Journal articles on the topic 'Mosquitoes as carriers of disease'
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1
Graves, P. M., T. R. Burkot, R. Carter, J. A. Cattani, M. Lagog, J. Parker, B. J. Brabin, F. D. Gibson, D. J. Bradley, and M. P. Alpers. "Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua New Guinea." Parasitology 96, no. 2 (April 1988): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200005825x.
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SummaryThe proportion of blood meals taken on humans which are infectious to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua New Guinea was estimated by two methods. In the first, laboratory rearedAnopheles farautiwere fed on individuals of all ages at village surveys. The results showed that 3·8% of people were infectious and that the mean percentage of mosquitoes which became infected by feeding on these people was 37·9%. From the average proportion of mosquitoes infected, the probability that a mosquito feeding on a human would pick up infection was 0·013±0·005. In the second approach mosquitoes were fed on identifiedPlasmodium falciparum, P. vivaxandP. malariaegametocyte carriers. The results indicated that 46% of gametocyte carriers were infectious and that the mean probability of a mosquito becoming infected after feeding on a gametocyte carrier was 0·151±0·029. Gametocyte prevalence rates in all ages measured over 18 months in three villages averaged 3·3%P. falciparum, 4·0%P. vivaxand 0·7%P. malariae, totalling 8·0±0·7%. Combining gametocyte prevalence rates with the probability of a mosquito becoming infected from a gametocyte carrier, the probability of a mosquito becoming infected following a blood meal on a member of the human population was estimated to be 0·012±0·003.
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Lenshin, S. V., I. V. Patraman, S. V. Alkhovsky, and O. I. Vyshemirsky. "Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections in the Krasnodar Territory ~ Risks of Autochthonous Cases of the Disease." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-3-129-138.
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Introduction. Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.Aim. To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.Conclusion. Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.
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GOUAGNA, L. C., H. M. FERGUSON, B. A. OKECH, G. F. KILLEEN, E. W. KABIRU, J. C. BEIER, J. I. GITHURE, and G. YAN. "Plasmodium falciparummalaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission toAnopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya." Parasitology 128, no. 3 (March 2004): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200300444x.
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Transmission of the malaria parasitePlasmodiumis influenced by many different host, vector and parasite factors. Here we conducted a field study at Mbita, an area of endemic malaria in Western Kenya, to test whether parasite transmission to mosquitoes is influenced by the severity of malaria infection in its human host at the time when gametocytes, the transmission forms, are present in the peripheral blood. We examined the infectivity of 81Plasmodium falciparumgametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Of these, 21 were patients with fever and other malaria-related symptoms, and 60 were recruited among apparently healthy volunteers. Laboratory-rearedAnopheles gambiaes.s. (local strain) were experimentally infected with blood from these gametocyte carriers by membrane-feeding. The severity of the clinical symptoms was greater in febrile patients. These symptomatic patients had higher asexual parasitaemia and lower gametocyte densities (P=0·05) than healthy volunteers. Ookinete development occurred in only 6 out of the 21 symptomatic patients, of which only 33·3% successfully yielded oocysts. The oocyst prevalence was only 0·6% in the 546 mosquitoes that were fed on blood from this symptomatic group, with mean oocyst intensity of 0·2 (range 0–2) oocysts per mosquito. In contrast, a higher proportion (76·7%) of healthy gametocyte carriers yielded ookinetes, generating an oocyst rate of 12% in the 1332 mosquitoes that fed on them (mean intensity of 6·3, range: 1–105 oocysts per mosquito). Statistical analysis indicated that the increased infectivity of asymptomatic gametocyte carriers was not simply due to their greater gametocyte abundance, but also to the higher level of infectivity of their gametocytes, possibly due to lower parasite mortality within mosquitoes fed on blood from healthy hosts. These results suggest that blood factors and/or conditions correlated with illness reduceP. falciparumgametocyte infectivity.
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Failloux, A. B., M. Raymond, A. Ung, P. Glaziou, P. M. V. Martin, and N. Pasteur. "Variation in the vector competence of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti." Parasitology 111, no. 1 (July 1995): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000064568.
