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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

GREGG, PAUL, MARIA GUTIÉRREZ-DOMÈNECH, and JANE WALDFOGEL. "The Employment of Married Mothers in Great Britain, 1974–2000." Economica 74, no. 296 (November 2007): 842–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00574.x.

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2

Waerness, Knud Knudsen, Kari. "National Context, Individual Characteristics and Attitudes on Mothers' Employment: A Comparative Analysis of Great Britain, Sweden and Norway." Acta Sociologica 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000169901300060807.

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3

Knudsen, Knud, and Kari Wærness. "National Context, Individual Characteristics and Attitudes on Mothers' Employment: A Comparative Analysis of Great Britain, Sweden and Norway." Acta Sociologica 44, no. 1 (March 2001): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000169930104400106.

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4

Tang, Ning. "Mothers' Employment and Childcare Use in Britain." Economica 72, no. 288 (November 2005): 733–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2005.00441_7.x.

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5

Dynіuk, A. A., and L. O. Samilyk. "Ensuring gender balance in family relations: national and European experience." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (November 27, 2022): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.04.39.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of gender equality in family legal relations taking into account the European experience. The theoretical essence and place of gender issues in the family policy of Ukraine has been established. The gender legislation, which forms the basis of legal regulation of family relations in Ukraine, is analyzed: the main norms of the Constitution of Ukraine in the field of gender equality; norms of the Family Code of Ukraine and other national normative legal acts that ensure the equality of men and women in the institution of the family; international documents that were ratified by Ukraine in this area. The problem of discrimination against men according to social stereotypes and the problem of violence in the family are considered. It is noted that the war on the territory of Ukraine has an extremely negative effect on family legal relations, as it causes such negative consequences as the absence of a father or mother in the family, a broken psyche of children, an increase in cases of deviant behavior, changeable family relations, the spread of single-parent families, etc. European experience in solving the main problems of gender policy was studied and parallels with Ukrainian legislation were drawn. The directions of European family policy are considered, such as: children's well-being, gender equality, combination of family life and employment. The research conducted by MORI as part of the Here and Now task in Great Britain is analyzed; Sweden's experience in regulating the equal participation of men and women in household chores and parental responsibilities; The Gender Equality Index, which represents the current state of European gender roles and their formation, through indicators relating to the dimensions of Knowledge, Work, Money, Time, Power and Health. It is proposed to develop a national concept of family development and gender equality, based on the analysis of modern national processes and world experience.

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6

McKIE, LINDA, SOPHIA BOWLBY, and SUSAN GREGORY. "Gender, Caring and Employment in Britain." Journal of Social Policy 30, no. 2 (April 2001): 233–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279401006262.

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Employment and social policies continue to be based upon a gender template that assumes women, especially mothers, are or should be natural carers. Invariably, policies that seek to promote women's entry to paid work do so by facilitating their management and conduct of caring work, thus reinforcing the gender template. In addition, contemporary debates around concepts of citizenship emphasise the obligation to paid employment but fail to tackle the gendered division of caring activities and organisation of care. Enhanced access to childcare merely recreates the gender template by promoting low paid jobs for women as paid carers who are predominantly providing care services for other women. The provision of unpaid paternity leave is unlikely to challenge the strong association between femininity, mothering and care work.In this article we explore notions of caring, home and employment. It is argued that ambivalence exists amongst policy makers, employers, and society more generally, towards the gendered nature of caring and the implications of this for women, and men who wish to care, who are in paid employment. These are old issues and the authors consider why change in social and public policies is so slow. The authors argue that a consideration of gender and equality principles, currently largely absent from welfare and employment policies, and debates on notions of citizenship, should form the basis for the development of future strategies to support parents and children.

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7

Adisa, Toyin Ajibade, Gbolahan Gbadamosi, and Ellis L. C. Osabutey. "Work-family balance." Gender in Management: An International Journal 31, no. 7 (October 3, 2016): 414–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-01-2016-0010.

