Journal articles on the topic 'Motherhood Nepal'
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KIM CHOE, MINJA, SHYAM THAPA, and VINOD MISHRA. "EARLY MARRIAGE AND EARLY MOTHERHOOD IN NEPAL." Journal of Biosocial Science 37, no. 2 (March 16, 2004): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003006527.
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This paper examines age patterns of first marriage and motherhood and covariates of early marriage, delayed consummation of marriage and early motherhood in Nepal using data from the 2000 Nepal Adolescent and Young Adult Survey (NAYA). Both unmarried and married male and female youths (age 14–22) were included in the survey. The analysis is based on 2800 urban youths and 5075 rural youths with complete information on the variables examined. Proportional hazard models are used to estimate covariates of early marriage and early motherhood, and logistic regression models are used to estimate covariates of delayed consummation of marriage. The results show that early marriage and early motherhood are quite common among Nepalese women, especially in rural areas. Early marriage is much less common among men. Delayed consummation of marriage is common among very young brides, especially in rural areas. The main covariates associated with early marriage and early motherhood are respondent’s education, region of residence and ethnicity. The main covariates of delayed consummation of marriage are age at first marriage, region of residence and ethnicity. The study highlights the need to focus on less educated female youths in the Terai region in order to reduce the reproductive and child health risks associated with early marriage and early childbearing.
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Bhattarai, Bidya. "Safe Motherhood in the Context of Nepal." Marriage & Family Review 44, no. 2-3 (October 8, 2008): 318–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494920802255943.
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Baral, Om Prasad, and Kamla Vashisth. "Goal, Strategies and Programme of Safe Motherhood in Nepal." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 3 (March 9, 2014): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9981.
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The safe motherhood programme is one of the priority programme of Nepal. Its primary goal is to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Safe pregnancy, safe delivery and safe birth of new born are the major components of safe motherhood. This can be accomplished through increased access to effective antenatal, delivery and postnatal care and a massive health awareness activity in local communities.Academic Voices, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2013, Pages 19-23 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v3i1.9981
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Shahi, Prakash. "Female Community Health Volunteers’ (FCHVs) Involvement in Improving Maternal Health, Nepal." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i3.26664.
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Improving maternal health was one of the eight millennium development goals (MDGs) in 2000 and later included in SDG as a major agenda in 2015 which was adopted by the international community. In Nepal, the first elected democratic government developed Health Policy in 1991 and revised in 2014 which has identified safe motherhood as a priority program and institutionalized safe motherhood as a primary health care. In order to effectively address maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, the Family Health Division, Department of Health Services (DoHS) developed National Safe Motherhood Long Term Plan 2002- 2017 (revised in 2006) which aimed to establish basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care services in all districts. To complement this plan, the National Policy on SBA (2006) was developed with the aim of increasing the percentage of births assisted by a skilled birth attendant (as internationally defined) to 60 percent by 2015. Table 1 explains some historical shifts in maternal health policies and programs in Nepal.
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Pasa, Rajan Binayek, Sunita Giri, and Dani Nabita. "Safe Motherhood Practices in Panch Pokhari Thangpal Rural Municipality, Nepal." Research Nepal Journal of Development Studies 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rnjds.v3i2.34496.
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This paper highlights on safe motherhood practices in a rural municipality in Nepal. Primary data are collected through the survey questionnaire from 196 respondents who are married women of reproductive age group. The findings show that knowledge and practices on safe motherhood practices are moderately satisfied. The majority of the delivery cases are being handled in the health posts at a prolonged labor stage with the support of their husbands. The cord-cutting practice is also becoming scientific with the use of using sterilized scissors. Mothers are happily practicing the breastfeeding culture at least for two to three years after delivery. However, the rural mothers are facing problems such as vomiting, bleeding, anemia swelling of the leg, back aching, and head aching during pregnant periods, possibly due to the traditional treatment practices and the local food habits. Majorities of the respondents have good knowledge of contraceptives devices, but they prefer to report on health posts only for a postnatal checkup. All in all, safe motherhood practices in the rural community are found moderately adequate and needed to be improved by offering antenatal, natal, and postnatal services at no cost.
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Khadka, Krishna Kumari. "Balancing Professional Life and Motherhood: Lived Experiences of Female English Language Teachers in Nepal." Rupantaran: A Multidisciplinary Journal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/rupantaran.v4i1.34195.
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Professional mothers’ responsibility regarding motherhood and a professional life management is highly confronted with gender roles whether to quit or continue the job. Understanding about the intersection between motherhood and professional life helps to navigate and negotiate the dual roles. This phenomenological study is based on qualitative method, which explores how female English language teachers are able to maintain their social and professional identity in Nepal. In this research I analyze the experiences of three secondary level female English language teachers with a focus on dual roles, multiple coping strategies and gender issues on its center. The study reveals that, balancing motherhood and professionalism as female teachers have a lot of challenges which results the incompatibility on both roles. The sensitive nature of job and inflexible and monotonous duties at home made female teachers impossible to undertake their duties perfectly at schools and at home vice –versa. Such role becomes tougher to them due to multilingual environment in the classrooms. This study can be the trajectory bridge to the professional women to get some ideas to balance motherhood and their professional lives.
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Choudhary, Rajendra Kumar, N. K. Jha, and B. Manandhar. "Utilization of Safe Motherhood Services in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Western Region of Nepal." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 1, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v1i3.24149.
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Introduction: It has been two decades Nepal has initiated safe motherhood programme in 1998, since then there has been significant reduction in maternal mortality and improvement in newborn care. Western Regional Hospital is the government referral hospital in western Nepal and has large volume of patients utilizing the safe motherhood services. This study is a review of one year of different safe motherhood services provided by this hospital.
Methods: The data from the hospital records section from Asoj 2073 (September - October 2016) to Bhadra 2074 (August - September 2017)has been extracted from the hospital record section and analyzed in terms to different services like antenatal visits, vaginal delivery, caesarean section, incomplete abortion and ectopic pregnancy. The obtained data was entered and analyzed using Microsoft Excel.
Results: Total of 42,798 patients had utilized the safe motherhood services during the study periods, majority of them being antenatal visits followed by vaginal and caesarean delivery. Some of the vaginal deliveries 490 (5.3%) were complicated which included vacuum delivery, intrauterine fetal death, twins and breech delivery. Among the total delivery 2316(24.8%) were caesarean sections, of which more than halves were due to emergency indications.
Conclusions: The safe motherhood program in Western Regional Hospital has positive impact on the maternal health in this region and further expansion of the services and facilities are recommended in coming days in scenario of increasing number of patients.
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Pasad, Subhash. "Safe Motherhood Practice in Dalit Community." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 2 (June 30, 2013): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v2i1.8291.
