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1
Kishimoto, Takeshi. "Prelinguistic gesture use in mother-infant and mother-infant-sibling interactions." Interaction Studies 18, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.18.1.04kis.
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I tested the hypothesis that, in infant-mother-sibling interactions, infants with older siblings aged 11 to 24 months produce deictic gestures when they are proximal to, or engaging in joint attention with, their mothers more frequently than same-aged infants without siblings. Fifteen infant-mother dyads and 10 infant-mother-sibling triads were individually observed for 15 minutes in a playroom full of toys. Infants involved in infant-mother-sibling interactions produced more deictic gestures when they were proximal to their mothers than infants in infant-mother interactions. Further, infants involved in infant-mother-sibling interactions accompanied their gestures with vocalizations at a higher rate than infants in infant-mother interactions. This result suggests that infants with older siblings monitor their mothers more carefully in interactions in which their sibling is also present, and that they produce deictic gestures in order to effectively elicit joint action with their mothers.
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Majolo, Bonaventura, Alfonso Troisi, Raffaella Ventura, and Gabriele Schino. "RESUMPTION OF SEXUAL ACTIVITY AFFECTS MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTIONS IN JAPANESE MACAQUES." Behaviour 138, no. 2 (2001): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685390151074429.
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AbstractThis study evaluated the responses of infant Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) to their mother's resumption of mating. Mothers and infants were observed before, during and after the mating season. Observations carried out during the mating season were subdivided according to the mother's consort activity with mature males. During consorts, significant decrements in mother-infant ventroventral contact and proximity, and in the roles played by mothers in maintaining contact and proximity were observed, while maternal rejection increased significantly. Social behaviour of infants and allomaternal care they received were unaffected by the mother's consort activity. Effects of consorts were more evident in female than in male infants, but were not influenced by the infant age or by the quality of the relationship it had with its mother before the mating season. These results do not support the hypothesis that the effects of the mother's resumption of mating may parallel those of experimental mother-infant separation.
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Fallah Rostami, Fatemeh, Farin Soleimani, Mehdi Norouzi, Nikta Hatamizadeh, Jamileh Mokhtarinouri, and Marjan Poshtmashhadi. "Preterm Infant Neurodevelopmental Care Training Program and Mother-Infant Attachment." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 8, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2020.30.
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Objectives: Preterm birth and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) would disrupt mother-infant attachment. Neurodevelopmental care training and support of family programs are essential for the family of such infants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neurodevelopmental care training program for mothers with preterm infants on mother-infant attachment at one month’s age. Materials and Methods: Study population included all the mothers of preterm infants born in the hospitals of Tehran in 2018. The research was designed as a multicenter cluster clinical trial and four hospitals were randomly selected and divided into intervention and control groups. Before the intervention, the mother-infant attachment was measured by the Maternal-Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS). The mothers in the intervention group received a 12-session preterm infant neurodevelopmental care training program while the control group only received the routine care in the unit. Finally, the mother-infant attachment was re-measured in both groups at the one month corrected age. Results: No significant difference was observed in the attachment score before and after the intervention in the control group but the mother-infant attachment score was significantly different in the intervention group (57.75±11.09 vs. 78.27±4.54). Conclusions: The neurodevelopmental care training program was effective and increased the mother-infant attachment rate.
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Crandell, Lisa E., Matthew P. H. Patrick, and R. Peter Hobson. "‘Still-face’ interactions between mothers with borderline personality disorder and their 2-month-old infants." British Journal of Psychiatry 183, no. 3 (September 2003): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.183.3.239.
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BackgroundThere is evidence that psychopathology in mothers may be associated with dysfunctional mother–infant interactions.AimsTo investigate mother–infant relations when mothers have borderline personality disorder.MethodEight mothers with borderline personality disorder and twelve mothers without psychiatric disorder were videotaped interacting with their 2-month-old infants in three successive phases of interaction: face-to-face play; an episode when the mother adopted a ‘still face’ and was unreactive; and a period when play interactions were resumed. The videotapes were rated by judges blind to the diagnostic group of the mother.ResultsThe mothers with borderline personality disorder were more intrusively insensitive towards their infants. During the still-face period, their infants showed increased looking away and dazed looks. Following this, mother–infant interactions were less satisfying and their infants showed dazed looks and lowering of affect.ConclusionsThe diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is associated with a particular pattern of mother–infant interaction. The infants' responses to the still-face challenge might suggest dysfunctional self-regulation, but the developmental significance remains to be assessed.
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Abargil, Maayan, Merav Irani, Nathalie klein Selle, and Shir Atzil. "Breastfeeding at Any Cost? Adverse Effects of Breastfeeding Pain on Mother–Infant Behavior." Biology 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2023): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12050636.
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Breast milk is considered the ideal infant nutrition, and medical organizations encourage breastfeeding worldwide. Moreover, breastfeeding is often perceived as a natural and spontaneous socio-biological process and one of the fundamental roles of new mothers. While breastfeeding is beneficial, little scientific consideration has been given to its potential psychological challenges. Here, we investigate the phenomenon of breastfeeding pain in mothers and its association with maternal and infant behavioral regulation. During the postpartum weeks, the mother–infant dyad can be considered one allostatic unit directed at infant regulation and development. We hypothesize that pain comprises an allostatic challenge for mothers and will thus impair the capacity for dyadic regulation. To test this, we recruited 71 mothers with varying levels of breastfeeding pain and videotaped them with their infants (2–35 weeks old) during spontaneous face-to-face interactions. We quantified the individual differences in dyadic regulation by behaviorally coding the second-by-second affective expressions for each mother and infant throughout their interactions. We tested the extent to which breastfeeding pain alters affect regulation during mother–infant interactions. We discovered that mothers with severe breastfeeding pain express less affective expressions and less infant-directed gaze during interactive moments of engagement and play than mothers with no or moderate pain. Moreover, infants of mothers experiencing pain during breastfeeding express less affective expressions and more mother-directed gaze while interacting with their mothers than infants of mothers who are not in pain. This demonstrates that the allostatic challenge of maternal pain interferes with the behavioral regulation of both mothers and infants. Since the mother–infant dyad is a codependent allostatic unit, the allostatic challenges of one partner can impact the dyad and thus potentially impact child development, bonding, and mother and infant well-being. The challenges of breastfeeding should be considered in addition to the nutritional advances.
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VAN DE RIJT-PLOOIJ, Hedwig H. C., and Frans X. Plooij. "Growing Independence, Conflict and Learning in Mother-Infant Relations in Free-Ranging Chimpanzees." Behaviour 101, no. 1-3 (1987): 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853987x00378.