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Purpose Given the reality that working mothers experience difficulties in achieving work-family balance because of the social restrictions that arise from parenting combined with career goals, this paper aims to explore the various coping strategies that are used by working mothers in the cities of London (Great Britain) and Lagos (Nigeria). Design/methodology/approach Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 72 mothers who worked in banks in London (Great Britain) and Lagos (Nigeria). Thematic analysis and investigator triangulation are used. Findings The findings reveal various coping strategies used by working mothers in the cities of Lagos and London. The paper also unearths the efficiency and the shortcomings of the use of au pairs among British working mothers and the similarities and disparities in terms of such use compared to the traditional use of housekeepers in Nigeria. Originality/value This paper contributes to the existing work–family balance literature by exploring the coping strategies of working mothers because of sociocultural and institutional differences in Great Britain and Nigeria.

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8

Sousounis, Panos, and Gauthier Lanot. "Social networks and unemployment exit in Great Britain." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 1205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0137.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect employed friends have on the probability of exiting unemployment of an unemployed worker according to his/her educational (skill) level. Design/methodology/approach In common with studies on unemployment duration, this paper uses a discrete-time hazard model. Findings The paper finds that the conditional probability of finding work is between 24 and 34 per cent higher per period for each additional employed friend for job seekers with intermediate skills. Social implications These results are of interest since they suggest that the reach of national employment agencies could extend beyond individuals in direct contact with first-line employment support bureaus. Originality/value Because of the lack of appropriate longitudinal information, the majority of empirical studies in the area assess the influence of social networks on employment status using proxy measures of social interactions. The current study contributes to the very limited empirical literature of the influence of social networks on job attainment using direct measures of social structures.

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9

Peden, G. C., Alan Booth, and Melvyn Pack. "Employment, Capital and Economic Policy: Great Britain, 1918-1939." Economic History Review 39, no. 3 (August 1986): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2596365.

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10

Aassve, Arnstein, Simon Burgess, Carol Propper, and Matt Dickson. "Employment, family union and childbearing decisions in Great Britain." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 169, no. 4 (October 2006): 781–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.2006.00432.x.

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11

Sarantis, Nicholas, and Caspar Swales. "Modelling and forecasting regional service employment in Great Britain." Economic Modelling 16, no. 3 (August 1999): 429–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-9993(99)00009-7.

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12

Robinson, Olive, and John Wallace. "RELATIVE PAY AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 43, no. 2 (May 1, 2009): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1981.mp43002003.x.

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13

Ermisch, John F., and Robert E. Wright. "Welfare Benefits and Lone Parents' Employment in Great Britain." Journal of Human Resources 26, no. 3 (1991): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146020.

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14

Murphy, M. J. "Differential family formation in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 19, no. 4 (October 1987): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017107.

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SummaryDifferentials in variables concerned with the timing, number, and distribution of fertility by a wide range of socioeconomic, attitudinal, inherited and housing characteristics from the British Family Formation Survey are reported. Variables associated with the couple's housing history and the wife's employment career are becoming more strongly associated with demographic differentials among younger cohorts than traditionally-based ones such as religion or region of residence. Cluster analysis techniques show which groups of family formation variables are strongly associated with particular types of non-demographic ones, and a natural grouping of explanatory variables is derived. The implications of these conclusions for data collection in demographic surveys are discussed.

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15

Wright, Robert E., John F. Ermisch, P. R. Andrew Hinde, and Heather E. Joshi. "The third birth in Great Britain." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 4 (October 1988): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017612.

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SummaryThe relationship between female labour force participation, and other socioeconomic factors, and the probability of having a third birth is examined, using British data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey, by hazard regression modelling with time-varying covariates. The results demonstrate the strong association between demographic factors, e.g. age at first birth and birth interval and subsequent fertility behaviour. Education appears to have little effect. Surprisingly, women who have spent a higher proportion of time as housewives have a lower risk of having a third birth. This finding is in sharp disagreement with the conventional expectation that cumulative labour force participation supports lower fertility. These findings are briefly compared with similar research carried out in Sweden.