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Safe motherhood practice is still poor among the unprivileged groups like the Dalit of Nepal. Low socio-economic condition and lack of awareness in the Dalit community seems to have negative impact on women health and safe motherhood practice. This paper describes the practice of safe motherhood in the Dalit community based on quantitative data collected from 120 mothers. The respondents were interviewed by using interview schedule. It is concluded that lack of education and awareness, low socioeconomic condition, teenage marriage and early pregnancy, improper antenatal care service, unsafe delivery at home, improper postnatal checkup and traditional attitudes indicate that safe motherhood practice is not satisfactory in the Dalit community. Academic Voices, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2012, Pages 63-68 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v2i1.8291
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Panter-Brick, C. "Motherhood and subsistence work: The Tamang of rural Nepal." Human Ecology 17, no. 2 (June 1989): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00889713.
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Price, Neil, and Deepa Pokharel. "Using key informant monitoring in safe motherhood programming in Nepal." Development in Practice 15, no. 2 (April 2005): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614520500041138.
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Karki, Rita Devi. "Factors Associated with Safe Motherhood Practices among Young Married Women." Tribhuvan University Journal 36, no. 01 (December 31, 2021): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v36i01.43579.
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Safe motherhood is one of the key components of reproductive health and young women are notably concerned with the population of it in Nepal. This study attempts to analyze the factors associated with safe motherhood practices among young married women in five child marriage prevalence districts identified by UNFPA. The analysis uses data from research entitled “Situation Assessment of Child Marriage in Selected Five Intervention Districts of Nepal” conducted in 2017.It was confined to the women (N=239) who had at least one child. Bivariate analysis is used to identify the level of association between background characteristics and safe motherhood practices. The result showed nearly four in five (77.8%) women were married age at 15-19 years and more than three-fifth (61.1%) started to give birth. Regarding education, only 18 percent received the degree of SLC and above. Women who were engaged in marriage at below 15 have significantly fewer visits to the ANC in comparison to the women married at age 20-24 years. Women who have two or more children were significantly less likely to visit health institutions for delivery and PNC. The result indicates that adolescents face a high risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth due to biological immaturity and socio-economic factors.
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Barker, Carol E., Cherry E. Bird, Ajit Pradhan, and Ganga Shakya. "Support to the Safe Motherhood Programme in Nepal: An Integrated Approach." Reproductive Health Matters 15, no. 30 (January 2007): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-8080(07)30331-5.
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Chaudhary, Shrawan K. "Scaling up safe motherhood program at Dang district: Impact of programmatic intervention." Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v3i2.10827.
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Introduction: Safe motherhood has been a national priority programme and this article highlights the impact of a good programmatic approach to improve safe motherhood services in a district of mid west region of Nepal. Method: Interventions included strengthening of program- Emergency Obstetric Care Services (EmOC) at district hospital and Primary Health Care Center level (basic and comprehensive), Skilled Birth Attendance (SBA) at Health Post level and Community Based Safe Motherhood interventions at community level. In addition, improved family/community practices for birth preparedness and referral of mothers through building the capacity of individuals and families to demand and utilize health services were also implemented. Results: Met need of Emergency Obstetric Care increased from 2% in 2000 to 27.58 % in 2005/06. Number of births increased in hospital from 1078 (2003/2004) to 1753 (2005/2006). Number of caesarean sections was 10 in 2003/04 whereas it has risen to 174 in 2005/06. Similar trends were noticed in other obstetric procedures such as instrumental deliveries and manual removal of placenta. There has also been a significant increase in utilization of EmOC services among the poorest castes- Dalits and Janjatis (from 6.3% in 2000/01 to 12.7% in 2003/04). Twenty four hours blood transfusion services are made available at district hospital. EmOC fund has saved the life of 676 women who utilized EmOC fund and watch group has referred total 559 women to health facilities. Conclusion: Data from Dang district suggests that if interventions are delivered simultaneously and effectively at community level and health facility level, there is definite impact on various indicators of safe motherhood program. However, frequent turnover of staff, vacant post, lack of provision of 24 hours SBA services, limited budget for construction, training and equipment supports, lack of transportation and communication in remote Village Development Committees are barriers of effective safe motherhood program. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v3i2.10827 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol.3(2) 2008; 21-25
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Shrestha, Rushma, Niraj Parajuli, and Anupama Karki. "Community Dermatology: Necessity or Hype?" Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v1i1.14.
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Skin diseases are common all over the world with high prevalence in developing countries with significant socioeconomic and behavioral impact. In Nepal, it is the fourth leading cause of nonfatal diseases. A community clinic is a term used for a specialist clinic provided in a Primary Care setting. The aim of these clinics in Nepal is to improve access to basic health services including family planning, child health, and safe motherhood. But there are no policies for dermatological diseases in rural communities. As skin diseases do not usually cause mortality, it is often ignored. But the morbidity is often high and the impact on the quality of life is also high. Conducting regular skin camps at inaccessible parts of the country is a good way to provide service to the people of the community. Keywords: Community Dermatology, Skin Diseases
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Clapham, S., D. Pokharel, C. Bird, and I. Basnett. "Addressing the attitudes of service providers: increasing access to professional midwifery care in Nepal." Tropical Doctor 38, no. 4 (October 2008): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/td.2008.070291.
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Increasing access to professional care during labour and delivery is the central strategy in Nepal's commitment to reducing its maternal mortality ratio. This paper outlines a number of complementary interventions used by the Nepal Safer Motherhood Project to address the negative attitudes prevalent among service providers, which is a contributing factor to the under-utilization of the health-care services. The perspectives of the community and the service providers are presented, with a discussion of the importance of effective communication, the establishment of positive relationships and a demonstration of the critical role of local ownership and involvement in bringing about a positive change.
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Bhandari, TR, and G. Dangal. "Abortion Practices in Nepal: What does Evidence Show?" Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 10, no. 1 (August 17, 2015): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v10i1.13186.
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Twenty-five years have passed since the global community agreed in Nairobi to address the high maternal mortality by implementing the Safe Motherhood Initiative. However, every year around 22 million women seek unsafe abortion in developing countries. Globally, the unsafe abortion accounts for 13% maternal deaths. Out of the total aborted women, around five million women were admitted to hospitals as a result of unsafe abortion. Similarly, more than three million women suffer from severe complications from unsafe abortion every year. In 2002, responding to the public voices and high attribution of unsafe abortion on maternal mortality, Nepal granted legal access to safe abortion introducing safe abortion act. Women can seek abortion up to 12 weeks of gestation for any indication. However, sex selective pregnancy termination is prohibited in Nepal. This study aimed to assess the results of various studies on abortion practices in Nepal. Literature published in PubMed, Lancet, Medline, WHO and Google Scholar web pages from 1990 to 2014 were used to prepare this paper. From 2004 to 2014, more than half a million women sought safe abortion care in Nepal. Despite the considerable progress, unsafe abortion is still a major issue in Nepal as it has been estimated that it constitutes half of all abortions undertaken every year. Published literature further showed that still an unmet need of safe abortion services exists in Nepal. However, the overall awareness of legal abortion was found to be high among Nepalese women. We found negative attitude of most people towards women who sought abortion care. Similarly, a large number of unmarried women were found at risk for seeking abortion care due to socio-cultural norms, values and stigmas in Nepal.
