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1
Forssén, Björn. Svensk moms i EU. [Stockholm]: Juridik & samhälle, 1995.
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2
Alhager, Eleonor, and Lena Hiort af Ornäs. Rättsfallssamling i EG-moms. 2nd ed. Stockholm: Norstedts Juridik AB, 2009.
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3
Lundén, Björn. Moms: Praktisk handbok i mervärdesskatt. 3rd ed. Näsviken: Björn Lundén information, 1995.
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4
Hultqvist, Anders. Moms och finansiella tjänster. Stockholm: Norstedts juridik, 1998.
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5
Darås, Lena. Moms: En översikt om momssystemet. Malmö: Beyronds förlag, 1992.
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6
Jørgensen, Lars Loftager. Moms loven: Med kommentarer og EU-henvisninger. 2nd ed. [Copenhagen]: Forlaget FSR, 1996.
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7
Jørgensen, Lars Loftager. Moms loven: Med kommentarer og EU-henvisninger. [Copenhagen]: FSRs forlag, 1994.
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8
Jørgensen, Lars Loftager. Moms praksis: EU-domme, danske domme samt afgørelser. [Copenhagen]: FSRs forlag, 1994.
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9
Pinna, Giovannino. Villacidro: La visita Pastorale di Mons. Dell Vall (1591) e il cammino della comunita fino al XVII secolo. Villacidro (Provincia del Medio Campidano): Centro Studio Sea, 2008.
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10
Fiske, Alan Page. Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations : communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. New York: Free Press, 1991.
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11
Fiske, Alan Page. Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations : communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. New York: Free Press, 1991.
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12
Structures of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations : communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, market pricing. New York: Free Press, 1993.
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13
Lundén, Björn. Moms: Praktisk handbok i mervardesskatt. 3rd ed. Bjorn Lunden information, 1995.
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14
Annas, Julia. Philo on Virtue and the Laws of Moses. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755746.003.0008.
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This chapter discusses how Philo’s work on the Ten Commandments and the Special Laws is influenced by Plato’s Laws. Philo insists that the lawgiver must persuade as well as require. It explains how he sees the Jewish laws in clusters, these clusters relate to areas of life where particular virtues are developed, and he sees obeying them as leading to a grasp of the value of the way of life encouraged by living in accordance with them. These virtues and way of life, as Philo claims, are superior to those of the pagans, since they align with the natural law.
15
Irmgard, Marboe. 4 International Standards, Bases of Value, and Valuation Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198749936.003.0004.
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Modern globalized economy has made it necessary to identify uniform or at least comparable principles for the valuation of economic assets. This chapter introduces some of the best known and influential valuation standards and guidelines, such as the USPAP, the AICPA Valuation Standard, the International Valuation Standards, World Bank and MIGA Guidelines as well as UNCC propositions. In addition, some of the most important valuation bases are discussed briefly, such as market value, investment value, special value, synergistic value, and contractual value.
16
Oddie, Graham. Desire and the Good. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199370962.003.0002.
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This essay argues for an evaluative theory of desire—specifically, that to desire something is for it to appear, in some way or other, good. If a desire is a non-doxastic appearance of value then it is no mystery how it can rationalize as well as cause action. The theory is metaphysically neutral—it is compatible with value idealism (that value reduces to desire), with value realism (that it is not so reducible), and with value nihilism (all appearances of value are illusory). Despite this metaphysical neutrality the thesis opens up an epistemological gold mine. Non-doxastic value appearances can provide defeasible reasons for value judgments in roughly the same way that perceptual appearances provide defeasible reasons for perceptual judgments. The paper presents a new line of argument for the evaluative theory—drawing on recent work on fitting attitudes—and rebuts some of the most pressing criticisms.
