland perennial pastures of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 1 (2009): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp07445.
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Vulpia (Vulpia species C.C. Gmel.) are annual grass weeds that can reduce pasture quality and stock-carrying capacity of perennial pastures throughout southern Australia. To develop more effective strategies to control vulpia, an experiment was established in western Victoria (average annual rainfall 565 mm) in phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) pastures comparing the effects of control methods [comprising combinations of fertiliser addition (Fert), a single herbicide (simazine) application (Sim), and pasture rest from grazing (Rest)] on vulpia populations. A further herbicide treatment [paraquat-diquat (SpraySeed®)] was imposed on some of these treatments. Measurements included botanical composition, phalaris and vulpia tiller density, seed production, and number of residual seeds in the soil. Vulpia content remained unchanged in the Sim-Rest treatment but increased in all other management treatments over the duration of the 3 year study and especially where paraquat-diquat was applied, despite paraquat-diquat causing an initial reduction in vulpia content. Vulpia content was lowest in the Fert-Sim-Rest treatment. The Fert-Sim treatment and in some cases paraquat-diquat application reduced vulpia tiller production. Vulpia seed production and the residual seed population were not influenced by any of the management treatments, while the single paraquat-diquat application increased vulpia seed production 18 months after application. Phalaris content was enhanced by the Sim-Rest and Fert-Sim-Rest treatments and initially by paraquat-diquat. No treatment affected phalaris tiller production and basal cover. The subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) content declined during the experiment, but to a lesser extent where paraquat-diquat was applied. Volunteer species content was initially suppressed in the year following paraquat-application, although populations recovered after this time. Of the two Vulpia spp. present (V. bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray and V. myuros (L.) C.C. Gmelin), V. bromoides was the most prevalent. Results show how a double herbicide application can increase vulpia fecundity and rate of re-infestation of herbicide-treated sites. Pasture rest shows some promise, but to a lesser extent than in the New South Wales tablelands, where summer rainfall may increase the growth of perennial species. In lower rainfall, summer dry areas, responses to pasture rest may be slower. Despite this, integrated management (which combines strategies such as pasture rest, herbicide application, and fertiliser application) increases the perennial content and reduces vulpia seed production, thus improving vulpia control.
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Watterson, I. G., T. J. O’Kane, V. Kitsios, and M. A. Chamberlain. "Australian rainfall anomalies and Indo-Pacific driver indices: links and skill in 2-year-long forecasts." Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 71, no. 3 (2021): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es21008.
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Two-year-long simulations of the atmosphere and ocean by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's (CSIRO) Climate Analysis Forecast Ensemble (CAFE) modelling system are analysed, with a focus on Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) climate drivers and their teleconnection to Australian rainfall. The simulations are 11-member ensemble forecasts (strictly, hindcasts) initiated each month from 2002 to 2015, supplemented by a 100-year-long control simulation. Using correlations r between seasonal and annual means, it is shown that the links between the interannual variations of All-Australia precipitation (AApr) and the standard driver indices, together with the Pacific-Indian Dipole (PID), are mostly similar to those derived from observational data. The vertically integrated meridional flux of moisture towards northern Australia is linked to both the SSTs and AApr. Correlations between ensemble averages and observations are used as a measure of forecast skill, calculated for each start month and for lead time after start. Positive correlations hold over the first year for much of the low-latitude Pacific and for the drivers. The forecasts become more skillful than persistence, with r for PID averaging 0.3 higher over lead times of 7–13 months. The forecast of seasonal AApr has moderate to good correlations (r 0.4–0.8) for seasons centred on September–February. This is largely consistent with skill in both the flux and in the SST drivers. Correlations are also good for 1-year and 2-year means. This apparent skill is currently being explored using a new larger suite of CAFE forecasts.
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Kelly, Jane, Allison Chambers, Paul Weston, William Brown, Wayne Robinson, John Broster, and Leslie Weston. "The Impact of Herbicide Application and Defoliation on Barley Grass (Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum) Management in Mixed Pasture Legumes." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 11, 2020): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050671.
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Barley grass (Hordeum murinum subsp. glaucum.) is an annual weed associated with grain revenue loss and sheep carcass damage in southern Australia. Increasing herbicide resistance led to a recent investigation into effective integrated weed management strategies for barley grass in southern Australia. Field studies in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales (NSW) during 2016 and 2017 examined the effect of post-emergent herbicide applications and strategic defoliation by mowing on barley grass survival and seed production in a mixed legume pasture. Statistically significant differences between herbicide-only treatments in both years showed propaquizafop to be more than 98% effective in reducing barley grass survival and seed production. Paraquat was not effective in controlling barley grass (58% efficacy), but led to a 36% and 63.5% decrease in clover and other weed biomass, respectively, after 12 months and increased lucerne biomass by over three-fold after 24 months. A single repeated mowing treatment resulted in a 46% decline in barley grass seedling emergence after 12 months and, when integrated with herbicide applications, reduced other weed biomass after 24 months by 95%. Resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides observed in local barley grass populations led to additional and more focused investigation comparing the efficacy of other pre- and post-emergent herbicides for barley grass management in legume pastures. Haloxyfop-R + simazine or paraquat, applied at early tillering stage, were most efficacious in reducing barley grass survival and fecundity. Impact of defoliation timing and frequency on barley grass seedlings was also evaluated at various population densities, highlighting the efficacy of repeated post-inflorescence defoliations in reducing plant survival and seed production. Results highlight the importance of optimal environmental conditions and application timing in achieving efficacious control of barley grass and improving pasture growth and biomass accumulation.
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Liang, Jenifer, Michael J. Abramson, Nicholas Zwar, Grant Russell, Anne E. Holland, Billie Bonevski, Ajay Mahal, et al. "Interdisciplinary model of care (RADICALS) for early detection and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Australian primary care: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e016985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016985.
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IntroductionUp to half of all smokers develop clinically significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Gaps exist in the implementation and uptake of evidence-based guidelines for managing COPD in primary care. We describe the methodology of a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) evaluating the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of an interdisciplinary model of care aimed at reducing the burden of smoking and COPD in Australian primary care settings.Methods and analysisA cRCT is being undertaken to evaluate an interdisciplinary model of care (RADICALS — Review of Airway Dysfunction and Interdisciplinary Community-based care of Adult Long-term Smokers). General practice clinics across Melbourne, Australia, are identified and randomised to the intervention group (RADICALS) or usual care. Patients who are current or ex-smokers, of at least 10 pack years, including those with an existing diagnosis of COPD, are being recruited to identify 280 participants with a spirometry-confirmed diagnosis of COPD. Handheld lung function devices are being used to facilitate case-finding. RADICALS includes individualised smoking cessation support, home-based pulmonary rehabilitation and home medicines review. Patients at control group sites receive usual care and Quitline referral, as appropriate. Follow-ups occur at 6 and 12 months from baseline to assess changes in quality of life, abstinence rates, health resource utilisation, symptom severity and lung function. The primary outcome is change in St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire score of patients with COPD at 6 months from baseline.Ethics and disseminationThis project has been approved by the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee and La Trobe University Human Ethics Committee (CF14/1018 – 2014000433). Results of the study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and research conferences. If the intervention is successful, the RADICALS programme could potentially be integrated into general practices across Australia and sustained over time.Trial registration numberACTRN12614001155684; Pre-results.
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LARSEN, M. "Prospects for controlling animal parasitic nematodes by predacious micro fungi." Parasitology 120, no. 7 (May 2000): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005739.
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Resistance against anthelmintics is widespread, particularly in parasitic nematode populations of small ruminants. Several new techniques or supplements have been developed or are under investigation. Biological control (BC) is one of these new methods. The net-trapping predacious fungus Duddingtonia flagrans produces thick walled resting spores, chlamydospores, which are able to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of cattle, horses, sheep and pigs. Under Danish climatic conditions it has been shown that the number of parasite larvae on pasture and the worm burden of the grazing animals is significantly reduced when animals are fed spores during the initial 2–3 months of the grazing season. Work with D. flagrans in France, Australia, USA, and Mexico has confirmed the strong BC potential of this fungus. Today much work is going into development of suitable delivery systems for grazing livestock worldwide. Ultimately, BC should be implemented in integrated parasite control strategies, both in conventional and organic livestock production.
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Mullane, Marianne J., Timothy C. Barnett, Jeffrey W. Cannon, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Ray Christophers, Juli Coffin, Mark A. Jones, et al. "SToP (See, Treat, Prevent) skin sores and scabies trial: study protocol for a cluster randomised, stepped-wedge trial for skin disease control in remote Western Australia." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e030635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030635.
