Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mosquitoes'
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Gouge, Dawn H., Shujuan Li, Kathleen Walker, Chris Sumner, Shaku Nair, and Carl Olson. "Mosquitoes: Biology and Integrated Mosquito Management." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625410.
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12 pp.Mosquitoes are the most important insect pests that affect the health and well-being of humans and domestic animals worldwide. They can cause a variety of health problems due to their ability to transfer (vector) viruses and other disease-causing pathogens, including in the arid Southwest U.S. This publication describes the mosquito life-cycle, introduces common pest mosquito species and the diseases associated with them. Mosquito management for residents is covered.
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Li, Shujuan, Dawn Gouge, Al Fournier, Shaku Nair, Paul Baker, and Carl Olson. "Mosquitoes." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/305089.
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Gouge, Dawn, Kirk A. Smith, Carl Olson, and Paul Baker. "Mosquitoes." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146702.
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Kesavaraju, Banugopan Juliano Steven A. "Behavioral interactions between predator and prey and their influence on an invasive species in container habitats." Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1390287471&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1202751489&clientId=43838.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2007.Title from title page screen, viewed on February 11, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Steven A. Juliano (chair), Diane L. Byers, L. Philip Lounibos, Charles F. Thompson, William L. Perry. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-163) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Zola, Sheri. "Molecular events associated with mosquito diapause." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Evans, Peter J. "Community knowledge, attitudes and practices - urban mosquitoes and sustainable mosquito control." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241460.
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Butler, Mari. "Catch basin ecosystems and effects of the mosquito larvicide methoprene /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3186895.
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Magbity, Edward Brima. "Methods for entomological evaluation of treated bed nets." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324915.
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Rightor, John Albert. "An integrated mosquito management program for James City County, Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1987. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11072008-063536/.
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ROSSI, PAOLO. "Bacterial symbiosis in mosquitoes: from basic research to mosquito borne diseases control." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401854.
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Chaithong, Udom. "Immune responses in mosquitoes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293724.
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Persson, Vinnersten Thomas. "Long Term Studies of Insect Abundances in Temporary Wetlands in Relation to Hydrology, Predation and Bti." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Zooekologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207841.
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Long-term insect abundances have been studied to investigate factors structuring the insect communities of the temporary wetlands around the River Dalälven floodplain. In the wet meadows and swamps in the River Dalälven floodplains recurrent floods are the ultimate prerequisite for high production of floodwater mosquitoes. In the larval stages these make up a superabundant potential prey for aquatic predatory insects while as adults they become nuisance for people and animals. Mosquito control with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) has been carried out in parts of the floodplain wetlands since 2002. This study investigate potential long-term effects of Bti on non-target insects in general, and non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) and aquatic predator insects in special in 10 temporary wetlands. Diving-beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) were the most common aquatic predatory insects in temporary flooded wetlands, and we found no indications that diving-beetles were negatively affected by mosquito larvae reduction with Bti-treatments. Non-target Bti-effects on the insect community in general, measured as increase or decrease of insect abundances, in general showed no effects of Bti except for Coleoptera. The non-biting midges were studied on species level, since this taxon previously has been associated with negative Bti non-target effects in the short-term. We found no reduced production of chironomids at neither family, nor subfamily level in Bti-treated as compared to untreated wetlands. We conclude that other factors than the occasional Bti-treatments dominate in structuring the chironomids fauna. For example, hydrology measured as floods and hydroperiod had substantial impact on insect emergence Increased hydroperiod was associated with lower insect emergence for the majority of the studied taxa, indicating an insect fauna adapted more to terrestrial conditions. In the final study, we developed and applied a molecular method to study interspecific predator – prey relationships between medium-sized diving beetles and floodwater mosquito larvae. Gut content analyses showed that floodwater mosquito larvae are a regular, but limited, part of the diet of medium-sized diving beetles. This thesis is one of the first long-term studies of insects of temporary wetlands in relation to mosquito control actions. The results indicate that hydrology is one of the major factors influencing and structuring the insect communities of the temporary flooded wetlands in the River Dalälven floodplains, and that mosquito control actions with Bti only have marginal effect on insect abundances.
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Conklin, Tracy M. "Effects of Helicosporidia on mosquitoes." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0014411.
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Burkett, Nathan Daniel Mullen Gary R. "Comparative study of gravid-trap infusions for capturing blood-fed mosquitoes (diptera : culicidae) of the genera Aedes, Ochlerotatus, and Culex." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/BURKETT_NATHAN_18.pdf.
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Petersen, Wade H. "Exploring mosquito diversity and dynamics across Washington State as they relate to West Nile virus transmission." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2009/w_petersen_072009.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in entomology)--Washington State University, August 2009.Title from PDF title page (viewed on Aug. 12, 2009). "Department of Entomology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68).
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Bandzuh, John Thomas IV. "Perceptions of measures to control Aedes mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Costa Rica." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81449.
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Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of several arboviruses throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the Americas, Aedes aegypti is the most competent vector of dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. With up to 400 million cases globally each year, dengue fever is the fastest growing vector-borne disease in the world, and it has become an increasingly significant risk to global health. In the Western Hemisphere, dengue, and more recently chikungunya and Zika, exists throughout much of Latin America and the Caribbean. Both diseases are spread via Aedes mosquitoes and both constitute major health risks in Costa Rica. A dengue outbreak in Costa Rica in 2013 was the largest epidemic in the country since the return of the disease in 1993. Moreover, between 2014 and 2015 there was a 54.9% increase in dengue cases in Costa Rica, further demonstrating the relevancy of research on mosquito-borne diseases. Given this context, this study employs qualitative methods to critically investigate measures to combat Aedes mosquito-borne diseases in Costa Rica. Data were collected using household interviews (n = 80); semi-structured key informant interviews with public health officials, researchers, nonprofit organizations, and community leaders (n = 22); and a focus group discussion in each of two study areas. The results provide broad and place-specific information about mosquito control efforts and other actions deployed in Costa Rica to mitigate mosquito-borne diseases. The data reveal differences in perceptions and disease incidence among household interviewees as well as where households source information about mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Varying degrees of knowledge on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases were uncovered across the study sites, as were differing attitudes among the general population regarding mosquito control techniques (e.g., fumigation, education campaigns, and household visits by public health officials). Additionally, data indicated a gap in knowledge regarding the ability of the public to report mosquito-related problems to health authorities. Households also exhibited discrepancies in knowledge pertaining to chikungunya transmission and details about the vector.Master of Science
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Gilchriest, Travis R. "In situ marking of Culex tarsalis larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) with ¹⁵N a novel technique in mosquito mark-capture studies /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594501141&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Brabant, Peter J. III. "Effects of methoprene on the survivorship of adult Aedes mosquitoes: a strategy or inactivating released mosquitoes." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/entomology_etds/1.
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Methoprene is a Juvenile Hormone (JH) analogue commonly used for the control of mosquito larvae. When applied to a mosquito breeding site, methoprene enters the haemolymph, where it mimics the function of JH and interferes with normal metamorphosis, resulting in larval mortality. Methoprene is commonly used for the control of larvae and has not been used as an adulticide, due to an absence of acute effects. This study evaluated possible chronic effects caused by the exposure of adult Aedes mosquitoes to methoprene. Methoprene was applied, in both technical grade and the commercially available Altosid®, topically to adults through droplet application on the abdomen and as a spray application. Mosquitoes were examined for treatment effects on ovary development, adult male and female mortality, and fecundity. The results demonstrate that relatively high doses are required to affect adult survivorship. In contrast, significant impacts on both fecundity and egg hatch were observed for females treated at the lower dosages. I discuss the results in relation to autocidal strategies for mosquito control in which the release of fecund females is to be avoided.
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Qualls, Whitney Allyn. "Field studies and monitoring of mosquito populations (Diptera:Culicidae) in urban environments." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/QUALLS_WHITNEY_47.pdf.
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Reddy, Gangadasu E. C. V. Sagar. "Storage and utilization of hexamerin proteins in the pitcher plant mosquito, Wyomyia smithii by Gangadasu E.C.V. Sagar Reddy." Click here to access thesis, 2008. http://www.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/archive/fall2008/gangadasu_s_reddy/reddy_gangadasu_e_200808_ms.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Georgia Southern University, 2008."A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science." Directed by William S. Irby. ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-47) and appendices.
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Warren, Ben. "Hearing and acoustic interaction in mosquitoes." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6946/.