17
Fortin, Katharine. Added Value of Application of International Human Rights Law to Armed Groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808381.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 of the book investigates the normative added value of holding armed groups to account under human rights law. Reviewing the legal frameworks of international human rights law and international humanitarian law and comparing them to social science literature on inter alia rebel governance, the chapter explains how and where human rights law is able to bring most value. It concludes that its value lies principally in the law enforcement paradigm, in particular in the regulation of everyday life under rebel control. The chapter concludes by examining the relationship between the added value of human rights law and an armed group’s control of territory.
18
Bottoms, Anthony. Exploring an Institutionalist and Post-Desert Theoretical Approach to Multiple-Offense Sentencing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0003.
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This chapter begins with a discussion of Neil MacCormick’s institutionalist approach to legal phenomena, and argues that this theoretical framework has value as a way to study multiple offense sentencing (MOS). The most thorough completed empirical research into MOS, by Austin Lovegrove in Victoria, Australia, is then considered, alongside the leading Victorian case of Azzopardi v. R. Congruently with the expectations of institutionalism, this analysis uncovers several separate normative principles used by judges in MOS practice. These results are discussed through the lens of what can be described as “post-desert theory.” Overall, the analyses in the chapter are intended to pave the way for the development of a more coherent answer to the question: “what principles should optimally guide sentencers when dealing with cases involving multiple offenses?”
19
Iung, Bernard. Epidemiology and physiopathology. Edited by Gilbert Habib. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0389.
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The incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) is estimated at between 15 and 60 cases per million inhabitants per year from population-based studies in industrialized countries. The presentation of IE has changed since patients are getting older and Staphylococcus is now becoming the microorganism most frequently responsible, which is partly attributable to healthcare-associated infections. The incidence of IE is higher in patients with heart valve prosthesis, previous endocarditis, and complex congenital heart disease. In developing countries, IE occurs in younger patients with a majority of rheumatic valve disease and is most frequently due to streptococci. IE is the consequence of bacteraemia on a diseased native valve or foreign material, leading to vegetation or tissue destruction, or both of these. The main consequences of these lesions are heart failure due to valvular regurgitation, embolic events due to vegetation migration, and perivalvular abscesses.
20
Dunn, Jeffrey, and Kristoffer Ahlstrom-Vij. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779681.003.0001.
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What makes an action right or wrong? One of the most influential answers over the past couple of centuries is that of the consequentialist. There are a variety of consequentialist views and there are a variety of ways of stating precisely what it is for a view to count as consequentialist. Nevertheless, consequentialists agree that, in some sense, rightness is to be understood in terms of goodness. Act utilitarianism is perhaps the most well-known version of consequentialism. According to such a view, an action is right if and only if no alternative to that action has a set of consequences with greater total value. The most familiar version of such a view is of the hedonist variety, where total value is understood as pleasure minus pain,...
21
Muraru, Denisa, Ashraf M. Anwar, and Jae-Kwan Song. Heart valve disease: tricuspid valve disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0037.
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The tricuspid valve is currently the subject of much interest from echocardiographers and surgeons. Functional tricuspid regurgitation is the most frequent aetiology of tricuspid valve pathology, is characterized by structurally normal leaflets, and is due to annular dilation and/or leaflet tethering. A primary cause of tricuspid regurgitation with/without stenosis can be identified only in a minority of cases. Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice for assessing tricuspid valve diseases. It enables the cause to be identified, assesses the severity of valve dysfunction, monitors the right heart remodelling and haemodynamics, and helps decide the timing for surgery. The severity assessment requires the integration of multiple qualitative and quantitative parameters. The recent insights from three-dimensional echocardiography have greatly increased our understanding about the tricuspid valve and its peculiarities with respect to the mitral valve, showing promise to solve many of the current problems of conventional two-dimensional imaging. This chapter provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art assessment of tricuspid valve pathology by echocardiography, including the specific indications, strengths, and limitations of each method for diagnosis and therapeutic planning.
22
Rigo, Fausto, Covadonga Fernández-Golfín, and Bruno Pinamonti. Familial cardiomyopathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0047.
