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Journal articles on the topic 'Moths – Behavior'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Green, Thomas A., and Ronald J. Prokopy. "DIURNAL BEHAVIOR OF THE APPLE BLOTCH LEAFMINER MOTH, PHYLLONORYCTER CRATAEGELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 130, no. 4 (August 1998): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent130415-4.

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AbstractObservations of apple blotch leafminer moths, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), during daylight hours in commercial apple orchards in New England from 1982 through 1984 indicated a diurnal pattern of activity. Substantial flight in the morning, almost exclusively by males, was associated with mating, and lesser flight from midafternoon until darkness, predominantly by females, was associated with oviposition. Moths were comparatively inactive during midday hours, at which time they were located primarily on the lower third of the tree trunk during the first moth flight (overwintering generation moths), and on leaves during the second and third moth flights (first and second generation moths, respectively). Moths were concentrated at the inner half of the tree canopy during all three moth flights, and especially below 1.5 m height during the first moth flight.

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2

Acharya, Lalita, and M. Brock Fenton. "Bat attacks and moth defensive behaviour around street lights." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-202.

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The defensive behaviour of moths around street lights was examined at a site where bats feed heavily on moths. The lights had a negative effect on moth defensive behaviour, but a combination of observational techniques (recording the outcome of naturally occurring bat-moth interactions) and experimental techniques (deafening moths by puncturing the tympanal organs) indicated that ultrasound-detecting ears still afforded the moths some protection from bat predation. On average, bats captured 69% of the moths they attacked. Moths that exhibited evasive behaviour were caught significantly less often than those that did not (52 vs. 2%). Moths whose tympanic organs had been punctured were significantly easier to catch (requiring fewer attempts) than moths with intact ears, reflecting the fact that significantly more of the eared than the deafened moths showed evasive behaviour (48 vs. 0%). Overall, the number of captures of deafened moths was higher, though not significantly, than the number of captures of eared moths.

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3

Oliveira, F. B. "Body-size influence on defensive behavior of Amazonian moths: an ecophysiological approach." Brazilian Journal of Biology 65, no. 1 (February 2005): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842005000100014.

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Ectotherm locomotion is restricted by low temperatures, and many species, such as some flying insects, need to achieve thermal thresholds before taking off. Body size influences heat exchange between an animal and the environment. Therefore, larger animals have higher thermal inertia, and necessarily spend more time in pre-flight warming up, a critical period when they remain exposed and more susceptible to predators. Thus, one could expect larger animals, along their evolutionary history, to have developed a more diversified repertoire of defensive behaviors when compared to their smaller counterparts. Moths are an interesting model for testing this hypothesis, as they exhibit considerable variation in body size and many species present pre-flight warming up by muscle shivering, an evidence of thermal restriction on locomotion. I registered the responses of 76 moths immediately after simulating the attack of a predator and then associated behavioral response to body size. I conducted the experiments at 20 and 25ºC to check for possible thermal restrictions on behavior, and identified animals to the family level to check for the effects of a common phylogenetic history. When disturbed at 25ºC, smaller moths tend to fly, while larger ones tend to run. At 20ºC almost all moths ran, including the smaller ones, indicating a possible thermal restriction on flight. Corroborating the proposed hypothesis, a more diversified repertoire of defensive behaviors was registered among larger moths. An alternative interpretation would be that common behaviors among related moths could be explained by common phylogenetic histories. However, two facts support the physiological restriction hypothesis: (1) the analysis within Sphingidae and Geometridae (not closely related families) showed similar results to those of the overall analysis, and (2) a more diverse repertoire of defensive behaviors was associated to the lower, and therefore more restrictive to locomotion, temperature (20ºC).

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4

Diaz, Candido, and John H. Long. "Behavior and Bioadhesives: How Bolas Spiders, Mastophora hutchinsoni, Catch Moths." Insects 13, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121166.