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Johnston, who discovered the mosquito auditory organ at the base of the antennae 150 years ago, speculated that audition was involved in mating behaviour. Indeed, the Johnston's organ (JO) is now known to detect the whine of flying mosquitoes. Analysis of sound recordings of flight tones from tethered, flying, mosquitoes revealed that opposite-sex pairs, when within their acoustic near-fields, attempt to frequency-match the harmonic components of their flighttones. Same-sex pairs actively avoid frequency-matching. Mosquitoes of the species Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, where the flight-tone frequencies of males and females are similar, attempt to match the fundamental frequency of their flight-tones. Haemophilic, vector-carrying mosquitoes Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles gambiae ss, where the fundamental frequency of the male flight tone is about 1.5 times that of the female, frequency-match harmonic components of their flight tones. Usually the male's 1st harmonic with the 2nd harmonic of the female flight-tone. In Burkina Faso, where two morphologically similar molecular forms aggregate in the same swarms but rarely hybridise, frequency-matching of flight-tones may perform a pre-mating barrier and a form of subspecies recognition. We discovered that frequency-matching occurred significantly more frequently between same-form male-female pairs of flying, tethered mosquitoes, than when each member of the pair was of a different molecular form. The bandwidth and tuning of sound-evoked flagellum vibrations and the JO's electrical responses to this mechanical input were measured using laser interferometry and extracellular electrodes, respectively. For the first time we showed that distortion products, recorded from the flagellum and JO, could provide the neural basis for frequency-matching at frequencies beyond the range of the JO's electrical responses. We also discovered that spontaneous oscillations of the antennae are produced by physiologically-sensitive mosquitoes. Through temperature-control and injection of pharmacological agents into the JO, evidence is presented advocating dynein as the molecular motor responsible for powering these oscillations.
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Alves, R. O. N. "Avian malaria associations with British mosquitoes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dea2e4b0-f4d8-4fae-9209-fa02d083192c.
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Avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) is a popular model system to study the ecology and evolution of parasite-host-vector interactions in the wild. These studies have historically focused mostly on the avian hosts and the malaria parasites. Knowledge regarding the role of vectors is essential to our understanding of these wild systems, but has only very recently started to accumulate. This thesis aimed to contribute to this field by assessing mosquito-malaria-host associations for British mosquitoes and the role of mosquito ecology in shaping these parasite systems in a British woodland study site, using molecular, field ecology and statistical modelling methodologies. From the 12 mosquito species or species groups found, I showed that the Cx.pipiens/torrentium mosquito group is likely to have a major role in avian malaria transmission in Great Britain, while Cs. annulata may be transmitting P. circumflexum. I also demonstrated a positive spatial association between mosquito density per host and avian malaria prevalence, in accordance with theoretical expectations for malaria transmission. Findings here provide evidence that avian malaria transmission in British woodlands is limited mainly to June-August, being preceded by relapse of previous infections or, alternatively, by maintenance of chronic blood parasitaemia through the colder months; this agrees with theoretical expectations and findings elsewhere for temperate climates. This thesis also described local-scale spatial heterogeneity and seasonal variation in adult mosquito abundance within a British woodland where avian malaria is endemic, with differing patterns found between species or species groups. Spatially, variation in adult mosquito abundance was associated with microclimatic and landscape variables such as distances to mosquito breeding sites, microclimate and canopy height; seasonally, variation in mosquito abundance was associated with temperature and rainfall, alongside calendar date. The heterogeneity in mosquito parameters and associations with environmental variables found at a site where avian malaria is endemic highlights the need to anticipate such complexity when trying to understand Plasmodium transmission. By doing so, we further extend the potential of these parasite systems to improve our knowledge regarding the ecology and evolution of parasite-host-vector associations.
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Sugimoto, Renato Sinnhofer. "Variações da fauna de mosquitos (Díptera:Culicidae) em área de implantação de uma hidrelétrica no rio Paranapanema, SP/PR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-18112010-201153/.
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Se por um lado as usinas hidrelétricas suprem as necessidades de energia do país, essas também são responsáveis pela proliferação de doenças cujos agentes são transmitidos, em sua grande maioria, por mosquitos que utilizam as áreas inundadas dessas usinas como criadouros. Pode-se observar tal cenário na UHE de Ourinhos, que está localizada no rio Paranapanema entre as cidades de Ourinhos, SP, e Jacarezinho, PR, onde foram definidas três estações de coleta usadas para a avaliação da dinâmica de população nos períodos pré e pós inundação do reservatório, a partir dos dados coletados descreveu-se as alterações ocorridas na população de culicídeos da UHE Ourinhos, diante dos impactos da inundação e calculou-se riqueza, dominância, diversidade e , IAEP e similaridade. Sendo que para captura de adultos utilizou-se armadilha de Shannon e aspirador à bateria, e para os imaturos conchas entomológicas em coleções de água estagnada. Entre as espécies de importância epidemiológica coletadas e identificadas temos: Aedes albopictus, Aedes scapularis, Anopheles albitarsis, Anopheles darlingi, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex nigripalpus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus e Psorophora ferox. Destaca-se a redução do número de espécies no período pós enchimento, juntamente com a recolonização do nicho por novas espécies ou espécies antes raras, como exemplificado pelo surgimento do An. darlingi, e ascensão do An. albitarsis, espécies consideradas vetores primário e secundário da malária, no Brasil, respectivamente. Como conclusão, depreende-se que o lago formado pela represa de Ourinhos alterou a dinâmica de culicídeos do local, fato que pode representar menor contato desses hematófagos com a população no entorno do lago recém formadoIf the hydroelectric power plants supply the needs of the country, they are also responsible for the proliferation of diseases whose pathogens are transferred, in most of time, by mosquitoes that using the flooded areas such as breeding. It can be observed this scenario in the HPP of Ourinhos, which is located on the Paranapanema river between the cities of Ourinhos, SP, and Jacarezinho, PR, where three stations were established to collect used for assessing the diversity of populations in the pre and post flooding of the reservoir from the data collected described the changes occurring in the population of Culicidae of Ourinhos HPP, before the impacts of flooding and it was estimated richness, dominance, and diversity, standardized index of abundance of species and similarity. Where to catch the adult was used the Shannons trap and vacuum, and for the immature forms \"entomological ladle\" in collections of stagnant water. Among the species of epidemiological importance have collected and identified: Aedes albopictus, Aedes scapularis, Anopheles albitarsis s.l, Anopheles darlingi, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex nigripalpus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Psorophora ferox. It is reducing the number of species in the period after filling, together with the recolonization of the niche for new species or rare species before, as exemplified by the emergence of Anopheles(Nys.) darlingi and Anopheles albitarsis s.l rise of species, as primary and secondary vectors malaria in Brazil, respectively. In conclusion, it appears that the lake formed by the dam of Ourinhos changed the diversity of the mosquitoes in site, which may represent less contact with the blood of people around the newly formed lake
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Ioshino, Rafaella Sayuri. "Mecanismo da redução de fertilidade em Aedes aegypti infectados por Plasmodium gallinaceum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42135/tde-08102013-085809/.
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O objetivo do estudo foi confirmar se a redução da fecundidade dos mosquitos Aedes aegypti infectados por Plasmodium gallinaceum ocorre por morte das células foliculares dos ovários. Mosquitos infectados produzem menos ovos quando comparado aos mosquitos sadios. Uma explicação é a redução da viabilidade celular que ocorre nos ovários de fêmeas 18, 22 e 24 horas após o repasto sanguíneo infectado (RSI) como foi observado pela técnica MTT. Utilizando o acridine orange, não foi possível observar a morte das células foliculares no intervalo de 18 horas, mas 22 e 24 horas após o RSI essas células estão em morte em relação ao mesmo intervalo do repasto sanguíneo controle (RSC). A análise do DNA fragmentado foi realizada através do TUNEL. Ovários de 22 e 24 horas após RSC e RSI foram negativos nas regiões dos cortes histológicos examinados. Sendo assim, podemos concluir que, utilizando esses ensaios foi possível identificar a morte das células foliculares como uma resposta a redução da fecundidade, porém não foi possível determinar que o tipo de morte é apoptose.The objective of this study was to confirm the hypothesis that the fertility reduction in Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected Aedes aegypti occurs by follicular cells death. A significant reduction in the number of eggs laid by infected mosquitoes was confirmed. It was observed a reduction of viable cells in 18, 22 and 24 hours PBM infected by MTT assay. It was not possible to observe cell death in ovary tissue 18 hours PBM infected, but the follicular cells showed orange color 22 and 24 hours indicating they are in death in relation to the same interval of PBM control. To determine if these cells exhibit apoptosis, we use the TUNEL which mark the fragmented DNA, a characteristic of the apoptosis process. Ovaries 22 and 24 hours PBM infected and control were negative for TUNEL marker from ovary histological preparations. Thus, we conclude that fecundity reduction occurs as a response to follicular cells death caused by P. gallinaceum infection but it was not possible to affirm if the type of follicular cells death is apoptosis.