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SUMMARYThe vector competences of 6 geographic strains of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti were studied using two types of experimental infections. Experimental infection of laboratory-bred mosquitoes fed on the carriers' forearms with different levels of microfilaraemia showed that microfilariae (mf) uptake was directly proportional to the carrier's mf density and, as mf densities decreased, concentration capacity of Ae. polynesiensis increased. It was also shown that infection has an important effect on mosquito mortality, and that the mortality rate differed among mosquito strains. In infections using artificial feeders, the mf uptake was closely regulated, thus showing differences in the vectorial efficiency of Ae. polynesiensis related to the geographic origin of the mosquito strain. The mosquitoes from the Society archipelago were more efficient intermediate hosts than geographically distant strains when infected with W. bancrofti from an island within the archipelago (Tahiti). Mosquito strains from the Society archipelago developed the highest proportion of infective-stage larvae and exhibited the lowest mortality rate when infected with sympatric Tahitian W. bancrofti.
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Setyowati, Asri. "Penyebaran Penyakit Malaria Model SIRS-SI dengan Pengobatan, Vaksinasi, dan Penyemprotan." MATHunesa: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika 8, no. 2 (July 11, 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/mathunesa.v8n2.p183-189.
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Malaria is a disease that is transmitted through the mosquito type Anopheles females. Spread of malaria to human disease is caused by mosquito bites of infectious carriers. Malaria viruses can also be transmitted through blood transfusions from humans infected to healthy humans. The method is to study issues related to malaria, create constraint issue, determine the assumptions used for model validation and reconstruct the model for the spread of malaria disease. The research aims to reconstruct a model for the spread of malaria diseases with treatment, vaccination and spraying based on the SIRS-SI epidemic model. SIRS are models for human populations when recovering can be re-susceptible to human immune loss, and SI is a model for mosquitoes where assumed mosquito-carrying infections cannot be recovered
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Mishchenko, Andrey Vladimirovich, and Elena Aleksandrovna Artemyeva. "Birds as a food base for mosquitoes – carriers of the causative agent of tropical malaria." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101117.
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The paper discusses the food supply of the vector of malaria mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, which are birds of tropical regions of West Africa. Birds, as distant migrants, penetrate high latitudes and contribute to the spread of malaria in Europe and other countries of the northern hemisphere. The results of the studies show that the main role in the choice of prey objects by female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes birds is played by the nesting and forage biotopes of birds, which are comfortable for mosquito breeding. Probably, female mosquitoes use non-feathered parts of the body of adult birds for feeding unfeathered or weakly feathered chicks in nests. The circulation of Plasmodium falciparum includes populations of birds, primarily water, near-water and marsh complexes, as well as birds, the development of which takes place in specific conditions of a closed space in holes, hollows and closed nests. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito in this system plays the role of a carrier of Plasmodium falciparum not only among populations of birds and mammals, but also among humans, which determines the range of tropical malaria, which is a natural focal vector-borne disease. The authors have identified 37 species of birds carriers of malaria in natural and anthropogenic biocoenoses of Mali (West Africa). The most numerous during the migration and nesting period are birds of the aquatic, near-water and meadow-bog complexes (herons, herons, waders) distant migrants on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. The risk areas include, first of all, the southern regions Astrakhan Region, Rostov Region and Krasnodar Region.
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Wang, Xueli, Yike Ding, Xiangyang Lu, Danqian Geng, Shan Li, Alexander S. Raikhel, and Zhen Zou. "The ecdysone-induced protein 93 is a key factor regulating gonadotrophic cycles in the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 16, 2021): e2021910118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021910118.