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Chaudhary, Rajendra Kumar, Nirmal Kumar Jha, Bijay Manandhar, and Krishna Chaudhary. "A Case Study of Utilization of Abortion Service in the Tertiary Hospital of Western Region of Nepal." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i1.24411.
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Introduction: Unsafe abortion is one of the major public health problems in developing countries including Nepal. After integration of comprehensive abortion care in safe motherhood service, there has been improvement in maternal and women health in Nepal. Furthermore, improvements are required in raising awareness and accessibility to safe abortion services to all the women in throughout the country.
Methods: This is a retrospective study carried out in Western Regional Hospital after reviewing the data from the hospital records. Demographic details, parity, types of abortion for spontaneous abortion, and methods of induced abortion were noted and analyzed.
Results: Maximum number of women belonged to 20-24 years of age and is Brahmin/Chhetri. Multi gravida are more than primi and they underwent induced abortion by medical termination of pregnancy. Similarly, incomplete abortion was in highest number among the spontaneous abortion.
Conclusion: Easy availability of the safe abortion services and awareness among the people regarding it would certainly improve the maternal health and quality of life.
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Subedi, Madhusudan. "Contractual Transaction: How Renting a Uterus Makes the Human Body a Commodity in Nepal." Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 9 (December 7, 2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/dsaj.v9i0.14020.
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The issue of surrogate motherhood has started public debates in Nepal. With surrogacy a child becomes the object of a legal transaction, while the surrogate mother is used, in effect as an incubator, and the hospital declares commissioned parents’ name of a newborn child. The poor women in low-income countries have been used as means to compensate for the reproductive deficiencies of high-income infertile parents. Do purchasing cheaper services, receiving surrogates easier, and having the possibility of gender selection, all in the poor countries, support ‘surrogacy tourism’ or is it a kind of exploitative relationship? Until today, Nepal’s laws do not have any specific provision to deal with surrogacy and, therefore, it is urgent to address the challenges with commercial surrogacy and establish a precise legal policy.
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Roy, M. P. "Unaddressed issues in Janani Suraksha Yojana in India." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 4, no. 1 (March 29, 2014): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v4i1.10137.
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Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a combination scheme of performance based financing and conditional cash transfer for safe motherhood, has increased ante natal coverage and institutional deliveries in India. Although the two concepts have been criticized world over for both positive and negative aspects; rarely the role of these two mechanisms behind the success of JSY has been addressed. Quality, cost-effectiveness and other issues were never given due emphasis under this scheme neither efforts have been made to overcome known drawbacks of these strategies. Considering future of the scheme and sustainability, it is required to evaluate the concepts separately.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v4i1.10137 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2014;4 (1): 341-343
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Basnet, I., S. Clapham, G. Shakya, and M. McCall. "Evolution of the postabortion care program in Nepal: the contribution of a national Safe Motherhood Project." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 86, no. 1 (June 17, 2004): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.03.014.
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SHARMA, SHARAD KUMAR, YOTHIN SAWANGDEE, and BUPPHA SIRIRASSAMEE. "ACCESS TO HEALTH: WOMEN’S STATUS AND UTILIZATION OF MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES IN NEPAL." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 5 (March 15, 2007): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932007001952.
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SummaryWith the objective of reducing maternal and neonatal mortality, the Safe Motherhood Program was implemented in Nepal in 1997. It was launched as a priority programme during the ninth five-year plan period, 1997–2002, with the aim of increasing women’s access to health care and raising their status. This paper examines the association of access to health services and women’s status with utilization of prenatal, delivery, and postnatal care during the plan period. The 1996 Nepal Family Health Survey and the 2001 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey data were pooled and the likelihood of women’s using maternal health care was examined in 2001 in comparison with 1996. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicates that the utilization of maternal health services increased over the period. Programme interventions such as outreach worker’s visits, radio programmes on maternal health, maternal health information disseminated through various mass media sources and raising women’s status through education were able to explain the observed change in utilization. Health worker visits and educational status of women showed a large association, but radio programmes and other mass media information were only partially successful in increasing use of maternal health services. Socioeconomic and demographic variables such as household economic status, number of living children and place of residence showed stronger association with use of maternal health services then did intervention programmes.
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Pathak, Laxmi R., Barbara E. Kwast, Dibya S. Malla, Ajit S. Pradhan, Radhika Rajlawat, and Bruce B. Campbell. "Process indicators for safe motherhood programmes: their application and implications as derived from hospital data in Nepal." Tropical Medicine and International Health 5, no. 12 (December 2000): 882–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00662.x.
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Basnyat, Iccha. "Stigma, agency, and motherhood: Exploring the performativity of dual mother–female sex workers identities in Kathmandu, Nepal." Journal of International and Intercultural Communication 13, no. 2 (March 10, 2020): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513057.2020.1735486.
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Sangroula, Raj Kumar, Subash Khatiwada, Maginsh Dahal, Kushalata Baral, Bhuwan Thakurathi, Ramesh Barakoti, Menuka Sangroula, Sudip Khanal, Raj Kumar Subedi, and Raj Kumar Subedi. "Prevalence of Antenatal Care Practice among Marginalized Community of Nepal." Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.46405/ejms.v2i2.197.
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Background: The government of Nepal aims to improve the health of mothers and newborns by providing quality safe motherhood services. Increasing access and utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services are the first steps towards improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes, particularly those of the marginalized communities.Objective: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and factors associated with the antenatal care visits among the marginalized community of Nepal.Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted among 202 reproductive aged females of marginalized community in Nepal having childbirth during the last 2 years. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interview guidelines were used for the collection of data. Bivariate and multiple regression analysis were carried out to find out the factors associated with the antenatal care visits. For qualitative data, thematic analysis was done. Results: More than half (56.9%) of the participants had completed four or more antenatal care visits. Mothers with primary level of education were 2.7 times more likely to complete four or more ANC visits (AOR: 2.7, CI: 1.09-7.07). Age at marriage (AOR: 2.3, CI: 1.08-5.22), women who took decisions alone for their health (AOR: 2.9, CI: 1.22-6.96),exposure to FCHV (AOR:2.5, CI: 1.1-5.9), knowledge about safe delivery incentive program (AOR: 3.6, CI: 1.46-9.0) and perception of “good quality” ANC service(AOR:7.5, CI: 3.3-17.1)were significantly associated with the number of ANC visits. Conclusion: The overall utilization of antenatal health services was low. So, there is a need of different community based maternal health programs especially targeting the marginalized females.
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Sathar, Zeba A., and Bilquees Raza. "Safe Motherhood in South Asia: Current Status and Strategies for Change." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 1123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1123-1140.