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AbstractSeveral investigators discussed the need to know more about conditions which facilitate normal human development, especially the need for a better understanding of the processes at work during the development towards greater independence in normal and pathogenic human relationships. The study reported in this paper aims to provide a description of the processes at work during the development of contact- and distance regulation for free-living chimpanzee mother-infant relationships. We believe that such an ethological study contributes to human studies by providing methods of observing and analysing behaviour, and by providing hypotheses that can be tested. Our study takes a systems approach to mother-infant contact- and distance regulation. We looked at the history of mother-infant relationship in terms of the effects of changes in the mother's and infant's behaviour on the mother-infant dyad as a self-regulating homeostatic system. A single-subject research design was used, because it has special advantages for the study of developmental processes, not shared by the usual experimental- or correlational designs. We found that the infants' progress towards greater independence proceeds discontinuously in 5 jumps over the first 24 months. With each jump the following drastic changes are found in the quality of the distance-regulation between mother and infant and/or the amount of time spent at a certain distance: 1. After month 2 maternal behaviour related to carrying and supporting the babies in the ventro-ventral position decreased sharply and the babies were forced to cling to the mother themselves. 2. In month 5-6 a period of mother-infant conflict was found in which aggressive maternal rebuffs were aimed at breaking nipple- and ventro-ventral contact. Before this age the mothers were primarily responsible for ventro-ventral contact, and after this age the infants were. A relation was found between the rebuffs and the onset of dorsal riding and eating solid food. These changes in the mother-infant interaction coincided with physical changes such as a change in the speed of growth and the eruption of teeth. The findings are placed in the wider framework of mammalian development. 3. After month 7 an explosion of the frequency of the infants' excursions was found and the infants now made short lasting excursions and remain within arm's reach from their mothers. It is argued that such excursion behavior expresses the infants' concern with the distance to their mothers at this age. 4. Around month 12 and month 18 periods of mother-infant conflict were found in which the aggressive maternal rebuffs were aimed at breaking body contact. Both periods of mother-infant conflict were associated with peaks in the infants' responsibility for body contact and with rises in the amount of time spent in this contact. Both periods of mother-infant conflict were followed by sharp drops in the amount of time spent in body contact, and after each drop time spent in body contact remained at a newly reached level. Furthermore, after both periods of mother-infant conflict all infants made use of space more distant from their mothers. We found that mothers do not promote the infants' independence as a whole in each confict period, but that they do so only for a particular aspect in training the infants how to adapt to other individuals and to the physical outer world when using the new ability. It is argued that mothers recognize the ages that their infants are ready to reorganize their behaviour, upon which they force them to do so. The periods of mother-infant conflict around month 12 and 18 are preceded by periods of regression: temporary shifts back to mainly staying in closer contact (= qualitative regressive shifts) and temporary increases in the amount of time spent in ventro-ventral contact (= quantitative regressive peaks). It is suggested that regressive behaviour is a common feature of normal development after a certain age. We called a period in which the succession of regression and/or conflict and/or jump towards greater independence was found a labile period, as opposed to stabile periods. In the general discussion the following topics are attended to: a) The possibility that "labile periods at specific ages" in the mother-infant relationship are a common feature in normal development. b) The possibility that changes in maternal behaviour in each labile period are responsible for the phenomenon of jumps in the growing independence, provided that the infants are not pushed beyond their maturational abilities. c) The possibility that regression, which precedes mother-infant conflict, is associated with maturational changes in the infant is discussed. Several authors associated regressive behaviour with spurts in development. d) The possibility that maturational changes are associated with developmental steps. Infants contribute to changes in the mother-infant systems as they change maturationally. The latter changes were established independently of their effect on the mother-infant relationship by PLOOIJ (1984). He looked for qualitative changes over development in behaviour and recognized 5 steps in the infant's first year of life. It is discussed that the onsets of labile periods in the mother-infant relationship are associated with the developmental steps. It seems that a developmental step triggers mother-infant conflict, and that mother's behaviour during this conflict is of vital importance in realizing the infant's developmental potential. PETERFREUND's (1971) thinking on the relation between maturation and learning (reprogramming) suggests mother's helpful contributions to what happens around the times of occurrence of developmental steps. We related our findings to BOWLBY's (1969, 1973, 1980) attachment theory. The possibility is discussed that attachment takes different forms over age, depending on the proximity involved and the skills available to the infant, and that it is active and present from birth onwards.
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Maestripieri, Dario. "Mother-Infant Relationships in Three Species of Macaques (Macaca Mulatta, M. Nemestrina, M. Arctoides). I. Development of the Mother-Infant Relationship in the First Three Months." Behaviour 131, no. 1-2 (1994): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00226.
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AbstractThis study compared mother-infant relationships in rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques living in large captive social groups. Mother-infant pairs were focally observed in 4 weekly 30-min sessions for the first 12 weeks of infant life. Rhesus and stumptail infants were active earlier than pigtail infants, and rhesus mothers further encouraged infant independence by frequently breaking contact with them and rejecting them. Rhesus mothers also restrained their infants, presumably in circumstances where a danger for them was perceived. Pigtail mothers were more protective than rhesus mothers and not as encouraging of infant independence as rhesus mothers. Stumptail mothers scored low on both protectiveness and rejection measures. The functional significance of some differences in mother-infant relationships is tentatively explained on the basis of reproductive, ecological, and social characteristics of rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques. Data on scratching behavior support the hypothesis that behavioral differences among macaque species are associated, at the proximate level, with differences in temperament or emotional reactivity.
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Barbara, Janet Mann. "BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT IN WILD BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN NEWBORNS (TURSIOPS SP.)." Behaviour 136, no. 5 (1999): 529–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501469.
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AbstractNewborn characteristics, patterns of motoric and social behavioural development, and mother-infant relationships in free-ranging and semi-provisioned bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) are examined. Nine newborns were observed for 189 hours over the first 10 weeks of life. Newborn infants breathe more often than their mothers, and synchronize their breathing and swimming with her soon after birth, but show a gradual decline in synchrony as they age. Virtually all patterns of infant behaviour, mother-infant proximity, and spatial relationships with the mother changed as a function of infant age. Maternal activity, however, does not change over time, except that mothers decrease their role in maintaining proximity to their infants from the first month to the second month of infant life. Infants spend less time close to their mothers, less time echelon swimming (close, alongside the mother), and more time infant-position swimming (in contact under the mother) as they age. Infants spend more time traveling and socializing independently over time. They also separate from their mothers more often and for longer periods of time. Infants do not forage during the newborn period, but are observed 'practice foraging' by the end of the first month. Rubbing, petting, chasing, and displaying with other animals (including the mother) were common forms of socializing. Infants frequently initiate rubbing with their mothers, with particular focus on her head region. Infants typically associate with young females, adult females and other infants, but not with adult or subadult males. Developmental shifts and overall patterns are discussed in the context of the bottlenose dolphin's fission-fusion social organization and ecology. The effects of provisioning on dolphin behaviour are addressed.
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Hall, Nancy. "Maternal Postpartum Depression and Communication Development in Infants: Is There a Role for the Speech-Language Pathologist?" Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp1.sig1.175.
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Objective To survey speech-language pathologists (SLPs) regarding their involvement in treating infants whose mothers experience postpartum depression. Method SIG 1 members were invited to participate in an 8-question survey examining their involvement with infant-mother pairs, including mothers diagnosed with postpartum depression (PPD). Results Results indicate that, while some SLPs frequently work with infant-mother pairs, few have knowledge regarding the diagnosis of PPD in the mothers. Conclusions It is likely that many SLPs are working with infant-mother pairs that include mothers who are experiencing PPD. Suggestions regarding the role of the SLP are offered, including providing support for these mothers in terms of obtaining services and helping these mothers use appropriate infant-directed speech to facilitate communication and cognitive development in their infants.
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Cooper, Peter J., Mireille Landman, Mark Tomlinson, Christopher Molteno, Leslie Swartz, and Lynne Murray. "Impact of a mother–infant intervention in an indigent peri-urban South African context." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 1 (January 2002): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.1.76.
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BackgroundA high rate of maternal depression and associated disturbance in the mother–infant relationship has been found in an indigent peri-urban South African community Khayelitsha. The question arises whether a community-based intervention could be beneficial.AimsTo train community workers to deliver an intervention to mothers and infants in Khayelitsha, and to compare mothers and infants receiving this intervention with a sample receiving no such intervention.MethodFour Khayelitsha women were trained in a mother-infant intervention, which they delivered to 32 women recruited in late pregnancy. At 6 months post-partum, maternal mood, the mother–infant relationship and infant growth were assessed. The findings were compared with a matched group of 32 mothers and infants.ResultsThere was no reliable impact of the intervention on maternal mood. However, compared with the comparison sample, the quality of mother – infant engagement was significantly more positive for those who had received the intervention.ConclusionsThe pilot study produced preliminary evidence of a benefit of a community-based mother – infant intervention delivered by trained, but otherwise unqualified, community workers, sufficient to warrant a formal controlled evaluation of this treatment.
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Fancourt, Daisy, and Rosie Perkins. "The effects of mother–infant singing on emotional closeness, affect, anxiety, and stress hormones." Music & Science 1 (January 1, 2018): 205920431774574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204317745746.
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Among mammals who invest in the production of a relatively small number of offspring, bonding is a critical strategy for survival. Mother–infant bonding among humans is not only linked with the infant’s survival but also with a range of protective psychological, biological, and behavioral responses in both mothers and infants in the post-birth period and across the life span. Anthropological theories suggest that one behavior that may have evolved with the aim of enhancing mother–infant bonding is infant-directed singing. However, to date, despite mother–infant singing being practiced across cultures, there remains little quantitative demonstration of any effects on mothers or their perceived closeness to their infants. This within-subjects study, comparing the effects of mother–infant singing with other mother–infant interactions among 43 mothers and their infants, shows that singing is associated with greater increases in maternal perceptions of emotional closeness in comparison to social interactions. Mother–infant singing is also associated with greater increases in positive affect and greater decreases in negative affect as well as greater decreases in both psychological and biological markers of anxiety. This supports previous findings about the effects of singing on closeness and social bonding in other populations. Furthermore, associations between changes in closeness and both affect and anxiety support previous research suggesting associations between closeness, bonding, and wider mental health.
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Yedavalli, Venkat R. K., Colombe Chappey, and Nafees Ahmad. "Maintenance of an Intact Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 vpr Gene following Mother-to-Infant Transmission." Journal of Virology 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 6937–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.8.6937-6943.1998.