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Spiders use various combinations of silks, adhesives, and behaviors to ensnare and trap prey. A common but difficult to catch prey in most spider habitats are moths. They easily escape typical orb-webs because their bodies are covered in sacrificial scales that flake off when in contact with the web’s adhesives. This defense is defeated by spiders of the sub-family of Cyrtarachninae, moth-catching specialists who combine changes in orb-web structure, predatory behavior, and chemistry of the aggregate glue placed in those webs. The most extreme changes in web structure are shown by bolas spiders, who create a solitary capture strand containing only one or two glue droplets at the end of a single thread. They prey on male moths by releasing pheromones to draw them within range of their bolas, which they flick to ensnare the moth. We used a high-speed video camera to capture the behavior of the bolas spider Mastophora hutchinsoni. We calculated the kinematics of spiders and moths in the wild to model the physical and mechanical properties of the bolas during prey capture, the behavior of the moth, and how these factors lead to successful prey capture. We created a numerical model to explain the mechanical behavior of the bolas silk during prey capture. Our kinematic analysis shows that the material properties of the aggregate glue bolas of M. hutchinsoni are distinct from that of the other previously analyzed moth-specialist, Cyrtarachne akirai. The spring-like behavior of the M. hutchinsoni bolas suggests it spins a thicker liquid.

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5

Vickers, Neil J. "Pheromone communication in moths: evolution, behavior, and application." Animal Behaviour 135 (January 2018): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.11.005.

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6

Böröczky, Katalin. "Pheromone Communication in Moths: Evolution, Behavior, and Application." American Entomologist 63, no. 4 (2017): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/tmx069.

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7

Zha, Yuping, Qicai Chen, and Chaoliang Lei. "Ultrasonic hearing in moths." Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 45, no. 2 (January 2009): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2009.10697598.

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8

Surlykke, Annemarie, and Mads Filskov. "Hearing in Geometrid Moths." Naturwissenschaften 84, no. 8 (August 27, 1997): 356–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050410.

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9

Dunning, Dorothy C., and Martin Kruger. "Aposematic Sounds in African Moths." Biotropica 27, no. 2 (June 1995): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388998.

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10

Ricklefs, Robert E. "Aspect Diversity in Moths Revisited." American Naturalist 173, no. 3 (March 2009): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/596533.

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11

Thomas, J. A. "Breeding butterflies and moths." Biological Conservation 43, no. 1 (1988): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(88)90081-x.

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12

Cooper, J. W. "Conserving Britain's rarest moths." Biological Conservation 59, no. 2-3 (1992): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(92)90629-2.

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13

Klem, Crystal C., and Jennifer Zaspel. "Pest Injury Guilds, Lepidoptera, and Placing Fruit-Piercing Moths in Context: A Review." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 112, no. 5 (July 8, 2019): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz031.

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Abstract The pest status of insects in agricultural settings is human-defined based on behaviors that may negatively impact the yield of susceptible crops. As such, both the insect behavior and the affected crop play a part in determining pest status. One helpful means of understanding pest status involves using pest injury guilds, which distinguish different pest groups based on similar kinds of injury to comparable plant tissues. Pest injury guilds defined in the literature are reviewed and then applied to agriculturally significant Lepidoptera. More specialized Lepidoptera behaviors which are economically relevant, such as leaf-rolling or stem-boring, are examined within their respective injury guilds. In this review, fruit-piercing moths are discussed within the context of pest Lepidoptera behaviors and are highlighted due to their unique means of causing economic damage. Unlike other Lepidoptera in agricultural settings, fruit-piercing moths are harmful as adults rather than larvae, and directly injure fruits using a specially adapted proboscis. The ecology and systematics of fruit-piercing moths, as well as current control options, are also discussed.

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14

Blackburn, L. "MOTHS MAKE DECISIONS." Journal of Experimental Biology 210, no. 8 (April 15, 2007): ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02772.

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15

Sugiura, Shinji, and Kazuo Yamazaki. "Gall-attacking behavior in phytophagous insects, with emphasis on Coleoptera and Lepidoptera." Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 2, no. 1 (2009): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498309x435658.