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Hugo, Riel Leon Eklund. "Evaluation of methodologies for determining the age structure and survivorship of Ochlerotatus vigilax and other medically important mosquito vector species in Australia /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18159.pdf.
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Schäfer, Martina. "Mosquitoes as a Part of Wetland Biodiversity." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Populationsbiologi, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4670.
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Wetlands contain both aquatic and terrestrial environments which generates high biodiversity. However, they are commonly associated with mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), and mosquitoes are usually regarded as negative by humans because they can cause nuisance and transmit diseases. This thesis aimed to clarify the association between mosquitoes and wetlands and to achieve a more balanced view of biodiversity in wetlands by including mosquito diversity. Studies on adult mosquito diversity and assemblages were performed in 18 wetlands spread over Sweden. The Swedish mosquito species were organized in ten functional groups based on four life-history characteristics. This classification was used as an additional diversity measurement and as a tool for presentation of mosquito data. Mosquito diversity showed several of the well-established diversity patterns such as a latitudinal gradient, a species-area relationship and a distribution-abundance relationship. In a landscape perspective, diversity of both mosquitoes and dytiscids (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) were positively influenced by a high proportion of permanent water and a high amount of open areas, indicating co-varying diversity patterns. Mosquito assemblages in the Nedre Dalälven region were mainly structured by the extent of flooded areas and wetland type (wet meadow, swamp and bog). In addition to the influence of the proportion of temporary wetlands at a local scale, the proportion of forest gained importance at larger spatial scales and in relation to dispersal distances of species. In southern Sweden, mosquito faunas differed between natural and constructed wetlands, partly reflecting differences in wetland size. In an experiment, different responses of two co-occurring mosquito species to rapid larval habitat desiccation indicate that weather conditions after a flood could influence mosquito assemblages. The conclusions of this thesis provide suggestions on how to construct and position wetlands for increased insect diversity, and indicate that low abundance of major nuisance species might be crucial for acceptance of wetlands near human settlements.
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Molta, N. B. "Biological control of mosquitoes with rhabditoid nematodes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8901.
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Schäfer, Martina. "Mosquitoes as a part of wetland biodiversity /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4670.
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Abeyewickreme, Wimaladharma. "Immune responses to malaria parasites in mosquitoes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283045.
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Tran, Tiffany Doan. "Filarial infection in mosquitoes of Northern California." Scholarly Commons, 2016. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/172.
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Filarial parasites are a type of nematode that requires arthropod vectors for transmission between hosts. Filarial parasites vary among species of vertebrate hosts and can cause varying symptoms in hosts, including death. The presence of filarial parasites can influence host populations and can be costly to infected areas. To evaluate the prevalence of filarial parasites in Lake County, CA, mosquitoes were collected in 2014 and analyzed for infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 1,008 mosquito pools, six filarial parasite species were detected in 23 pools representing six mosquito species. The DNA of Dirofilaria immitis (n=6, MIR=0.26); Setaria yehi (n=9, MIR=1.44); Splendidofilaria sp. (n=4, MIR=0.20); unknown filarial parasites A (n=2, MIR=0.09), B (n=1, MIR=0.41), and C (n=1, MIR=0.05) were detected in Aedes increpitus, Aedes sierrensis, Anopheles franciscanus, Anopheles freeborni, Culex stigmatosoma, and Culex tarsalis mosquito pools. Due to the presence of D. immitis, which can lead to chronic illness and death in domestic dogs, in Lake County it is important to evaluate vector competency of D. immitis in mosquito species. Culex tarsalis was chosen due to the high abundance found in Lake County in 2014 (n=36,587). To evaluate vector competency of Cx. tarsalis in transmission of D. immitis, colony and field-caught Lake County (n=102, n=54 respectively) mosquitoes were analyzed for infectivity using decapitation. Fourteen days post feeding on infected blood, mosquitoes were decapitated to evaluate the presence of L 3 larvae; but no L 3 larvae were detected. The presence of D. immitis DNA was detected in eight colony (IR=7.8%) and fifteen field-caught (IR=23.1%) thoraces using PCR. Though no L 3 larvae were observed in decapitated mosquitoes, presence of D. immitis DNA in the thoraces of mosquitoes using PCR has previously been used as an indicator for vector competency. Thus it is probable that Cx. tarsalis is a competent vector for D. immitis.
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Naumenko, Anastasia Nikolayevna. "Chromosomal evolution in mosquitoes - vectors of diseases." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78251.
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The World Health Organization estimates that vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the global burden of all infectious diseases and has identified the mosquito as the most dangerous of all disease-transmitting insects, being responsible for several million deaths and hundreds of millions of cases each year. The study of mosquito genomics provides a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in every aspect of vector biology, such as sex determination, host-parasite interaction, ecology, feeding behavior, immunity and evolutionary trends and can be used for the development of new strategies for vector control.
We developed the first map of the mitotic chromosomes of the major vector for West Nile fever and lymphatic filariasis, Culex quinquefasciatus. The map was then successfully utilized for mapping of approximately 90% of available genetic markers to their precise positions on the chromosomes. Idiograms were integrated with 140 genetic supercontigs representing 26.5% of the genome. A linear regression analysis demonstrated good overall correlation between the positioning of markers on physical and genetic linkage maps. This will improve gene annotation and help in distinguishing potential haplotype scaffolds and regions of segmental duplications. It will also facilitate identification of epidemiologically important genes that can be used as targets for the vector control and provide a better framework for comparative genomics that will help understanding of the evolution of epidemiologically important traits.
In another study, we confirmed the presence of the newly described species, Anopheles daciae, in regions of Russia using molecular data. Although sympatric with its sibling species, Anopheles messeae, five nucleotide substitutions in the internal transcribed spacer 2 of ribosomal DNA can be used to distinguish the morphologically similar species. Chromosome rearrangements have a significant impact on mosquito adaptation and speciation. Using sequencing data in combination with karyotyping, we demonstrated that significant differences in inversion frequencies distinguish An. messeae from An. daciae, suggesting that these inversions are actively involved in adaptation and speciation. It is essential to have reliable toolbox for correct identification of these species and to know their range for future possible malaria outbreaks prevention.Ph. D.
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Masri, Reem Abed. "Chromosome and Genome Evolution in Culicinae Mosquitoes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104175.
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The Culicinae is the most extensive subfamily among the Culicidae family of mosquitoes. Two genera, Culex and Aedes, from this subfamily have world-wide distribution and are responsible for transmitting of several deadly diseases including Zika, West Nile fevers, chikungunya, dengue, and Rift Valley fevers. Developing high-quality genome assembly for mosquitoes, studying their population structure, and evolution can help to facilitate the development of new strategies for vector control. Studies on Aedes albopitcus as well as on species from the Culex pipiens complex, which are widely spread in the United States, provide excellent models on these topics.
Ae. albopictus is one of the most dangerous invasive mosquito species in the world that transmits more than 20 arboviruses. This species has highly repetitive genome that is the largest among mosquito genomes sequenced so far. Thus, sequencing and assembling of such genome is extremally challenging. As a result, the lack of high-quality Ae. albopictus genome assembly has delayed the progress in understanding its biology. To produce a high-quality genome assembly, it was important to anchor genomic scaffolds to the cytogenetic map creating a physical map of the genome assembly. We first developed a new gene-based approach for the physical mapping of repeat-rich mosquito genomes. The approach utilized PCR amplification of the DNA probes based on complementary DNA (cDNA) that does not include repetitive DNA sequences. This method was then used for the development of a physical map for Ae. albopictus based on the in situ hybridization of fifty cDNA fragments or gene exons from twenty-four scaffolds to the mitotic chromosomes from imaginal discs. This study resulted in the construction of a first physical map of the Ae. albopictus genome as well as mapping viral integration and polyphenol oxidase genes. Moreover, comparing our present Ae. albopictus physical map to the current Ae. aegypti assembly indicated the presence of multiple chromosomal inversions between them.