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ABSTRACT The vpr sequences from six human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected mother-infant pairs following perinatal transmission were analyzed. We found that 153 of the 166 clones analyzed from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA samples showed a 92.17% frequency of intact vpr open reading frames. There was a low degree of heterogeneity of vprgenes within mothers, within infants, and between epidemiologically linked mother-infant pairs. The distances between vprsequences were greater in epidemiologically unlinked individuals than in epidemiologically linked mother-infant pairs. Moreover, the infants’ sequences displayed patterns similar to those seen in their mothers. The functional domains essential for Vpr activity, including virion incorporation, nuclear import, and cell cycle arrest and differentiation were highly conserved in most of the sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of 166 mother-infant pairs and 195 other available vpr sequences from HIV databases formed distinct clusters for each mother-infant pair and for other vprsequences and grouped the six mother-infant pairs’ sequences with subtype B sequences. A high degree of conservation of intact and functional vpr supports the notion that vprplays an important role in HIV-1 infection and replication in mother-infant isolates that are involved in perinatal transmission.
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Cirelli, Laura K., Zuzanna B. Jurewicz, and Sandra E. Trehub. "Effects of Maternal Singing Style on Mother–Infant Arousal and Behavior." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 32, no. 7 (July 2020): 1213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01402.
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Mothers around the world sing to infants, presumably to regulate their mood and arousal. Lullabies and playsongs differ stylistically and have distinctive goals. Mothers sing lullabies to soothe and calm infants and playsongs to engage and excite infants. In this study, mothers repeatedly sang Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star to their infants ( n = 30 dyads), alternating between soothing and playful renditions. Infant attention and mother–infant arousal (i.e., skin conductivity) were recorded continuously. During soothing renditions, mother and infant arousal decreased below initial levels as the singing progressed. During playful renditions, maternal and infant arousal remained stable. Moreover, infants exhibited greater attention to mother during playful renditions than during soothing renditions. Mothers' playful renditions were faster, higher in pitch, louder, and characterized by greater pulse clarity than their soothing renditions. Mothers also produced more energetic rhythmic movements during their playful renditions. These findings highlight the contrastive nature and consequences of lullabies and playsongs.
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Neu, Madalynn, Mark L. Laudenslager, and JoAnn Robinson. "Coregulation in Salivary Cortisol During Maternal Holding of Premature Infants." Biological Research For Nursing 10, no. 3 (November 17, 2008): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800408327789.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine coregulation between mothers and preterm infants in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system activity, as indicated by salivary cortisol levels, while mothers held their infants. The research questions were (a) does mother—infant coregulation in HPA activity occur during holding? and (b) if mother— infant coregulation in HPA activity exists during holding, do type of holding, antenatal steroids, sound level, and maternal touch influence this coregulation? Sample: The sample consisted of 20 mother— infant dyads with infants at a mean postconceptional age of 34.7 weeks (+0.7) and average postnatal age of 15 days (+9) at the time of cortisol sampling. Design: The design was exploratory using convenience sampling. Maternal and infant cortisol levels were obtained at Time 1 (baseline) and Time 2 (end of holding); at each time, the absolute differences in levels between mother and infant were determined. Coregulation was operationalized as less difference between maternal-infant cortisol levels immediately after holding (Time 2) as compared to before holding (Time 1). Results: The two variables with the highest correlation with the Time 1/Time 2 difference score included antenatal steroids and ambient sound level, which were entered into a linear regression equation as predictor variables. A coregulatory relationship in cortisol levels existed between mothers and infants during holding, which was moderated by sound levels. Nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can facilitate the mother—infant relationship, as reflected in coregulatory measures, by promoting a quiet environment, particularly around mothers who are holding their infants.
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Closson, Lia, Marjo Flykt, and Zeynep Biringen. "Evaluation of possums sleep intervention: A pilot feasibility study." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 10, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v10n2p15.
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The first year with a child is one of the most challenging times for mothers due to repeated awakenings typical for young infants. Research has shown that persistent fragmented sleep increases a mother’s risk for low overall well-being, which can challenge the mother-infant relationship. In an effort to improve sleep for both mother and infant, healthcare providers often recommend infant behavioral sleep interventions. The primary focus of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of the Possums Sleep Intervention, a psychoeducational group workshop for women with infants between the ages of 0-6 months. A second goal of the study was to evaluate the potential of the Possums curriculum in improving maternal and infant sleep and self-reported mother-infant emotional availability. Participants were 24 mothers with their 0-6 month old infants assessed at the start of the study and again at the completion of the 4-week workshop. Results showed improvements in the perceived emotional availability in the mother-infant relationship; however, positive effects related to maternal or infant sleep were only on a trend level.
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Lotzin, Annett, Julia Schiborr, Claus Barkmann, Georg Romer, and Brigitte Ramsauer. "Maternal emotion dysregulation is related to heightened mother–infant synchrony of facial affect." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 2 (June 4, 2015): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000516.
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AbstractA heightened synchrony between the mother's and infant's facial affect predicts adverse infant development. We know that maternal psychopathology is related to mother–infant facial affect synchrony, but it is unclear how maternal psychopathology is transmitted to mother–infant synchrony. One pathway might be maternal emotion dysregulation. We examined (a) whether maternal emotion dysregulation is positively related to facial affect synchrony and (b) whether maternal emotion dysregulation mediates the effect of maternal psychopathology on mother–infant facial affect synchrony. We observed 68 mothers with mood disorders and their 4- to 9-month-old infants in the Still-Face paradigm during two play interactions. The mother's and infant's facial affect were rated from high negative to high positive, and the degree of synchrony between the mother's and infant's facial affect was computed with a time-series analysis. Emotion dysregulation was measured with the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, and psychopathology was assessed with the Symptom Checklist–90–Revised. Higher maternal emotion dysregulation was significantly associated with higher facial affect synchrony; emotion dysregulation fully mediated the effect of maternal psychopathology on facial affect synchrony. Our findings demonstrate that maternal emotion dysregulation rather than maternal psychopathology per se places mothers and infants at risk for heightened facial affect synchrony.
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Chiu, Teresa M. L., Susan Wehrmann, Denise Reid, and Gerry Sinclair. "Transforming Mother-Infant Interaction Within Cultural and Caregiving Contexts: Home-Based Occupational Therapy for Preterm Infants." Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy 22, no. 1 (June 2012): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hkjot.2012.04.003.
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Background Developing positive interaction between preterm infants and their mothers is known to be a challenge because preterm infants are more fussy and difficult to soothe. Yet, little is known about what happens to the mother-infant interaction as the babies grow older in their natural environment and when and how the mother-infant dyads continue to need support for home care. This study aimed to explore the changes in mother-infant interaction of preterm infants and their mothers who received home care occupational therapy. Methods We video-recorded the interaction of 12 dyads of mothers and preterm infants during free play, feeding, and the mother positioning the infants for different movements. The mothers then reviewed the video recording and participated in an in-depth interview. Six months later, each dyad repeated the video recording and interview. In addition, Chinese and Tamil-speaking mothers of well babies were interviewed in focus groups. The focus group findings inform us of the meaning of culture in caregiving. Results The findings showed that the quality of interaction is shaped by the specific cultural beliefs and caregiving contexts in the home. Central to the concept is the transformation of the baby that triggers the mother to respond and then transform together. The occupational therapist who plays the supporting role facilitates the dyads to interact more harmoniously. Conclusion This study proposes a new conceptualisation that allows us to unfold the process of change in mother-infant interaction for preterm infants and their mothers within the contexts of cultural values and the caregiving environment.
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Killeen, Lauren A., and Douglas M. Teti. "Mothers' frontal EEG asymmetry in response to infant emotion states and mother–infant emotional availability, emotional experience, and internalizing symptoms." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 1 (January 31, 2012): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579411000629.
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AbstractThis study examined the links between mothers' frontal EEG asymmetry at rest and during videos of their 5- to 8-month-old infants expressing three emotion states (joy, anger/distress, and neutral interest), mother–infant emotional availability (EA) in the home, mothers' depressive and anxious symptoms, and mothers' emotional experience in response to infant emotion cues. Greater relative right frontal activity at rest was associated with greater maternal anxiety, but was unrelated to EA or mother-reported emotional experience in response to infant emotion cues. A shift toward greater relative right frontal activation in response to infant emotional stimuli was associated with lower maternal anxiety, greater mother–infant EA, and mothers' experience of sadness, concern, irritability, and the absence of joy in response to seeing their own infant in distress. These findings suggest that mothers' in the moment empathetic responding to their infant's emotions, indexed by a shift in frontal EEG asymmetry in response to infant emotional displays, is related to mother–infant EA in the home. Implications for conceptualizing parenting risk are discussed.