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AbstractPlant galls are induced by physicochemical interactions between plants and gall-inducing organisms, such as insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Organisms that are unable to create galls on plants, but feed on gall tissues induced by other species, are referred to as gall-attackers (gall-feeders) and include various insect orders (Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera). Gall-attacking weevils (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) may have acquired their gall-feeding habits independently (i.e. cecidophages), whereas other gall-attacking insects, such as inquiline gall wasps (Hymenoptera) and gall midges (Diptera) may have evolved these habits from gall-inducing ancestors (i.e., inquilines). Most species of gall-attacking weevils feed only on galls (obligate cecidophages), while most gall-attacking moths feed on galls and also on ungalled or normal plant tissues (facultative cecidophages). Weevils may have acquired their gall-attacking habits independently from other types of feeding habits, such as leaf mining, seed-feeding, and bud-feeding, while moths may have acquired them from leaf-chewing and wood-boring. Studies on the effects of gall-attacking weevils on gall-inducing arthropods report a higher proportion of lethal effects than studies on effects from gall-attacking moths. Weevil larvae rarely move around food resources because they have no legs, while moth larvae can actively move among food resources using their prolegs. This difference in mobility between weevils and moth larva may be related to their differential gall-attacking behaviors and effects on gall-inducers. Cecidophages provide a model system for investigating the evolution of feeding habits and the ecology of species interactions.

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16

Dunning, Dorothy C., Lalita Acharya, Catherine B. Merriman, and Lella Dal Ferro. "Interactions between bats and arctiid moths." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 11 (November 1, 1992): 2218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-298.

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Many arctiid moths emit trains of ultrasonic clicks upon tactile stimulation and when exposed to trains of ultrasonic pulses like those emitted by bats. We observed the responses of captive big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and free-foraging red bats (Lasiurus borealis) to arctiid moths and similar-sized moths of other families, and the responses of free-flying moths to trains of ultrasonic pulses like those of bats. Both the big brown bats and the red bats ate significantly fewer arctiids than were available to them, but the captive bats were more likely to kill arctiids than were the free-flying ones. The captive bats ate fewer of the arctiids they killed than moths of other families. Muted arctiid moths were caught by the red bats more than intact conspecifics but usually were dropped without being eaten. Free-flying arctiid moths changed their flight paths less in response to trains of ultrasonic pulses than did moths of other families similarly capable of hearing these signals. These results suggest that arctiid moths use their clicks and chemical defenses to protect them from the bats that prey upon them, and that these clicks are aposematic signals that warn bats of unpalatable prey.

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17

Powell, Jerry A. "Interrelationships of yuccas and yucca moths." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(92)90191-d.

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18

St. Juliana, Justin R., Brock M. Fenton, Carmi Korine, Berry Pinshow, Michal Wojciechowski, and Vasiliy Kravchenko. "Note: A Field Assessment of the Defensive Responses of Moths to an Auditory Stimulus." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 53, no. 2 (May 6, 2007): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.53.2.173.

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We examined the responses of moths to an auditory stimulus in the field with respect to moth size, moth activity state (at rest or flying), whether it responded, and response type. Moths most commonly responded by changing flight direction. Flying moths responded significantly more often to the auditory stimulus than did resting moths; small- and medium-sized moths responded significantly more often than larger ones. We found no differences in use of response types between size classes. We suggest that these behavioral responses to the auditory stimulus are likely due to evolved induced responses to detection of predatory bats.

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19

Sanders, C. J., and G. S. M. Lucuik. "MATING BEHAVIOR OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 124, no. 2 (April 1992): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent124273-2.