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Women in South Asia comprise close to one third of the world's female population. Not only is South Asia an extremely populous region but population growth rates have been much higher than averages for other developing countries. The implications of high population growth rates are quite direct and severe for women, as they are the result of high levels of fertility which have prevailed for some time in this region. The stable and high levels of fertility along with falling mortality have led to a youthful population structure where about 45 percent of the population is aged under 15. Since childbearing as well as childrearing are almost the sole responsibility of women, these figures reflect the burden of high fertility amongst South Asian women. An average South Asian woman marries at a fairly young age, (even though the region is exhibiting a distinct trend of rising age at marriage for females) and starts bearing children soon after. Though fertility rates have been declining in most of India and Bangladesh while they had already reached quite low levels in Sri Lanka, other countries of the region (mainly Nepal and Pakistan) have still to experience any dramatic declines in fertility. In contrast with trends in the Latin American and South East Asian region, increases in contraceptive use in South Asia have not played as substantive a role in fertility declines as changing marriage patterns, atleast so far. See Table 1 for recent figures on fertility and contraceptive use among females of this region.
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Khanal, Gayatri, Niki Shrestha, Govinda Dhungana, and Suneel Priyani. "Prevalence and predictors of institutional delivery in Lumjung, Tanahun and Gorkha district of Nepal: a community-based cross-sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 4700. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213764.
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Background: The Maternal mortality rate (MMR) in Nepal had dropped from 444 per 1, 00,000 live births in 2005 to 239 per 1, 00,000 live births in 2016. However, the MMR of Nepal is still highest in the South Asian countries except Afghanistan. Although maternal mortality has declined noticeably in Nepal, there still persists a low proportion of institutional deliveries. The aim of the study was to assess the factors influencing the utilization rate of institutional delivery.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected village development committee of Lamjung, Tanahun and Gorkha district using semi-structured interview schedule. A random sample of 1410 married women who gave birth in the last two years were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify the factors associated with institutional delivery. Results: The prevalence of institutional delivery in three districts was 73.1%, highest in Lamjung (78.8%) and lowest in Gorkha (67.8%). Employed women (aoR=1.7, CI=1.05-2.80), seeking antenatal check-up (aoR=5.8, CI=3.00-11.16), secondary (SLC) or above education (aoR= 3.3, CI=1.93-5.54), more than 20 years of age at marriage (aoR=1.5, CI=1.02-2.04), Kshetri by cast (aoR=1.7, CI=1.11-2.64) were statistically significant and associated with an increased rate of institutional delivery.Conclusions: Occupation, education, antenatal check-up, age at marriage, and ethnicity/cast are major factors for determining institutional delivery. The concerned authorities have to consider the predictors of institutional delivery in formulating the policy and plan for implementing safe motherhood delivery.
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Rath, Alison Dembo, Indira Basnett, Melissa Cole, Hom Nath Subedi, Deborah Thomas, and Susan F. Murray. "Improving Emergency Obstetric Care in a Context of Very High Maternal Mortality: The Nepal Safer Motherhood Project 1997–2004." Reproductive Health Matters 15, no. 30 (January 2007): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-8080(07)30329-7.
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Kafle, Kumud K., Jeanne M. Madden, Ananda D. Shrestha, Shiba B. Karkee, Prabhakar L. Das, Yogendra M. S. Pradhan, and Jonathan D. Quick. "Can licensed drug sellers contribute to safe motherhood? A survey of the treatment of pregnancy-related anaemia in Nepal." Social Science & Medicine 42, no. 11 (June 1996): 1577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(95)00294-4.
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Sharma, Mohan Kumar, Shanti Prasad Khanal, Ramesh Adhikari, and Jib Acharya. "Maternal health care services in Nepal: A qualitative perspective based on the socio-ecological model." Journal of Health Promotion 9, no. 01 (November 30, 2021): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v9i01.40961.
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Nepal has a high Maternal Mortality Rates (MMR) in the South Asian region, partly due to the poor utilization of maternal and child healthcare services. The study aims to explore the influencing factors of maternal and child healthcare services among Nepalese women. Eighteen women, who had seven-days-old-children and those recently accessed maternal and child healthcare practices, were purposively selected. The face-to-face, In-depth-Interview (IDI) was applied to collect the information. The data were thematically analyzed, where Socio-Ecological Model (SEM) was applied as a theoretical framework. The study showed that the factors such as the knowledge of women, perception, and decision-making-autonomy at individual levels influenced maternal and child healthcare-seeking behaviors. Likewise, mothers-in-law and the role of husbands at intrapersonal levels, employment at institutional levels, peers and role of neighbors at community levels, and safe motherhood program at policy levels were significant factors for the utilization of maternal and child healthcare-seeking-behaviors. The negligence of women concerning pregnancy, inadequate health facilities, lack of specialist health workers with advanced equipment, and cultural taboos and beliefs were observed as score barriers for utilization of maternal and child health-seeking behaviors. The research strongly recommends that all women be aware of maternal and child healthcare and health-seeking behaviors at their initial ages.
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Lama, S., and AKI Krishna. "Barriers in Utilization of Maternal Health Care Services: Perceptions of Rural Women in Eastern Nepal." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 12, no. 4 (October 19, 2015): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v12i4.13730.
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Background Nepal is promoting safe motherhood through maternity incentives schemes. Still about two-thirds of births take place at home. Inadequate access to health care and under utilization of services is the major reasons for poor health of women and children.Objectives The study aim to explore the barriers in utilization of maternal health care services in eastern Nepal specifically to explore the reasons for not availing the services and to assess the indigenous practices regarding maternal health.Methods An exploratory study design was adopted to elicit the information from the selected respondents from different villages. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted. Data was transcribed and analyzed manually to identify themes.Results The barriers to maternal health care service utilization were identified as social factors like family pressure, superstition, shyness, misconception, negligence, illiteracy, alcoholism. Likewise, large family size, jobless, unnecessary expenditure on health services was identified as economic barrier. Some cultural practices were also found as barrier for not availing the health services.Conclusion The study explored factors that are contributing in not availing the maternal health care services. The elimination of these barriers will facilitate quality of care and health outcomes. Therefore, the interventions should be developed and implemented to improve the health status of women and children. The result of this study can be utilized to draw the attention of local government, in strategic planning related to maternal health interventions.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(4) 2014; 253-258
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Shrestha, Subha, Buddhi Kumar Shrestha, Rubina Shrestha, Hari Prasad Upadhyay, and Sneha Poudel. "Women’s Choice of Immediate Postpartum Reversible Contraceptives Visiting a Tertiary Hospital of Nepal." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 18, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v18i2.46591.
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Introduction: Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC, Intrauterine contraceptives devices and Implants) stand on 1st regards to safety and effectiveness. It is an easily accessible variety for spacing birth as well as preventing unintended pregnancy soon after childbirth in Nepal due to free supply by the Government under safe motherhood program of Reproductive health policy. Despite free supply, LARC is not routinely implemented in practice among immediate post-partum lady as single approach contraceptives concern to unintended pregnancy due to unmet need. To find out the choice of LARC by antenatal and immediate postpartum women after delivery. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 women in antenatal clinic and obstetric ward of College of Medical Science and Teaching Hospital using non probability convince sampling technique. Ethical approval was taken form Institutional Review Committee of College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital and data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tools in SPSS. Results: Twenty eight percent of antenatal and 42% of postnatal women had induced abortion for unintended pregnancy in past. All women had knowledge about modern method of contraception but only 47 percent antenatal and 58 percent postnatal women adopted contraception in past. Implant was chosen by 44% antenatal and 46% postnatal women; whereas IUCD was chosen by 45% antenatal and postnatal women as LARC. Jadelle was the choice of LARC in both group due to its convenient duration (5 years) for birth spacing and its safety profile during breastfeeding. Twenty women refuse for LARC in immediate postpartum period. Conclusions: Single approach immediate postpartum LARC in is chosen by women who had induced abortion for unintended pregnancy in past for its long action, convenience during breast feeding and reliability. Maximum antenatal women prefer IUCD compared to Implants among postnatal women. Keywords: Copper T; Immediate post-partum; Jadelle; long-acting reversible contraceptives; Puerperium; Unintended pregnancy.