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The tricuspid valve is currently the subject of much interest from echocardiographers and surgeons. Functional tricuspid regurgitation is the most frequent aetiology of tricuspid valve pathology, is characterized by structurally normal leaflets, and is due to annular dilation and/or leaflet tethering. A primary cause of tricuspid regurgitation with/without stenosis can be identified only in a minority of cases. Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice for assessing tricuspid valve diseases. It enables the cause to be identified, assesses the severity of valve dysfunction, monitors the right heart remodelling and haemodynamics, and helps decide the timing for surgery. The severity assessment requires the integration of multiple qualitative and quantitative parameters. The recent insights from three-dimensional echocardiography have greatly increased our understanding about the tricuspid valve and its peculiarities with respect to the mitral valve, showing promise to solve many of the current problems of conventional two-dimensional imaging. This chapter provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art assessment of tricuspid valve pathology by echocardiography, including the specific indications, strengths, and limitations of each method for diagnosis and therapeutic planning.
23
MacGrogan, Donal, José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Bill Chaudhry, José Luis de la Pompa, and Deborah J. Henderson. From cushions to leaflets: morphogenesis of cardiac atrioventricular valves. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0017.
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At the looping stage of heart development, tissue patterning of myocardium and endocardium at the atrioventricular (AV) junction defines a morphogenic field competent to form valves that initially appear as protrusions of proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) called endocardial cushions (ECs) which are cellularized by an endocardial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cellular proliferation results in fusion of the major AV mesenchymal cushions and AV septation, whereas smaller cushions receive a supply from epicardially derived cells. These various sources of mesenchyme precursors give rise to most of the valve structures, leaflets, annuli, and supporting tension apparatus. During valve leaflet maturation, the ECM matrix accumulates collagen and elastin and assembles into a thin flexible fibrous structure, which is remarkably tough. Valve development is regulated by the cross-talk between developmental signalling pathways. Pathogenic mutations in a subset of developmentally important genes have been linked to valve disease, suggesting that developmental defects may underlie valve disease in adulthood.
24
Deen, Jason F., and Karen K. Stout. Therapeutic strategy in valvular problems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0159.
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Valvular heart disease constitutes considerable disease burden in the elderly and surgery remains the definitive treatment. Most valve dysfunction is chronic in nature and may not meet sufficient criteria for surgical consideration; however, additional stressors such as hypovolaemia, arrhythmia, or infection may lead to cardiovascular symptoms and haemodynamic compromise, necessitating intensive care unit management. Acute valve dysfunction is typically a surgical emergency, and medical therapy is selectively used to bridge to more definitive therapy. Some situations, such as mitral stenosis, may be effectively medically managed to delay a surgical procedure, but the majority of acute valve dysfunction that requires intensive care will eventually come to surgery.
25
Doepke, Laura. Fine, Linear/Branching Calcifications. Edited by Christoph I. Lee, Constance D. Lehman, and Lawrence W. Bassett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190270261.003.0041.
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Of all of the calcifications identified on mammography, fine, linear/branching calcifications are the most suspicious for malignancy, most commonly ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The risk of malignancy associated with fine, linear/branching calcifications is approximately 70%. A recent study evaluating the positive predictive value of suspicious calcifications based on the fifth edition of BI-RADS found the positive predictive value of fine pleomorphic/linear or segmental calcifications was 93.8%. This chapter, which appears in the section on calcifications, reviews the key imaging features, imaging protocols for evaluating calcifications, management, and potential pitfalls or mimics of fine, linear/branching calcifications. Topics discussed will include magnification views, stereotactic core needle biopsy, and radiology–pathology correlation.
26
Paris, Joel. What Psychiatrists Do Not Know About Psychotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190601010.003.0006.