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AbstractThe mating behavior of spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] moths was studied in a wind tunnel. Of 88 contacts between male and female moths, 64 (73%) resulted in successful copulation. Failures were a result of males losing contact during courtship (11%), and females walking or flying, either when first contacted (7%) or when males attempted copulation (9%). Females showed no overt behavior other than moving away. Removal of the male labial palps had no effect on responses, which indicates that these structures have no role in courtship. Males with antennae completely removed did not respond to airborne pheromone and, therefore, none copulated. Removal of one antenna or half of both antennae of the males did not reduce the numbers of males that located females, but did result in slower responses and fewer matings. It also resulted in changes in male courtship behavior, which suggest that males depend upon their antennae to position themselves appropriately alongside the female when attempting to copulate. Analyses of male response to models of female moths constructed from glass rods with wings of male spruce budworm or male white-marked tussock moth [Orgyia leucostigma (J.E. Smith)] attached showed that males position themselves approximately halfway along me wing length of the model, with no dependance on its wing size or the length of the male’s antennae. Responses were equally high to both spruce budworm and to tussock moth wings, but no males responded to glass rods in the absence of wings.

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20

Arthur, Frank H. "Susceptibility of Fifth-Instar Indianmeal Moth and Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Cyfluthrin Residues on Peanuts1." Journal of Entomological Science 30, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-30.3.318.

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Inshell peanuts treated with 10, 14, 18, and 22 ppm cyfluthrin were bioassayed with fifth instar Indianmeal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and fifth-instar almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), after 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of storage. Emergence of the adult almond moth was greater than Indianmeal moth emergence at residual bioassays of 14, 18, and 22 ppm. Regression of increasing emergence with storage time was significant for the Indianmeal moth at 22 ppm and the almond moth at 14 and 22 ppm. For both species, adult emergence decreased as cyfluthrin concentration increased and was described by quadratic regression.

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21

Krauel, J. J., J. M. Ratcliffe, J. K. Westbrook, and G. F. McCracken. "Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) adjust foraging behaviour in response to migratory moths." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 6 (June 2018): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0284.

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Insect migrations represent large movements of resources across a landscape, which are attractive to predators capable of detecting and catching them. Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824)) consume migratory noctuid moths, which concentrate in favourable winds resulting in aggregations of prey that attract bats hundreds of metres above ground. Although T. brasiliensis are known to feed on these aggregations of migratory moths, changes in their foraging behaviours have not been linked to moth migration events. We investigated possible shifts in the bats’ foraging behaviours when moths are migrating with respect to altitude and moth abundance. We recorded 1104 echolocation call passes of T. brasiliensis at ground level and at altitudes of ∼100 and ∼200 m above ground level. We found proportionally more bat activity at higher altitudes when migratory moth abundance was high. We also found that bats decreased call frequency and bandwidth and increased call duration at higher altitudes and behaved similarly with increasing moth abundance even at ground level. Our results support predictions that bats change foraging behaviour in response to seasonal availability of migratory moths and document alterations in echolocation call parameters that are consistent with optimizing prey detection.

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22

Guignion, Cassandra, and James H. Fullard. "A potential cost of responding to bats for moths flying over water." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-015.

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Although the evasive flight of eared moths to attacking bats has received much attention in the literature, no studies have been made of the potential costs for this behaviour. We examined the fate of moths that land upon the surface of a lake in a simulation of an evasive power dive away from a bat. Of 102 different-sized moths from 18 species that were dropped onto the surface of a lake in eastern Ontario, Canada, 61% were eaten, on average, by fish in 31.3 s with no effect of wing surface area on escape success. These results suggest that nocturnal predation on moths by fish may be underestimated and that this behaviour may cause moths to avoid lakes when flying.

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23

White, Jr., Don, Katherine C. Kendall, and Harold D. Picton. "Seasonal occurrence, body composition, and migration potential of army cutworm moths in northwest Montana." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z98-001.