To better understand population structure and chromosome evolution in Culicinae mosquitoes, especially in the Culex pipiens complex, we studied genomic and chromosomal differentiation between two subspecies Cx. pipiens pipiens and Cx. pipiens molestus. For the species responsible for the spread of human diseases, understanding the population dynamics and processes of taxa diversification is important for an effective mosquito control . Two vectors of West Nile virus, Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus, exhibit epidemiologically important behavioral and physiological differences, but the whole-genome divergence between them was unexplored. The first goal of this study was to better understand the level of genomic differentiation and population structures of Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus from different continents. We sequenced and compared whole genomes of 40 individual mosquitoes from two locations in Eurasia and two in North America. Principal Component, ADMIXTURE, and neighbor joining analyses of the nuclear genomes identified two major intercontinental, monophyletic clusters of Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus. The level of genomic differentiation between the subspecies was uniform along chromosomes. The ADMIXTURE analysis determined signatures of admixture in Cx. p. pipens populations, but not in Cx. p. molestus populations. Thus, our study identified that Cx. p. molestus and Cx. p. pipiens represent different evolutionary units with monophyletic origin that have undergone incipient ecological speciation. The second goal was to study differences at the chromosome level between these two organisms. We first measured whole chromosome and chromosome arm length differences between Cx. p. molestus and Cx. p. pipiens as a basic cytogenetic approach. In addition, we used the novel Hi-C approach to detect chromosomal rearrangements between them since Hi-C was successful in detecting a known inversion in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Cx. p. molestus and Cx. p. pipiens embryos were used to perform the Hi-C technique. Analysis of the Hi-C data showed the presence of two different inversions in Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus heatmap, which could explain their different physiology and adaptation in nature. Developing modern genomic and cytogenetic tools is important to enhance the quality of genome assemblies, improve gene annotation, and provide a better framework for comparative and population genomics of mosquitoes; also it is the foundation for the development of novel genome-based approaches for vector control.Doctor of Philosophy
Mosquitoes are medically important insects because they vector a range of diseases that infect humans. The subfamily Culicinae is responsible for transmitting such diseases as Zika, dengue, and West Nile fevers, which have triggered fatal infections and epidemics in multiple parts of the world. Since 2010-2016, studies have reported exceeding levels of insecticide resistance that slows the disease elimination process. Novel transgenic techniques have a tremendous potential for more efficiently minimizing mosquito-borne diseases and transmission. Availability of high-quality genome assemblies for mosquitoes may help to better understand their population structure and to develop effective and safe vector-control approaches that we urgently need. For the development of high-quality genome assemblies, we need to construct a physical genome map, that shows the physical locations of genes or other DNA sequences of interest along the chromosomes. For this reason, we developed a new gene-based approach for the physical mapping of the mosquito genomes. This method was then used for the development of a physical map for Ae. albopictus. This study resulted in the generation of the first physical map of the Ae. albopictus genome. To understand population structure in Culicinae mosquitoes, we used mosquitoes from the Culex pipiens complex. Species in this complex transmit different arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses. Notable is the West Nile Virus, which has triggered fatal infections and epidemics in Eastern and Central Europe, North America and is also known in Asia, Australia, Africa, and the Caribbean. We specifically focused on two subspecies in this complex, Cx. pipiens pipiens and Cx. pipiens molestus that are morphologically identical, but are different physiologically and behaviorally. Although they are spread globally in temperate regions, their population structure and taxonomic status remains unclear. The first goal of this study was to better understand the level of genomic differentiation of Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus from different continents. We sequenced and compared the whole genomes of 40 individual mosquitoes from two locations in Eurasia and two in North America. Our study identified that Cx. p. molestus and Cx. p. pipiens represent different evolutionary units that are currently undergoing ecological speciation. The second goal was to study differences at the chromosome level between them. Using the Hi-C approach we detected presence of two different inversions in Cx. p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus, which could potentially explain their different physiology and adaptation.
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Waldock, Joanna. "Anti-viral immunity in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6358.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquito transmitted viruses (arboviruses) cause significant burden in much of the developing world. Little is known about mosquito responses to viral infection, and how these responses could be utilised to prevent spread of viral disease. Anopheles gambiae, the principal vector of human malaria, unusually transmits virtually no arboviruses, with one known exception - O’nyony-nyong Virus (ONNV). In this thesis the interactions between ONNV and the A. gambiae immune system were studied. Initially ONNV infection in A. gambiae mosquitoes and an A. gambiae derived cell line were characterised. The in vivo transcriptional responses of A. gambiae to viral infection were profiled using full genome microarrays, describing the global response to ONNV infection. This thesis demonstrates that the A. gambiae immune system does respond to viral infection, with genes covering all aspects of immunity being differentially regulated, from pathogen recognition to modulation of immune signalling, complement-mediated lysis/opsonisation and immune effector mechanisms. Furthermore, this study identified four immune genes (a galectin, an MD2-like receptor and two lysozymes) regulated by ONNV infection that are capable of limiting virus during infection. These genes have novel roles in anti-viral immunity, and suggest previously uncharacterised mechanisms for targeting viral infection. Additionally, it is shown that A. gambiae uses a combination of core conserved anti-viral mechanisms, including RNAi, but does not utilise some signalling pathways reported to be anti-viral in other insects. This indicates that species specific mechanisms target viral infection. Finally this study demonstrates that foreign RNA acts as a Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP) in A. gambiae derived cells, and triggers transcriptional responses that dramatically reduce viral infection. In conclusion the data presented in this thesis demonstrate that A. gambiae responds to and is capable of limiting viral infection through conserved and novel immune mechanisms triggered by recognition of viral infection and foreign RNA.
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Gouge, Dawn H., James R. Hagler, Shaku Nair, Kathleen Walker, Shujuan Li, Christopher S. Bibbs, Chris Sumner, and Kirk A. Smith. "Human Disease Causing Viruses Vectored by Mosquitoes." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625572.
Full textAbstract:
7 p.There are a number of disease-causing viruses transmitted to people primarily through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Female mosquitoes take blood meals to produce eggs. A mosquito that bites an infected animal may pick up a virus within the blood meal. If the mosquito is the appropriate species, and conditions inside the insect and the surrounding environment are supportive, the virus reproduces within the mosquito. Later, the mosquito may pass the virus on to other animals (including humans) as they feed again.