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Psychiatrists usually make an effort to keep current on the latest developments in psychopharmacology. However, many (if not most) know little about psychotherapy research. Yet the evidence is very strong that talking therapies are highly effective. In common mental disorders, psychotherapy usually yields equivalent results to medication and, in many cases, provides unique “added value” that drug treatment cannot offer. Its value is firmly established in the most common problems that psychiatrists treat—anxiety disorders, mild to moderate major depression, substance abuse, and personality disorders. It is also not widely known that psychotherapy need not be lengthy but, rather, can be conducted effectively with a time frame of a few months. A vast body of research shows that therapy lasting 3–6 months helps most patients; there is almost no evidence supporting longer courses of treatment.
27
Neill, Alex. Art and Emotion. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0024.
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The theory of art in which the abiding philosophical interest in the connection between art and emotion is most explicit is expression theory, of which there have been several, significantly different, versions. Common to all of these is the thought that the value of art lies at least largely in the value of its expression of emotion; but theorists have differed markedly in how they understand the nature of such expression. On what might be called the full-blown version of expression theory — instances of which were held by Leo Tolstoy and by Clive Bell — expression is understood as a matter of the communication or transmission of emotion or feeling from artist to audience via the work of art. The value of a work of art, on this view, will be a function both of the value of the feeling that it transmits (Tolstoy, for instance, held that sincerity and individuality of feeling were crucial criteria of value in this respect), and of its ‘infectiousness’ (to use a Tolstoyan metaphor) and the clarity with which it transmits that feeling.
28
Glasgow, Joshua. The Solace. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190074302.001.0001.
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While navigating his own mother’s cancer diagnosis, the author explores how we might find solace in the fact that we will die. Traditionally, philosophical answers to this question center on two possibilities. First, some argue that death is not bad for the one who dies, because they won’t exist after once they are dead. Second, others argue that because immortality would be bad, death has considerable upside. Finding these two answers less than satisfying, the author explores a third option. This third source of solace starts with the idea that insofar as our lives are worth being grateful for, they must have a value. This book argues that because life is implicated in all of our good projects and relationships, its value radiates out to all of life’s parts, be they good or bad. And because passing away is one of the parts of life, it gets some of this radiant value. Finally, just as we are grateful for the value of our lives, so we can affirm this value in passing away. Gratitude is not the most fitting way of affirming the value in death, since passing away is also bad for those who die by depriving them of life’s good opportunities. A more fitting affirmation of the value that death borrows from life, when passing away also visits so much badness upon us, is to take some solace in the fact that our passing away has a portion of life’s positive value.
29
Henderson, Deborah J., Bill Chaudhry, and José Luis de la Pompa. Development of the arterial valves. Edited by José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso, and Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0018.
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The arterial valves guarding the entrances to the aorta and pulmonary trunk have many similarities to the mitral and tricuspid valves in the atrioventricular region of the heart. Despite these similarities, there are significant differences in the formation and structure of the arterial and atrioventricular valves. The most fundamental of these relate to the lineage origins of the cells forming the primitive cushions. Although the fate of the different lineages remains unclear, each makes a permanent contribution to the mature valve. Arterial valve formation is intrinsically linked to cushion formation and outflow tract septation; therefore abnormalities in these processes have a profound impact on development of the valve leaflets. In this chapter we highlight the main differences in the development and structure of the arterial valves, compared with the atrioventricular valves, show how abnormalities in these developmental processes can result in arterial valve anomalies, and discuss controversies within the literature.
30
Zagzebski, Linda Trinkaus. Epistemic Values. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197529171.001.0001.
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This book collects twenty papers in epistemology by Linda Zagzebski, covering her entire career of more than twenty-five years. She is one of the founders of contemporary epistemology and is well-known for broadening the field and re-focusing it on epistemic virtue and epistemic value. The subject areas of most of epistemology are included in these papers: (1) knowledge and understanding, (2) intellectual virtue, (3) epistemic value, (4) virtue in religious epistemology, (5) intellectual autonomy and authority, and (6) skepticism and the Gettier problem.
31
Thorne, Sara, and Paul Clift, eds. Left ventricular inflow lesions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199228188.003.0009.