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Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) consume adult army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from late June through mid-September on alpine talus slopes in Glacier National Park (GNP), Montana. As part of a study carried out to better understand the ecological interactions between grizzly bears and army cutworm moths in GNP, we studied temporal abundance patterns, body mass and composition, and migration potential of moths collected from alpine moth aggregation sites throughout the summer of 1994 and 1995. Army cutworm moths arrived in the alpine zone of GNP in late June or early July and departed by late August or early September. While moths were in the alpine zone, their body mass and moisture, lipid, and gross energy contents markedly increased and crude protein decreased. The absence of moths from the alpine zone coincided with the presence of moths on the Great Plains. Using published estimates of the cost of transport in flying animals, we calculated that an army cutworm moth flying in late summer through still air could fly 140 km using body lipid reserves alone.

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24

Chang, Meng-Meng, Sakhawat Shah, Meng-Ya Wu, Su-Su Zhang, Gang Wu, and Feng-Lian Yang. "Effect of Diallyl Trisulfide on the Reproductive Behavior of the Grain Moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)." Insects 11, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11010021.

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The Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier, 1789) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is primarily a pest of stored products, that feeds inside the grain as larvae inducing significant economic loss in various stored commodities. Our previous studies proved that garlic essential oil and its active substances inhibit oviposition in moths. To further explore the effect on reproductive behavior and accurately interpret the results in terms of effective control of the moth population, moths were treated with diallyl trisulfide (DATS), an active substance of garlic essential oil, at a dose of 0.015 µL/L in air (LC20, sub-lethal concentration). The results showed that fecundity and the proportion of viable eggs significantly decreased when the moths were treated with LC20 DATS. Furthermore, female circadian mating rhythms and calling periodicity changed significantly after treatment. Compared with controls, the peak in mating occurred approximately 1 h earlier on the first day after DATS treatment, while it was significantly later on days 2 and 3. Moreover, mating frequency declined in presence of DATS compared with the controls. The percentage of females engaging in calling behavior decreased significantly with time, to less than 50%, 2 days after treatment, while a high calling percentage (>80%) was recorded for control moths on all 4 days. In addition, DATS had an inhibitory effect on the mating duration of S. cerealella. Moreover, a significant reduction was observed in the amount of sex pheromones extracted 8 h and 9 h after treatment. Our findings suggested that DATS has the potential to manipulate the moth population at LC20 and would be an efficient alternative to synthetic insecticides for the control of pests having low toxicity to non-target organisms and ecosystems.

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25

Morrill, Scott B., and James H. Fullard. "Auditory influences on the flight behaviour of moths in a Nearctic site. I. Flight tendency." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1097–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-153.

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We investigated the hypothesis that earless moths defend themselves from bats in a southeastern Ontario site by means of their flight behaviour. In this study we assume that the time taken by a moth to initiate flight from a stationary perch (flight tendency) will reflect its overall flightedness throughout the night. We predicted that earless moths would exhibit a reduced flight tendency relative to eared moths because moths at this site are primarily at risk of predation from bats while flying. When grouped, earless taxa displayed a significantly greater mean interval to flight departure than eared taxa. Most species of the earless families Saturniidae, Sphingidae, and Lasiocampidae were more likely to remain stationary and took longer to initiate flight than members of the eared families Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Geometridae, Arctiidae, and Drepanidae. We conclude that for most earless moths the hypothesis of reduced flight defence is supported, but there are exceptions to our results that suggest the existence of other antibat defences (e.g., seasonal isolation in a spring-emerging lasiocampid). The evolution of ears in moths and the potential reproductive costs of not possessing them are discussed.

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26

SASAKI, Masami, and Fumio JIBIKI. "Timing of the Sexual Behavior of Wild and Domestic Silk Moths." Applied Entomology and Zoology 20, no. 1 (1985): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.20.99.

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27

Niepoth, Natalie, Gao Ke, Jacobus C. de Roode, and Astrid T. Groot. "Comparing Behavior and Clock Gene Expression between Caterpillars, Butterflies, and Moths." Journal of Biological Rhythms 33, no. 1 (December 26, 2017): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730417746458.

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28

Birch, M. C., and A. Hefetz. "Extrusible Organs in Male Moths and Their Role in Courtship Behavior." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 33, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/besa/33.4.222.