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IntroductionSkin is important in Australian Aboriginal culture informing kinship and identity. In many remote Aboriginal communities, scabies and impetigo are very common. Untreated skin infections are painful, itchy and frequently go untreated due to under-recognition and lack of awareness of their potential serious complications. We hypothesise that the skin infection burden in remote Aboriginal communities can be reduced by implementing streamlined training and treatment pathways integrated with environmental health and health promotion activities, tested in the See, Treat, Prevent (SToP skin sores and scabies) trial.Methods and analysisSToP will evaluate a skin control programme using a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised trial design with three intervention components (the ‘SToP activities’): (1) seeing skin infections (development of training resources implemented within a community dermatology model); (2) treating skin infections (employing the latest evidence for impetigo, and scabies treatment); and (3) preventing skin infections (embedded, culturally informed health promotion and environmental health activities). Four community clusters in the remote Kimberley region of Western Australia will participate. Following baseline data collection, two clusters will be randomly allocated to the SToP activities. At 12 months, the remaining two clusters will transition to the SToP activities. The primary outcome is the diagnosis of impetigo in children (5–9 years) at school-based surveillance. Secondary outcome measures include scabies diagnosis, other child health indicators, resistance to cotrimoxazole in circulating pathogenic bacteria, determining the economic burden of skin disease and evaluating the cost effectiveness of SToP activities.Ethics and disseminationThis study protocol was approved by the health ethics review committees at the Child and Adolescent Health Service (Approval number RGS0000000584), the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (Reference number: 819) and the University of Western Australia (Reference RA/4/20/4123). Study findings will be shared with community members, academic and medical communities via publications and presentations, and in reports to funders. Authorship for all publications based on this study will be determined in line with the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals published by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Sharing results with organisations and communities who contributed to the study is paramount. The results of the SToP trial will be shared with participants in a suitable format, such as a single summary page provided to participants or presentations to communities, the Kimberly Aboriginal Health Planning Forum Research Subcommittee and other stakeholders as appropriate and as requested. Communication and dissemination will require ongoing consultation with Aboriginal communities to determine appropriate formats.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000520235.
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Norbury, GL, DC Norbury, and RB Hacker. "Impact of Red Kangaroos on the Pasture Layer in the Western Australian Arid Zone." Rangeland Journal 15, no. 1 (1993): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930012.
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We studied the impact of grazing by red kangaroos (Macropus rufus) on pasture biomass and species diversity over a 32-month period in destocked open shrubland in the Gascoyne region of Western Australia. Grazing significantly impeded the accumulation of annual and perennial grass biomass in a degraded perennial shrub community (Pc0.001 and P<0.05) and on denuded sites that were cultivated and reseeded with native shrubs (P<0.01 and Pc0.01). The accumulation of annual and perennial forb biomass was unaffected by kangaroo grazing. After 12 months, pasture species diversity was significantly greater on degraded perennial sites protected from kangaroo grazing (P<0.05). Commercial kangaroo shooting did not alleviate the impact of kangaroo grazing on grass accumulation (P<0.01). Unless more effective methods of kangaroo control are integrated with stock reductions, the recovery of degraded rangeland pastures is likely to be severely limited.
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Noble, James C., Anthony C. Grice, Melissa J. Dobbie, Warren J. Müller, and Jeff T. Wood. "Integrated shrub management in semi-arid woodlands of eastern Australia: effects of chemical defoliants applied after an initial disturbance." Rangeland Journal 23, no. 2 (2001): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj01008.
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Previous fire experiments using artificial fuel have shown that annual fires, especially those applied in the autumn, can effectively control coppicing understorey shrubs in semi-arid woodlands. Such frequent fire is impossible to apply under natural conditions given the limited time available for sufficient herbage fuel to accumulate. Preliminary screening studies were therefore undertaken to test the hypothesis that chemical sprays applied at concentrations less than those normally recommended could be used to mimic high-frequency experimental fires. The effectiveness of 11 chemicals (7 arboricides and 4 dessicants) applied at a range of concentrations was assessed on one site by spot-spraying 5-year-old coppice regeneration of Eremophila mitchellii (budda or false sandalwood) and E. sturtii (turpentine). Chemical activity was assessed by regularly monitoring leaf effect, i.e. by rating the degree of leaf discolouration, scorching, blackening and ultimately leaf fall, over the ensuing 12 months following treatment. Arsenal� and Roundup CT� induced the highest shrub mortalities across all size classes while mortality rates were consistently higher for E. mitchellii than for E. sturtii. A second experiment involved 5 chemicals (4 arboricides and 1 dessicant) applied in a similar manner to 7-year-old seedlings of Cassia nemophila (syn. Senna nemophila) (punty bush). Significant damage to foliage (> 80% leaf effect) of all 3 shrub species was recorded 2 months after treatment with either Roundup CT� or Roundup� (i.e. either 450 or 360 g/L glyphosate respectively), as well as with Arsenal� (250 g/L imazapur + 60 g/L isopropylamine) but only at the highest concentration (i.e. 100% of the 'recommended' rate). In some lower concentration treatments, leaf effect was still increasing 6 months after treatment. In a second series of screening experiments involving 1- and 2-year-old coppices sprayed in autumn and spring, significant interaction occurred between coppice age and season of spraying when averaged over both Eremophila species. At lower concentrations (i.e. 12.5 and 25% of maximum recommended rate), autumn application of Roundup CT� was more effective than spring application, especially once regeneration was 2 years old. Gramoxone� was also most effective at all rates above 12.5% of the maximum when applied in the autumn to two-year-old coppice. However, Garlon� (600 g/L triclopyr) and Tordon 50-DA(r) (50 g/L picloram + 200 g/L 2,4-D) were more effective when applied to 1-year-old coppice in the spring. Overall, the most effective low-concentration treatment was Roundup CT� applied in the autumn to two-year-old coppice. Low-concentration treatment of one-year-old coppice with Roundup CT� and Arsenal� was also consistently more effective when carried out in the autumn (80–90% leaf effect). The probability of shrub mortality was inversely related to coppice biomass with smaller coppices clearly more vulnerable to the added pressure imposed by secondary chemical treatment, independent of application rate.
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Oo, Win Han, Aung Thi, Win Htike, Paul A. Agius, Julia C. Cutts, Kyawt Mon Win, Nay Yi Yi Linn, et al. "Evaluation of the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of a Community-delivered Integrated Malaria Elimination (CIME) model in Myanmar: protocol for an open stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e050400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050400.
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IntroductionIn the Greater Mekong Subregion, community health workers, known as malaria volunteers, have played a key role in reducing malaria in the control phase, providing essential malaria services in areas with limited formal healthcare. However, the motivation and social role of malaria volunteers, and testing rates, have declined with decreasing malaria burden and reorientation of malaria programmes from control to elimination. Provision of additional interventions for common health concerns could help sustain the effectiveness of volunteers and maintain malaria testing rates required for malaria elimination accreditation by the WHO.Methods and analysisThe Community-delivered Integrated Malaria Elimination (CIME) volunteer model, integrating interventions for malaria, dengue, tuberculosis, childhood diarrhoea and malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT)-negative fever, was developed based on global evidence and extensive stakeholder consultations. An open stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial, randomised at the volunteer level, will be conducted over 6 months to evaluate the effectiveness of the CIME model in Myanmar. One hundred and forty Integrated Community Malaria Volunteers (ICMVs, current model of care) providing malaria services in 140 villages will be retrained as CIME volunteers (intervention). These 140 ICMVs/villages will be grouped into 10 blocks of 14 villages, with blocks transitioned from control (ICMV) to intervention states (CIME), fortnightly, in random order, following a 1-week training and transition period. The primary outcome of the trial is blood examination rate determined by the number of malaria RDTs performed weekly. Difference in rates will be estimated across village intervention and control states using a generalised linear mixed modelling analytical approach with maximum likelihood estimation.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by Institutional Review Board, Myanmar Department of Medical Research (Ethics/DMR/2020/111) and Alfred Hospital Ethics Review Committee, Australia (241/20). Findings will be disseminated in peer-review journals, conferences and regional, national and local stakeholder meetings.Trial registration numberNCT04695886
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Mahajan, Gulshan, Rajandeep Singh, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Biology of Brassica tournefortii in the northern grains region of Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 3 (2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19451.
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Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (wild turnip, WT) has become a problematic weed in the no-till production systems of the northern grains region of Australia. Experiments were undertaken using different biotypes of B. tournefortii to examine its phenology, emergence and seedbank persistence. Biotypes were obtained from paddocks of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (WT1 and WT9) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (WT1/17 and WT2/17). Fresh seeds initially had high dormancy rates and persisted for a short period on the surface. Seedbank persistence increased with burial depth, with 39% of seeds remaining for WT1 and 5% for WT9 after 30 months at 2 cm depth. Persistence of buried seeds varied across biotypes; WT1/17 seedlings also emerged in the second growing season from 2 cm depth. Compared with buried seeds, seedlings readily emerged from the surface (in March–June following increased rainfall) within 6 months of planting. Emergence was greatest on the surface and varied between biotypes and tillage systems; the highest rate recorded was ~14%. Multiple cohorts were produced between February and October. No-till systems produced higher emergence rates than conventional tillage systems. Seedlings of B. tournefortii did not emerge from 5 cm soil depth; therefore, diligent tillage practices without seedbank replenishment could rapidly reduce the presence of this weed. A soil-moisture study revealed that at 25% of water-holding capacity, B. tournefortii tended to produce sufficient seeds for reinfestation in the field. Brassica tournefortii is a cross-pollinated species, and its wider emergence time and capacity to produce enough seeds in a dry environment enable it to become widespread in Australia. Early cohorts (March) tended to have vigorous growth and high reproduction potential. This study found B. tournefortii to be a poor competitor of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), having greater capacity to compete with the slow-growing crop chickpea. Therefore, control of early-season cohorts and use of rotations with a more vigorous crop such as wheat may reduce the seedbank. The information gained in this study will be important in developing better understanding of seed ecology of B. tournefortii for the purpose of developing integrated management strategies.
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Mills, Katherine L., Emma Barrett, Sudie E. Back, Vanessa E. Cobham, Sarah Bendall, Sean Perrin, Kathleen T. Brady, et al. "Randomised controlled trial of integrated trauma-focused psychotherapy for traumatic stress and substance use among adolescents: trial protocol." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e043742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043742.