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Congenital mitral valve abnormalities 76Cor triatriatum 78Shone syndrome 80• Rare, usually stenotic.• Usually associated with other cardiac defects:• L-sided obstructive defects (most commonly).• ASD, VSD, tetralogy of Fallot.• Membrane in LA immediately above MV, inferior to appendage (...
32
Hutton, Kim, and Ashok Daya Ram. Disorders of the urethra. Edited by David F. M. Thomas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0117.
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Most disorders of the urethra in children are congenital in origin and affect boys more commonly than girls. They include; posterior urethral valves (PUV), anterior urethral valves, anterior urethral diverticulum, syringocele, urethral atresia, megalourethra, urethral web, urethral polyp, and urethral duplication. Urethral strictures may be congenital or acquired. Most cases of PUV are now diagnosed prenatally. Postnatal management comprises bladder drainage, correction of any metabolic disturbance, prevention of infection (UTI), and endoscopic valve ablation. Careful follow up is required with the aim of preventing urosepsis and preserving renal function. Persisting bladder dysfunction (‘valve’ bladder) can threaten renal function and should be managed aggressively. Chronic renal failure ultimately affects a third of boys with PUV, of whom 10–20% require renal transplantation during the course of childhood. PUV may also present clinically with recurrent UTI, urinary incontinence, or unexplained lower urinary tract symptoms.
33
Simon, Gleeson. Part III Investment Banking, 16 Credit Value Adjustment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0016.
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The chapter discusses credit value adjustment (CVA) under Basel 2.5 and Basel 3. CVA is an adjustment to the fair value (or price) of derivative instruments to account for counterparty credit risk (CCR). Thus, CVA is commonly viewed as the price of CCR. The purpose of the CVA capital charge is to capitalize the risk of future changes in CVA. For most exposures, at any given time the market credit spread on the relevant counterparty is good proxy for the CVA applicable to the exposure, but the regulatory calculations involved reflect a number of factors as well as this particular input.
34
Loporcaro, Michele. Mass/countness and gender in Asturian. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199656547.003.0005.
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Having shown at the end of Chapter 4 that mass/count may be encoded in the gender system, this chapter analyses in depth one Romance variety where the interaction of the mass/count distinction with gender presents itself in a distinctly intricate way, viz. Central Asturian. This features a ‘neuter’ agreement that has been variously analysed as the exponent of a value of the morphosyntactic categories gender or number, or as manifesting the value of some other, purely semantic, category. Complementing the evidence with new data, the chapter concludes that the most economical analysis is one according to which the Asturian neuter is a gender value, but within a second gender system. In this, Asturian parallels a few far-off languages which, in recent studies in linguistic typology, have been argued to possess two concurrent systems for noun classification.
35
Metzner, Julia I., and Deepak Sharma. Venous Air Embolism. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0025.
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Venous air embolism (VAE) is typically the entrainment of air from the surgical field into the vascular system producing adverse systemic effects based on the severity of embolism. Historically, VAE has most often been associated with sitting position craniotomies. However, there is now a clear recognition of the potential risk of this complication during craniotomy in any position, albeit with lesser incidence and severity. VAE can also occur during cervical spine surgery in the sitting position, although less often. While in many circumstances VAE may be subclinical and even undetected, it has the potential to lead to significant cardiovascular compromise during surgery, with the risk of adverse outcomes. Hence, it is imperative for anesthesiologists to be aware of the causes of and risk factors for VAE, its clinical presentation, diagnostic options, and treatment strategies to effectively prevent and intervene early in this potentially fatal condition.
36
Vogt, Katja Maria. The Metaphysics of the Sphere of Action. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190692476.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 examines a principle Aristotle formulates in Nicomachean Ethics I.3: ethics must be adequate for its domain. The ethicist must ask herself what her inquiry is about, study the nature of her theory’s subject matter, and observe norms of theorizing that are adequate for it. The subject matter of ethics is value as it figures in human life. Aristotle ascribes two features to this value: difference and variability. Other theorists, he notes, are misled by difference and variability and become relativists. They observe a lack of strict regularity and falsely conclude that the domain of value is messy, unsuitable for any general insights. In Aristotle’s view, the sphere of agency displays for the most part regularities. The chapter defends this proposal as an important metaphysical insight and discusses how it adds to the much-debated claim that situations in which agents act are particulars.