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Kermoian, Rosanne, and P. Herbert Leiderman. "Infant Attachment to Mother and Child Caretaker in an East African Community." International Journal of Behavioral Development 9, no. 4 (December 1986): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548600900404.
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Child rearing among the Gusii of Kenya is distinctive in that (a) infants are routinely cared for by both mothers and child caretakers, and (b) infant-mother interaction is primarily limited to activities which provide for the infant's physical needs, whereas infant-caretaker interaction is primarily limited to play and social activities. In this study a separation/reunion paradigm and Ainsworth classification procedures were used to assess security of attachment in a sample of Gusii infants 8 to 27 months of age. The proportion of infants classified as securely attached to mother and caretaker was 61% and 54%, respectively. Although the establishment of a secure relationship was not affected by differences between infant-mother and infant-caretaker activities, correlates of attachment security were specific to each. Whereas attachment to mother was related to nutritional status, attachment to the caretaker was related to Bayley MDI performance. These findings suggest that the pervasive association between security of attachment and infant functioning in American studies is a reflection of the diversity of activities in which infants and mothers engage.
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Cho, June, and Diane Holditch-Davis. "Effects of Perinatal Testosterone on Infant Health, Mother–Infant Interactions, and Infant Development." Biological Research For Nursing 16, no. 2 (May 2, 2013): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800413486340.
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Objective: Many researchers and health care providers have noticed male vulnerability in infant health, mother–infant interactions, and some infant cognitive development, especially among very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants. However, factors beyond gender that could explain these observed differences have not been clear. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the subject and to introduce a conceptual framework relating these factors. Discussion: According to gender-difference theories, prenatal exposure to high levels of testosterone may influence infant health and mother–infant interactions by negatively affecting infant cognitive/motor/language development. We constructed a conceptual framework based on the associations among biological (perinatal testosterone), stress-related (perinatal and maternal cortisol), and developmental (infant cognitive/motor/language skills) factors. If research establishes these biological, environmental, and developmental associations in mother–VLBW preterm pairs, the results will highlight the importance of addressing gender differences in nursing research and encourage the development of nursing interventions designed to reduce stress among mothers of VLBW preterm infants, particularly male infants. Conclusion: From a psychobiosocial perspective, combining biophysiological factors such as perinatal testosterone and cortisol with socioenvironmental factors such as the quality of mother–infant interactions and infant temperament may provide a broader view of gender differences in infant health and development.
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Sajadi, Mohammad M., Narjes Shokatpour, Madeleine Purcell, Zahra Rikhtegaran Tehrani, Allison Lankford, Allison Bathula, James D. Campbell, et al. "Maternal transfer of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies transplacentally and via breast milk feeding." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (April 6, 2023): e0284020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284020.
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Background Although there have been many studies on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk, very few have looked at the fate of these in the infant, and whether they are delivered to immunologically relevant sites in infants. Methods Mother/infant pairs (mothers who breast milk fed and who were SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated before or after delivery) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Mother blood, mother breast milk, infant blood, infant nasal specimen, and infant stool was tested for IgA and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike trimer. Results Thirty-one mother/infant pairs were recruited. Breast milk fed infants acquired systemic anti-spike IgG antibodies only if their mothers were vaccinated antepartum (100% Antepartum; 0% Postpartum; P<0.0001). Breast milk fed infants acquired mucosal anti-spike IgG antibodies (in the nose) only if their mothers were vaccinated antepartum (89% Antepartum; 0% Postpartum; P<0.0001). None of the infants in either group had anti-spike IgA in the blood. Surprisingly, 33% of the infants whose mothers were vaccinated antepartum had high titer anti-spike IgA in the nose (33% Antepartum; 0% Postpartum; P = 0.03). Half-life of maternally transferred plasma IgG antibodies in the Antepartum infant cohort was ~70 days. Conclusion Vaccination antepartum followed by breast milk feeding appears to be the best way to provide systemic and local anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for infants. The presence of high titer SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in the nose of infants points to the potential importance of breast milk feeding early in life for maternal transfer of mucosal IgA antibodies. Expectant mothers should consider becoming vaccinated antepartum and consider breast milk feeding for optimal transfer of systemic and mucosal antibodies to their infants.
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Porter, Christin L. "Coregulation in Mother-Infant Dyads: Links to Infants' Cardiac Vagal Tone." Psychological Reports 92, no. 1 (February 2003): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.307.
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This investigation explored links between mother-infant coregulated communication patterns and infants' emerging parasympathetic regulatory processes (cardiac vagal tone). Participants included 56 first-time mothers and their 6-mo.-old infants (31 girls, 25 boys). A 4-mm. baseline EKG was gathered from the infant and an ensuing 15-min. mother-infant dyadic free-play episode was videotaped and coded using Fogel's 1994 Regional Coding System. This system was developed to describe variations in coregulated features of communication among dyads, ranging from symmetrical patterns to disruptive patterns of coregulation. Analysis suggests a positive link between infants' cardiac vagal tone and more symmetrical features of coregulated communication patterns in mother-infant dyads Cardiac vagal tone was also negatively correlated with unilateral features of coregulation communication systems. These findings point toward the potential relation between emerging physiological regulatory abilities of infants and the more relational regulatory processes in mother-infant dyads.
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Laurent, Heidemarie K., Jennifer C. Ablow, and Jeffrey Measelle. "Risky shifts: How the timing and course of mothers' depressive symptoms across the perinatal period shape their own and infant's stress response profiles." Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 2 (April 18, 2011): 521–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579411000083.
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AbstractWe investigated the effects of timing and the course of maternal perinatal depressive symptoms on mother–infant hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) response profiles during an attachment stressor, as well as on within-dyad synchrony of stress profiles: coordination of HPA and sympathetic nervous system and infant–mother HPA attunement. Mothers (n = 86) completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale during pregnancy (Time 1 [T1]) and at 5 months (T2) and 18 months (T3) postnatal. At T3 mother–infant dyads completed the Strange Situation, and four saliva samples collected from both mothers and infants were assayed for cortisol and α-amylase. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to predict mother–infant cortisol response trajectories and within-dyad synchronies by main and interactive effects of T1–T3 Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores. Main effects of earlier (T1, T2) depressive symptoms predicted mothers' cortisol trajectories and coordination, and interactions of T1 with postnatal (T2 and T3) symptoms predicted infants' cortisol trajectories, coordination, and attunement. Decomposition of interactions revealed more marked effects on infant cortisol trajectories when the mother shifted from higher to lower depressive symptoms (or vice versa) across the perinatal period. Shifts from lower to higher symptoms also predicted inverse coordination of cortisol with salivary α-amylase and greater attunement of infant with mother cortisol. Implications for the development and transmission of stress dysregulation are discussed.
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Masataka, Nobuo. "Effects of contingent and noncontingent maternal stimulation on the vocal behaviour of three- to four-month-old Japanese infants." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 2 (June 1993): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008291.
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ABSTRACTA total of 48 male infants experienced either conversational turn-taking or random responsiveness of their mothers when aged 0;3 and 0;4. In both periods, the infant's rate of vocalizing was not significantly influenced by the contingency of the mother's response, but contingency altered the temporal parameters of the infant's vocal pattern. Infants tended to produce more bursts or packets of vocalizations when the mother talked to the infant in a random pattern. When the infants were aged 0;3 such bursts occurred most often at intervals of 0·5–1·5 sec whereas when they were aged 0;4 they took place most frequently at significantly longer intervals, of 1·0–2·0. The difference corresponded to the difference between intervals with which the mother responded contingently to vocalizations of the infant at 0;3 and at 0;4. While the intervals (between the onset of the infant's vocalization and the onset of the mother's vocalization) rarely exceeded 0·5 sec when the infant was aged 0;3, they were mostly distributed between 0·5 and 1·0 sec when he was aged 0;4. After vocalizing spontaneously, the infant tended to pause as if to listen for a possible vocal response from the mother. In the absence of a response, he vocalized repeatedly. The intervals between the two consecutive vocalizations were changed flexibly by the infant according to his recent experience of turn-taking with the mother.
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Ben-Zion, Hamutal, Ella Volkovich, Gal Meiri, and Liat Tikotzky. "Mother–Infant Sleep and Maternal Emotional Distress in Solo-Mother and Two-Parent Families." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 45, no. 2 (January 10, 2020): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz097.