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Repeated blood feedings are required for adult female mosquitoes to maintain their gonadotrophic cycles, enabling them to be important pathogen carriers of human diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying developmental switches between these mosquito gonadotrophic cycles will provide valuable insight into mosquito reproduction and could aid in the identification of targets to disrupt these cycles, thereby reducing disease transmission. We report here that the transcription factor ecdysone-induced protein 93 (E93), previously implicated in insect metamorphic transitions, plays a key role in determining the gonadotrophic cyclicity in adult females of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. Expression of the E93 gene in mosquitoes is down-regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) and up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We find that E93 controls Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), the transcription factor linked to the termination of reproductive cycles. Moreover, knockdown of E93 expression via RNAi impaired fat body autophagy, suggesting that E93 governs autophagy-induced termination of vitellogenesis. E93 RNAi silencing prior to the first gonadotrophic cycle affected normal progression of the second cycle. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed a considerable E93-dependent decline in the expression of genes involved in translation and metabolism at the end of a reproductive cycle. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that E93 acts as a crucial factor in regulating reproductive cycle switches in adult female mosquitoes.
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Farhan, Muhammad, Chenchen Zhao, Sohail Akhtar, Ishtiaq Ahmad, Pan Jilong, and Shuai Zhang. "Assessment of Nano-Formulated Conventional Insecticide-Treated Sugar Baits on Mosquito Control and the Effect on Non-Target Aphidophagous Coccinella septempunctata." Insects 15, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15010070.
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Mosquitoes, as disease vectors causing global morbidity and mortality through diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika, necessitate mosquito population control methods. This study investigated the efficacy of nano-formulated insecticide-based sugar baits in controlling Anopheles gambiae populations and assessed their potential non-target impact on Coccinella septempunctata. This laboratory-based study employed thiolated polymer-coated attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) nano-formulations, delivering pesticides via nano-carriers. Adult and larvae populations of insects were collected from rice and cotton fields subjected to bioassays with 0.5% and 1% concentrations of each nano-formulated and conventional insecticide within ATSB solution, alongside a control 100% attractive sugar bait (ASB). Mosquitoes interacted overnight with insecticide-treated baits, and mortality was assessed. Further observations up to 72 h were conducted for potential delayed toxic effects. Results highlighted nano-ATSB carbosulfan’s effectiveness, particularly among organophosphates and pyrethroids. Among pyrethroids, nano-ATSB cypermethrin exhibited high efficacy, while Deltamethrin displayed lower mortality. Among organophosphates, nano-ATSB chlorpyrifos induced substantial mortality. The nano-formulations of insecticide were harmless against C. septempunctata compared to their conventional form. Nano-formulations demonstrated enhanced mortality rates and prolonged efficacy against mosquitoes, having a benign impact on non-target beetles. We expect these results to aid in developing effective plant protection products suitable for IPM practices.
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Sumbe, Rutuja R., and Ganesh D. Barkade. "A systematic review on malaria." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2023): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.014.
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Millions of people die from the parasitic disease malaria each year. This illness is difficult to diagnose in a clinical environment and arises when the red blood cells in the blood are harmed. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are the main global cause of mortality and morbidity. Both in their hosts, the vertebrates, and their carriers, the mosquitoes, these parasites have a complicated life cycle.
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Safeulin, M. S. "A case of visceral leishmaniasis." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2312-06.
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Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoa parasite, one of more than 20 Leishmania species, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. More than 90 species of mosquitoes have been identified as carriers of the Leishmania parasite. There are 3 main types of the disease: visceral (often called kala-azar, the most severe form of the disease), cutaneous (the most common), and mucocutaneous. Leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoa parasite Leishmania, which is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The disease affects the world's poorest people and is associated with malnutrition, displacement, poor housing conditions, weak immune systems, and lack of resources. Leishmaniasis is related to environmental changes such as deforestation, construction of dams and irrigation systems, and urbanization. An estimated 700,000 to 1 million new infections and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths occur each year. Only a small proportion of people infected with Leishmania parasites will eventually develop the disease.
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Dotia, Ahmed K., Mohammed O. Ibrahim, Adamu Gambo, Ahmed B. Musa, and Abisola O. Lawani. "DETERMINISTIC MODEL OF ZIKA-VIRUS WITH CARRIER MOTHER AND RESERVOIRS: A MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS APPROACH." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 8, no. 3 (June 30, 2024): 316–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0803-2401.