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Sabharwal, Nikant, Parthiban Arumugam, and Andrew Kelion. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy: clinical value. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759942.003.0010.
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Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is most commonly used to diagnose or exclude obstructive coronary disease in patients presenting with chest pain. This chapter covers the value of MPS in this context, as well as providing detail on the guidelines which help the clinician choose what investigations are appropriate for the patient presenting with chest pain. It also details a number of considerations related to the use of MPS, such as its cost-effectiveness and the prognosis value in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease compared to exercise ECG, X-ray computed tomographic coronary angiography, and other imaging investigations. Risk assessment prior to elective non-cardiac surgery is covered, with detailed attention paid to the challenges of assessing coronary artery disease special groups including women and patients with diabetes or renal disease. This chapter also covers assessment in known stable coronary artery disease, predicting the value of coronary revascularization and hibernating myocardium.
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Conly, Sarah. Paternalism, Food, and Personal Freedom. Edited by Anne Barnhill, Mark Budolfson, and Tyler Doggett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199372263.013.7.
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This chapter explores the supposed difference between health regulations that are generally accepted (e.g., inspections for salmonella) and ones that are found excessively paternalistic (portion size controls), and it argues that the two are basically the same: in each case government tries to protect people from choices that do not advance their ends. Coercion is not bad when it keeps people from making choices that would promote obesity and heart disease, since most people value health more than they value the availability of large portions of junk food. Paternalists recognize that people also value things other than health, such as social outings involving food and celebrations of culture that feature traditional meals. The chapter argues that eating habits have always evolved, however, and an evolution that reflects healthier options in particular is no more destructive of shared social gatherings or cultural traditions than any other change.
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Mofo, Liako. Future-proofing the plastics value chain in Southern Africa. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/905-1.
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Plastics are ubiquitous across the region and play an important role in multiple industries. Most plastic products are based on a value chain that is grounded in petroleum refining, posing an environmental challenge. Plastic manufacturing in South Africa suffers from the high cost of polymers as inputs. Mozambique is endowed with large natural gas deposits. This research assesses the potential for the sustainable development of a plastics value chain in Southern Africa, with the aim of future-proofing the industry against changes in the petroleum space while bolstering growth in plastics manufacture and fostering a more equitable regional distribution of plastics activities. This study found that there is strong regional value chain potential between South Africa and Mozambique, with Mozambique producing natural gas feedstock and South Africa providing labour, capital, and technology. South African plastic manufacturers could also benefit from better input prices derived from better priced natural gas from Mozambique.
40
Balboni, Michael J., and Tracy A. Balboni. From Hostility to Hospitality. Edited by Michael J. Balboni and Tracy A. Balboni. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199325764.003.0016.
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Many will resist structural pluralism for medicine out of concern that it will lead to greater fragmentation. Though acknowledging this worry, the major spiritual traditions, from Abrahamic to humanist, are unified around three fundamental values including the centrality of the patient, critical incorporation of knowledge from the empirical sciences, and the value of hospitality. It is especially the value of hospitality, an individual and collective practice in which the ill stranger in need is graciously received, that links many traditions in why care for the sick is a central human value. The internal logic of hospitality remains the most powerful way of conceiving the patient–clinician relationship in terms of host and guest. When supported by spiritual traditions, hospitality is a concept that offers both language and perceptions, not only powerful enough to unite medicine despite structural pluralism, but uniquely able to counter the impersonal forces overtaking medicine.
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Tiberius, Valerie. The Value Fulfillment Theory of Well-Being. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809494.003.0002.