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Abstract Objective This study examined for the first time mother–infant sleep and emotional distress in solo mother families compared with two-parent families and explored whether the links between mother–infant sleep and maternal emotional distress differ as a function of family structure. Methods Thirty-nine solo-mother families and 39 two-parent families, with an infant within the age range of 6–18 months participated in the study. Actigraphy and sleep diaries were used to assess maternal and infant sleep at home. Mothers completed questionnaires to assess maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms, social support, sleeping arrangements, breastfeeding, and demographics. Results Solo mothers were older and more likely to breastfeed and share a bed with their infants than married mothers. There were no significant differences between the groups in mother–infant sleep and maternal emotional distress, while controlling for maternal age, breastfeeding, and sleeping arrangements. Family structure had a moderating effect on the associations between maternal emotional distress and mother–infant sleep. Only in solo-mother families, higher maternal emotional distress was associated with lower maternal and infant sleep quality. Conclusions Our findings suggest that, although there are no significant differences in maternal and infant sleep between solo-mother families and two-parent families, the strength of the associations between maternal emotional distress and both infant and maternal sleep quality are stronger in solo-mother families, compared with two-parent families. Hopefully, understanding which aspects of parenting may contribute to the development of sleep problems in solo-mother families could be helpful in tailoring interventions to this growing population.
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Bourvis, Nadège, Magi Singer, Catherine Saint Georges, Nicolas Bodeau, Mohamed Chetouani, David Cohen, and Ruth Feldman. "Pre-linguistic infants employ complex communicative loops to engage mothers in social exchanges and repair interaction ruptures." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 170274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170274.
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Language has long been identified as a powerful communicative tool among humans. Yet, pre-linguistic communication, which is common in many species, is also used by human infants prior to the acquisition of language. The potential communicational value of pre-linguistic vocal interactions between human infants and mothers has been studied in the past decades. With 120 dyads (mothers and three- or six-month-old infants), we used the classical Still Face Paradigm (SFP) in which mothers interact freely with their infants, then refrain from communication (Still Face, SF), and finally resume play. We employed innovative automated techniques to measure infant and maternal vocalization and pause, and dyadic parameters (infant response to mother, joint silence and overlap) and the emotional component of Infant Directed Speech (e-IDS) throughout the interaction. We showed that: (i) during the initial free play mothers use longer vocalizations and more e-IDS when they interact with older infants and (ii) infant boys exhibit longer vocalizations and shorter pauses than girls. (iii) During the SF and reunion phases, infants show marked and sustained changes in vocalizations but their mothers do not and (iv) mother–infant dyadic parameters increase in the reunion phase. Our quantitative results show that infants, from the age of three months, actively participate to restore the interactive loop after communicative ruptures long before vocalizations show clear linguistic meaning. Thus, auditory signals provide from early in life a channel by which infants co-create interactions, enhancing the mother–infant bond.
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Sekizawa, Maisa, and Nobuyuki Kutsukake. "Maternal protectiveness is negatively associated with infant handling in wild Japanese macaques." Behaviour 156, no. 2 (2019): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003534.
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Abstract Infant handling by a non-mother is common in many primate species. Despite the requirement of a triadic relationship among handler, mother, and infant, previous studies of infant handling have focused on characteristics of handler or interactions between mother and handler. In this study, we examined the influence of the mother–infant relationship (i.e., maternal style) on the frequency with which wild Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) infants were handled. We analysed behavioural data collected during 3 consecutive years and found that maternal style was characterised by three principal components: infant activity, rejection, and non-protectiveness. Infants who were less active and whose mothers were less protective received more frequent handling. These effects were particularly evident when handlers were thought to have less access to the infant. These complex interactions within the triadic relationship suggest that maternal style constrains the occurrence of infant handling in group-living primates.
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Sanjuan, J., J. L. Ivorra, M. Jover, J. M. Carot, R. de Frutos, and M. D. Molto. "Influence of the Mother’s Emotional State on Infant Irritability is Moderated by the 5-HTTLPR Polymorphism." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70470-5.
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The serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) may moderate an individual's response to stress. This study analyzes how the infant 5-HTTLPR may interact with the level of their mother's emotional state to affect infant irritability.A prospective study was carried out with 314 newborns and their mothers. Infant irritability and the mother emotional state were evaluated at 8 and 32 weeks after childbirth. These variables were correlated with the 5-HTTLPR genotypes of both the infants and their mothers. The irritability score of infants with the s allele of 5-HTTLPR showed a linear relationship with their mother's anxiety at both 8 (P= 0.009) and 32 weeks (P= 0.008). In Infants carrying the ll genotype irritability was independent of their mother's anxiety.This study provided evidence that the promoter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism could moderate the influence of the mother's anxiety on infant irritability.
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Snellen, Martien, Kerry Mack, and Tom Trauer. "Schizophrenia, Mental State, and Mother—Infant Interaction: Examining the Relationship." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 6 (December 1999): 902–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00641.x.
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Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the role that disturbance of mental state of hospitalised mothers with a postpartum schizophrenic illness plays in determining the quality of mother-infant interactions. Method: We examined the relationship between the nature and severity of symptomatology in mothers with schizophrenia and the quality of her interactions with her infant in a sample of 15 mother-infant dyads admitted to a psychiatric Mother-Baby Unit. Data were obtained at admission and discharge. Results: Mothers with florid positive symptoms and prominent negative symptoms of schizophrenia and their infants were identified as being at particular risk of displaying disturbed interactions. The adverse contribution of negative symptoms was often not evident until after the positive symptoms had resolved. Conclusions: Given that negative symptoms are often treatment resistant, optimal care of mothers with schizophrenia and their infants needs to involve ongoing therapeutic intervention which specifically addresses disturbances of mother-infant interaction. Further research is required to identify which interventions are likely to be of greatest benefit.
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HIPWELL, A. E., F. A. GOOSSENS, E. C. MELHUISH, and R. KUMAR. "Severe maternal psychopathology and infant–mother attachment." Development and Psychopathology 12, no. 2 (June 2000): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400002030.
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Eighty-two mother–infant dyads, comprising women with psychiatric disorder and individually matched controls, were followed up over the children's 1st year of life. The mothers with mental illness consisted of two subgroups: first, 25 severely mentally ill mothers who had been admitted to a psychiatric unit with their infants; and second, 16 mothers from a community sample meeting research diagnostic criteria for unipolar, nonpsychotic depression. With the exception of six dyads in the in-patient group, observations were made of the mother–infant interaction and the quality of the infant–mother attachment relationship at 12 months. The nature and course of the mothers' illness was also documented. Although few residual symptoms of maternal mental illness were detected at 1 year postpartum, interactional disturbances were evident among the case group dyads. A strong association was revealed between infant–mother attachment quality and maternal diagnosis: a manic episode of illness in the postpartum period was related to security in the attachment relationship, and psychotic or nonpsychotic depression was related to insecurity. Concurrent patterns of mother–infant interaction provided support for this finding.
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Bornstein, Marc H., Sueko Toda, Hiroshi Azuma, Catherine Tamis-LeMonda, and Misako Ogino. "Mother and Infant Activity and Interaction in Japan and in the United States: II. A Comparative Microanalysis of Naturalistic Exchanges Focused on the Organisation of Infant Attention." International Journal of Behavioral Development 13, no. 3 (September 1990): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549001300303.
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This study compares and contrasts activities and interactions related to maternal organisation of infant attention toward mother and toward the environment in Japanese and U.S. American mother-infant dyads. Observational data derived from 48 Tokyo and New York City mothers and their 5month-old infants seen at home were submitted to microanalysis. Relations among selected mother and infant activities, notably maternal control of and responsiveness to attentional focus in infants, are evaluated using cooccurrence and lag-sequential analyses. American and Japanese mothers and babies engaged in most activities at similar rates. However, American mothers appear to respond to environmental involvement in their infants by further encouraging infants to attend to properties, objects, or events in the environment, whereas it is during periods of decreased environmental interest and increased social interest that Japanese mothers deploy didactic encouragement. The results reveal activity and interaction patterns which are similar between these two cultures, as well as patterns which are culturespecific.
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Little, Emily, Cristine Legare, and Leslie Carver. "Mother–Infant Physical Contact Predicts Responsive Feeding among U.S. Breastfeeding Mothers." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091251.