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Yen, Pei-Shi. "Transgenic mosquitoes for controlling transmission of arboviruses." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066340/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les arbovirus (virus transmis par des arthropodes) sont à l'origine de maladies humaines telles que la dengue, le chikungunya ou encore le Zika. Le moustique Aedes aegypti, est le vecteur majeur de ces trois arbovirus. La faible efficacité des méthodes de contrôle des populations de moustiques, principalement réalisées au moyen d'insecticides chimiques ouvre un champ de développement de nouvelles approches en lutte antivectorielle. Le moustique, hôte vecteur, contrôle la réplication virale en limitant les réponses immunitaires antivirales. La machinerie RNA interférence (RNAi) est la voie jouant un rôle majeur dans l'immunité antivirale chez le moustique. Alors que le rôle des deux voies, siRNA (" small interfering RNA ") et piRNA (" piwi-interfering RNA "), est de mieux en mieux compris dans les réactions antivirales du vecteur, peu de connaissances sont disponibles à ce jour en ce qui concernent les interactions entre la voie miRNA (" micro RNA ") et les arbovirus. Ainsi, nous proposons une analyse détaillée des mécanismes par lesquels les miARN tentent de réguler la réplication virale chez le moustique. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons effectué une analyse génomique pour identifier les miRNAs pouvant interagir chez Ae. aegypti avec divers lignées/génotypes des virus chikungunya (CHIKV), de dengue (DENV) et de Zika. Avec l'aide d'outils de prédiction faisant appel à divers algorithmes, plusieurs sites de liaison de miARN avec différents lignées/génotypes de chaque arbovirus ont été identifiés. Nous avons ensuite sélectionné les miARN pouvant cibler plus d'un arbovirus et nécessitant un faible seuil d'énergie lors de la formation des complexes entre l'ARNmMosquito-borne arboviruses cause some of the world’s most devastating diseases and are responsible for recent dengue, chikungunya and Zika pandemics. The yellow-fever mosquito. Aedes aegypti, plays an important role in the transmission of all three viruses. The ineffectiveness of chemical control methods targeting Ae. aegypti makes urgent the need for novel vector-based approaches for controlling these diseases. Mosquitoes control arbovirus replication by triggering immune responses. RNAi machinery is the most significant pathway playing a role on antiviral immunity. Although the role of exogenous siRNA and piRNA pathways in mosquito antiviral immunity is increasingly better understood, there is still little knowledge regarding interactions between the mosquito cellular miRNA pathway and arboviruses. Thus further analysis of mechanisms by which miRNAs may regulate arbovirus replication in mosquitoes is pivotal. In the first part of the thesis, we carried out genomic analysis to identify Ae. aegypti miRNAs that potentially interact with various lineages and genotypes of chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV) and Zika viruses. By using prediction tools with distinct algorithms, several miRNA binding sites were commonly found within different genotypes/and or lineages of each arbovirus. We further analyzed the miRNAs that could target more than one arbovirus and required a low energy threshold to form miRNA-vRNA (viral RNA) complexes and predicted potential RNA structures using RNAhybrid software. Thus, we predicted miRNA candidates that might participate in regulating arboviral replication in Ae. aegypti. In the second part of the thesis, we developed a miRNA-based approach that results in a dual resistance phenotype in mosquitoes to dengue serotype 3 (DENV-3) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses for stopping arboviruses spreading within urban cycles. The target viruses are from two distinct arboviral families and the antiviral mechanism is designed to function through the endogenous miRNA pathway in infected mosquitoes. Ten artificial antiviral 4 miRNAs capable of targeting ~97% of all published strains were designed based on derived consensus sequences of CHIKV and DENV-3. The antiviral miRNA constructs were placed under control of either an Aedes PolyUbiquitin (PUb) or Carboxypeptidase A (AeCPA) gene promoter triggering respectively expression ubiquitously in the transgenic mosquitoes or more locally in the midgut epithelial cells following a blood meal. Challenge experiments using viruses added in blood meals showed subsequent reductions in viral transmission efficiency in the saliva of transgenic mosquitoes as a result of lowered infection rate and dissemination efficiency. Several components of mosquito fitness, including larval development time, larval/pupal mortality, adult lifespan, sex ratio, and male mating competitiveness, were examined: transgenic mosquitoes with the PUb promoter showed minor fitness costs at all developing stages whereas those based on AeCPA exhibited a high fitness cost. Further development of these strains with gene editing tools could make them candidates for releases in population replacement strategies for sustainable control of multiple arbovirus diseases
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Yen, Pei-Shi. "Transgenic mosquitoes for controlling transmission of arboviruses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066340.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Les arbovirus (virus transmis par des arthropodes) sont à l'origine de maladies humaines telles que la dengue, le chikungunya ou encore le Zika. Le moustique Aedes aegypti, est le vecteur majeur de ces trois arbovirus. La faible efficacité des méthodes de contrôle des populations de moustiques, principalement réalisées au moyen d'insecticides chimiques ouvre un champ de développement de nouvelles approches en lutte antivectorielle. Le moustique, hôte vecteur, contrôle la réplication virale en limitant les réponses immunitaires antivirales. La machinerie RNA interférence (RNAi) est la voie jouant un rôle majeur dans l'immunité antivirale chez le moustique. Alors que le rôle des deux voies, siRNA (" small interfering RNA ") et piRNA (" piwi-interfering RNA "), est de mieux en mieux compris dans les réactions antivirales du vecteur, peu de connaissances sont disponibles à ce jour en ce qui concernent les interactions entre la voie miRNA (" micro RNA ") et les arbovirus. Ainsi, nous proposons une analyse détaillée des mécanismes par lesquels les miARN tentent de réguler la réplication virale chez le moustique. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons effectué une analyse génomique pour identifier les miRNAs pouvant interagir chez Ae. aegypti avec divers lignées/génotypes des virus chikungunya (CHIKV), de dengue (DENV) et de Zika. Avec l'aide d'outils de prédiction faisant appel à divers algorithmes, plusieurs sites de liaison de miARN avec différents lignées/génotypes de chaque arbovirus ont été identifiés. Nous avons ensuite sélectionné les miARN pouvant cibler plus d'un arbovirus et nécessitant un faible seuil d'énergie lors de la formation des complexes entre l'ARNmMosquito-borne arboviruses cause some of the world’s most devastating diseases and are responsible for recent dengue, chikungunya and Zika pandemics. The yellow-fever mosquito. Aedes aegypti, plays an important role in the transmission of all three viruses. The ineffectiveness of chemical control methods targeting Ae. aegypti makes urgent the need for novel vector-based approaches for controlling these diseases. Mosquitoes control arbovirus replication by triggering immune responses. RNAi machinery is the most significant pathway playing a role on antiviral immunity. Although the role of exogenous siRNA and piRNA pathways in mosquito antiviral immunity is increasingly better understood, there is still little knowledge regarding interactions between the mosquito cellular miRNA pathway and arboviruses. Thus further analysis of mechanisms by which miRNAs may regulate arbovirus replication in mosquitoes is pivotal. In the first part of the thesis, we carried out genomic analysis to identify Ae. aegypti miRNAs that potentially interact with various lineages and genotypes of chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV) and Zika viruses. By using prediction tools with distinct algorithms, several miRNA binding sites were commonly found within different genotypes/and or lineages of each arbovirus. We further analyzed the miRNAs that could target more than one arbovirus and required a low energy threshold to form miRNA-vRNA (viral RNA) complexes and predicted potential RNA structures using RNAhybrid software. Thus, we predicted miRNA candidates that might participate in regulating arboviral replication in Ae. aegypti. In the second part of the thesis, we developed a miRNA-based approach that results in a dual resistance phenotype in mosquitoes to dengue serotype 3 (DENV-3) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses for stopping arboviruses spreading within urban cycles. The target viruses are from two distinct arboviral families and the antiviral mechanism is designed to function through the endogenous miRNA pathway in infected mosquitoes. Ten artificial antiviral 4 miRNAs capable of targeting ~97% of all published strains were designed based on derived consensus sequences of CHIKV and DENV-3. The antiviral miRNA constructs were placed under control of either an Aedes PolyUbiquitin (PUb) or Carboxypeptidase A (AeCPA) gene promoter triggering respectively expression ubiquitously in the transgenic mosquitoes or more locally in the midgut epithelial cells following a blood meal. Challenge experiments using viruses added in blood meals showed subsequent reductions in viral transmission efficiency in the saliva of transgenic mosquitoes as a result of lowered infection rate and dissemination efficiency. Several components of mosquito fitness, including larval development time, larval/pupal mortality, adult lifespan, sex ratio, and male mating competitiveness, were examined: transgenic mosquitoes with the PUb promoter showed minor fitness costs at all developing stages whereas those based on AeCPA exhibited a high fitness cost. Further development of these strains with gene editing tools could make them candidates for releases in population replacement strategies for sustainable control of multiple arbovirus diseases
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Marchi, Marco Jacometto. "Padronização de técnica para produção em massa de \'Culex quinquefasciatus\' (Diptera: Culicidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-26022014-100718/.