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16

Giovanis, Eleftherios. "The relationship between flexible employment arrangements and workplace performance in Great Britain." International Journal of Manpower 39, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2016-0083.

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Purpose There is an increasing concern on the quality of jobs and productivity witnessed in the flexible employment arrangements. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between various flexible employment arrangements and the workplace performance. Design/methodology/approach Home-based working, teleworking, flexible timing and compressed hours are the main employment types examined using the Workplace Employee Relations Survey (WERS) over the years 2004 and 2011 in Great Britain. The workplace performance is measured by two outcomes – the financial performance and labour productivity. First, the determinants of these flexible employment types are explored. Second, the ordinary least squares (OLS) method is followed. Third, an instrumental variable (IV) approach is applied to account for plausible endogeneity and to estimate the causal effects of flexible employment types on firm performance. Findings The findings show a significant and positive relationship between the flexible employment arrangements and the workplace performance. Education, age, wage, quality of relations between managers-employees, years of experience, the area of the market the workplace is operated and the competition are significant factors and are positively associated with the propensity of the implementation of flexible employment arrangements. Social implications The insights derived from the study can have various profound policy implications for employees, employers and the society overall, including family-work balance, coping with family demands, improving the firm performance, reducing traffic congestion and stress among others. Originality/value It is the first study that explores the relationship between flexible employment types and workplace performance using an IV approach. This allows us to estimate the causal effects of flexible employment types and the possible associated social implications.

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17

Casey, Bernard. "The extent and nature of temporary employment in Great Britain." Policy Studies 8, no. 1 (July 1987): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01442878708423486.

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18

Bishop, Paul. "Diversity and employment growth in sub-regions of Great Britain." Applied Economics Letters 15, no. 14 (November 21, 2008): 1105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850600993572.

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19

Bishop, Paul, and Peter Gripaios. "Spatial Externalities, Relatedness and Sector Employment Growth in Great Britain." Regional Studies 44, no. 4 (January 13, 2009): 443–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343400802508810.

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20

Not Available, Not Available. "Employment Policy Strategies and Successes: Great Britain and France compared." Economic Bulletin 37, no. 2 (February 10, 2000): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101600050007.

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21

Ermisch, John F., and Robert E. Wright. "Lone parenthood and employment: male-female differences in Great Britain." Labour Economics 2, no. 3 (September 1995): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-5371(95)80033-t.

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22

Gustafsson, Siv, and Eiko Kenjoh. "New evidence on work among new mothers. What can trade unions do?" Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 10, no. 1 (February 2004): 034–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890401000106.

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This article examines the employment patterns of new mothers from one year before the birth of their first child until its fifth birthday in Sweden, Germany, Britain, the Netherlands and Japan. Data on the labour force status of mothers was drawn from household panel data from each country. That data showed significant differences in the employment patterns of new mothers. This article discusses the developments in family policies that may explain differences between employment patterns of new mothers in the five countries. In particular, the authors contrast family policies in Sweden with those of the other countries because since the 1970s Sweden has had the most wide-ranging set of policies to benefit the dual-career family. In addition, using a few examples from the Netherlands and Sweden, this article discusses what trade unions can do in their respective countries in order to move society towards truly shared breadwinning and shared parenthood between women and men.

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23

Blanchflower, David G., and Simon M. Burgess. "Job Creation and Job Destruction in Great Britain in the 1980s." ILR Review 50, no. 1 (October 1996): 17–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399605000102.

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Using data from the Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys of 1980, 1984, and 1990, the authors investigate processes of job creation and job destruction in Britain. They find that rates of employment growth, job creation, and job destruction were higher at the end of the 1980s than at the beginning. Both job creation and job destruction were extremely concentrated: about 50% of each was accounted for by just 4% of continuing establishments. Employment growth was apparently more variable in manufacturing plants than in private service sector workplaces. Some variables negatively related to employment growth were unionization, establishment size, establishment age, and location in the private manufacturing sector (versus private service sector).