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Responsive feeding—initiating feeding in response to early hunger cues—supports the physiology of lactation and the development of infant feeding abilities, yet there is a dearth of research examining what predicts responsive feeding. In non-Western proximal care cultures, there is an association between responsive feeding and mother–infant physical contact, but this has not been investigated within Western populations. In two studies, we tested whether mother–infant physical contact predicted feeding in response to early hunger cues versus feeding on a schedule or after signs of distress among U.S. breastfeeding mothers. With an online questionnaire in Study 1 (n = 626), physical contact with infants (via co-sleeping and babywearing) predicted increased likelihood of self-reported responsive feeding. Mothers who reported responsive feeding were more likely to exclusively breastfeed for the first six months, breastfeed more frequently throughout the day, and had a longer planned breastfeeding duration than mothers who reported feeding on a schedule or after signs of infant distress. In Study 2 (n = 96), a three-day feeding log showed that mother–infant physical contact predicted feeding in response to early hunger cues but mother–infant proximity (without physical contact) did not. In sum, our results demonstrate that physical contact with infants may shape breastfeeding behavior among U.S. mothers, highlighting a connection between social interaction and infant nutrition that warrants further investigation.
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Yoshida, K., M. N. Marks, M. Craggs, B. Smith, and R. Kumar. "Sensorimotor and cognitive development of infants of mothers with schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 175, no. 4 (October 1999): 380–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.4.380.
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BackgroundThe parenting environment provided by mothers with schizophrenia is likely to contribute to the cognitive impairment observed in their offspring.AimsTo assess the relative contribution of maternal schizophrenia, obstetric factors and mothers' lifestyle to the cognitive development of infants in their first year.MethodThe Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered to 19 infants of mothers with schizophrenia, 34 with non-psychotic depression in the mother, 29 with affective psychosis in the mother and 24 normal controls when the babies were two and seven months of age.ResultsAt two months, infants of mothers with schizophrenia and of those with affective psychosis had lower mental development index (MDI) scores than controls. At seven months, infants of mothers with schizophrenia had lower MDI scores than all other groups. When infant birth weight and mothers' social class were taken into account there was no effect of maternal schizophrenia on infants' MDI scores.ConclusionsInfants of mothers with schizophrenia are likely to have impaired cognitive development. This may be due in part to environmental factors such as the mother's lifestyle.
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Makino, Hiroshi, Akira Kushiro, Eiji Ishikawa, Delphine Muylaert, Hiroyuki Kubota, Takafumi Sakai, Kenji Oishi, et al. "Transmission of Intestinal Bifidobacterium longum subsp.longumStrains from Mother to Infant, Determined by Multilocus Sequencing Typing and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 19 (August 5, 2011): 6788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05346-11.
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ABSTRACTThe gastrointestinal tracts of neonates are colonized by bacteria immediately after birth. It has been discussed that the intestinal microbiota of neonates includes strains transferred from the mothers. Although some studies have indicated possible bacterial transfer from the mother to the newborn, this is the first report confirming the transfer of bifidobacteria at the strain level. Here, we investigated the mother-to-infant transmission ofBifidobacterium longumsubsp.longumby genotyping bacterial isolates from the feces of mothers before delivery and of their infants after delivery. Two hundred seven isolates from 8 pairs of mothers and infants were discriminated by multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. By both methods, 11 strains ofB. longumsubsp.longumwere found to be monophyletic for the feces of the mother and her infant. This finding confirms that these strains were transferred from the intestine of the mother to that of the infant. These strains were found in the first feces (meconium) of the infant and in the feces at days 3, 7, 30, and 90 after birth, indicating that they stably colonize the infant's intestine immediately after birth. The strains isolated from each family did not belong to clusters derived from any of the other families, suggesting that each mother-infant pair might have unique family-specific strains.
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van BEEK, Y., J. B. Hoeksma, and B. Hopkins. "The Development of Communication in Preterm Infant-Mother Dyads." Behaviour 129, no. 1-2 (1994): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00343.
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AbstractThe present study examines the effects of gestational age and birthweight status on the development of infant and maternal behaviour as well as the (mutual) predictability between partners during face-to-face interaction at 6, 12 and 18 weeks of corrected age. Subjects are healthy fullterm infants (N = 6) and three groups of healthy preterm infants: small-for-gestational age (N = 6), and appropriate for gestational age, the latter being born after a pregnancy duration of less than 32 weeks (N = 6) or between 32 and 34 weeks (N = 6). Using dyadic sequential analyses, based on log-linear modelling and information statistics, for each individual infant-mother pair at each age, the effect of both partners on the behaviour of the other was quantified, while accounting for autocorrelational effects. In the majority of cases the interactions could be labelled as showing 'bidirectionality', particularly at 18 weeks. Mothers were more likely to be influenced by the previous behaviour of the infants than vice versa. No group differences were apparent in the way mothers were influenced by their infants. However, the small-for-gestational age preterm infants were less likely to be influenced by maternal behaviour, particularly at 6 and 12 weeks of age. A lower variability was the most common finding in infants who were not predictable from the previous behaviour of the mother. At 6 and 12 weeks they were less expressive and more often showed a monotonous behavioural pattern in which 'looking at mother's face without positive expressions' was shown during most of the interaction. As this lack of variability was more often found in SGA preterm infants, they were less predictable from their mother's behaviour than the fullterm and AGA preterm infants. These data suggest that having a low birthweight for gestational age may be a risk factor for a lack of 'bidirectionality' during early mother-infant interaction.
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Ibrahim, Chokkiyil Ponnambath Hafis, Fatma Oleks Lobko, Ghalia Abou Alchamat, Waleed Gamal Swilam, Saleema Rasool Wani, Soha Tohamy Said, Stefan Weber, and Paul Bosio. "Management of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV2 infection: a prospective observational study." BMJ Paediatrics Open 4, no. 1 (September 2020): e000824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000824.
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ObjectivesTo assess the clinical risk of mother-to-infant transmission of SARS-CoV2 and transmission during rooming in and breast feeding in infants born to mothers with COVID-19.DesignProspective observational study.SettingA large tertiary maternal and neonatal care centre based in the UAE.ParticipantsInfants born to mothers diagnosed to have COVID-19 at the time of delivery, born between 1 April and 15 June 2020.Main outcome measuresRate of transmission of SARS-CoV2 from mother to infant (vertical or horizontal) while rooming in and breast feeding in hospital and post discharge and associated morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period.Results73 infants were born to mothers with COVID-19 at the time of delivery. Two infants tested positive for SARS-CoV2 after birth—one had respiratory symptoms related to other causes and the other infant remained well. 57 of mother–infant dyads who were well enough, roomed in while in hospital and all were breast fed. All surviving infants were followed up by telephone at 2 weeks and 4 weeks (or from the patient record review if still on the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Majority of the discharged infants were still rooming in with mothers (95% at 2 weeks, 99% at 4 weeks) and still breast fed (99% at 2 weeks, 99% at 4 weeks). None of the infants developed any significant health issues or developed symptoms attributable to SARS-CoV2.ConclusionsThe risk of mother-to-infant transmission of SARS-CoV2, vertically or horizontally, in the perinatal period is very low. Breast feeding and rooming in can be practised safely with adequate infection control precautions with negligible clinical risk to the infant.
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Ionio, Chiara, Giulia Ciuffo, Caterina Colombo, Olivia Melani, Maria Francesca Figlino, Marta Landoni, Francesca Castoldi, Francesco Cavigioli, and Gianluca Lista. "Preterm Birth and Maternal Mood States: What Is the Impact on Bonding?" Pediatric Reports 16, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16010004.
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Preterm birth is a significant global health issue affecting millions of infants each year, with potential implications for their developmental outcomes. This study investigated the impact of preterm birth on maternal mood states during the early postpartum period and its subsequent effects on mother–infant bonding. Mothers of 90 preterm infants were involved in the assessment of maternal mood states, examined with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire and the evaluation of mother–infant bonding, carried out through the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Contrary to expectations, there was no significant correlation between preterm birth characteristics and maternal mood states. On the other hand, significant correlations emerged between specific maternal mood states and the quality of mother–child bonding. More specifically, regression analyses showed that feelings of tension, anger, and confusion experienced by the mother tend to negatively affect the quality of her bond with her child. These findings emphasize the crucial role of maternal mental well-being in shaping the mother–infant relationship in the early postpartum period. The study highlights the importance of identifying and addressing maternal mood disorders to promote positive mother–infant bonding and child development, further underlining the need for comprehensive support and interventions for mothers of preterm infants.
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Windarti, Siti Wahyu, and Ahmad Suryawan. "Effectiveness of The Newborn Behavioral Observation (NBO) System in Improving Mother and Infant Interaction." Folia Medica Indonesiana 57, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/fmi.v57i2.21558.