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IntroductionPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder frequently co-occur and tend to have their onset during adolescence. Although research has highlighted the importance of treating these disorders in an integrated fashion, there is a dearth of empirically validated integrated treatment options for adolescents with this comorbidity. This paper describes the study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) examining the efficacy of an integrated trauma-focused cognitive–behavioural treatment for traumatic stress and substance use among adolescents (Concurrent Treatment of PTSD and Substance Use Using Prolonged Exposure - Adolescent (COPE-A)), relative to a supportive counselling control condition (Person-Centred Therapy (PCT)).Methods and analysisA two-arm, parallel, single-blind RCT with blinded follow-up at 4 and 12 months poststudy entry will be conducted in Sydney, Australia. Participants (n~100 adolescents aged 12–18 years) and their caregivers (caregiver participation is optional) will be allocated to undergo either COPE-A or PCT (allocation ratio 1:1) using minimisation. Both therapies will be delivered individually by project psychologists over a maximum of 16 sessions of 60–90 min duration and will include provision of up to four 30 min optional caregiver sessions. The primary outcome will be between-group differences in change in the severity of PTSD symptoms from baseline to 4-month follow-up, as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents for DSM-5.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the human research ethics committees of the Sydney Children’s Hospital Network (HREC/17/SCHN/306) and the University of Sydney (HREC 2018/863). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000785202; Pre-reults.Protocol versionVersion 1, 31 July 2017.
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Khan, Asad M., Ahmadreza Mobli, Jeff A. Werth, and Bhagirath S. Chauhan. "Germination and seed persistence of Amaranthus retroflexus and Amaranthus viridis: Two emerging weeds in Australian cotton and other summer crops." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): e0263798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263798.
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Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and slender amaranth (Amaranthus viridis L.) are becoming problematic weeds in summer crops, including cotton in Australia. A series of laboratory and field experiments were performed to examine the germination ecology, and seed persistence of two populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis collected from the Goondiwindi and Gatton regions of Australia. Both populations of A. retroflexus and A. viridis behaved similarly to different environmental conditions. Initial dormancy was observed in fresh seeds of both species; however, germination reached maximum after an after-ripening period of two months at room temperature. Light was not a mandatory prerequisite for germination of both species as they could germinate under complete darkness. Although both species showed very low germination at the alternating day/night temperature of 15/5 C, these species germinated more than 40% between ranges of 25/15 C to 35/25 C. Maximum germination of A. retroflexus (93%) and A. viridis (86%) was observed at 35/25 C and 30/20, respectively. Germination of A. retroflexus and A. viridis was completely inhibited at osmotic potentials of -1.0 and -0.6 MPa, respectively. No germination was observed in both species at the sodium chloride concentration of 200 mM. A. retroflexus seedling emergence (87%) was maximum from the seeds buried at 1 cm while the maximum germination of A. viridis (72%) was observed at the soil surface. No seedling emergence was observed from a burial depth of 8 cm for both species. In both species, seed persistence increased with increasing burial depth. At 24 months after seed placement, seed depletion ranged from 75% (10 cm depth) to 94% (soil surface) for A. retroflexus, and ranged from 79% to 94% for A. viridis, respectively. Information gained from this study will contribute to an integrated control programs for A. retroflexus and A. viridis.
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Kelly, Jaimon T., Molly M. Warner, Marguerite Conley, Dianne P. Reidlinger, Tammy Hoffmann, Jonathan Craig, Allison Tong, et al. "Feasibility and acceptability of telehealth coaching to promote healthy eating in chronic kidney disease: a mixed-methods process evaluation." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e024551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024551.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a personalised telehealth intervention to support dietary self-management in adults with stage 3–4 chronic kidney disease (CKD).DesignMixed-methods process evaluation embedded in a randomised controlled trial.ParticipantsPeople with stage 3–4 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]15–60 mL/min/1.73 m2).SettingParticipants were recruited from three hospitals in Australia and completed the intervention in ambulatory community settings.InterventionThe intervention group received one telephone call per fortnight and 2–8 tailored text messages for 3 months, and then 4–12 tailored text messages for 3 months without telephone calls. The control group received usual care for 3 months then non-tailored education-only text messages for 3 months.Main outcome measuresFeasibility (recruitment, non-participation and retention rates, intervention fidelity and participant adherence) and acceptability (questionnaire and semistructured interviews).Statistical analyses performedDescriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis.ResultsOverall, 80/230 (35%) eligible patients who were approached consented to participate (mean±SD age 61.5±12.6 years). Retention was 93% and 98% in the intervention and control groups, respectively, and 96% of all planned intervention calls were completed. All participants in the intervention arm identified the tailored text messages as useful in supporting dietary self-management. In the control group, 27 (69%) reported the non-tailored text messages were useful in supporting change. Intervention group participants reported that the telehealth programme delivery methods were practical and able to be integrated into their lifestyle. Participants viewed the intervention as an acceptable, personalised alternative to face-face clinic consultations, and were satisfied with the frequency of contact.ConclusionsThis telehealth-delivered dietary coaching programme is an acceptable intervention which appears feasible for supporting dietary self-management in stage 3–4 CKD. A larger-scale randomised controlled trial is needed to evaluate the efficacy of the coaching programme on clinical and patient-reported outcomes.Trial registration numberACTRN12616001212448; Results.
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Wong, Kam Cheong, Tu N. Nguyen, Simone Marschner, Samual Turnbull, Mason Jenner Burns, Jia Yi Anna Ne, Vishal Gopal, et al. "Patient-Led Mass Screening for Atrial Fibrillation in the Older Population Using Handheld Electrocardiographic Devices Integrated With a Clinician-Coordinated Remote Central Monitoring System: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial and Process Evaluation." JMIR Research Protocols 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): e34778. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/34778.
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Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in older people and increases the risk of stroke. The feasibility and effectiveness of the implementation of a patient-led AF screening program for older people are unknown. Objective This study aims to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of an AF screening program comprising patient-led monitoring of single-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) with clinician-coordinated central monitoring to diagnose AF among community-dwelling people aged ≥75 years in Australia. Methods This is a nationwide randomized controlled implementation trial conducted via the internet and remotely among 200 community-dwelling adults aged ≥75 years with no known AF. Randomization will be performed in a 1:1 allocation ratio for the intervention versus control. Intervention group participants will be enrolled in the monitoring program at randomization. They will receive a handheld single-lead ECG device and training on the self-recording of ECGs on weekdays and submit their ECGs via their smartphones. The control group participants will receive usual care from their general practitioners for the initial 6 months and then commence the 6-month monitoring program. The ECGs will be reviewed centrally by trained personnel. Participants and their general practitioners will be notified of AF and other clinically significant ECG abnormalities. Results This study will establish the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing the intervention in this patient population. The primary clinical outcome is the AF detection rate, and the primary feasibility outcome is the patient satisfaction score. Other outcomes include appropriate use of anticoagulant therapy, participant recruitment rate, program engagement (eg, frequency of ECG transmission), agreement in ECG interpretation between the device automatic algorithm and clinicians, the proportion of participants who complete the trial and number of dropouts, and the impact of frailty on feasibility and outcomes. We will conduct a qualitative evaluation to examine the barriers to and acceptability and enablers of implementation. Ethics approval was obtained from the human research ethics committee at the University of Sydney (project number 2020/680). The results will be disseminated via conventional scientific forums, including peer-reviewed publications and presentations at national and international conferences. Conclusions By incorporating an integrated health care approach involving patient empowerment, centralized clinician-coordinated ECG monitoring, and facilitation of primary care and specialist services, it is possible to diagnose and treat AF early to reduce stroke risk. This study will provide new information on how to implement AF screening using digital health technology practicably and feasibly for older and frail populations residing in the community. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12621000184875; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380877 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/34778
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Wyse, Rebecca, Tessa Delaney, Pennie Gibbins, Kylie Ball, Karen Campbell, Sze Lin Yoong, Kirsty Seward, et al. "Cluster randomised controlled trial of an online intervention to improve healthy food purchases from primary school canteens: a study protocol of the ‘click & crunch’ trial." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e030538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030538.
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IntroductionSchool canteens are the most frequently accessed take-away food outlet by Australian children. The rapid development of online lunch ordering systems for school canteens presents new opportunities to deliver novel public health nutrition interventions to school-aged children. This study aims to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a behavioural intervention in reducing the energy, saturated fat, sugar and sodium content of online canteen lunch orders for primary school children.Methods and analysisThe study will employ a cluster randomised controlled trial design. Twenty-six primary schools in New South Wales, Australia, that have an existing online canteen ordering system will be randomised to receive either a multi-strategy behavioural intervention or a control (the standard online canteen ordering system). The intervention will be integrated into the existing online canteen system and will seek to encourage the purchase of healthier food and drinks for school lunch orders (ie, items lower in energy, saturated fat, sugar and sodium). The behavioural intervention will use evidence-based choice architecture strategies to redesign the online menu and ordering system including: menu labelling, placement, prompting and provision of feedback and incentives. The primary trial outcomes will be the mean energy (kilojoules), saturated fat (grams), sugar (grams) and sodium (milligrams) content of lunch orders placed via the online system, and will be assessed 12 months after baseline data collection.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the ethics committees of the University of Newcastle (H-2017–0402) and the New South Wales Department of Education and Communities (SERAP 2018065), and the Catholic Education Office Dioceses of Sydney, Parramatta, Lismore, Maitland-Newcastle, Bathurst, Canberra-Goulburn, Wollongong, Wagga Wagga and Wilcannia-Forbes. Study results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, reports, presentations at relevant national and international conferences and via briefings to key stakeholders. Results will be used to inform future implementation of public health nutrition interventions through school canteens, and may be transferable to other food settings or online systems for ordering food.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000855224.