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According to the value fulfillment theory, our lives go well to the extent that we pursue, and fulfill or realize, our appropriate values. This chapter focuses on what values are, how they can be improved, and why we should consider them over time. To value something in the fullest sense is to have a relatively stable pattern of emotions and desires with respect to it and to take these attitudes to give you reasons for action and (for the most important values) standards for evaluating how your life is going. Appropriate values, then, are the objects of relatively sustainable and integrated emotions, desires, and judgments.
42
Carballo, Alejandro Pérez. Good Questions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779681.003.0007.
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Pérez Carballo adopts an epistemic utility theory picture of epistemic norms where epistemic utility functions measure the value of degrees of belief, and rationality consists in maximizing expected epistemic utility. Within this framework he seeks to show that we can make sense of the intuitive idea that some true beliefs—say true beliefs about botany—are more valuable than other true beliefs—say true beliefs about the precise number of plants in North Dakota. To do so, however, Pérez Carballo argues that we must think of the value of epistemic states as consisting in more than simply accuracy. This sheds light on which questions it is most epistemically valuable to pursue.
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Zamor, Natacha. Hypoxia During Anesthesia. Edited by Matthew D. McEvoy and Cory M. Furse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190226459.003.0022.
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In the modern anesthesia machine, there are various safety checks in place to help prevent the delivery of a hypoxic gas mixture to the patient. They include the pin index safety system (PISS), diameter index safety system (DISS), failsafe valve, oxygen-nitrous oxide proportioning system, oxygen supply failure alarm, flowmeter sequence, and, most distally, the oxygen analyzer. The PISS is a feature in the high-pressure system. The DISS, failsafe valve, and oxygen failure alarm are in the intermediate-pressure system. The flowmeters, proportioning system, and oxygen analyzer are in the low-pressure system. This chapter undertakes a discussion of the distinct role of each feature and their limitations.
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Unger, Philippe, and Gerald Maurer. Heart valve disease: mixed valve disease, multiple valve disease, and others. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0039.
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Multiple and mixed heart valve disease are highly prevalent. Echocardiography is the cornerstone technique for imaging these patients. As with patients with single-valve stenosis or regurgitation, one should aim to evaluate the aetiology, the mechanism(s) of dysfunction, as well as the consequences and the possibility of repair. There are, however, specific issues, which include the followings: (1) the lack of published data; (2) most indices of valvular regurgitation and of stenosis severity have been validated in patients with single-valve/single-lesion disease; and (3) the haemodynamic interactions that may affect the severity and the diagnosis of these lesions. A global assessment of the consequences of the lesions is of the utmost importance in the decision-making process: whereas only severe regurgitation or stenosis is usually considered for surgery by current guidelines in a single-valve lesion, the combination of two or more less-than-severe lesions causing symptoms, left ventricular dysfunction, and/or pulmonary pressure increase may warrant surgery. This chapter focuses on the echocardiographic assessment of these sometimes complex lesions, emphasizing some pitfalls and tips to take into account when managing these patients.
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Stump, Eleonore. Guilt, Shame, and Satisfaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813866.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
The project of this book requires the ethics and value theory presupposed in Christian theology, and for purposes of the book the author takes the ethics and value theory of Aquinas as exemplary. It is an ethics that accepts an objective goodness which is tied to the nature of God and which is founded on a correlation of being and goodness. In its normative ethics, it is built around the virtues; but it is a non-Aristotelian virtue ethics, and it privileges relationship and the second-personal among the things it values most. Its most central virtue is love, and all the rest of its normative ethical theory rests on this virtue. This chapter contains an account of love, and it explains guilt and shame in terms of that account of love. It also considers the remedies for guilt and shame, including forgiveness, satisfaction or penance, and the remaining stain on the soul.
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Kocher, Ajar. Infective Endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199976805.003.0018.