Full textAbstract:
Objetivo - Estabelecer um método para produção em massa do mosquito Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus em laboratório, com o intuito de fornecer subsídio ao controle populacional desta espécie por meio da liberação de machos estéreis. Métodos Foi fundada uma colônia de Cx. quinquefasciatus a partir de imaturos coletados em janeiro de 2013 no rio Pinheiros, São Paulo/SP, Brasil. Os mosquitos adultos tiveram seus pesos secos mensurados e o desenvolvimento avaliado como o tempo para atingirem o estágio de pupa e a fase adulta. No primeiro experimento foram testadas quatro dietas diferentes (ração de peixe, ração canina, mistura de 50 por cento de ração de peixe e 50 por cento de ração canina ou uma mistura de 33,33 por cento de ração de peixe, 33,33 por cento de ração canina e 33,33 por cento de leite em pó) e três temperaturas (27 ± 2°C, 23 ± 2°C e 20 ± 2°C). No segundo experimento testaram-se diferentes quantidades de ração de peixe, densidades larvárias, volume e altura da coluna dágua Resultados - No primeiro experimento não houve diferença estatística significante entre as quatro dietas testadas e o tempo de formação até a fase de pupas e para o peso seco dos adultos. No entanto a ração de peixe proporcionou a menor mortalidade. A maior temperatura (27 ± 2°C) diminuiu o tempo do ciclo de vida dos imaturos, porém gerou adultos com pesos secos menores. No segundo experimento, a condição 0,5 mg/larva, 5 ml/larva em 2,1 cm de coluna dágua e a 27 ± 2°C ofereceu boa produção em massa e gerou maiores taxas de desenvolvimento, menor mortalidade de imaturos e maior peso seco em adultos. Conclusão - Não foi definida uma dieta ideal para uso na produção em massa, considerando os parâmetros analisados. A dieta menos custosa é a ração canina, porém deve ser moída manualmente ou em máquina, tornando a ração de peixe mais eficiente para ser diretamente aplicada nas bandejas de produção. O estudo sugere que a melhor condição para a produção massa do Cx. quinquefasciatus foi 0,5 mg de ração de peixe/dia por larva num volume de 5 ml/larva em 2,1 cm de coluna dágua e a 27 ± 2°C. O estudo sugere que esta técnica pode auxiliar no controle populacional dessa espécieObjective To establish a method for mass rearing of Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in laboratory, in order to provide subsidy to the population control of this species through the release of sterile males. Methods - A colony of Cx. quinquefasciatus was founded from immature collected in January 2013 in the Pinheiros River, São Paulo/SP, Brazil. Adult mosquitoes had their dry weights measured and the development was evaluated as the time to reach pupae and adult phase. In the first experiment it was tested four different diets (fish food, dog food, a mix of 50 percent fish and 50 percent dog food or a mix of 33.33 percent fish 33.33 percent dog food and 33.33 percent milk powder) and three temperatures (27 ± 2°C, 23 ± 2°C and 20 ± 2°C). In the second experiment it was tested several conditions of food amounts (mg/day), larvae densities (ml of water/larva) and water column height that would generate high development rate, low immature mortality and high adult dry weight. Results - In the first experiment there was no statistically significant difference in the time for the development to pupae stage or in the total dry weight of adults among the four experimental diets. However, fish food provided less immature mortality. The highest temperature (27 ± 2°C) decreased the time of the immature life cycle, but generated adults with lower dry weights. In the second experiment, the condition 0.5 mg/larva, 5 ml/larva in 2.1 cm of water column and 27 ± 2°C offered good mass rearing and generated higher development rate, lower immature mortality and higher adult dry weights. Conclusion No ideal diet was defined for mass rearing in the parameters analyzed. The less expensive diet was the dog food, but this should be milled by hand or machine, which makes the fish food more practical in the production trays. This study suggested that the best condition for mass rearing of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes was 0.5 mg of daily fish food/larva, 5 ml/larva in 2.1 cm of water column and 27 ± 2°C. The study suggests that this technique can assist in population control of this species
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Ameneshewa, Birkinesh. "The behaviour and bioloy of Anopheles arabiensis in relation to epidemiology and control of malaria in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261844.
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Eiras, Alvaro Eduardo. "The role of human odours in host location behaviour of female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316312.
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Brown, Michael David. "Evaluation of Mesocyclops (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) for the biological control of mosquitoes in north Queensland /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 1989. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16687.pdf.
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Gouge, Dawn, and Carl Olson. "Choosing a Bug Repellent." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146730.
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5 pp."Bugs @ Home series Formerly titled: Insect Repellents; Originally published: 2003"
This publication describes how to use insect repellents safely and effectively. It offers comparisons between repellents available to the public and gives advice on which products are suitable for children.
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Kavanaugh, Michael David. "Influence of stormwater drainage facilities on mosquito communities within the city of Denton, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9765/.
Full textAbstract:
Weekly collections were conducted from May to December, 2007 (153 trap nights, total) in Denton, Texas, in and around large storm drains and overpass drainage facilities in residential and non-residential areas, using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps and gravid traps. A total of 1964 mosquitoes were collected, representing 24 species within 6 genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, Culex, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia. Culex was the most abundant genus, representing 75% of all mosquitoes collected; Aedes was the second most abundant, representing 12 % of all mosquitoes collected. Cx. quinquefasciatus was the dominant species collected via gravid traps; Cx. (Melanoconion) species were the dominant species collected via CDC light traps. Data of gravid traps and light traps were analyzed separately using nonparametric correlation analysis, comparing environmental data and physical characteristics to total abundance of mosquitoes. There was no significant correlation found when comparing the three dominant species collected in light traps (unidentified Cx. (Melanoconion) sp, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. vexans) to environmental characteristics and physical characteristics. Analysis of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in gravid traps indicated no significant correlation between abundance, environmental data, and physical characteristics. Linear regression models were analyzed to determine if either environmental variables or physical characteristics of the drainage system explained the species abundance collected; no individual variable showed an association of significance. Analysis of Cx. quinquefasciatus collected in storm drains via gravid traps determined temperature to be the most important variable in determining population abundance and explained 99% of the population variability.
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Hambrick, Bethany Lynn. "Population Dynamics and Community Structure of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Recorded in Denton, Texas from 2005 to 2015." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157552/.
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A population survey was conducted on the mosquito species recorded in Denton, Texas for the years of 2005 to 2015. Data used in this project were obtained from an ongoing, long-term surveillance program led by the City of Denton and conducted through the University of North Texas. Research focused on the population dynamics and community structure of mosquitoes collected within urban areas of Denton, Texas in relation to certain environmental variables. A total of 80,837 female mosquitoes were captured and represented 38 species found under the following genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta, Mansonia, Orthopodomyia, Psorophora, Toxorhynchites, and Uranotaenia. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant species followed by Aedes vexans. Seasonal patterns of the most abundant species revealed high variability throughout the study. Container breeders were most abundant in August and those that breed in floodwaters were most abundant in the months of May and September. Samples were tested for arbovirus presence through the Texas Department of State Health Services in Austin, Texas and multiple pools tested positive for West Nile virus throughout the study. Stepwise multiple regression and Spearman's rank correlation analyses were performed to examine the relationship between the mosquito community and environmental variables. Data revealed that temperature, precipitation, and dew point were the most important variables influencing the mosquito population in the City of Denton.
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Letaw, Alathea Diana 1984. "The Effects of Rapid Climate Change on Small Populations of the Pitcher-Plant Mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10154.
Full textAbstract:
viii, 21 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.To determine the relative effects of rapid climate change on selection and drift in small populations, nine northern populations of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, were exposed to directional selection equivalent to 180 years of climate change, while control populations were maintained in their native climate. After three years, fitness had declined in the selected but not the control populations, indicating an adverse effect of climate change. When both selected and control populations were then reared in the selected climate, they showed no difference in fitness, indicating no genetic response to selection. Importantly, however, fitness was negatively correlated with accumulated inbreeding in both control and selected populations, pointing out that the effects of inbreeding and drift exceeded those of selection imposed by rapid climate change. Therefore, small northern populations at expanding edges of species' distributions should be most vulnerable to continued climate change.
Committee in Charge: Dr. William Bradshaw, Chair; Dr. Christina Holzapfel; Dr. Nathan Tublitz
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Harbison, Justin Eric. "The evaluation of mosquito production and measures to minimize mosquitoes in stormwater treatment structures to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne diseases." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1872891741&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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RABÊLO, Kaynara Cecília Nery. "Identificação de DNA humano encontrado em trato digestório de culicídeos hematófagos para fins forenses." Universidade federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/16726.