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In this paper, a mathematical model for the Zika virus is suggested to investigate the transmission dynamics of infection based on humans, pregnant carrier mother, infected children and the reservoir (primates) in three connected populations. Vertical and direct transmissions from all people to primates are considered in the proposed model. The Zika virus then spreads from this reservoir of infection via the nonhuman primate population (infected mosquitoes) to other entities. This virus can be passed on to the human population through an infected mosquito. Therefore, the new model with ten compartmental models has been normalized as follows: The normalized model is analyzed in depth to explore linkages between mosquitoes, humans, and primates on the dynamics of Zika-Virus transmission. The mathematical analysis comprises positivity and boundedness of solutions, determination of the basic reproduction number R0 via next-generation matrix approach, existence and stability of all equilibria as well as sensitivity analysis. Local and Global Stability of the Disease-free Equilibrium. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to verify the analytical results obtained and exhibit the contribution of different model parameters on disease transmission dynamics. The results prove that the interaction of forest mosquitoes with primates has a significant effect on human-Zika-Virus transmission dynamics among the susceptible population due to transitions to forested areas. Moreover, the findings suggest that the transmission probabilities and biting rates of mosquitoes on humans and primates are major parameters in transmitting the disease.
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Schaber, Kathryn L., T. Alex Perkins, Alun L. Lloyd, Lance A. Waller, Uriel Kitron, Valerie A. Paz-Soldan, John P. Elder, et al. "Disease-driven reduction in human mobility influences human-mosquito contacts and dengue transmission dynamics." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e1008627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008627.
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Heterogeneous exposure to mosquitoes determines an individual’s contribution to vector-borne pathogen transmission. Particularly for dengue virus (DENV), there is a major difficulty in quantifying human-vector contacts due to the unknown coupled effect of key heterogeneities. To test the hypothesis that the reduction of human out-of-home mobility due to dengue illness will significantly influence population-level dynamics and the structure of DENV transmission chains, we extended an existing modeling framework to include social structure, disease-driven mobility reductions, and heterogeneous transmissibility from different infectious groups. Compared to a baseline model, naïve to human pre-symptomatic infectiousness and disease-driven mobility changes, a model including both parameters predicted an increase of 37% in the probability of a DENV outbreak occurring; a model including mobility change alone predicted a 15.5% increase compared to the baseline model. At the individual level, models including mobility change led to a reduction of the importance of out-of-home onward transmission (R, the fraction of secondary cases predicted to be generated by an individual) by symptomatic individuals (up to -62%) at the expense of an increase in the relevance of their home (up to +40%). An individual’s positive contribution to R could be predicted by a GAM including a non-linear interaction between an individual’s biting suitability and the number of mosquitoes in their home (>10 mosquitoes and 0.6 individual attractiveness significantly increased R). We conclude that the complex fabric of social relationships and differential behavioral response to dengue illness cause the fraction of symptomatic DENV infections to concentrate transmission in specific locations, whereas asymptomatic carriers (including individuals in their pre-symptomatic period) move the virus throughout the landscape. Our findings point to the difficulty of focusing vector control interventions reactively on the home of symptomatic individuals, as this approach will fail to contain virus propagation by visitors to their house and asymptomatic carriers.
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Pilip and Byakova. "THE ROLE OF MOSQUITOES IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTHROPOZOONOSIS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.469-474.