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Hamm, J. J., and J. E. Carpenter. "Compatibility of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses and Inherited Sterility for Control of Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 32, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-32.2.148.
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Inherited sterility has been proposed as a means of suppressing the populations of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). If nuclear polyhedrosis viruses could be used to kill larvae, thereby reducing the number of moths in the field populations, fewer moths treated with substerilizing doses of irradiation would need to be released. However, for these two methods to be compatible, the progeny of substerile moths should be no more susceptible to the virus than the progeny of the field populations. The corn earworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Elcar™) was bioassayed against corn earworm larvae from untreated moths and larvae from male, female, and male and female moths treated with 100 Gy of irradiation and larvae from male moths treated with 150 Gy of irradiation. The fall armyworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus was bioassayed against fall armyworm larvae from untreated moths and larvae from male moths treated with 100 to 150 Gy of irradiation. There was no significant difference between susceptibility of larvae from untreated moths and larvae from irradiated moths. Thus, the use of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses for control of larvae should be compatible with the release of substerilized moths as part of an integrated pest management approach for area-wide management of the corn earworm and fall armyworm.
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Kong, Fanfang, Yaqin Song, Qian Zhang, Zhongyue Wang, and Yongqiang Liu. "Sublethal Effects of Chlorantraniliprole on Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Moth: Implication for Attract-And-Kill Strategy." Toxics 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9020020.
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The integrated use of plant-derived volatile attractants and synthetic insecticides in attract-and-kill programs is a useful tool for integrated pest management programs reducing pesticide input. Efficient alternative insecticides are critically needed to replace methomyl, which has been banned on cruciferous vegetables in China because it is also highly toxic to nontarget organisms. In the present study, among 15 commonly used insecticides were screened for toxicity against S. litura moths, where chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, and emamectin benzoate was found to have the highest levels of toxicity (LC50 of 0.56, 3.85, and 6.03 mg a.i. L−1 respectively). After exposure to the low lethal concentration LC50 of chlorantraniliprole, fecundity of the moths was substantially reduced. Egg-hatching was lower for LC20- and LC50-treated moth pairs than for untreated control pairs. Net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly reduced in LC50♀ × LC50♂ cohorts. Larval mortality was significantly higher in subsequent generations in pairs of LC50-treated moths. Chlorantraniliprole, which was most toxic and had significant sublethal effects on moths, can be used as an alternative insecticide to methomyl in the attracticide for controlling S. litura moths, and the LC50 indicated a high potential for efficacy in the control S. litura through attract-and-kill schemes.
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Forrester, Neil W., Matthew Cahill, Lisa J. Bird, and Jacquelyn K. Layland. "Section 2. Evaluation of the impact of the strategy on pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance: discriminating dose studies." Bulletin of entomological research supplement series 1 (September 1993): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1367426900000084.
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SummaryThe monitoring technique employed in this study (discriminating dose screening of larvae reared from field collected eggs) proved extremely successful in documenting the impact of the strategy on both pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance, without the problems of alternative techniques. Because of the sensitivity of this technique, strategy users have been able to verify the anticipated impact of the strategy, identify problems, adjust their management practices accordingly and assess the effectiveness of these procedures. This has resulted in the maintenance of the strategy's excellent compliance rate.Pyrethroids imposed selection for resistance in both moths and larvae, resulting in increases in resistance within the Stage II window and the early Stage III period, respectively. These two peaks effectively merged into one large peak while the period of pyrethroid use remained at 42 days. However, the initiative to reduce the pyrethroid window to 35 days separated the two peaks and proved to be a successful delaying tactic. The two main factors influencing pyrethroid resistance appear to be dilution by susceptibles immigrating from the refugia, followed by pyrethroid selection pressure. However, as the refugia became increasingly contaminated, their effectiveness as a source of susceptibles for dilution declined, resulting in gradually increasing pyrethroid resistance levels in all areas over time. Adult selection was more important in the mixed crop Emerald study area because of premating selection. This, along with the higher Helicoverpa armigera pressure at Emerald, probably offset any potential benefit of the longer crop season at this site. Inadequate cultivation of post-harvest fields harbouring overwintering pupae, presumably due to low price forecasts in the economically sensitive cotton industry, resulted in the survival of large numbers of resistant pupae. As a result, cultural control of overwintering pupae has become a major component of the integrated Australian resistance management strategy. The strategy has not overcome the pyrethroid resistance problem but has proved to be a successful delaying tactic in ‘buying time’ and extending the useful life of the pyrethroids.However, the strategy has been much more successful in managing endosulfan resistance and some possible reasons for this are discussed: effectively lower selection pressure, fitness deficit, fewer life stages selected, or lower genetic dominance. However, it was not possible from this study to determine the relative importance of these factors or their interactions.
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Brough, Elaine J., Bruce Frank, Frank Page, and Stewart Lindsay. "Integrated mite control in apples in Queensland, Australia." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 60, no. 2-3 (December 1996): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01086-9.
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Baker, G. H., and C. R. Tann. "Mating of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths and their host plant origins as larvae within Australian cotton farming systems." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 2 (September 24, 2012): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000508.
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AbstractTransgenic (Bt) cotton dominates Australian cotton production systems. It is grown to control feeding damage by lepidopteran pests such as Helicoverpa armigera. The possibility that these moths might become resistant to Bt remains a threat. Consequently, refuge crops (with no Bt) must be grown with Bt cotton to produce large numbers of Bt-susceptible moths to reduce the risk of resistance developing. A key assumption of the refuge strategy, that moths from different host plant origins mate at random, remains untested. During the period of the study reported here, refuge crops included pigeon pea, conventional cotton (C3 plants), sorghum or maize (C4 plants). To identify the relative contributions made by these (and perhaps other) C3 and C4 plants to populations of H. armigera in cotton landscapes, we measured stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) within individual moths captured in the field. Overall, 53% of the moths were of C4 origin. In addition, we demonstrated, by comparing the stable isotope signatures of mating pairs of moths, that mating is indeed random amongst moths of different plant origins (i.e. C3 and C4). Stable nitrogen isotope signatures (δ15N) were recorded to further discriminate amongst host plant origins (e.g. legumes from non-legumes), but such measurements proved generally unsuitable. Since 2010, maize and sorghum are no longer used as dedicated refuges in Australia. However, these plants remain very common crops in cotton production regions, so their roles as ‘unstructured’ refuges seem likely to be significant.
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Baker, G. H., C. R. Tann, P. Verwey, and L. Lisle. "Do the plant host origins of Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moth populations reflect the agricultural landscapes within which they are caught?" Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, no. 1 (April 29, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000214.
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AbstractThe use of Bt cotton varieties has greatly reduced the amount of conventional insecticides required to control lepidopteran pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera, in Australia, but the possibility that these moths might become resistant to Bt remains a threat. Consequently, a Resistance Management Plan, which includes the mandatory growing of refuge crops (pigeon pea and non-Bt cotton; both C3 plants), has been established for Bt cotton farmers. However, knowledge of the relative contributions made to overall moth populations from the many host origins (both C3 and C4 plants) available to these insects throughout cotton production regions remains limited, as do the scales of movement and spatial mixing of moths within and between these areas. This study used stable isotope signatures (in particular δ13C) to help identify where moths fed as larvae within separate cotton production regions which differed in their proportions of C3 and C4 host crops (e.g. cotton and sorghum, respectively). C3-derived moths predominated in the early season, but C4-derived moths increased in frequency later. The overall proportion of C4 moths was higher in H. armigera than in H. punctigera. Whilst the relative proportions of C3 and C4 moths differed between regions, no differences in such proportiorns were found at smaller spatial scales, nor were there significant correlations between crop composition and isotope signatures in moths. Overall, these results suggest that C4 host plants are likely to be very important in offsetting the development of Bt resistance in these insects and such influences may operate across multiple regions within a single growing season.
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Trematerra, Pasquale, and Marco Colacci. "Recent Advances in Management by Pheromones of Thaumetopoea Moths in Urban Parks and Woodland Recreational Areas." Insects 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2019): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110395.
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Caterpillars of the pine processionary moths, Thaumetopoea complex, cause serious defoliation to Cedrus, Pinus, and Pseudotsuga trees. Thaumetopoea caterpillars also have fine hairs on their abdominal tergites that contain a protein that can severely irritate and cause dermatitis in humans and domestic animals. The control of the T. pityocampa pine processionary moth has become necessary in many European countries because of the sanitary risks that are related to larval urtication and the defoliation threat to pine forests and plantations. New research activities have been aimed at the development of eco-friendly, innovative technologies for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of these moths, particularly in urban parks and woodland recreational areas. This paper describes the recent advances in the use of pheromones in monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption related to management of processionary moths T. hellenica and T. pityocampa. According to the results, the use of pheromones may provide a practical alternative to insecticide sprays, as they can be safe and simple as compared to other control methods.
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Bucknell, Nicholas, Nicholas Hardcastle, Price Jackson, Michael Hofman, Jason Callahan, Peter Eu, Amir Iravani, et al. "Single-arm prospective interventional study assessing feasibility of using gallium-68 ventilation and perfusion PET/CT to avoid functional lung in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer." BMJ Open 10, no. 12 (December 2020): e042465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042465.