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Insetos e outros artrópodes quando em locais de crime podem servir como vestígio criminal. O advento da genética forense pode auxiliar na obtenção do DNA humano a partir destes insetos, podendo relacionar o suspeito a cena do crime. Desta forma, esta pesquisa objetivou a obtenção e a comparação do perfil genético humano extraído de mosquitos hematófagos com diferentes metodologias para a extração de DNA, analisando os seguintes fatores: variação temporal para obtenção dos perfis genéticos após a hematofagia; a obtenção e a comparação dos perfis de DNA humano do sangue proveniente do trato digestivo dos mosquitos hematófagos com as amostras referências (saliva) de voluntários; influência da amônia, ácido lático e tipo sanguíneo, além da temperatura corporal dos voluntários e a relação na atratividade dos mosquitos e consequente obtenção do material genético; avaliou-se também a mistura de perfis genéticos provenientes de um único mosquito e o intervalo temporal após a hematofagia. Para a análise da comparação das extrações foi utilizado o kit DNA IQTM ,a resina Chelex® 100 e extração com NaOH; e para as outras variáveis em estudo utilizou-se somente o DNA IQTM. A quantificação foi realizada com o Quantifiler® Duo e a amplificação com o kit AMPFlSTR Identifiler® Plus® PCR, que analisou 15 loci STR e amelogenina. A quantificação para o estudo das misturas de DNA nos mosquitos foi realizada com PowerPlex 16HS System. Os dados foram analisados através do programa estatístico PATCAN v. 1.2 software e para a análise das misturas foi utilizado o programa DNA MIX v. 3.2 software. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso do DNA IQTM foi melhor quando comparado a resina Chelex® 100, com obtenção de perfis viáveis em até 72h após a refeição sanguínea. Não foi obtido perfil de DNA quando utilizado NaOH. Os resultados demonstraram também uma confrontação positiva entre o sangue encontrado no trato digestivo dos mosquitos e o material genético cedido pelos voluntários, como amostra referência. As análises bioquímicas demonstraram que o tipo sanguíneo com maior número de obtenção de perfil genético foi o tipo O; além disso, foi constatado valores de normalidade para o exame de lactato, mas para a análise de amônia foi obtido DNA também com valores maiores que o padrão de referência para este tipo de exame, tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. Houve obtenção de DNA nas temperaturas corporais registradas entre 36ºC a 37º C. Foi observado também que mistura de DNAs humano pode ser detectado a partir de um único mosquito hematófago. Desta forma, os resultados demonstraram que os mosquitos hematófagos quando encontrados em cenas de crimes tem efetivo valor forense.
Insects and others arthropods can be used as traces when located in the crime scene. The advent of forensic genetic can assist in obtaining human DNA from these insects, relating the suspect to the crime scene. So, this research aimed the obtainment and the comparison of the human gene profile extracted for the hematophagous mosquitoes with different methodologies to the DNA extraction, analyzing the following factors: temporal variation to the obtainment of the genetic profile after the hematophagy; obtainment and comparison of the human gene profile from the hematophagous mosquitoes´ digestive tract with the volunteers´ samples (saliva); influence of ammonia, lactic acid and blood type, besides the volunteers’ body temperature and the relation on mosquitoes´ attractiveness and genetic material obtainment; the compound of the genetic profile from one mosquito and temporal intermission after hematophagy was also evaluated. DNA IQTM, resin Chelex® 100 and extraction with NaOH was used to the analyses of the extract comparison. The quantification was held with Quantifiler® Duo and the amplification with AMPFlSTR Identifiler® Plus® PCR kit, that analyzed 15 loci STR and amelogenin. The quantification to study the compound of DNA in the mosquitoes was held with PowerPlex 16HS System. Data were analyzed through statistic program PATCAN v. 1.2 software and to analyze the profiles mixtures DNA MIX v. 3.2 software program was used. The results showed that the use of DNA IQTM was typical when compared with Chelex® 100, and success in gene amplification with obtainment of viable profiles up to 72 hours after blood meal. DNA profile was not obtained when used NaOH. The results also showed a positive confrontation between blood found in the mosquitoes´ digestive tract and the material assigned by the volunteers, with reference sample. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the blood type with bigger obtainment number obtained profile gene was type O; besides that the human DNA profiles were achieved from hematophagous mosquitoes when compared with the correspondent biochemical analysis of the volunteer found normal values to lactate exam, but to ammonia analysis was obtained DNA with higher values than the reference standard to this type of exam, in both gender. There was DNA obtainment from body temperatures registered between 36°C to 37°C. It was also observed that human DNA compound can detected through a only single hematophagous mosquito. With that the results showed hematophagous mosquitoes when found in the crime scene have effective forensic value.
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Kojin, Bianca Burini. "Análise da expressão de regiões da proteína Circumsporozoíta de Plasmodium sp. em Aedes aegypti infectado por Plasmodium gallinaceum." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42135/tde-01022010-093039/.
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Mosquitos transgênicos incapazes de transmitir malária podem ser um controle alternativo, mas atualmente não estão disponíveis. O estudo da interação mosquitopatógeno é importante para melhorar o desenho de genes. A proteína circumsporozoita (CSP) tem dois domínios conservados que podem estar envolvidos na penetração dos esporozoítos na glândula salivar. Nosso objetivo foi expressar peptídeos contendo essas regiões na hemolinfa do mosquito usando o sistema de expressão transiente vírus Sindbis e a tecnologia de transgênese. Se a CSP está envolvida neste processo, os peptídeos competirão com spz impedindo a penetração. Cinco vírus sindbis e quatro linhagens transgênicas foram construídos e desafiados por P. gallinaceum. Nossos resultados mostram que os peptídeos não impediram a penetração de spz na glândula salivar, principalmente porque os peptídeos recombinantes não foram produzidos ou detectados. Aprimorar o desenho de genes, usando a otimização de códons e outras tecnologias, será essencial para a expressão de proteínas exógenas em mosquitos transgênicos.Transgenic mosquitoes that impair malaria transmission can be an alternative control but currently an effective line is not available. A better understanding of mosquito interaction with pathogens is very important to improve refractory transgene design. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) has two conserved domains that could be involved in spz penetration into mosquito salivary glands. Our aim was to express peptides encompassing these conserved regions in the mosquito hemolymph using Sindbis virus transient expression system and transgenesis technology. If CSP is involved in this process these peptides will compete with sporozoites impairing its penetration. Five Sindbis virus and four transgenic lines were constructed and challenged with P. gallinaceum. Our results showed these peptides could not impair sporozoites penetration in salivary glands, mainly because the recombinant proteins could not be produced or detected. Improving transgene design using codon usage and other technologies will be essential for expressing foreign proteins in transgenic mosquitoes.
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Mendes, Caroline Louise Garcia. "Caracterização expressional do gene lacase 2 em Aedes aegypti." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/99/99131/tde-14072017-144014/.
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Lacase 2 é um gene com função majoritária na esclerotinização e pigmentação da cutícula corporal em insetos e evidências sugerem que desenvolva função na esclerotinização do córion dos ovos de mosquitos vetores de patógenos. A literatura registra que quando a expressão do gene é silenciada em adultos de Aedes albopictus suas fêmeas produzem ovos hialinos e inviáveis. Em teoria, este seria um bom gene-candidato à manipulação em iniciativas de controle biológico baseada em organismos geneticamente modificados. No presente estudo, caracterizamos o perfil expressional e a atividade enzimática de lacase 2 durante o desenvolvimento de Aedes aegypti, bem como silenciamos transcritos do gene em fêmeas adultas para testar se havia prejuízo na formação do córion dos ovos. A técnica de RT-PCR não foi sensível suficiente para detectar amplificação do gene lacase 2 em larvas, contudo, detectamos amplificação nos outros estágios de vida. Pupas e fêmeas adultas após repasto sanguíneo apresentaram perfis de expressão similares entre si. Com a técnica de detecção de atividade enzimática por fluorescência foi possível determinar o perfil de atividade enzimática de lacase 2 e o pH ótimo em todos estágios de desenvolvimento. O maior pico de atividade foi registrado em fêmeas adultas 32 horas após repasto sanguíneo. A atividade enzimática de lacase 2 foi confirmada após separação cromatográfica na amostra de fêmeas adultas 24 horas após repasto sanguíneo. Ambas técnicas, RT-PCR e detecção de atividade enzimática, apontam para maior produção de lacase 2 após repasto sanguíneo em fêmeas adultas, denotando sua importância no desenvolvimento do ovo. Para realização dos experimentos de silenciamento de transcritos foram sintetizados RNAs dupla-fita de lacase 2 e da proteína MSP1, utilizado como controle negativo do silenciamento. Ambos RNAs dupla-fita foram microinjetados em três concentrações, 20ng, 200ng e 1700ng, isoladamente em três grupos experimentais de fêmeas de Ae. aegypti. Em todos os experimentos não houve diferença morfológica entre os ovos das fêmeas microinjetadas com RNA dupla-fita de lacase 2 e MSP1. Os ovos dos grupos experimento e controle iniciaram a pigmentação cerca de 30 minutos após a postura. Entretanto, foram observados alguns ovos com início de pigmentação tardio no grupo experimento no lote de fêmeas microinjetadas com 200ng. Este fenômeno pareceu ter sido um incipiente do silenciamento de transcritos de lacase 2. O efeito da inserção do RNA dupla-fita de lacase 2 não resultou no mesmo efeito reportado na literatura para Ae. albopictus. Ainda assim, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho corroboram a hipótese de que lacase 2 desempenhe alguma função no desenvolvimento do ovo em mosquitos.Laccase 2 is a gene with major role in body cuticle tanning in insects and evidences suggest laccase 2 may play a role in egg chorion tanning in mosquitoes vectors of pathogens. When the expression of the gene is knocked down in adults of Aedes albopictus their females produce hyaline and inviable eggs. Theoretically, this gene would be a good candidate for manipulation in the context of biological control of vectors based on genetically modified organisms. In the present study, we characterized the expressional profile and enzymatic activity of laccase 2 during the development of Aedes aegypti. We also knocked down the gene in adult females hypothesizing that this could jeopardize egg chorion formation. The RT-PCR technique was not sensitive to detect laccase 2 amplification in larvae, however, we detected amplification in other life stages. Pupae and adults females after blood meal exhibited equivalent expressional profiles. Using the technique of enzymatic activity detection by fluorescence, it was possible to determine the laccase 2 enzymatic activity profile and the optimum pH in all stages of development. The highest activity peak was registered in adult females 32 hours after blood meal. The laccase 2 enzymatic activity was confirmed by chromatographic separation in the adults females 24 hours after blood meal sample. Both techniques (RT-PCR and enzymatic activity detection) point to a higher production of laccase 2 after blood meal in adult females, suggesting the importance of laccase 2 for egg development. For the knocking down experiments we synthesized double-stranded RNA of laccase 2 and protein MSP1 (negative control). Both double-stranded RNAs were injected at three concentrations, 20ng, 200ng and 1700ng, in three experimental groups of Ae. aegypti females. No significant morphological differences between eggs from females injected with laccase 2 and MSP1 double-stranded RNA were observed. Pigmentation of the eggs started 30 minutes after they were laid (experimental and control group). However, the pigmentation started slightly later in those eggs of experiment females injected with 200ng. This apparent developmental delay may be related to the silencing of laccase 2. The effect of insertion of double-stranded RNA of laccase 2 did not result in the same effect reported in the literature for Ae. albopictus. Even so, the results obtained in this study corroborate the hypothesis that laccase 2 plays a role in egg development in mosquitoes.