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Sharma, S., U. R. Aryal, and A. Shrestha. "Factors Influencing Male Participation in Maternal Health Care among Married Couples in Nepal: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i3.49196.
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Background The male involvement in maternal health care is essential to reduce obstetric complications. However, there is little known about factors contributing to male participation in maternal health in Nepal.
Objective To assess predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors contributing male participation in maternal health care in Nepal.
Method A population based cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 married couples. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Board of Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital. The data was collected, using modified Safe Motherhood and Partnership Family Approach Model. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to account associated paternal factors. Concentration curve and concentration index were computed to measure equity gap between lowest and highest quintiles.
Result While four out of ten husbands reported high level of their involvement in maternal health care practices, wives reported relatively less involvement of their husbands. Logistic regression showed that husband having low family income, knows about immunization, contact with family planning providers were more likely to participate. In contrary, according to wives, husbands’ who have ever been to health facility, discuss family planning with others, contact with family planning providers and who knows about exclusive breast feeding were less likely to participate. The study also showed that socio-economic factors play a significant role.
Conclusion Male involvement in maternal health care practices is low. Predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors play a significant role; however, some contradictions among husbands’ and wives’ perspectives provide strong evidence on significance of communication within partners on maternal health care issues.
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Gurung, Rubina Tamrakar, G. Gurung, R. Shrestha, T. Gurung, and P. Sharma. "Prevalence and Outcome of Cesarean Section at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre, Pokhara, Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v9i2.17858.
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Introduction: Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital is providing specialized obstetrician and gynecologist services since last one decade.Objectives: This study was conducted to know the prevalence and outcome of cesarean section at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre during 2013 – 2015 A.D. (2070 – 2072 B.S.).Methods: It was a retrospective study of women undergoing cesarean section from 2013 to 2015 A.D. (2070 – 2072 B.S.).Results: During the period of three years 2013 – 2015 A.D. (2070 –2072 B.S.) otal deliveries were 2627. Among total deliveries cesarean section was performed in 1084 patients (41.26%). In 1084 patients 803 (74%) cesarean sections were performed as an emergency and 281(26%) were elective. In this study 15 to more than 35 years old patients were enrolled. Among cesarean sections done, 52% were primigravida, 46% were para and 2% were grandmulti. The indications for cesarean section were CPD (28%), fetal distress (25%), previous cesarean (14%), mal presentation (7%), premature rupture of membrane (5%), pre-eclampsia (6%), failed induction (5%), bad obstetric history (2%), antepartum hemorrhage (1%), and twins (1%).Conclusion: This study at Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital and Research Centre provided the prevalence, outcome and different indications of cesarean section which is life saving for both mother and newborn. And also the study can be useful to the hospital to improve facilities for safe motherhood and safety of newborn.Journal of Gandaki Medical CollegeVolume, 09, Number 2, July December 2016, Page: 1-6
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Sunuwar Subedi, Shanti, M. Yadav, and D. Yadav. "Acceptability and Complications of Postpartum Intrauterine Device Insertion in Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern Nepal." Nepal Medical College Journal 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v22i4.34179.
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The modern intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) is a safe, effective and long term reversible, coitus independent method of contraception with fewer side effects. The immediate postpartum insertion is considered to be an ideal time as patients need not have to return to the facility for the same. The aim of the study was to see the acceptance of PPIUCD and study its related complications. This is a hospital based prospective observational study done in a tertiary hospital at Eastern Nepal over a period of Six months from August 2019 to January 2020. All the women who delivered during the study period were counseled for family planning methods and those who opted for PPIUCD were enrolled. Data was validated and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Acceptance of PPIUCD in the study was only 6.3% despite the method being very effective, safe, long acting and reversible with fewer side effects. The main reason for declining the method being misbelief about the method and husband’s refusal. Forty percent of the acceptors were in the age group of 21-25 years and 33.6% of them were multigravida. Insertion was high in post placental vaginal delivery (61%) as compared to trans cesarean (28%). The main reason for removal was psychosocial aspects followed by pelvic pain and abnormal uterine bleeding. Few complications like UTI (4.4%), fever (4%) were noted during hospital stay and at three month follow up pelvic pain was the most common problem reported. Though the overall acceptance of PPIUCD is in rising trend but in this study it is very low. Awareness of the method, improving health education, active participation of the partner in the counseling process will definitely change the recent scenario. It should be incorporated in the government schemes like Safe Motherhood to cover the high unmet need of contraception in Nepal.
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Awasthi, Mamata Sherpa, Kiran Raj Awasthi, Harish Singh Thapa, Bhuvan Saud, Sarita Pradhan, and Roshani Agrawal Khatry. "Utilization of Antenatal Care Services in Dalit Communities in Gorkha, Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Pregnancy 2018 (November 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3467308.
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Background and Objective. Antenatal care (ANC) is one of the main components of maternal health. Utilization of safe motherhood is deprived in women who belong to low-caste groups like Dalit of Nepal. Low socioeconomic status, poor knowledge and awareness on obstetric complications, lack of decision-making autonomy, and limited health care options lead to underutilization of existing maternal health care service. The aim of this study was to ascertain the utilization of antenatal care services in terms of ANC visits with health personnel, receiving recommended period of iron tablets, consumption of antihelminthes and number of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccines taken among child bearing women in Dalit community. Materials and Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional research design was used to conduct the study of 150 child bearing women of reproductive age (15-49 years) having at least one child up to three years of age in a Dalit community of Gorkha from March 2015 to March 2016. The data was collected from each mother by conducting face to face interview with each household by using a questionnaire. Result. The study revealed that mean age at marriage of respondents was 17.7 years and mean age at first pregnancy was 18 years. 44.6% of respondents experienced complication during last pregnancy, labour, and postpartum period in their last pregnancy. 59.3% of respondents stated that neighbors, relatives, and traditional healers were the best first contact person during health problem of women. 76.0% of respondents had attended antepartum visit during their last pregnancy whereas 24.0% of respondents did not attend any antepartum clinic. 68.3% of the mothers had consumed Iron/Folates within 45 days after delivery. Only 30.0% of respondents received antihelminthes (albendazole) while 70.0% of respondents had received TT Vaccines during their last pregnancy. Age, type of family, and education of the mothers were significantly associated with utilization of antenatal care services. Conclusion. Even though there is reasonable good utilization rate of antenatal service, the study revealed that low education and awareness among mothers, low socioeconomic condition, early marriage and pregnancy, inappropriate antenatal health check-up, and cultural taboos were significant factors affecting the satisfactory utilization of services among the Dalit community. Hence, there is a need to emphasize on raising awareness of Dalit mothers for receiving available prenatal services.