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The interaction of mother and infant is a fundamental basis for the development of the infant. It can also determine the success of the baby in the future. About 4 out of 10 infants experience problems interacting with their parents. The NBO system was created to sensitize parents on their infant’s competencies to help them understand their infant’s behavior, and promote positive interactions between parents and their new infant. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the NBO system to improve mother-infant interactions and find out the mothers’ knowledge about their infant’s behavior when participating in this observation. This study was a cross-sectional study consisting of all the newborns and their mothers admitted to the Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya from May 2019 to January 2020 who met the inclusion criteria. Mothers and infants participated in the NBO within 1-3 days after delivering their infants and one month postpartum for the second NBO. The NBO was carried out with 35 mothers and infants. The mothers’ age was on average 28.5±5.98 years old, multiparous mothers accounted for 71.4%, most infants were male (65.7%), the median gestational age was 38 weeks with the median birth weight 2900 grams. The median score of mothers’ knowledge about their infants before the NBO session was 2 (1-6). After the session, these median scores increased to 7 (5–10) significantly (p<0.001). The NBO system was significant to strengthen mother-infant interaction and increased the mothers’ knowledge about their infants’ behavior.
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Lilliesköld, Siri, Karoline Lode-Kolz, Siren Rettedal, Johanna Lindstedt, Agnes Linnér, Hanne Markhus Pike, Sari Ahlqvist-Björkroth, Ulrika Ådén, and Wibke Jonas. "Skin-to-Skin Contact at Birth for Very Preterm Infants and Mother-Infant Interaction Quality at 4 Months." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2023): e2344469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44469.
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ImportanceGood-quality parent-infant interactions have protective effects on infant socio-emotional and behavioral development. These interactions are especially critical for very preterm infants at risk of vulnerabilities related to immaturity. Skin-to-skin contact (SSC) has been found to improve mother–preterm infant interaction behaviors, but few studies exist regarding its benefits when initiated immediately after birth.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of immediate SSC at birth for very preterm infants on mother-infant interaction quality at 4 months of corrected age.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis secondary analysis used data from the Immediate Parent-Infant Skin-to-Skin Study (IPISTOSS), a randomized clinical trial conducted between April 1, 2018, and June 30, 2021, at 3 neonatal units in Sweden and Norway. Participants included very preterm infants (28-33 gestational weeks of age) and their parents. Four-month follow-up was concluded in December 2021. Data analyses were performed on March 16 and September 18, 2023.InterventionInfants were allocated to standard incubator care or SSC with either parent initiated at birth and continued throughout the first 6 hours after birth.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was mother-infant interaction quality as measured with the Parent–Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA), based on video recordings of a 5-minute free-play situation with mother-infant dyads at 4 months of corrected age. A multilevel regression analysis was performed.ResultsThis analysis included 71 infants (31 twins [44%]) and 56 mothers. Infants had a mean (SD) gestational age of 31 weeks 3 (1.3) days, and more than half were male (42 [59%]); mothers had a mean (SD) age of 32 (4.9) years. There were 37 infants allocated to standard care and 34 to SSC with either parent after birth. During the first 6 hours after birth, fathers provided more SSC than mothers, with a median (IQR) of 3.25 (2.25-4.5) and 0.75 (0-2.5) hours, respectively. A statistically significant difference in 1 of 5 PCERA subscales (subscale 3: infant positive affect, communicative and social skills) was observed, with higher-quality mother-infant interaction in the SSC group at 4 months (Cohen d = 0.67 [95% CI, 0.17 to 1.17]; P = .01). This effect remained significant when adjusting for primiparity, child sex, and observation setting.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study of the effect of immediate parent-infant SSC after very preterm birth, SSC was beneficial for the mother-infant relationship. These findings suggest that immediate SSC should be supported in the clinical setting.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03521310
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D'Odorico, Laura, and Fabia Franco. "The determinants of baby talk: relationship to context." Journal of Child Language 12, no. 3 (October 1985): 567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006656.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between context and mothers' speech to prelinguistic infants. In the first phase, videorecordings of a mother talking with her infant were transcribed; in the second phase, 48 mothers were asked to select the utterance most apt for a series of drawings representing different contexts of mother–infant interaction. Data analyzed with respect to syntactic and semantic features revealed that the informational content of mothers' speech is different in relation to various contexts. Furthermore, different syntactic types are chosen in relation to different contents. Results are discussed in relation to a hypothesis assuming that mothers' speech is determined by particular interactive rules operating in the mother–infant dyad.
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(Ludmer) Nofech-Mozes, Jaclyn A., Brittany Jamieson, Andrea Gonzalez, and Leslie Atkinson. "Mother–infant cortisol attunement: Associations with mother–infant attachment disorganization." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418001396.
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AbstractThis study explores the conceptualization of mother–infant cortisol attunement both theoretically and empirically, and its association with mother–infant attachment disorganization. In a community sample (N = 256), disorganization and cortisol were assessed during the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) at infant age 17 months. Salivary cortisol was collected at baseline, and 20 and 40 min after the SSP. We utilized three statistical approaches: correlated growth modeling (probing a simultaneous conceptualization of attunement), cross-lagged modeling (probing a lagged, reciprocal conceptualization of attunement), and a multilevel model difference score analysis (to examine the pattern of discrepancies in mother–infant cortisol values). Correlated growth modeling revealed that disorganized, relative to organized, dyads had significant magnitude of change over time, such that, among disorganized dyads, as mothers had greater declines in cortisol, infants had greater increases. The difference score analysis revealed that disorganized, relative to organized, dyads had a greater divergence between maternal and infant cortisol values, such that maternal values were lower than infant values. Disorganized attachment status was not significantly associated with attunement when conceptualized as reciprocal and lagged in the cross-lagged model. Findings suggest that mother–infant dyads in disorganized attachment relationships, who are by definition behaviorally misattuned, are also misattuned in their adrenocortical responses.
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Neza, BSc, Guillaine, Wilberforce Mwizerwa, BA, Jackline Odhiambo, BA, Bethany L. Hedt-Gauthier, PhD, Lisa R. Hirschhorn, MD, MPH, Placidie Mugwaneza, MD, MPH, Jean Paul Umugisha, BA, Felix Rwabukwisi Cyamatare, MD, MPH, Christine Mutaganzwa, MD, MSc, and Neil Gupta, MD, MPH. "A Novel Combined Mother-Infant Clinic to Optimize Post-Partum Maternal Retention, Service Utilization, and Linkage to Services in HIV Care in Rural Rwanda." International Journal of MCH and AIDS (IJMA) 6, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.186.
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Background and Objectives: Despite recent improvements in accessibility of services to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, maternal retention in HIV care remains a challenge in the postpartum period. This study assessed service utilization, program retention, and linkage to routine services, as well as clinical outcomes for mothers and infants, following implementation of an integrated mother-infant clinic in rural Rwanda.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all HIV-positive mothers and their infants enrolled in the integrated clinics in two rural districts between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2013. At 18 months post-partum, data on mother-infant service utilization and program outcomes were reported.Results: Of the 185 mother-infant pairs in the clinics, 98.4% of mothers were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 30.3% used modern contraception at enrollment. At 18 months post-partum, 98.4% of mothers were retained and linked back to adult HIV program. All mothers were on ART and 72.0% on modern contraception. For infants, 93.0% completed follow-up. Two (1.1%) infants tested HIV positive.Conclusion and Global Health Implication: An integrated clinic was successfully implemented in rural Rwanda with high mother retention in care and low mother to child HIV transmission rates. This model of integration of services may contribute to improved mother-infant retention in care during post-partum period and should be considered as one approach to addressing this challenge in similar settings.Key words: HIV • Integrated Clinic • Combined Clinic • Antiretroviral Therapy • Post-partum Retention • Linkages • ART • PMTCT • Option B+ • AfricaCopyright © 2017 Neza Guillaine et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.affect economic and health promotion.
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Leavitt, Lewis A. "Mothers' Sensitivity to Infant Signals." Pediatrics 102, Supplement_E1 (November 1, 1998): 1247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.se1.1247.
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Of all of the infant's signals, the cry is particularly influential in the developing pattern of mother–infant interaction. If a mother terminates crying successfully, she may gain confidence; if unsuccessful, she may begin to focus on her perceived ineffectiveness. Pediatricians and nurses who work with mothers of young infants need to carefully evaluate what mothers “think” about their successes and failures in managing daily child care. Helping mothers “reframe” perceptions of their infant may be a simple but powerful intervention to optimize their interactions.
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Yedavalli, Venkat R. K., Colombe Chappey, Erik Matala, and Nafees Ahmad. "Conservation of an Intact vif Gene of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 during Maternal-Fetal Transmission." Journal of Virology 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 1092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.2.1092-1102.1998.