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24

Schoon, Ingrid, and Elzbieta Polek. "Pathways to Economic Well-Being Among Teenage Mothers in Great Britain." European Psychologist 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000028.

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The present study examines pathways to independence from social welfare among 738 teenage mothers, participants of the 1970 British Cohort Study, who were followed up at age 30 years. Using a longitudinal design, a pathway model is tested, examining linkages between family social background, cognitive ability, school motivation, and individual investments in education, as well as work- and family-related roles. The most important factors associated with financial independence by age 30 are continued attachment to the labor market as well as a stable relationship with a partner (not necessarily the father of the child). Pathways to financial independence, in turn, are predicted through own cognitive resources, school motivation, and family cohesion. Implications of findings for policy making are discussed.

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25

Arestis, Philip, Ayşe Kaya, and Hüseyin Şen. "Does fiscal consolidation promote economic growth and employment? Evidence from the PIIGGS countries." European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 15, no. 3 (November 2018): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2017.0030.

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Using annual data over the period 1980–2014, this paper attempts to provide an answer to the question of whether fiscal consolidation promotes growth and employment in the context of the PIIGGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Great Britain, and Spain) by using the Bootstrap Granger causality analysis proposed by Kónya (2006), which allows testing for causality on each individual country separately, and by accounting for dependence across countries. Our findings indicate that in no country considered does fiscal consolidation promote growth. However, fiscal consolidation negatively affects employment in Portugal and Italy, whereas it positively influences employment in Great Britain. Based on our findings, we may suggest that the effects of fiscal consolidation on employment produce mixed results, varying from country to country.

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26

Evans, Patricia M. "Targeting Single Mothers for Employment: Comparisons from the United States, Britain, and Canada." Social Service Review 66, no. 3 (September 1992): 378–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/603928.

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27

Westhead, Paul, and Sue Birley. "Employment Growth in New Independent Owner-Managed Firms in Great Britain." International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship 13, no. 3 (April 1995): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242695133001.

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28

Cabral, Ana Cinta G., Christos Kotsogiannis, and Gareth Myles. "Self-Employment Income Gap in Great Britain: How Much and Who?" CESifo Economic Studies 65, no. 1 (June 2, 2018): 84–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cesifo/ify015.

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29

Larsen, Flemming, and Sharon Wright. "Interpreting the marketization of employment services in Great Britain and Denmark." Journal of European Social Policy 24, no. 5 (September 10, 2014): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928714543903.

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30

Trewsdale, Janet M., David Blanchflower, and Bernard Corry. "Part-Time Employment in Great Britain-An Analysis Using Establishment Data." Applied Statistics 37, no. 2 (1988): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2347347.

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31

Fingleton, Bernard. "The Location of Employment in High-technology Manufacturing in Great Britain." Urban Studies 29, no. 8 (December 1992): 1265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420989220081261.

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32

Corby, Susan, Laura William, and Sarah Richard. "Combatting disability discrimination: A comparison of France and Great Britain." European Journal of Industrial Relations 25, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680118759169.

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This article examines disabled people’s employment in Great Britain and France. In both countries, they are far less likely to be employed than non-disabled people, but the gap is wider in Britain than in France. Possible explanations for the wider gap in Britain include weak enforcement mechanisms, judicial resistance and the lack of an institutional role for trade unions, resulting in an implementation gap; while the narrower gap in France may reflect the more proactive legislation, including its quota-levy scheme. We conclude that these explanations are not mutually exclusive, and we suggest that Britain might consider adopting some French provisions, thus tempering its voluntarist approach.

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33

Wu, Chi-Fang, Mary Keegan Eamon, and Ming-Sheng Wang. "Does Lack of Health Insurance Mediate the Relationship Between Employment Hardships and Unmet Health Care Needs Among Single Mothers?" Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 16 (September 8, 2015): 2227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15604342.