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Bhattacharya, Abira. "Motherhood in the Realm of Eastern Indian and Himalayan Art: An Iconographic Study of Visual Forms of Prajñāpāramitā from the National Museum, Delhi." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, no. 4 (2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.4.063.
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This paper aims to outline and explore the development of iconographic forms and metaphysical grounding of one of the most venerable and distinguished Buddhist female deities, Prajсāpāramitā. The Buddhist female pantheon gained a paramount pre-eminence with the idolization of Prajñāpāramitā, establishing the significance of female figure and, especially, mother symbolism during the early medieval period under the liberal patronage of the Pala dynasty of Eastern India. The religious imageries and practices of this deity gradually disseminated to the adjoining Himalayan kingdoms of Nepal and Tibet through pedagogic and religious linkages, and became an integral part of their society. To understand the factors of cross-cultural assimilation through the study of representational forms and its metaphysical grounding, the paper explores and shows the metaphorical meaning of ‘prajсā’ propounded in the Prajñāpāramitā discourse, and its representation in cultic icons of the goddess Prajñāpāramitā and the manuscript. This thematic narrative opens up new avenues of interpretations on gender-subjectivity in Buddhist cosmology and pantheistic belief system which are touched upon in this paper. The idea of pronouncement and expansion of female-oriented texts and icons is highlighted through a study of select devotional icons of this deity, Prajсāpāramitā, from the collection of the National Museum, Delhi.
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Shah, Sunil, and Jose Augusto R. Simoes. "Determinants of skilled birth attendants in Nepal: a case of Surkhet district." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2022): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20220839.
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Background: Safe delivery incentive program was introduced to increase the skilled attendants at births. The program provided childbirth by skilled birth attendants as well as incentives to skilled birth attendants ‘cash’ to women giving birth in a health facility in addition to incentives to health provider for each delivery attended, either at home or the facility. Due to its implementation and administrative delays, the program was reformed and implemented as a ‘safer mother program’ popularly known as “aama-suraksha-karyakram” since January 2009.Methods: The study was conducted in Surkhet district of Nepal. Surkhet is a hilly district and is head-quarter of mid-western development region of Nepal. There is one hospital, 5 PHCCs, 9 HPs and 38 SHPs serving 288,527 people in the district. The delivery by trained health worker (HW) in the district is 31.8% in 2005/06 which has increased about two times for two years. Surkhet is one of the districts monitoring the process indicators for safe motherhood programme in Nepal. Birth preparedness package programme has been implementing in the district from this year. The study population were the mothers within the age group of 15 to 49 years in Surkhet district. The sampling frame of the study was the mothers who had delivered the baby within 12 months preceding the survey.Results: About one third mothers, having 0-5 poverty score, utilised delivery assisted by HWs, while about three fourth of them having more than 5 score utilised HWs as delivery assistant. Higher educated mothers utilised HWs as delivery assistant more than that of higher educated husband. Among higher educated mothers, about 85% utilised delivery assisted by HWs, while it was about 75% for higher educated husband. Occupation of mother was also significantly associated with utilisation of delivery by HWs. Mother having office work utilised about 5 times higher HWs than others as their delivery assistant. The distance to health facility was significantly associated with utilisation of delivery attendant (p value <0.001). The mothers with less travelling time to reach health facility were more likely to utilise HWs as delivery attendant. About three fourth mothers who needed less than half an hour utilised delivery assisted by HWs. There was equal proportion of mothers who needed 30-59 minutes to reach the nearest health facility. In the other hand, about 73% of mothers who needed one hour or more to reach health facility utilised others as delivery assistant. Perceived quality of service to nearby health facility by mothers was also significantly associated with utilisation of HWs as delivery attendant (p value <0.05). About two third of mothers perceiving good quality of service at local health facility utilised HWs as delivery attendant while, it was only 44% among mothers perceiving poor quality of services.Conclusions: There should be adequate planning and preparation at all levels of health facilities; implementing a new program should not adversely affect another existing service delivery system. For the optional implementation, hospital organogram should be revised; and physical facilities and the low-risk birthing-centers with referral linkages should be expanded.
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Rai, Sabita, and Abhilasha Saha. "Birth Preparedness And Complication Research Readiness Among Women." Med Phoenix 3, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/medphoenix.v3i1.20756.
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Background: Birth preparedness and complication readiness is a key component of globally accepted safe motherhood programs that can reduce the number of women dying from the obstetrical complication.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out to assess the knowledge and practice regarding birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPACR) among antenatal mothers attending obstetric and gynecological Department of National Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NMCTH), Birgunj, Parsa, Nepal. Total 60 antenatal mothers were selected using non probability purposive sampling technique. The obtained data was analyzed by descriptive analysis- frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics by using Karl Pearson’s coefficient correlation and Chi-square.Results: The findings of the study revealed that 63.33% of antenatal mothers were in the age group 20-24 years, 53.33% were hindu by religion, 85% from rural area, less than half 43.33% were illiterate, most of them 91.66% were housewife, majority of their husbands occupation was service 71.67%, about 36.67% of them had been one time pregnant and majority of antenatal mothers 66.67% had received information regarding BPACR from health personnel. The study identified only 50% of the antenatal mothers had moderate knowledge and 83.33% had poor practice of preparation for birth and its complication.Conclusions: Thus the study concluded that antenatal mothers had inadequate knowledge and poor practices and these are not associated with any socio-demography components except knowledge is found associated with occupation. Med Phoenix. Vol. 3, Issue. 1, 2018, Page: 16-20
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Koirala, Subash, Eak Narayan Poudel, Arun Koirala, and Niki Shrestha. "FACTORS INFLUENCING TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG DALIT ETHNIC GROUPS IN BHARATPUR METROPOLITIAN CITY, CHITWAN." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.485.
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Background: Teenage pregnancy refers to any pregnancy from a girl who is 10-19 years of age. This study aimed at accessing the factors influencing teenage pregnancy at first birth among the Dalit ethnic groups in Bharatpur Metropolitan City. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study using face-to-face interview method was carried out in Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan, Nepal. A total of 217 married Dalit women who had given birth to at least one child and who were less than 25 years of age during the survey were considered as a sample. The data was collected from October 1st 2020 to 31st December 2020. We used Pearsons Chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis to assess the factors influencing teenage pregnancy among Dalit ethnic groups in Bharatpur Metropolitan city, Chitwan. Results: Among 217 married women of Dalit ethnic groups, there were 93(42.9%) married women who gave birth to their first child during teenage years and 124(57.1%) women gave first birth after crossing the teenage years. Results show that teenage pregnancy at first birth differ significantly with mother’s education level [Just Literate (OR = 5.88; CI = 2.53-13.69)], Husband’s education level [Just Literate (OR = 3.06; CI = 1.33-7.02)], Husband’s occupation [Unemployment (OR = 7.87; CI = 2.17-28.46)] and Husband’s age at marriage [ ≤ 20 (OR = 6.01 CI = 3.27-11.06)]. Conclusions: Carrying out advocacy against teenage marriage & teenage pregnancy as well as implementing comprehensive sexuality education and safe motherhood education targeted to Dalit ethnic groups is the need of the hour.