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29

Tilley, S. "FOOD COLOURING FOR MOTHS." Journal of Experimental Biology 207, no. 19 (September 1, 2004): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01216.

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30

Pfuhl, Gerit, Blanka Kalinova, Irena Valterova, and Bente G. Berg. "Simple ears – flexible behavior: Information processing in the moth auditory pathway." Current Zoology 61, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.2.292.

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Abstract Lepidoptera evolved tympanic ears in response to echolocating bats. Comparative studies have shown that moth ears evolved many times independently from chordotonal organs. With only 1 to 4 receptor cells, they are one of the simplest hearing organs. The small number of receptors does not imply simplicity, neither in behavior nor in the neural circuit. Behaviorally, the response to ultrasound is far from being a simple reflex. Moths’ escape behavior is modulated by a variety of cues, especially pheromones, which can alter the auditory response. Neurally the receptor cell(s) diverges onto many interneurons, enabling parallel processing and feature extraction. Ascending interneurons and sound-sensitive brain neurons innervate a neuropil in the ventrolateral protocerebrum. Further, recent electrophysiological data provides the first glimpses into how the acoustic response is modulated as well as how ultrasound influences the other senses. So far, the auditory pathway has been studied in noctuids. The findings agree well with common computational principles found in other insects. However, moth ears also show unique mechanical and neural adaptation. Here, we first describe the variety of moths’ auditory behavior, especially the co-option of ultrasonic signals for intraspecific communication. Second, we describe the current knowledge of the neural pathway gained from noctuid moths. Finally, we argue that Galleriinae which show negative and positive phonotaxis, are an interesting model species for future electrophysiological studies of the auditory pathway and multimodal sensory integration, and so are ideally suited for the study of the evolution of behavioral mechanisms given a few receptors.

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31

Fullard, James H., and Jeff W. Dawson. "Why Do Diurnal Moths Have Ears?" Naturwissenschaften 86, no. 6 (June 8, 1999): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050613.

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32

Arias, Mónica, Marianne Elias, Christine Andraud, Serge Berthier, and Doris Gomez. "Transparency improves concealment in cryptically coloured moths." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 33, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13560.

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33

Nieminen, Marko, Hannu Rita, and Paavo Uuvana. "Body size and migration rate in moths." Ecography 22, no. 6 (December 1999): 697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00519.x.

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34

Várkonyi, Gergely, Ilkka Hanski, Martin Rost, and Juhani Itämies. "Host-parasitoid dynamics in periodic boreal moths." Oikos 98, no. 3 (September 2002): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980306.x.

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35

McMannis, Eva-Maria, and Konrad Fiedler. "Fruit-feeding in European cold season noctuid moths increases fecundity, but not longevity." Nota Lepidopterologica 42, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.42.34390.

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Feeding on rotting fruits, rather than nectar, is linked to high adult life-expectancy in certain butterflies, notably tropical Nymphalidae. We experimentally tested whether cold-season central European noctuid moths may also derive longevity and fecundity benefits from feeding on fruits. Many cold-season noctuid moths avidly feed on such resources. We expected fitness benefits to be especially pronounced in moths which overwinter as adults, in relation to their unusually long and thus nutrient-demanding imaginal life (6–9 months). Field-caught female individuals representing four genera (Allophyes Tams, 1942; Agrochola Hübner, 1821; Conistra Hübner, 1821; Eupsilia Hübner, 1821) were offered sucrose solution, sucrose solution enriched with vitamins, or moisturized banana slices plus sucrose solution, respectively, under greenhouse conditions. These moths represented two life-cycle types (autumn species vs. adult hibernators). Life span differed between moth genera, but we did not observe any enhancement of life span through fruit-feeding. Rather, in some cases moths kept with access to banana slices experienced a minor reduction in life span, compared to moths fed sucrose solution only. We observed no benefits in terms of enhanced fecundity through fruit-feeding in autumn species. Among adult hibernators, in contrast, potential fecundity increased by over 50% in banana-fed females, when observed over their full lifetime. Yet, if kept in the lab only after completing their hibernation in the wild, fitness benefits no longer accrued to moths from supplementing their diet with fruits. We conclude that noctuids that hibernate as adults are indeed income breeders which potentially increase their fecundity by feeding on fruits.