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ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vifgene is conserved among most lentiviruses, suggesting thatvif is important for natural infection. To determine whether an intact vif gene is positively selected during mother-to-infant transmission, we analyzed vif sequences from five infected mother-infant pairs following perinatal transmission. The coding potential of the vif open reading frame directly derived from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA was maintained in most of the 78,912 bp sequenced. We found that 123 of the 137 clones analyzed showed an 89.8% frequency of intact vif open reading frames. There was a low degree of heterogeneity of vif genes within mothers, within infants, and between epidemiologically linked mother-infant pairs. The distances between vif sequences were greater in epidemiologically unlinked individuals than in epidemiologically linked mother-infant pairs. Furthermore, the epidemiologically linked mother-infant pairvif sequences displayed similar patterns that were not seen in vif sequences from epidemiologically unlinked individuals. The functional domains, including the two cysteines at positions 114 and 133, a serine phosphorylation site at position 144, and the C-terminal basic amino acids essential for vifprotein function, were highly conserved in most of the sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of 137 mother-infant pair vifsequences and 187 other available vif sequences from HIV-1 databases revealed distinct clusters for vif sequences from each mother-infant pair and for other vif sequences. Taken together, these findings suggest that vif plays an important role in HIV-1 infection and replication in mothers and their perinatally infected infants.
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POEHLMANN, JULIE, and BARBARA H. FIESE. "The interaction of maternal and infant vulnerabilities on developing attachment relationships." Development and Psychopathology 13, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401001018.
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The present study sought to document an example of how maternal and infant vulnerabilities interact in contributing to the quality of early attachment relationships. Maternal depressive symptoms, neonatal health characteristics, and infant–mother attachment were assessed for 42 preterm, low birth weight infants and 42 full-term infants at 12 months postterm. Results indicated that preterm birth moderated the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and quality of infant–mother attachment, even controlling for level of neonatal health complications. Preterm infants with more symptomatic mothers were most likely to be classified as insecurely attached to their mothers, whereas no direct relation between subclinical depressive symptoms and attachment was found for full-term infants.
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Ilyas, Muhammad, Jawed Akbar Dars, Chooni Lal, and Fazal Ullah. "Examine the Frequency of Postnatal Depression in Mothers having Malnourished Infants." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 3170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115123170.
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Background: Healthy child development is dependent on a mentally and physically healthy mother. Depressions in mother can adversely affect their offspring healthy growth. Aim: To estimate the frequency of post-natal depression in mothers having malnourished infants. Place and duration of study: Department of Psychiatry, Balochistan Institute of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Qeutta from 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: In this case control study 250 mothers (125 were malnourished infants or toddlers mothers and other 125 from healthy weight infants/toddlers mothers) were interviewed to assess their depressional state. Their stress inducing factors, age and other clinical comorbidities were also documented. Results: Mean mother age of malnourished infants/toddlers was 28.1±6.6 years in comparison to 27.8±5.2 years of healthy weight infants/toddlers mother’s respectively. Twenty four percent malnourished infant/toddlers’ mothers were single parent. Un-employed spouse of mothers to malnourished infant/toddlers were found at higher frequency (51.06%) than of healthy infant/toddlers (23.4%).The frequency of post-natal depression among mothers of malnourished infants/toddlers was observed in 57.6% cases Conclusion: Out of total 57.5% mothers of malnourished children suffering from post-natal depression there are 15.2% to 9.6% those having moderate to highly moderate post-natal depression. Keywords: Post-natal depression, Malnourish, Infants, Toddlers
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Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick. "‘I beg your pardon?’: the preverbal negotiation of failed messages." Journal of Child Language 13, no. 3 (October 1986): 455–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900006826.
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ABSTRACTThis longitudinal study of how preverbal infants communicate with their mothers utilized the situation in which the infant was seated in a highchair at lunchtime. This situation predisposed infants to use communication as a means, since they were often unable to achieve their goals without assistance. It was found that infants' communicative attempts were often unsuccessful; the present study focussed on how infants and mothers worked to establish the infants' intents after communication failures. In the preverbal negotiation of failed messages infants direct communicative behaviours to their mothers which their mothers fail to comprehend immediately, NEGOTIATIONS occur when mothers help infants make their intents clear. Negotiation episodes have four components: the infant's initial signal, the mother's comprehension failure, infant repairs and episode outcome. Changes in these components provide much information about how infants' communicative skills evolve during the transition to a linguistically based communication system. Negotiation episodes are contrasted with episodes called IMMEDIATE SUCCESSES in which the mother readily comprehends the intent behind the infant's signal, and MISSED ATTEMPTS in which the mother fails to pick up on the infant's signal. Taken together these three types of communicative episode reveal a degree of persistence and creativity on the part of the preverbal infant that is surprising in the light of prior research. Such episodes further reveal that the course of preverbal communication is NOT smooth.
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Hardin, Jillian S., Nancy Aaron Jones, Krystal D. Mize, and Melannie Platt. "Affectionate Touch in the Context of Breastfeeding and Maternal Depression Influences Infant Neurodevelopmental and Temperamental Substrates." Neuropsychobiology 80, no. 2 (2021): 158–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000511604.
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<b><i>Background:</i></b> While numerous studies have demonstrated maternal depression’s influence on infant brain development, few studies have examined the changes that occur as a consequence of co-occurring experiential factors that affect quality of mother and infant affectionate touch as well as infant temperament and neurophysiological systems. The aim of the study was to examine the interactive effects of maternal depression and breastfeeding on mother and infant affectionate touch and infant temperament and cortical maturation patterns across early development. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> 113 mothers and their infants participated when infants were 1 and 3 months of age. Questionnaires to assess maternal depressive symptoms, feeding, and temperament were completed. Tonic EEG patterns (asymmetry and left and right activity) were collected and the dyads were video-recorded during feeding to assess mother and infant affectionate touch patterns. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Data analysis showed that EEG activity and mother-infant affectionate touch differed as a function of mood and feeding method. Notably, only infants of depressed mothers that bottle-fed showed right frontal EEG asymmetry and attenuated change in the left frontal region across 3 months. Breastfeeding positively impacted affectionate touch behaviors and was associated with increased left and decreased right frontal EEG activation even for depressed groups. Furthermore, a model incorporating physiology, maternal depression, touch, temperament, and feeding indicated significant prediction for infant affectionate touch (with breastfeeding and affectively positive temperament demonstrating the strongest prediction). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The findings suggest that breastfeeding and the infant’s positive temperament influence mother-infant affectionate touch patterns and result in neuroprotective outcomes for infants, even those exposed to maternal depression within early development.
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Koo, Hyunmin, Braden C. McFarland, Joseph A. Hakim, David K. Crossman, Michael R. Crowley, J. Martin Rodriguez, Etty N. Benveniste, and Casey D. Morrow. "An individualized mosaic of maternal microbial strains is transmitted to the infant gut microbial community." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 4 (April 2020): 192200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.192200.
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To understand the origins of the infant gut microbial community, we have used a published metagenomic dataset of the faecal microbiome of mothers and their related infants at early (4, 7 and 21 days) and late times (6–15 months) following birth. Using strain-tracking analysis, individual-specific patterns of microbial strain sharing were found between mothers and infants following vaginal birth. Overall, three mother–infant pairs showed only related strains, while 12 infants of mother–infant pairs contained a mosaic of maternal-related and unrelated microbes. Analysis of a second dataset from nine women taken at different times of pregnancy revealed individual-specific faecal microbial strain variation that occurred in seven women. To model transmission in the absence of environmental microbes, we analysed the microbial strain transmission to F1 progenies of human faecal transplanted gnotobiotic mice bred with gnotobiotic males. Strain-tracking analysis of five different dams and their F1 progeny revealed both related and unrelated microbial strains in the mother's faeces. The results of our analysis demonstrate that multiple strains of maternal microbes, some that are not abundant in the maternal faecal community, can be transmitted during birth to establish a diverse infant gut microbial community.
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Klaus, Marshall. "Mother and Infant: Early Emotional Ties." Pediatrics 102, Supplement_E1 (November 1, 1998): 1244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.se1.1244.
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Recent behavioral and physiologic observations of infants and mothers have shown them ready to begin interacting in the first minutes of life. Included among these findings are the newborn infant's ability to crawl toward the breast to initiate suckling and mother–infant thermoregulation. The attachment felt between mother and infant may be biochemically modulated through oxytocin; encouraging attachment through early contact, suckling, and rooming-in has been shown to reduce abandonment.