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Gami, Rupesh Kumar, Kumar Jahan, and Chandra Bhushan Jha. "Efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for post cesarean section analgesia." Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal 1, no. 1 (October 3, 2015): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsan.v1i1.13583.
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Background: Government of Nepal has been conducting Cesarean section under “Safe Motherhood” program all over country. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal morphine for post cesarean analgesia under spinal anesthesia. Methods: A total of 300 parturients posted for Cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were divided into two groups of 150 each in this prospective randomized case-control study. Morphine group received 0.15 mg of intrathecal morphine mixed in 12 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine heavy while control group received 12 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine heavy alone, after proper preparation of spinal anesthesia. The parturients were assessed for first request of analgesic as per Visual Analog Scale, frequency of analgesics required within 24 hr, nausea, vomiting, pruritus, sedation and respiratory depression.Results: Postoperative analgesia was significantly greater in morphine group as compare to control group (12.1 ± 7.6 vs 3.7 ± 2.9 hr). Frequency of analgesics requirements was also significantly lower in morphine group (1.7 ± 2.0 vs 3.4 ± 8.1). Visual Analog Scale was below 4 at most of time in morphine group. The incidence of nausea, vomiting and pruritus were more in morphine group as compare to control group but without any respiratory depression. There was no significant difference in APGAR score among fetus. Conclusion: Mixing low dose of intrathecal morphine in standard dose of spinal anesthesia effectively prolongs the duration of post cesarean analgesia and decreases the frequency of analgesics requirement without any major complication in parturients or fetus.Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists 2014 1(1): 13-17
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Rana, Ashma, Junu Shrestha, Suvana Maskey, Sudeep Kaudel, Prashant Shrestha, Neeta Katuwal, Pooja Paudyal, and Apariharya Rana. "Fifteen Uninterrupted Years of Maternal Mortality Findings from a Tertiary Care Centre." Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmsn.v17i3.39983.
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Introduction Maternal mortality reflects reproductive health status and availability of good health care facilities at different levels of the healthcare system at a given period, influenced by globally adopted safe motherhood policies. The leading causes of maternal death in Nepal mainly comprise of hemorrhage, eclampsia, abortion-related complications, gastroenteritis and anemia. Although a declining trend has been noted in Nepal it has yet to meet the target set by the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.1 of reducing the global MMR to less than 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030. MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) from 1st Baisakh 2055- 30th Chaitra 2069 (15th April 1998- 14th April 2013). The study period of 15 years was divided into three parts, five years each: 2055-59 (14th April 1998-April 13th 2003) ; 2060-64 (14th April 2003- April 12th 2008) and 2065-69 (April 13th 2008 –April 12th 2013). MM was filled in Performa, discussed in morning conference and MM audit, computerized, analyzed, presented quarterly and yearly. Annual Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) expressed as MMR per 100,000 live births is calculated by dividing recorded (or estimated) maternal deaths by total recorded (or estimated) live births in the same period and multiplying by 100,000. ResultsTotal MM/maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in the first, mid and last five years were 39 (270 %); 37 (212% ) and 37 (188%) respectively giving overall total MM/MMR 113 (223.5%) attributing to Direct: 55 ( 48.6%), Indirect: 44 (38.9%) and Non maternal deaths: 14 (12.3%). Predominating cause of MM in the first/mid/last five years were sepsis and infective hepatitis each (17.6%) and PPH (18.5 %). While SP/E were almost same over the years, in decreasing trend were hepatitis and puerperal sepsis but in rising trend was PPH and criminally induced abortion (10.6%). Thenumber of maternal death has not changed much, the median age in each five years is surprisingly similar, set at 25 years and the adolescents who died were not very different in every five years. It’s unfortunate that many primigravida died during this period which is a matter of concern. ConclusionsMaternal mortality stresses the impact of timely health seeking behaviour and health providers making provision of prompt adequate services and referral to help so that all Nepalese mothers, especially the young and first-time pregnant thrive. Keywords: infective hepatitis, maternal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, PPH, sepsis.
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Shrestha, Sushila, and Geeta Kamal Shrestha. "Institutional delivery and its associated factors: A community based cross-sectional study in Kavre district." Journal of Kathmandu Medical College 6, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v6i1.18582.
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Background: Health facility delivery is considered a critical strategy to improve maternal health. The Government of Nepal is promoting institutional delivery through different incentive programs and the establishment of birthing centers. The objective of this study was to identify utilization of institutional delivery and its associated factors.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among the mothers of under five children in Dhungkharka. Pre-tested questionnaire was administered to 170 mothers between 15-45 years of age group. Household survey was done by using purposive sampling technique and face to face interview technique was used to collect the data from 1st Julyto 30 th December 2014. Data was analyzed using simple descriptive statistic with SPSS version 16. Association with institutional delivery was assessed by using chi-square test.Results: Among the total participants, 90.0% of them had institutional delivery. The higher proportions of institutional delivery were found in both literate mothers (p=0.001), and literate husband (p=0.023). The proportion of institutional delivery among the mothers decided by their relatives (husband, father/mother-in-laws and other family members) for institutional delivery had higher portion (p=0.048) of institutional delivery than participants who decide themselves.Conclusion: Utilization of institutional delivery was much higher than national figure. Institutional delivery was associated with both educational status of mothers and their husband. Decision made by husband, mother in-law, father in-law and other family members were also associated with institutional delivery. So, to increase institutional delivery, family members need to be encouraged for safe motherhood program.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College Vol. 6, No. 1, 2017, page: 22-26
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Mukhopadhyay, Susmita, and Arpita Sarkar. "Pregnancy-related food habits among women of rural Sikkim, India." Public Health Nutrition 12, no. 12 (May 1, 2009): 2317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980009005576.
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AbstractObjectiveEvery society follows its own traditional health-care beliefs and practices during and after pregnancy, which is intimately linked to its socio-cultural environment. The objective of the present study was to document pregnancy-related food practices and the social-cultural factors linked with them.DesignThe present study was a cross-sectional one conducted among a group of women residing in five villages in east Sikkim, India. Mothers who had given birth to a child one year before the survey participated in the study. The mothers answered a pre-tested questionnaire on food habits and practices followed antepartum and for 6 weeks postpartum.SubjectsThe study group consisted of 199 women of Nepali caste groups with variations in economic condition.ResultsMore than 86 % of mothers consumed special foods during the postpartum period. Taboos on different food categories during the postpartum were reported only by 65·3 % of mothers. Factors found to be significantly associated with special food consumption were literacy status during the antepartum and parity during the postpartum.ConclusionsThe change in consumption patterns reflects the success of a safe motherhood campaign propagated by the government. Detailed investigation in this area, involving per capita daily consumption during pregnancy and the postpartum period, is needed.