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Faure, P. A., J. H. Fullard, and J. W. Dawson. "The gleaning attacks of the northern long-eared bat, Myotis septentrionalis, are relatively inaudible to moths." Journal of Experimental Biology 178, no. 1 (May 1, 1993): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.178.1.173.

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This study empirically tests the prediction that the echolocation calls of gleaning insectivorous bats (short duration, high frequency, low intensity) are acoustically mismatched to the ears of noctuid moths and are less detectable than those of aerially hawking bats. We recorded auditory receptor cell action potentials elicited in underwing moths (Catocala spp.) by echolocation calls emitted during gleaning attacks by Myotis septentrionalis (the northern long-eared bat) and during flights by the aerial hawker Myotis lucifugus (the little brown bat). The moth ear responds inconsistently and with fewer action potentials to the echolocation calls emitted by the gleaner, a situation that worsened when the moth's ear was covered by its wing (mimicking a moth resting on a surface). Calls emitted by the aerial-hawking bat elicited a significantly stronger spiking response from the moth ear. Moths with their ears covered by their wings maintained their relative hearing sensitivity at their best frequency range, the range used by most aerial insectivorous bats, but showed a pronounced deafness in the frequency range typically employed by gleaning bats. Our results (1) support the prediction that the echolocation calls of gleaners are acoustically inconspicuous to the ears of moths (and presumably other nocturnal tympanate insects), leaving the moths particularly vulnerable to predation, and (2) suggest that gleaners gain a foraging advantage against eared prey.

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White, Jr., Don, Katherine C. Kendall, and Harold D. Picton. "Grizzly bear feeding activity at alpine army cutworm moth aggregation sites in northwest Montana." Canadian Journal of Zoology 76, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-185.

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Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) consume army cutworm moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) from late June through mid-September at alpine moth aggregation sites in Glacier National Park, Montana. To better understand the importance of army cutworm moths to grizzly bears, we determined the sex and age classes and minimum numbers of grizzly bears foraging at known alpine moth aggregation sites, and documented the timing and use patterns of grizzly bears foraging in these areas. A minimum of 36 grizzly bears were observed 106 times feeding at 6 of 9 known moth aggregation sites from late June through mid-September in 1992-1995; no bears were observed on moth sites in 1993. Bears fed on moth aggregations disproportionately more at elevations >2561 m, on slopes between 31° and 45°, and on southwest-facing aspects. Lone adult grizzly bears appeared to be underrepresented and subadults overrepresented at moth sites. Moths are highly digestible; all parts are digested except for the exoskeleton. We propose that army cutworm moths are an important, high-quality, preferred summer and early-fall food for grizzly bears in Glacier National Park. We do not present any data that demonstrate an increase in the importance of moths when other foods fail.

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38

Laster, M. L., D. D. Hardee, and J. L. Roberson. "Emergence of Male-Sterile Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Backcross Moths at a Central Release Point and Their Resulting Spatial Distribution." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.3.241.

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Heliothis virescens backcross moths are most effectively released in wide-area release programs from pupae placed in the field prior to moth emergence. A significantly greater moth emergence was obtained in the field from unharvested pupae in rearing trays than was obtained from harvested pupae. Mating, oviposition, and egg viability of emerged female moths were not adversely affected by handling procedures. Moths released from emergence containers were recovered in the most distant trap, 5.5 km, from the release point. However, the greatest number of released moths was captured in pheromone traps within 1.7 km of the release point.

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Witzgall, Peter, Lena Ansebo, Zhihua Yang, Gino Angeli, Benoit Sauphanor, and Marie Bengtsson. "Plant volatiles affect oviposition by codling moths." Chemoecology 15, no. 2 (June 2005): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-005-0295-7.