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BackgroundIn the curative-intent treatment of locally advanced lung cancer, significant morbidity and mortality can result from thoracic radiation therapy. Symptomatic radiation pneumonitis occurs in one in three patients and can lead to radiation-induced fibrosis. Local failure occurs in one in three patients due to the lungs being a dose-limiting organ, conventionally restricting tumour doses to around 60 Gy. Functional lung imaging using positron emission tomography (PET)/CT provides a geographic map of regional lung function and preclinical studies suggest this enables personalised lung radiotherapy. This map of lung function can be integrated into Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) radiotherapy planning systems, enabling conformal avoidance of highly functioning regions of lung, thereby facilitating increased doses to tumour while reducing normal tissue doses.Methods and analysisThis prospective interventional study will investigate the use of ventilation and perfusion PET/CT to identify highly functioning lung volumes and avoidance of these using VMAT planning. This single-arm trial will be conducted across two large public teaching hospitals in Australia. Twenty patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer will be recruited. All patients enrolled will receive dose-escalated (69 Gy) functional avoidance radiation therapy. The primary endpoint is feasibility with this achieved if ≥15 out of 20 patients meet pre-defined feasibility criteria. Patients will be followed for 12 months post-treatment with serial imaging, biomarkers, toxicity assessment and quality of life assessment.DiscussionUsing advanced techniques such as VMAT functionally adapted radiation therapy may enable safe moderate dose escalation with an aim of improving local control and concurrently decreasing treatment related toxicity. If this technique is proven feasible, it will inform the design of a prospective randomised trial to assess the clinical benefits of functional lung avoidance radiation therapy.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Peter MacCallum Human Research Ethics Committee. All participants will provide written informed consent. Results will be disseminated via publications.Trials registration numberNCT03569072; Pre-results
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Simmons, Gregory S., Melissa Cristal Salazar Sepulveda, Edith Alejandra Fuentes Barrios, Marcela Idalsoaga Villegas, Raul Enrique Medina Jimenez, Alvaro Rodrigo Garrido Jerez, Ruth Henderson, and Hernán Donoso Riffo. "Development of Sterile Insect Technique for Control of the European Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana, in Urban Areas of Chile." Insects 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12050378.
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The European grapevine moth, a Palearctic pest, was first detected in the Americas in 2008. Its establishment in Chile presented production and export issues for grapes and other fruits, and a national control campaign was launched. Urban areas next to agricultural production areas were recognized as a challenge for effective control. In 2015, a SIT laboratory was established in Arica, Chile to evaluate its potential for urban control. Progress included the development and evaluation of artificial diets, a mass-rearing of 75,000 moths/week, confirmation of 150 Gy as an operational dose for inherited sterility, and releases of sterile moths in a 25 ha urban area next to fruit production areas. Season-long releases demonstrated that high overflooding ratios were achieved early in the season but decreased with a large increase in the wild moth population. Sterile moth quality was consistently high, and moths were observed living in the field up to 10 days and dispersing up to 800 m. Recommendations for further development of the SIT include conducting cage and field studies to evaluate overflooding ratios and mating competitiveness, measuring of infestation densities in release and no-release areas, and conducting trials to evaluate combining SIT with compatible integrated pest management (IPM) tactics such as fruit stripping and use of mating disruption.
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Miller, Adrian, Elizebeth Young, Valarie Tye, Robert Cody, Melody Muscat, Vicki Saunders, Michelle Smith, Jenni Judd, and Rick Speare. "A Community-Directed Integrated Strongyloides Control Program in Queensland, Australia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 3, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed3020048.
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Rapp, Ryan E., Avishek Datta, Suat Irmak, Timothy J. Arkebauer, and Stevan Z. Knezevic. "Integrated Management of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) along the Platte River in Nebraska." Weed Technology 26, no. 2 (June 2012): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00119.1.
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The nonnative biotype of common reed has invaded wetlands in many states including Nebraska, especially along the Platte River from Wyoming to the eastern edge of Nebraska. Therefore, three studies (disking followed by herbicide, mowing followed by herbicide, and herbicide followed by mechanical treatment) were conducted for 3 yr (2008 to 2010) at three locations in Nebraska. The objective was to evaluate common reed control along the Platte River using an integrated management approach based on herbicides (glyphosate or imazapyr), mowing, and disking, either applied alone or in combination. The level of weed control was determined by visual rating, percent flowering, and stem density. On the basis of visual rating, disking and mowing used alone provided common reed control for only a few months. However, the control was significantly prolonged (e.g., at least three seasons) when disking and mowing were combined with herbicide applications. Disking followed by herbicide and mowing followed by herbicide significantly reduced flowering and plant densities (P = 0.0001) compared to the untreated check. These results suggest that a combination of weed control methods has potential to control common reed.
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Williams, Narelle, Frances Boyle, Angela Hong, Hsien Chan, Elizabeth Paton, Kerryn Miller, Zoe Moutrie, Sinead Mulrennan, Bianca Karle, and Gerald B. Fobarty. "Whole brain radiotherapy with partial hair-sparing technique-a feasibility study." International Journal of Radiology & Radiation Therapy 7, no. 4 (July 20, 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijrrt.2020.07.00274.
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Introduction: Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is a common palliative treatment for brain metastases from solid tumours. Traditionally, it is given with opposed lateral fields causing total alopecia as hair-bearing scalp skin receives the full dose. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) can deliver WBRT with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) to larger metastases whilst minimising dose to critical structures such as the hippocampus. This feasibility study aimed to test the hypothesis that a reduced dose to the scalp using a VMAT hair-sparing WBRT protocol would spare scalp hair and reduce alopecia at four weeks post treatment without compromising disease control at three months. Methods: The Hair Spare study (01.07 WBRTMel sub-study SS01.13) was an investigator-initiated, prospective feasibility study. A VMAT hair-sparing WBRT protocol was developed to limit the dose to the scalp to 16 Gray (Gy) in 15 fractions. The primary objective was the rate of alopecia at 4 weeks post RT as measured by CTCAE v4 and clinician and patient perception. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed at baseline, one month and three months post treatment with validated instruments including European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QoL Questionnaire (QLQ-C15-PAL+4) plus four additional questions specifically relating to hair, a visual analogue scale (VAS) to measure the perception of hair loss severity, and the total Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia Distress Scale (CADS). Results: Nine patients with brain metastases from melanoma (6), breast (2) and lung (1) cancer were enrolled at the Mater Sydney Hospital, Crows Nest, Australia. At 4 weeks, 5 patients were evaluable: 4 reported moderate alopecia (CTCAE v4 Grade 2) and 1 reported mild alopecia (CTCAE v4 Grade 1). All 5 wore wigs or scarves to hide hair loss. Any amount of hair loss impacted QoL. Reduced hair loss compared to complete alopecia, as usually found with conventional WBRT, did not translate to a mean improvement in QoL. There was no symptomatic intracranial progression of disease while the patients remained on study. Two patients had MRI at 3 months, and both had evidence of intracranial progression of disease within the volume that had received prescription WBRT dose. From the data collected it seems that VMAT hair-sparing WBRT was well-tolerated. Conclusion: VMAT hair-sparing WBRT partially spared scalp hair at four weeks post WBRT and did not compromise symptomatic disease control during the study. The treating oncologists observed that the hair grew back quicker than with conventional WBRT, and that combined cytotoxic chemotherapy was additive to RT-induced alopecia. However, the study was not optimal in that data collection was hampered by patient availability. The patient population was too unwell to be followed up according to the protocol.
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Reger, Joshua, Jacob A. Wenger, Gurreet Brar, Charles Burks, and Houston Wilson. "Evaluating Flight Performance of Mass-Reared and Irradiated Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) for Sterile Insect Technique." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 4 (June 9, 2021): 1542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab114.
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Abstract Navel orangeworm (Pyralidae: Amyelois transitella) is a key pest of almonds and pistachios in California. Moths directly infest nuts which leads to reduced crop yield and quality, and infestation can predispose nuts to fungal pathogens that produce aflatoxins. While several integrated pest management strategies have been developed for A. transitella, studies have recently been initiated to explore the use of sterile insect technique (SIT) as an additional control tool. Mass-rearing, sterilization, and transportation methods originally developed for Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are currently being used for production of A. transitella in a mass-rearing facility, but the impacts of these processes on performance of A. transitella remain unclear. In this study, computerized flight mills were used to evaluate multiple flight parameters of mass-reared and irradiated A. transitella males and females relative to non-irradiated mass-reared moths and two strains of locally reared moths which were neither mass-reared nor irradiated. Mass-reared non-irradiated females performed similarly to both strains of locally reared females, flying a mean 9.4–11.8 km per night, whereas mass-reared and irradiated males and mass-reared non-irradiated males all flew shorter distances, in the range of 3.0–6.7 km per night. All of the mass-reared moths compared to locally reared moths had significantly more non-fliers that did not engage in more than two minutes of continuous flight. Findings from this study suggest that mass-rearing conditions reduce A. transitella flight capacity, while irradiation interacts with moths in a sex-specific manner.
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Esch, Evan D., Rachael M. Horner, Dustin C. Krompetz, Nathan Moses-Gonzales, Melissa R. Tesche, and David Maxwell Suckling. "Operational Parameters for the Aerial Release of Sterile Codling Moths Using an Uncrewed Aircraft System." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020159.
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The codling moth is a serious pest of apples in most regions of the world where this fruit is produced. The sterile insect technique is one strategy used to control this pest and is employed as part of an area-wide integrated pest management program for the codling moth in British Columbia, Canada. Modified fixed wing aircraft are the most common method for the release of sterile insects in large area-wide pest management programs. However, aerial release with a full-size aircraft can be prohibitively expensive. We evaluated the use of small, uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) for the release of sterile codling moths. Sterile codling moths released from greater altitudes were more broadly distributed and drifted more in strong winds, compared to those released from lower altitudes. Most of the released insects were recaptured in a 50 m wide swath under the release route. Recapture rates for aerially released insects were 40–70% higher compared to those released from the ground. UASs provide a promising alternative to ground release and conventional aircraft for the release of sterile codling moths.