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Dahal, Sanjeev, and Praveen Kumar. "Determinants of the Age of Motherhood for Women in Nepal and Analysis of Data from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Implications for Policies and Programmes." International Journal of Community and Social Development, May 21, 2021, 251660262110154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25166026211015485.
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This article draws on the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey data of 2016 to explore the determinants of the age of motherhood for women in Nepal. It explores the association between the age of motherhood in Nepal (dependent variable) and conditions in a mother’s life, including her education, employment status, education of her husband, religion, age of the household head, gender of the household head, wealth index of the household, ownership of a bank account, decision-making around healthcare and region of residence (independent variables). Two models were tested using multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that improving the education of the parents and facilitating access to bank accounts can help increase the age of motherhood for women in Nepal. The findings inform policy for improving the reproductive health of women in the country.
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Koirala, Sushila. "Safe Motherhood Practices of Women in Urban and Rural Areas of Chitwan District, Nepal." Marsyangdi Journal, September 26, 2021, 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mj.v2i1.39968.
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Safe motherhood practices ensure all women receive the care they need to be safe and healthy throughout pregnancy and childbirth. It is one of the most important pillars for preventing maternal morbidity and mortality. A descriptive comparative study was conducted to compare the safe motherhood practices in selected VDC and Municipality of Chitwan District. The purposive sampling method was applied in which 120 respondents were married and had at least one child. Among them, 59 respondents were from Bharatpur Municipality and 61 respondents from Mangalpur VDC. Data was collected by interviewing mothers using a structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The results showed that the number of mothers in the rural area practicing safe motherhood is lower than the number of mothers in the urban area. The number of ANC visits/PNC visits, use of Iron tab, institutional delivery and use of extra nutritious diet or meal per day during pregnancy and after pregnancy were higher in respondents of the urban area. The main reason for not taking ANC/PNC services during their last birth was lack of knowledge and second was their poor economic conditions. This study concludes that the trend of visiting ANC services, delivery care, and PNC services properly are high in the age group 20-39 years and it is increasing with their level of education. Special awareness programmes about information regarding safe motherhood practices should be planned and launched especially targeting the women of rural areas.
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Gurung, Rejina, Mats Målqvist, Zhou Hong, Pragya Gautam Poudel, Avinash K. Sunny, Srijana Sharma, Sangeeta Mishra, Nisso Nurova, and Ashish KC. "The burden of adolescent motherhood and health consequences in Nepal." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 20, no. 1 (May 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03013-8.
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KC, Ganga. "Knowledge and practices on maternal health care among mothers: A case study from Sewar Bansbot village of Dang district." Molung Educational Frontier, December 25, 2020, 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mef.v10i1.34026.
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Knowledge and practices regarding maternal health care among women has had a significant shift in Nepali culture. Understanding this ship can help to improve women's overall status. Nepal implemented a safe motherhood program, which slightly improved maternal health. Data, showed the maternal mortality ratio decreased during the period between 1996 and 2016 but still there is high ratio in maternal mortality. Conservative practices of maternal health are prevalent to this date. Health education is one of the crucial factors empowering women to be attentive of their rights and health status to get appropriate health services. Maternal health is a major burning issue in Nepal, which has been affected mainly due to early marriage, teenage pregnancy, superstition, low women literacy rate, and unhygienic behavioural practices. Women go through a rather depressing situation due to workload ignorance, lack of health facilities, economic, and social conditions. Despite the efforts from various types of private, government, and voluntary health agencies, there has not been a satisfactory improvement in maternal health status and safe motherhood. This study focuses on the knowledge and practices of maternal Health care. It also describes antenatal care, delivery care, and postnatal care. The study was conducted in Sewar Basbot village of ward no. 13, Ghorahi Sub-metropolitan city of Dang district that is situated near by district headquarters, Ghorahi. In total, 45 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who were pregnant and having children below five years of age were purposively interviewed and completed the self-administered interview schedule.
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Paudel, Punya, Luna Paudel, Manisha Bhochhibhoya, Sapana Amatya Vaidhya, Nabina Shah, and Dipendra Khatiwada. "Pattern of Abortion Care in a Tertiary Level Maternity Hospital in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 52, no. 191 (September 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2262.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Complications from unsafe abortion are believed to account for the largest proportion of hospital admissions for gynaecological services in developing countries and not to mention the cost it imparts to the health system of a country. Therefore, it is equally important to find out the prevalence and the pattern of abortion among the women who utilize the safe abortion care services and provide a framework to target various health promotion programs including safe-motherhood and reproductive health; such that the future interventions to avoid the unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion can be implemented accordingly.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. Social and demographic information of all the women seeking induced abortions from January 2011 to December 2012 were included and the result was analyzed.Result: Abortion contributed to about 1.68% of the total patient served in the hospital that provides both obstetrical and gynecological services. Of the total 4830 patients who underwent induced abortion in this period, the mean age was 27, 92.3% were from the Kathmandu valley and more than one-third women (35.2%) were illiterate who couldn't read and write. Majorities were more than two parity and belonged to higher caste.Conclusion: The socio-demographic profile of the abortion clients in Nepal has remained similar over the years. We need to address the accessibility and availability to the safe abortion care services along with other safe motherhood programs guaranteeing access to safe abortion and post-abortion care to all group of women and also, women education regarding contraception to avoid repeated abortions or unwanted pregnancy in the future._______________________________________________________________________________________Keywords: abortion; pattern; socio-demographic.
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Bhandari, Tulsi Ram, and Ganesh Dangal. "Safe Delivery Care: Policy, Practice and Gaps in Nepal." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 52, no. 192 (December 31, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.2443.
Full textAbstract:
Delivery care is regarded as safe when it is attended by a skilled birth attendant either at health facility or home. Childbirth practices differ from place to place and are determined by availability and accessibility of health services. After National Health Policy (1991), Nepal has focused on safe motherhood policies and programmes. Maternal mortality ratio decreased nearly fourfold between the years 1990 to 2011. The country is likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5. However, indicators of the MDG 5: skilled care at birth and institutional delivery rates are very far from the targets. From the initial findings of limited studies, safe delivery incentive programme has been successful for increasing the skilled care at birth and institutional delivery and reducing the maternal mortality twofold between the years 1990 to 2011. In spite of numerous efforts there is a wide difference in the utilization of skilled care at birth among the women by area of residence, ecological regions, wealth quintiles, education status, age and parity of women, caste ethnicity and so forth. This difference indicates that current policies and programmes are not enough for addressing the low utilization of safe delivery care throughout the country.
Keywords: delivery practices; gaps; Nepal; place of delivery; safe delivery care policy.
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Devkota, Hridaya R., Maria Kett, and Nora Groce. "Societal attitude and behaviours towards women with disabilities in rural Nepal: pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2171-4.
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