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40

Willis, M. A., and E. A. Arbas. "Variability in odor-modulated flight by moths." Journal of Comparative Physiology A: Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 182, no. 2 (January 13, 1998): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050170.

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41

Craik, Clive. "A new interpretation of the 'skull' of the Death's-head Hawk-moth Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)." Entomologist's Gazette 71, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.714.1780.

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If viewed upside-down, the entire Death's-head Hawk-moth Acherontia atropos (Linnaeus, 1758) conveys an illusion of an eyed head. The famous skull-like mark on the thorax becomes a 'nose' and its eye-sockets become 'nostrils'. Discal spots on the forewings become small 'eyes' and other features appear as 'ears', 'muzzle' and 'lips'. A very similar illusion is conveyed by Convolvulus Hawk-moth Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758). Photographs are shown of those two species and of similar images in five species of moths. Possibilities are discussed of eyedhead illusions in other hawk-moths and in noctuid moths. The function of such images is almost certainly to deter, distract or otherwise deceive predators.

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McNeil, Jeremy N. "Calling Behavior: Can It Be Used to Identify Migratory Species of Moths." Florida Entomologist 69, no. 1 (March 1986): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3494746.

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43

Abrell, Leif, Pablo G. Guerenstein, Wendy L. Mechaber, Gert Stange, Thomas A. Christensen, Koji Nakanishi, and John G. Hildebrand. "Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on oviposition behavior in Manduca sexta moths." Global Change Biology 11, no. 8 (August 2005): 1272–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00989.x.

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44

SHIGAKI, Shunsuke, Shunpei FUKUSHIMA, Ryo MINEGISHI, Daisuke KURABAYASHI, and Ryohei KANZAKI. "Construction of 3-DOF servo-sphere for behavior measurement of silkworm moths." Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) 80, no. 813 (2014): DR0131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/transjsme.2014dr0131.

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45

Crespo, J. G., F. Goller, and N. J. Vickers. "Pheromone mediated modulation of pre-flight warm-up behavior in male moths." Journal of Experimental Biology 215, no. 13 (June 6, 2012): 2203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.067215.

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46

Spangler, Hayward G. "Sound and the Moths That Infest Beehives." Florida Entomologist 71, no. 4 (December 1988): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495006.

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Preiss, R., and E. Kramer. "Mechanism of pheromone orientation in flying moths." Naturwissenschaften 73, no. 9 (September 1986): 555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00368166.

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BERRY, R. J. "Industrial melanism and peppered moths (Biston betularia (L.))." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 39, no. 4 (April 1990): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1990.tb00518.x.

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49

Várkonyi, Gergely, Mikko Kuussaari, and Harri Lappalainen. "Use of forest corridors by boreal Xestia moths." Oecologia 137, no. 3 (August 9, 2003): 466–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-003-1354-9.

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50

Yang, Xiao, Xun-Lin Jiang, Zheng-Lian Su, and Ben Wang. "Cyborg Moth Flight Control Based on Fuzzy Deep Learning." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040611.

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Cyborg insect control methods can be divided into invasive methods and noninvasive methods. Compared to invasive methods, noninvasive methods are much easier to implement, but they are sensitive to complex and highly uncertain environments, for which classical control methods often have low control accuracy. In this paper, we present a noninvasive approach for cyborg moths stimulated by noninvasive ultraviolet (UV) rays. We propose a fuzzy deep learning method for cyborg moth flight control, which consists of a Behavior Learner and a Control Learner. The Behavior Learner is further divided into three hierarchies for learning the species’ common behaviors, group-specific behaviors, and individual-specific behaviors step by step to produce the expected flight parameters. The Control Learner learns how to set UV ray stimulation to make a moth exhibit the expected flight behaviors. Both the Control Learner and Behavior Learner (including its sub-learners) are constructed using a Pythagorean fuzzy denoising autoencoder model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves significant performance advantages over the state-of-the-art approaches and obtains a high control success rate of over 83% for flight parameter control.

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