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Pell, Judith Kay. "The biology of dimorphic microsporidian parasites of mosquitoes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/47616.
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COSTA, Sónia Fernandes da. "Flaviviruses in mosquitoes from Southern Portugal, 2009-2010." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7156.
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Os flavivírus são vírus pertencentes à família Flaviviridae, género Flavivirus. Estes formam um grande grupo caraterizado pela sua ampla distribuição e diversidade genética. Os flavivírus são, na sua maioria, transmitidos por artrópodes vectores incluíndo agentes patogénicos para humanos e animais que podem potencialmente provocar grandes epidemias e causar elevadas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade. Nos últimos anos, tem-se registado uma grande expansão a nível da distribuição geográfica dos flavivirus e diversidade dos seus hospedeiros. O vírus do Nilo Ocidental tem sido continuamente detectado em toda a Europa recentemente, e também isolado de mosquitos colhidos no Sul de Portugal, onde já foram registados casos humanos e animais.
O principal objectivo deste trabalho é o rastreio de flavivírus em mosquitos colhidos em duas regiões do Sul de Portugal, onde os mesmos foram anteriormente detectados.
As colheitas de mosquitos foram realizadas em 24 locais em zonas húmidas nos districtos de Faro e Setúbal, através de armadilhas luminosas tipo CDC com CO2 e aspiradores mecânicos manuais para colheita de mosquitos em repouso em abrigos de animais.
Os mosquitos colhidos foram agrupados por lotes contendo aproximadamente 50 espécimens cada, e rastreados para a presença de flavivírus por heminested RT-PCR, direccionado à amplificação de um pequeno fragmento do gene NS5 usando oligonucleótidos degenerados específicos para flavivírus.
Entre Abril e Outubro de 2009 e 2010 foram colhidos no total 36273 mosquitos pertencentes às seguintes espécies: Anopheles algeriensis, An.atroparvus, Aedes berlandi, Ae.caspius, Ae.detritus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex laticinctus, Cx.pipiens, Cx.theileri, Cx.univittatus, Culiseta annulata, Cs.longiareolata, Cs.subochrea, e Uranotaenia unguiculata. As espécies mais abundantes foram Ae.caspius, Cx.theileri e Cx.pipiens, respectivamente. Contudo, as densidades de mosquitos foram variáveis de acordo com o método de colheita e área de amostragem. As densidades de mosquitos colhidos em 2010 foram quatro vezes superior às registadas no ano anterior. No total foram analisados 745 lotes dos quais 31% testaram positivos para a presença de sequências de flavivirus.
As espécies que apresentaram taxas de positividade mais elevadas foram: An.algeriensis com uma Taxa Mínima de Infecção (TMI) de 56/1000 no Algarve em 2009, Cs.annulata TMI =22/1000 no Algarve em 2010, Cx.theileri e Cx.pipiens em Setúbal em 2010, TMI =20/1000. An. atroparvus, Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus e Cx. univittatus também produziram lotes positives. No geral, a positividade foi maior no Algarve.
Análise das sequências virais obtidas revelou homologia das nossas sequências virais com sequências de referência de flavivírus específicos de mosquitos depositadas em bases de dados de acesso livre. A análise filogenética reflectiu a variabilidade genética dos flavivírus e revelou a relação genética das nossas sequências com as de outros flavivírus, especialmente os específicos de insectos.
Tendo em consideração os anteriores isolamentos do vírus do Nilo Ocidental, o aumento acentuado nas densidades de mosquitos, o aumento de temperaturas que se tem vindo a registar, os casos recentes de transmissão de flavivírus por toda a Europa e o padrão desconhecido e imprevisível dos surtos destes vírus, os programas contínuos de vigilância epidemiológica têm-se revelado uma ferramenta indispensável para a Saúde Pública.Flaviviruses are viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. They comprise a large group of widely spread and genetically diverse arthropod-borne viruses including human and animal pathogens that can potentially cause large-scale epidemics and high mortality and morbidity. In the past few years, flaviviruses have largely expanded their geographical distribution and host range. West Nile virus has been continuously detected throughout Europe lately and has been isolated from mosquitoes in Southern Portugal, where human and animal cases have been reported. The main aim of this work was to search for flaviviruses in mosquitoes collected from two areas in Southern Portugal where West Nile virus and other flaviviruses have previously been detected. Mosquito surveys were carried out in 24 locations in the wetlands of the Faro and Setúbal districts, by CDC-CO2 light-traps and indoors resting collections. Pools containing approximately 50 mosquitoes were screened for flaviviruses by heminested RT-PCR, directed at the amplification of a small fragment of the viral NS5 gene, using degenerated flavivirus-specific primers. A total of 36273 mosquitoes were collected during 2009 and 2010 from April through October, from the following species: Anopheles algeriensis, An.atroparvus, Aedes berlandi, Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus, Coquillettidia richiardii, Culex laticinctus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. theileri, Cx. univittatus, Culiseta annulata, Cs. longiareolata, Cs. subochrea, and Uranotaenia unguiculata. Most abundant species were Ae. caspius Cx. theileri and Cx. pipiens, respectively. However, mosquito densities varied according to collection method and sampling area. A fourfold increase in mosquito density was registered in 2010 compared to 2009. A total of 745 pools were analysed of which 31% tested positive for flaviviral sequences. The species with higher positivity rates were An. algeriensis with Minimum infection rate (MIR) of 56/1000 in the Algarve 2009, Cs. annulata MIR =22/1000 in the Algarve 2010, Cx.theileri and Cx.pipiens in Setúbal 2010, MIR =20/1000. An. atroparvus, Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus and Cx. univittatus also yielded positive pools. Overall, positivity was higher in the Algarve. Viral sequences obtained from positive pools showed homology with insect-specific flavivirus (ISF) sequences deposited in free access public databases. Phylogenetic analysis reflected the genetic variability of flaviviruses and revealed the relatedness of our sequences with other known flaviviruses, especially the insect-specific. In view of previous WNV isolations and assessing from the four-fold increase in mosquito density, the increasing temperatures, the recent cases throughout Europe and the unknown and unpredictable pattern of flaviviruses outbreaks, continuous epidemiological surveillance programmes are quickly becoming indispensable tools for Public Health.