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Görcsös, Gábor, and András Bozsik. "The occurrence and phenology of moth pests in different granary of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 39 (November 10, 2010): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/39/2741.
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The aims of my studies were the followings: primarily to find correlation between the conditions of granary and the occurrence of moth pests. Secondly I studied the effect of disinfection on individual numbers in the population of moths. My studies were started in May 2009 in six different places of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County. Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella) and Mediterranean Flour Moth (Ephestia kuehniella) traps with pheromone were installed in four repetitions as well as Angoumois Grain Moth (Sitotroga cerealella) traps in also four repetitions. Control traps without attractant were also placed at every place.From my researches, it became clear that the disinfection alone is not enough to protect cereals from moths. As in the case of crop protection, we need to apply integrated pest management.We have to make differences between preventive protections from moth pests and the elimination of them by chemicals.Up to my opinion, the regular checking and cleaning of the granary are important as well as the prognosis of the possible occurrence of moths. The prognosis is considered important because the studied moths do not feed at the adult stage or only at a low level. However, the caterpillars coming from the eggs placed by females can cause a significant damage in the stored cereals.The studied sex pheromone traps are proved to be useful for the reduction of number of moths since the traps caught lots of them. These traps are relatively cheap because only the temporarily changes of pheromones increase the cost.
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Jamieson, L. E., J. J. Dymock, T. E. Dawson, K. J. Froud, D. S. Seldon, D. M. Suckling, and A. R. Gibb. "Guava moth in New Zealand distribution hosts life cycle observations and discussion of pesticide management options." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6934.
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Guava moth was first observed in New Zealand in 1997 Little is known of this species in its native Australia where it is not considered a pest In New Zealand guava moths laid their eggs at the stem and style end and in cracks and crevices on fruit and the resulting larvae fed internally on fruits Pupation occurred in loose soil and debris in the orchard and in sawdust beneath fruits in the laboratory In July 2003 guava moth distribution as determined by pheromone trap catches was limited to Northland where adult males were found north of and including Whangarei Heads No moths were trapped in Auckland Waikato or Bay of Plenty Larvae were collected from a range of introduced fruits in Northland during all months of the year However no larvae were found in samples of nearly ripe native berries Control options for guava moth are discussed
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Chynoweth, Richard, Phil Rolston, Mark McNeill, Scott Hardwick, and Olivia Bell. "Red clover casebearer moth (Coleophora deauratella) is widespread throughout New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (July 29, 2018): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.180.
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Coleophora deauratella (red-clover casebearer moth, RCCB) was first confirmed as present in New Zealand during late 2016. It devastated red-clover seed crops throughout the mid-Canterbury region during the 2016/17 growing season but its distribution and control options were unknown. Therefore, traps containing a male pheromone specific to RCCB were located inside either red-clover seed crops or hay crops at 27 sites throughout the South Island and lower North Island during summer 2017/18. Moth numbers were monitored at 7—14-day intervals between November and February. RCCB was confirmed as present at all 27 sites (from Invercargill to Masterton). Peak flights occurred during December with mean moth catch well correlated in thermal time, with half of adult emergence occurring 285˚C days from 1 July (baseline temperature=12oC). Laboratory-based trials were conducted against live moths to evaluate the effectiveness of various organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Tau-fluvalinate, lambda cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos each provided >90% control of moths so chemical control is possible, if required. However, an integrated pest-management control strategy needs to be tested and evaluated.
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Joubert, Jacques, Stephen M. Davis, Geoffrey A. Donnan, Christopher Levi, Graeme Gonzales, Lynette Joubert, and Graeme J. Hankey. "ICARUSS: An effective model for risk factor management in stroke survivors." International Journal of Stroke 15, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 438–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493019830582.
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Background and purpose After an initial stroke, the risk of recurrent stroke is high. Models that implement best-practice recommendations for risk factor management in stroke survivors to prevent stroke recurrence remain elusive. We examined a model which focuses on vascular risk factor management to prevent stroke recurrence in survivors returning to their primary care physicians. This model is coordinated from the stroke unit, integrates specialist stroke services with primary care physicians, and directly involves patients and carers in risk factor management. It is underpinned by the shared care principle in which there is joint participation of specialists as well as primary care physicians in a planned, integrated delivery of care with ongoing involvement of patients and carers, a structure which encourages implementation of best-practice recommendations as well as transferability and sustainability. We hypothesized that an integrated, multimodal intervention based on a shared-care model which supports joint participation of stroke specialists and primary care physicians would improve the implementation of best-practice recommendations for risk factor management in stroke survivors returning to the community. Methods We undertook a double-blind randomized controlled trial, testing the model in three Australian cities using stroke survivors admitted to stroke units and discharged from hospital to return to their primary care physicians. The model was a shared care, multifaceted integrated program which included bidirectional feedback between general practitioner and specialist unit, education, and engagement of patient and carer in self-management with ongoing input from a multidisciplinary team. The primary endpoint was improvement or abolition of risk factors such as raised blood pressure, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, the modification of adverse life-style factors such as lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol abuse and adherence to preventive medication at one year. Intermediate measurement points were scheduled at three monthly intervals. Analysis was by intention to treat, evaluated by covariance or a linear model adjusting for confounding factors or variance of base-line risk factors. The study was registered as ACTRN = 1261100026498. Results The study population was as follows: intervention ( n = 112), control ( n = 137). At baseline, there was no statistical difference between the groups for any variable. At the 12-month evaluation, there was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline in the intervention group of 5.2 mmHg ( p < 0.01). This change was not observed in the control group ( p = 0.29). Moreover, at 12 months the mean systolic blood pressure in the intervention group was 129.4 mmHg (SD 14.7), a result which was not obtained in controls. Fasting total cholesterol as well as triglycerides was reduced significantly in the intervention group (both p < 0.01) but this was not the case in the control group ( p = 0.11 and p = 0.27, respectively). At 12 months, there was no change in BMI in the intervention group but there was a significant increase in BMI ( p = 0.02) in the control group. At 12 months in the intervention group, the mean distance walked with ease compared to the baseline measurements was increased by a mean distance of 600 m while in the control group the distance walked with ease was reduced compared to that measured at baseline. At 12 months, the Barthel index in the intervention group demonstrated improved function ( p = 0.01), but no change was observed in controls. At 12 months in the intervention group, there was a significant decrease in number of standard alcoholic drinks consumed per week compared to the baseline ( p = 0.04). This was not observed in the control group ( p = 0.34). Conclusion In stroke survivors, the ICARUSS (Integrated Care for the Reduction of Secondary Stroke) model is superior to usual care with respect to best-practice recommendations for traditional risk factors as well as behavioral and functional outcomes.
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Erasmus, Reynardt, Johnnie van den Berg, and Hannalene du Plessis. "Susceptibility of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Pupae to Soil Applied Entomopathogenic Fungal Biopesticides." Insects 12, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060515.
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Management of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in greenhouses and under open-field tomato cultivation relies on an integrated approach, largely targeting the egg and larval stages of the pest. However, little to no research has been done on the efficacy of EPFs for control of the pupal stage. The aims of this study were to determine the susceptibility of T. absoluta pupae to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae spores applied as soil drench treatments, and the possible effects of these treatments on fecundity and fertility of moths. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC80) of the respective products were estimated in dose-response bioassays by exposing pupae in a soil substrate to different concentrations of EPF products. Emerging moths were paired in different combinations, according to EPF exposure treatments after which fecundity and fertility of females were recorded. Pupae in the soil were effectively controlled by all EPF products in both bioassays as well as in a growth tunnel experiment. The LC50 value of the B. bassiana oil formulation was significantly lower than that of other treatments. The fecundity of females that were subjected to the B. bassiana oil formulation was significantly lower than that of the control treatment. This study showed the potential of soil drench applications of both B. bassiana and M. anisopliae for control of T. absoluta pupae.
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Cork, A., S. N. Alam, F. M. A. Rouf, and N. S. Talekar. "Female sex pheromone of brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): trap optimization and application in IPM trials." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 2 (April 2003): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002220.
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AbstractDelta and wing traps baited with synthetic female sex pheromone of Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée were found to catch and retain ten times more moths than either Spodoptera or uni-trap designs. Locally-produced water and funnel traps were as effective as delta traps, although ‘windows’ cut in the side panels of delta traps significantly increased trap catch from 0.4 to 2.3 moths per trap per night. Trap catch was found to be proportional to the radius of sticky disc traps in the range 5–20 cm radius, discs with a 2.5 cm radius caught no moths. Wing traps placed at crop height caught significantly more moths than traps placed 0.5 m above or below the crop canopy. Replicated integrated pest management (IPM) trials (3 × 0.5 ha per treatment) were conducted in farmers fields with young and mature eggplant crops. Farmers applied insecticides at least three times a week in all check and IPM plots. In addition pheromone traps were placed out at a density of 100 per ha and infested shoots removed weekly in the 0.5 ha IPM plots. Pheromone trap catches were reduced significantly from 2.0 to 0.4 moths per trap per night respectively in check and IPM plots in a young crop and 1.1 to 0.3 moths per trap per night in check and IPM plots respectively in a mature crop. Fruit damage was significantly reduced from an average of 41.8% and 51.2% in check plots of young and mature crops respectively to 22% and 26.4 respectively in the associated IPM plots. Significant differences in pheromone trap catches and fruit damage were attained four and two weeks respectively after IPM treatments began in the mature crop whereas in the immature crop significant differences were not observed for the first eight to nine weeks respectively. The relative impact of removing infested shoots and mass trapping on L. orbonalis larval populations was not established in these trials but in both cases there was an estimated increase of approximately 50% in marketable fruit obtained by the combination of control techniques compared to insecticide treatment alone.