Full textAbstract:
Infectious endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the heart’s innermost layer, the endothelium. Most cases require a predisposing injury to the endocardium to serve as a nidus for thrombus development, which in turn acts as nidus for bloodstream microorganisms. These intravascular microorganisms can result from dental and other invasive procedures, infected vascular catheters, and skin lesions. However, most episodes of IE result from transient bacteremia during menial tasks, such as chewing and brushing one’s teeth. Blood cultures and echocardiograms are critical for IE diagnosis. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) is the preferred diagnostic tool for prosthetic valve endocarditis and cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infections. IE complicated by heart failure and cerebral emboli has high rates of morbidity and mortality. Large vegetation, mobile lesions, mitral valve vegetation, and infection by S. aureus and fungi are more likely to result in embolic phenomena. Indications for surgery include severe heart failure, persistent infection, fungal infection, heart block, and abscess formation.
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Flynn, Shawn W. Times of Transition and Stability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198784210.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 3 gathers times in a child’s life that are either stable or transitory. Breast-feeding and scribal training demonstrate extensions of a child’s domestic cultic value. Adoption may also be an institution ensuring those with disabilities are found a place in society. Thus the value of children in the domestic cult is echoed in the legal and institutional structures of the ancient world. Breast feeding, scribal training, and adoption practices of the ancient Near East are reading lenses for the birth and adoption of Moses in Exodus 1–2, which is argued to be structured off an adoption contract in narrative form, as an introduction to YHWH’s eventual adoption of Israel. What we learn of scribal education from Mesopotamia is applied to Psalm 78:1–9. Finally 1 Samuel 1–3 is recovered as a text that reinforces the cultic value of children rather than being a text of childhood abandonment.
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Hamilton, Kirk, and Gang Liu. Human Capital, Tangible Wealth, and the Intangible Capital Residual. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803720.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Since income is the return on wealth, the total wealth of a country should be around twenty times its GDP. Instead, the average observed ratio from the System of National Accounts (SNA) is a factor of 2.6–6.6. Clearly, wealth accounts are incomplete. Estimating the value of the most obvious omission, human capital, using the lifetime income approach for a sample of thirteen (mostly high-income) countries yields a mean share of human capital in total wealth of 63 per cent—four times the value of produced and fourteen times that of natural capital. But for selected high-income countries an average of 25 per cent of total wealth remains unaccounted. This residual intangible is arguably the ‘stock equivalent’ of total factor productivity—the value of assets such as institutional and social capital that augment the capacity of produced, natural, and human capital to support a stream of consumption into the future.
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Strandburg, Katherine J. Users, Patents, and Innovation Policy. Edited by Rochelle Dreyfuss and Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.31.
Full textAbstract:
Users are important innovators in many fields. Often, they do not need socially costly patent incentives to invent, disclose, and disseminate their inventions. A patent-free user innovation (UI) paradigm is likely to be successful and socially desirable when an invention’s value to users has a substantial non-competitive component. If a user innovator values an invention primarily for providing a competitive edge, the patent-free UI paradigm is not viable. Most such inventions have little social value. Some, however, such as improved manufacturing processes, produce significant collateral value for non-users and should be encouraged. Patents may be important for these UIs. Socially beneficial policy interventions to buttress the patent-free UI paradigm might include tools and infrastructure to support user communities and changes to patent doctrine, such as accounting for UI in assessing nonobviousness, patentable subject matter exemptions, particularly for many types of processes, and user exemptions from infringement liability.
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Milona, Michael. On the Epistemological Significance of Value Perception. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786054.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter explores the epistemological significance of the view that we can literally see, hear, and touch evaluative properties (the high-level theory of value perception). Its central contention is that, from the perspective of epistemology, the question of whether there are such high-level experiences doesn’t matter. Insofar as there are such experiences, they most plausibly emerged through the right kind of interaction with evaluative capacities that are not literally perceptual (e.g., of the sort involved in imaginative evaluative reflection). Even if these other evaluative capacities turn out not to alter the content of perceptual experience, they would still be sufficient to do all the justificatory work that high-level experiences are meant to do. The chapter closes by observing that it may matter a great deal whether a certain other picture of value perception is true. This alternative picture has it that desires and/or emotions are perceptual-like experiences of value.