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Using data from a national sample of 451 single mothers collected 24 months during and after the Great Recession, this study tested four hypotheses related to comprehensive measures of employment problems, number of months without health insurance, and unmet medical or dental needs. The results indicate positive relationships between employment problems and unmet medical or dental needs, employment problems and lacking health insurance, and lacking health insurance and unmet medical or dental needs. Most important, lack of health care coverage significantly reduced the relationships between unemployment (by 26%) and underemployment (by 56%) and unmet medical or dental needs. These results indicate that lack of health insurance at least partially mediates the effects of employment problems on single mothers experiencing an unmet medical or dental need. The findings have implications for these mothers’ medical and dental care access, which are discussed within the context of the recent health care reforms.

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34

Jordan, Ellen. "The Exclusion of Women From Industry in Nineteenth-Century Britain." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015826.

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In 1868, a clergymen told the annual congress of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science that “he had long lived in the town of Liverpool, and had been placed in circumstances there which made him frequently regret that there were no places in which women could find employment. The great want was of employment for every class of women, not only for the higher class, but for those placed in humbler circumstances.” At earlier conferences, however, a number of speakers described the abundant opportunities for female employment in other Lancashire towns. Census figures make it clear that the reason lay in the different industrial bases of these towns.

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35

Marlow, Christine. "Women, children and employment: responses by the United States and Great Britain." International Social Work 34, no. 3 (July 1991): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002087289103400305.

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36

Corby, Susan, and Ryuichi Yamakawa. "Judicial regimes for employment rights disputes: comparing Germany, Great Britain and Japan." Industrial Relations Journal 51, no. 5 (September 2020): 374–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irj.12307.

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37

Wels, Jacques. "The Impact of Extending Working Lives on Youth Employment in Great Britain." Journal of Intergenerational Relationships 18, no. 1 (July 30, 2019): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2019.1596186.

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38

Hult, Carl. "GENDER, CULTURE AND NON-FINANCIAL EMPLOYMENT COMMITMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN AND SWEDEN." European Societies 10, no. 1 (February 2008): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616690701592573.

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39

Westhead, Paul, and Marc Cowling. "Employment change in independent owner-managed high-technology firms in Great Britain." Small Business Economics 7, no. 2 (April 1995): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01108686.

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40

Hillmert, Steffen. "Deregulation of the labor market and chances of employment in Great Britain." International Advances in Economic Research 8, no. 1 (February 2002): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02295558.

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41

Kidd, Michael P., Euan Phimister, and Ivan Ferko. "Are Employment Effects of Gender Discrimination Important? Some Evidence from Great Britain." Manchester School 71, no. 6 (December 2003): 593–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-9957.2003.00368.x.

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42

Pettman, Barrie O. "Male and Female Economic Activity and Employment in Great Britain, 1984–1987." Equal Opportunities International 7, no. 1 (January 1988): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb010479.

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43

Jantz, Bastian, Tanja Klenk, Flemming Larsen, and Jay Wiggan. "Marketization and Varieties of Accountability Relationships in Employment Services: Comparing Denmark, Germany, and Great Britain." Administration & Society 50, no. 3 (April 22, 2015): 321–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399715581622.

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In the past decade, European countries have contracted out public employment service functions to “activate” working-age benefit clients. There has been limited discussion of how contracting out shapes the accountability of employment services or is shaped by alternative democratic, administrative, or network forms of accountability. This article examines employment service accountability in Germany, Denmark, and Great Britain. We find that market accountability instruments are additional instruments, not replacements. The findings highlight the importance of administrative and political instruments in legitimizing marketized service provision and shed light on the processes that lead to the development of a hybrid accountability model.

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44

Yerkes, Mara A., Bill Martin, Janeen Baxter, and Judy Rose. "An unsettled bargain? Mothers’ perceptions of justice and fairness in paid work." Journal of Sociology 53, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 476–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783317696361.