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Barrass, I., D. Brown, and P. Pullar. "INTEGRATED CONTROL AND COST REDUCTION IN PEAR ORCHARDS OF THE GOULBURN VALLEY, AUSTRALIA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 347 (October 1993): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.347.37.
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Day, Roger K., John D. Mumford, and Ho Shui Hing. "Adult resting sites as a target for chemical control of the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Malaysia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, no. 1 (March 1995): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300052007.
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AbstractThe daytime resting sites of adult Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen), a serious pest of cocoa in south-east Asia, were identified as a possible target to which insecticide could be selectively applied. Field observations were made on 126 resting moths in a cocoa plantation in East Malaysia. All moths were found on the undersides of branches 45° or less from horizontal, and 1·5 cm or more in diameter; 90% were found in the lower half of trees. A field trial was conducted in which 25 ppm deltamethrin was applied with knapsack sprayers to these sites. Five applications were made at ten day intervals, each crop season (6 months), over a two year period. Mean estimated losses in the sprayed area were 12.1 to 33.7 percentage points lower than in the control area, giving an estimated net benefit of up to RM978 ha in one season, assuming a cocoa price of RM4000 per tonne. Losses in the sprayed area still ranged from 7.0% to 43·1% and did not decline over successive seasons. There was some evidence for immigration into the sprayed area, but it is suggested the rapid recovery of populations following spraying is also due to the high potential rate of increase of the insect in susceptible cocoa varieties. In susceptible cocoa varieties control is always likely to be difficult, but in less susceptible varieties, and with well maintained trees, chemical control by selective application to adult resting sites can be a practical component of integrated control.
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Brower, John H., and Michael A. Mullen. "Effects of Xylocoris flavipes (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Releases on Moth Populations in Experimental Peanut Storages." Journal of Entomological Science 25, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-25.2.268.
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A biological control test in experimental peanut storages indicated that release of large numbers of the warehouse pirate bug, Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), a generalist predator of stored-product insects, has considerable potential for suppression of stored-product moth populations. Suppression of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), and the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was dependent on both the prey species and environmental conditions. Release of X. flavipes suppressed small populations of almond and Indianmeal moths by as much as 78.8% and 71.4%, respectively, before cold weather and a severe freeze eliminated the almond moth population in January. Suppression of the Indianmeal moth lasted through the 7-month test period. X. flavipes may be useful as one component of an integrated peanut control program based on release of biological agents
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Karso, Batol A., Rasha yousif Yousif, Hozan Mustafa, and Dauod Mohammad. "Inventorying The Most Common Broccoli Pest Insect and Assessing the Effectiveness of Sticky Traps in Reducing Damage." NTU Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 2, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56286/ntujavs.v2i1.177.
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Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is a cool-season crop that can be grown year-round under controlled conditions such as greenhouses. And the results showed that it was attacked by many pests causing direct damage to crops. As cabbage grey aphid, cabbage white butterfly, great white butterfly, diamondback moths, and cabbage cutworm, and using stick traps have efficient in controlling the density of pests and can be applied within the integrated pest control, so their use avoids damage to the crop. The trap was significant and superior in monitoring and recording the first appearance of the insect pest, as well as in the effect on the quantity and quality of the product obtained, where the highest production was recorded, amounting to approximately 1200kg/greenhouse and the absence of the need to use chemical pesticides for control compared to the control (without traps), where the production reached 700 kg/ greenhouse.
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Luo, Zongxiu, Fida Hussain Magsi, Zhaoqun Li, Xiaoming Cai, Lei Bian, Yan Liu, Zhaojun Xin, Chunli Xiu, and Zongmao Chen. "Development and Evaluation of Sex Pheromone Mass Trapping Technology for Ectropis grisescens: A Potential Integrated Pest Management Strategy." Insects 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11010015.
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Since the identification of the Ectropis grisescens sex pheromone, no effective control technology based on this pheromone has yet been developed and evaluated. In this study, pheromone proportion and dosage, sustained-release dispensers, and pheromone lure-matched traps were optimized. The mass trapping technology developed with the above optimized parameters was tested in a field trial. The results show that two compounds, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-octadecatriene and (Z,Z)-3,9-cis-6,7-epoxy-octadecadiene, at a ratio of 30:70 and impregnated into rubber septa at 1 mg, were the most attractive to male moths. These compounds provided the best performance when combined with a sticky wing trap. Adult male moth monitoring data showed that there was a lower population density in the trapping plot compared with the control plot, and there was a clear difference during the peak adult occurrence of the first five insect generations in 2017. The effect of mass trapping on the larva population was investigated in 2018; the control efficiency reached 49.27% after trapping of one generation of adults and was further reduced to 67.16% after two successive adult moth generations, compared with the control plot. The results of the present study provide a scientific basis for the establishment of sex pheromone-based integrated pest management strategies.
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Cunningham, J. P., M. P. Zalucki, and S. A. West. "Learning in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a new look at the behaviour and control of a polyphagous pest." Bulletin of Entomological Research 89, no. 3 (March 1999): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485399000310.
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AbstractRecent experimental evidence has shown that learning occurs in the host selection behaviour of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), one of the world‘s most important agricultural pests. This paper discusses how the occurrence of learning changes our understanding of the host selection behaviour of this polyphagous moth. Host preferences determined from previous laboratory studies may be vastly different from preferences exhibited by moths in the field, where the abundance of particular hosts may be more likely to determine host preference. In support of this prediction, a number of field studies have shown that the ‘attractiveness’ of different hosts for H. armigera oviposition may depend on the relative abundance of these host species. Insect learning may play a fundamental role in the design and application of present and future integrated pest management strategies such as the use of host volatiles, trap crops and resistant crop varieties for monitoring and controlling this important pest species.
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Frye, Mark A. "Effects of stretch receptor ablation on the optomotor control of lift in the hawkmothManduca sexta." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 21 (November 1, 2001): 3683–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.21.3683.
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SUMMARYIn insects, fast sensory feedback from specialized mechanoreceptors is integrated with guidance cues descending from the visual system to control flight behavior. A proprioceptive sensory organ found in both locusts and moths, the wing hinge stretch receptor, has been extensively studied in locusts for its powerful influence on the activity of flight muscle motoneurons and interneurons. The stretch receptor fires a high-frequency burst of action potentials near the top of each wingstroke and encodes kinematic variables such as amplitude and timing. Here, I describe the effects of stretch receptor ablation on the visual control of lift during flight in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. Using a combination of extracellular muscle recordings, force and position measurements and high-speed video recording, I tracked power muscle activity, net vertical flight force (lift), abdomen deflection and wing kinematics in response to image motions of varying velocity during tethered flight in a wind tunnel. As a result of bilateral ablation of the wing hinge stretch receptors, visually evoked lift decreased to nearly one-third of that exhibited by intact animals. The phase and frequency of indirect power muscle action potentials and the patterns of abdominal deflection were unaffected; however, wingstroke amplitude was clearly reduced after ablation. Collectively, these results suggest that stretch receptor feedback is integrated with descending visual cues to control wing kinematics and the resultant aerodynamic force production during flight.
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Luong, T. T. A., S. J. Downes, B. Cribb, L. E. Perkins, and M. P. Zalucki. "Oviposition site selection and survival of susceptible and resistant larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Bt and non-Bt cotton." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 6 (July 5, 2016): 710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000328.
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AbstractIn Australia Bt cotton has been planted since 1996, and has greatly improved the control of its key target Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). There is no strong evidence that genetically modified cotton has been selected for significant physiological resistance to Bt toxin in field populations. There are many possible explanations for the lack of apparent selection that range from high compliance with the resistance management strategy for this technology to a lack of behavioral preference in key traits such as oviposition that could favor survival. To date most experiments that test oviposition of H. armigera on Bt cotton vs. conventional cotton have been done with susceptible moths. We determine the oviposition preference of a field isolated Bt resistant line of H. armigera and a susceptible counterpart when given a choice of non-Bt cotton and Bt-cotton with the same genetic background, and test whether there is any relationship between oviposition site selection (different plant structures) and the survival of the first instar larvae. Within cotton plants, our experiments consistently showed that both resistant and susceptible moths did not choose plants or plant parts that were less toxic in terms of Bt toxin on which to lay eggs. There was one exception in that susceptible moths were more likely to lay eggs on squares of Bt cotton plants than squares of non-Bt cotton. As expected, the mortality of susceptible H. armigera neonates was significantly higher on structures of Bt cotton plants than on those structures of conventional cotton, and survival was greater on flowers than on other structures of Bt cotton. This confirms opportunities for selection for resistance, and demonstrates no advantage in this respect to carrying resistance genes that might overcome the Bt toxins.
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SURIPTO, SURIPTO, SUKIMAN SUKIMAN, and ERIN RYANTIN GUNAWAN. "Insecticidal selectivity of jayanti plant (Sesbania sesban) for integrated control of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)." Asian Journal of Agriculture 1, no. 02 (December 1, 2017): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g010205.
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Suripto, Sukiman, Gunawan ER. 2017. Insecticidal selectivity of jayanti plant (Sesbania sesban) for integrated control of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Asian J Agric 1: 80-84. It has been known previously that leaves of the jayanti plant (Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.) containing insecticidal ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal selectivity of various extract fractions of S. sesban leaf for the integrated control of cabbage pest, the diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella). Dried leaf powders from S. sesban were extracted in stages by using hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethanol, and water, successively. Each of insecticidal performance of S. sesban leaf extract fractions was tested against two types of test insects, namely P. xylostella larvae as target and Diadegma semiclausum imago as non target insects according to completely randomized design in the cabbage plantation at the village of Sembalun, East Lombok, Indonesia. Each mortality data of P. xylostella larvae and D. semiclausum imago processed by probit analysis to determine the concentration of the death of 50% of test insects (LC50) of each test extract. The results showed that the LC50 of S. sesban leaf extracts classified into four fractions, namely hexane, DCM, and water extract fractions to P. xylostella larvae successively was 343.71, 294.78, 29.95, and 1197.13 ppm, and to D. semiclausum imago row was 305.5, 121.56, 37.38, and 1043.70 ppm. The results showed that the insecticidal activity of S. sesban leaf ethanol extract fraction was selective, because its selectivity value is 1.25. On the other hand each insecticidal performance of three S. sesban leaf extracts, i.e. hexane, DCM, and water extract fractions, respectively is not selective, with the selectivity values are 0.89, 0.41, and 0.87.
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Mahajan, Gulshan, Rao C. N. Rachaputi, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Integrated weed management using row arrangements and herbicides in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 8 (2019): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19186.
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In Australia, efforts are under way to revive the pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) industry, which has high export potential because of an increased demand in the international market. However, weeds are a major constraint to achieve high yield in pigeonpea. This study was designed to assess the effect of row arrangement and herbicide treatment on weed suppression and pigeonpea grain yield. Row arrangements included row spacing (narrow, 25 cm; wide, 50 cm) and paired rows (rows 25 cm apart within a pair, each pair separated from the next by 75 cm). Herbicide treatments were: untreated control; pre-emergent pendimethalin at 910 g a.i. ha–1; post-emergent imazapic at 84 g a.i. ha–1; and pre-emergent pendimethalin followed by post-emergent imazapic (rates as above). In the first year, Trianthema portulacastrum was the dominant weed, and infestation was 100% in the non-treated control plots. In the second year, other weeds (Setaria viridis, Eragrostis cilianensis and Chloris virgata) comprised 30% of the weed population. Averaged over row arrangements, grain yield varied from 2088 to 2689 kg ha–1 in 2017 and from 835 to 2145 kg ha–1 in 2018, and was lowest in the untreated control and highest in the plots treated with the sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic. Averaged over years and herbicide treatments, yield was lower in paired rows (1850 kg ha–1) than in narrow (2225 kg ha–1) and wide (2165 kg ha–1) row spacings. In the first year, all herbicide treatments provided >50% control of T. portulacastrum in the narrow and wide row spacings and increased yield by >22% over the untreated control. In the second year, the single application of imazapic proved inferior for controlling weeds, resulting in a 21% reduction in grain yield compared with sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic. In both years, grain yield was similar for the single application of pendimethalin and sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic. Despite the complex weed flora in 2018, the single application of imazapic provided acceptable weed control only when the crop was planted at 25 cm row spacing. Our results suggest that the single application of pendimethalin was effective on T. portulacastrum. However, in a complex weed flora situation, the sequential application of pendimethalin and imazapic provided effective weed control and resulted in improved yield.
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Humphries, Talia, and Singarayer K. Florentine. "A Comparative Review of Six Invasive Nassella Species in Australia with Implications for Their Management." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061036.
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Two Nassella species, Nassella trichotoma and Nassella neesiana, have significantly reduced the carrying capacity of Australia’s south-east rangelands and agricultural systems. It is, therefore, of considerable concern that four other Nassella species have also become naturalised in Australia, and are noted to share many of the ecological features of the two currently widespread species. This paper reviews the distribution, ecology, and impacts of all six Nassella species, which are currently naturalised in Australia, and makes recommendations toward a blanket Nassella control program. The review highlights observed similarities between the species, including the time of flowering, seed type, germination requirements, and growth morphology. These common factors support the possibility that an integrated Nassella control program could be designed to integrate good grazing management with cultural control methods, such as soil cultivation, fire, and native plant competition, with treatments being implemented prior to the common annual seed maturation period. Notwithstanding the success of these integrated programs, it is recognised that seeds of all species may remain viable in the seedbank for up to 12 years, meaning ongoing monitoring and management will be required. To develop even finer control programs, further research into the ecology of these Nassella species is recommended to determine any additional weak spots in these species’ defences, and to subsequently develop and apply novel integrated control methods that target all six species.
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Maberly, Glen. "Western Sydney Diabetes: An integrated program for diabetes prevention, management, and control in Sydney, Australia." International Journal of Integrated Care 21, S1 (September 1, 2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.icic20261.
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Moe, Rikke Helene, Margreth Grotle, Ingvild Kjeken, Inge Christoffer Olsen, Petter Mowinckel, Espen A. Haavardsholm, Kåre Birger Hagen, Tore K. Kvien, and Till Uhlig. "Effectiveness of an Integrated Multidisciplinary Osteoarthritis Outpatient Program versus Outpatient Clinic as Usual: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Rheumatology 43, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150157.
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Objective.Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of pain and disability. Given the constraint in the provision of care, there is a need to develop and assess effectiveness of new treatment models. The objective was to compare satisfaction with and effectiveness of a new integrated multidisciplinary outpatient program with usual care in an outpatient clinic for patients with OA.Methods.Patients with clinical OA referred to a rheumatology outpatient clinic were randomized to a 3.5-h multidisciplinary group-based educational program followed by individual consultations, or to usual care. The primary outcome was satisfaction with the health service evaluated on a numerical rating scale (0 = extremely unsatisfied, 10 = extremely satisfied) after 4 months. Secondary outcomes included health-related quality of life measures.Results.Of 391 patients, 86.4% (n = 338) were women, and mean age was 61.2 (SD 8.0) years. At 4 months, patients who received integrated multidisciplinary care were significantly more satisfied with the health service compared with controls, with a mean difference of −1.05 (95% CI −1.68 to −0.43, p < 0.001). Among secondary outcomes, only self-efficacy with other symptoms scale (10–100) improved significantly in the multidisciplinary group compared with controls at 4 months (3.59, 95% CI 0.69–6.5, p = 0.02). At 12 months, the Australian/Canadian Hand Osteoarthritis Index pain (0–10) and fatigue scores (0–10) were slightly worse in the multidisciplinary group with differences of 0.38 (95% CI 0.06–0.71, p = 0.02) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.02–1.07, p = 0.04), respectively.Conclusion.Patients receiving an integrated multidisciplinary care model were more satisfied with healthcare than those receiving usual care, whereas there were no clinically relevant improvements in health outcomes.
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Mala, M., M. Baishnab, and M. M. I. Mollah. "Push-Pull Strategy: an integrated approach to manage insect-pest and weed infestation in cereal cropping systems." Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research 25, no. 2 (2020): 2122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18801/jbar.250220.259.
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The “Push–Pull” strategy is an effective, efficient, and powerful tool in integrated pest management (IPM) that is combining several behaviour-modifying stimuli to control cereal stem borers and the noxious weed Striga in cereal-based farming systems in Africa. This technology involves driving away from the cereal stemborers from the main crop by using stimuli of repellent intercrops (push) that mask host apparency and simultaneously stemborers are attracted by highly apparent and attractive stimuli from trap plants (pull). The fodder legume, Desmodium (D. uncinatum and D. intortum), and Molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) are used as the repellent intercrop, which is repugnant to stemborer moths. On the other hand, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and Sudangrass (sorghum vulgare sudanese) is planted as a border crop used as the trap plant (pull). Chemicals that are released by the roots of the Desmodium intercrop induce abortive germination of seeds of noxious Striga weeds, providing very effective control of this weed. Napier grass and Molasses grass also provide high-value animal fodder that facilities milk production, diversifying sources of farmers’ income. Besides, this technology helps to improve soil fertility and prevent soil erosion that leads to increased grain yield in the future. Chemicals that are released by the roots of the Desmodium intercrop induce abortive germination of seeds of noxious Striga weeds, providing very effective control of this weed.
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Harker, K. Neil, and John T. O'Donovan. "Recent Weed Control, Weed Management, and Integrated Weed Management." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00109.1.
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Integrated weed management (IWM) can be defined as a holistic approach to weed management that integrates different methods of weed control to provide the crop with an advantage over weeds. It is practiced globally at varying levels of adoption from farm to farm. IWM has the potential to restrict weed populations to manageable levels, reduce the environmental impact of individual weed management practices, increase cropping system sustainability, and reduce selection pressure for weed resistance to herbicides. There is some debate as to whether simple herbicidal weed control programs have now shifted to more diverse IWM cropping systems. Given the rapid evolution and spread of herbicide-resistant weeds and their negative consequences, one might predict that IWM research would currently be a prominent activity among weed scientists. Here we examine the level of research activity dedicated to weed control techniques and the assemblage of IWM techniques in cropping systems as evidenced by scientific paper publications from 1995 to June 1, 2012. Authors from the United States have published more weed and IWM-related articles than authors from any other country. When IWM articles were weighted as a proportion of country population, arable land, or crop production, authors from Switzerland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Australia, and Canada were most prominent. Considerable evidence exists that research on nonherbicidal weed management strategies as well as strategies that integrate other weed management systems with herbicide use has increased. However, articles published on chemical control still eclipse any other weed management method. The latter emphasis continues to retard the development of weed science as a balanced discipline.