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Mothers’ return to work following childbirth is widely recognized as a key stage in establishing employment arrangements that disadvantage them in the long run. This article investigates why mothers accept these unequal arrangements using data from a qualitative study of 109 Australian mothers. It focuses on mothers’ perceptions of the fairness and justice of the flexibility of arrangements they commonly enter into upon return to work. The article draws attention to the importance of different justice frameworks, distributive, procedural and interactional, in understanding women’s acceptance of gender inequality in paid work. The results indicate that most mothers view their workplace arrangements as fair, consistent with a distributive justice framework. Many women also place great importance on interactional justice, particularly in their experiences in negotiating flexibility. The article also identifies differences across employment type with women in jobs with career prospects more likely to invoke interactional justice frameworks than women in jobs with few career prospects.

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45

Kaufman, Roger T. "The Effects of Statutory Minimum Rates of Pay on Employment in Great Britain." Economic Journal 99, no. 398 (December 1989): 1040. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234086.

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46

Mallier, A. T., and M. J. Rosser. "Changes in the Industrial Distribution of Female Employment in Great Britain, 1951-1981." Work, Employment and Society 1, no. 4 (December 1987): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017087001004004.

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Over each of the three decades between 1951 and 1981 the total female labour force grew both in absolute numbers and relative to the male labour force. However, there was a tremendous variation in the pattern of change across different industrial sectors, which this paper analyses using Census of Population employment data standardised to the 1968 Standard Industrial Classification. Although the cyclical and substitution theories of the demand for female labour offer a partial explanation for the different patterns of change observed, it is also necessary to take into account other relevant features of individual industries, for example the proportion of the female workforce in manufacturing industries which is employed in production related manual jobs.

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47

Korpi, Tomas, Paul de Graaf, John Hendrickx, and Richard Layte. "Vocational Training and Career Employment Precariousness in Great Britain, the Netherlands and Sweden." Acta Sociologica 46, no. 1 (March 2003): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699303046001002.

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48

Thomas, Michael J. "Employment, education, and family: Revealing the motives behind internal migration in Great Britain." Population, Space and Place 25, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): e2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.2233.

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49

FELSTEAD, ALAN. "Closing the age gap? Age, skills and the experience of work in Great Britain." Ageing and Society 30, no. 8 (September 29, 2010): 1293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10000681.

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ABSTRACTPopulations across Europe are ageing as death rates among the old and fertility rates among the young fall. This produces a number of long-term challenges for national governments – most notably, coping with the increased demand for social services, pensions and benefits that must be funded by a declining proportion of working adults. One policy response has been to extend people's working lives, but we know relatively little about the skills and employment experiences of older workers and how these compare with younger workers. This paper sheds new light on this issue by examining whether older workers do less well than their younger counterparts in terms of the skills of the jobs they hold, the quality of their working lives, their commitment to their current employer and to employment in general, and their attitudes towards and experiences of training. The paper also assesses whether these age gaps have closed over time. The empirical evidence for the paper is from five separate but comparable surveys carried out in 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2006. Taken together, the five surveys provide information on the employment experiences of over 22,000 workers in Great Britain. This allows us to chart whether we are witnessing the disappearance of at least some of the age divisions in the labour market.

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Hepworth, M. E., A. E. Green, and A. E. Gillespie. "The Spatial Division of Information Labour in Great Britain." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 6 (June 1987): 793–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a190793.

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Abstract:

In this paper the prevailing geography of the information economy in Great Britain is examined. Attention is focused on the 1981 labour-force share of information occupations at the level of standard regions. This occupation approach, as developed by Porat, is interrelated with Singlemann's sectoral classification in order to provide a new view of the information-based service economy in a regional context. The spatial division of information labour in Great Britain is identified and its theoretical and policy implications are discussed. It is shown that, despite regional differences in industrial specialisation, job prospects in all parts of the country are increasingly dependent on information-based services. There is, however, clear evidence of Greater London's dominance of the information economy, particularly in higher-order information occupations related to management and control functions and specialised producer-services activities. It is suggested that innovations in information technology (computer-communications networks) will reinforce this uneven geography of employment opportunities, particularly with the further integration of Britain into the global information economy. In this light, theoretical approaches to regional economic policy must embody an international dimension and address the transsectoral nature of information-based development in which the new technologies play a central role.

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