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Climate change leads to a change in the distribution of insects, including blood-sucking. Mosquitoes are vectors for the transmission of dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases. Every year in the Kirov region up to 1100 diseases of natural focal infec-tions are registered. The temperate continental climate, abundant rainfall (500-680 mm per year) with a predominance of up to 70% in warm weather, the presence of forests and water bodies, swamped territory (40%) are favorable factors for the de-velopment of mosquitoes. On the territory of the region 25 species of mosquitoes of 5 genus are registered. The information on the fauna of mosquitoes on the territory of the Kirov region, the meteorological situation, and the epizoological situation on anthropozoonotic diseases, including dirofilariasis, were analyzed. Since 1942, the region has been unfavorable for tularemia with the last outbreak in 2012 near the floodplain of the Vyatka River. Since 2008, cases of human dirofilariasis with local-ization of the pathogen in the organs of vision have been recorded annually in the Kirov region. May – September is the most favorable for human infection, subject to the presence of a sick animal and a significant number of blood-sucking insects. Since 2013, cases of dirofilariasis of domestic and working dogs have been reported in the Kirov region, which indicates the presence of a local focus of dirofilariasis, in which mosquitoes are carriers of human and dog diseases. In dogs, the subcutane-ous (pathogen Dirofilaria repens) or cardiac (pathogen Dirofilaria immitis) forms of anthropozoonosis are recorded. The cardiac form of the disease is the most atypical. The diagnosis of dirofilariasis is made on the basis of anamnesis, clinical picture, laboratory tests for the detection of microfilariae in the blood.
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Chumak, Yu V., H. A. Loban, M. M. Ananieva, and M. O. Faustova. "ZIK VIRUS AS A PRIME EXAMPLE OF EMERGENT INFECTIONS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 20, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.20.2.265.
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The recent development of technologies of the laboratory systems in microbiology, providing detailed genome sequencing, has paved the ways for isolating new pathogens and carrying out in-depth study of long-known microorganisms. Moreover, the progressing of science and technology contributes to study changes in the ecology of microorganisms and the epidemiological characteristics of their spreading over the world. These advances enable scientists to find out some "new" diseases, known as emergent infectious diseases. Emergent diseases have emerged as a new type of rapidly evolving, long-known infectious diseases. A prime example of an emergent infection is the Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV belongs to the family Flaviviridae of the Flavivirus genus. It was first isolated from the blood of a rhesus macaque in 1947 in East Africa (Uganda), in the Zika forest, where its name came from. A year later, in the same area, ZIKV was detected in mosquitoes of the Aedes africanus genus. For a long time following the initial isolation of ZIKV, isolated sporadic cases of the disease caused by this pathogen were recorded in Asia and Africa. In 2007, an ZIKV outbreak was reported on the island of YAP (Micronesia). This was the first outbreak outside Asia and Africa. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus in tropical and subtropical regions. But according to literature data, this virus can be spread by 17 species of mosquitoes of this genus. AE. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus have been known a leading role of spreading the infection. Considering that these mosquitoes are not only carriers of ZIKV, but also some other flavivirusiv representatives, their wide geographical distribution has become an issue of great concern. AE. aegypti mosquitoes are thermophilic and live only in tropical and subtropical climate zones and this fact has played as significant rope in the ZIKV spread. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes promote the circulation of this pathogen and cause a rapid expansion of the virus in the world, since this species has become widely distributed in countries of subtropical and temperate climate zones. To date, besides the main vector-borne transmission of the virus, there are a number of reports about ZIKV transplacental transmission from an infected mother to the foetus. ZIKV caused viral infection during the pregnancy results in microcephaly, a congenital condition associated with incomplete brain development and abnormally small size of the skull. This viral infection can also lead to such complications as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth. According to the literature, there is the connection between ZIKV and not congenital CNS abnormalities, but also with Guillain-Barre syndrome. There have been publications on not only ZIKV mosquito transmission and transplacental transmission, but a few reports on ZIKV sexual transmission when no barrier contraceptives are used. ZIKV can be isolated from ejaculate within 14-28 days from the onset of the first symptoms of the disease.
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Potlapalli, Varun R., Meredith S. Muller, Billy Ngasala, Innocent Mbulli Ali, Yu Bin Na, Danielle R. Williams, Oksana Kharabora, et al. "Real-time PCR detection of mixed Plasmodium ovale curtisi and wallikeri infections in human and mosquito hosts." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 12 (December 8, 2023): e0011274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011274.
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Plasmodium ovale curtisi (Poc) and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri (Pow) represent distinct non-recombining Plasmodium species that are increasing in prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Though they circulate sympatrically, co-infection within human and mosquito hosts has rarely been described. Separate 18S rRNA real-time PCR assays that detect Poc and Pow were modified to allow species determination in parallel under identical cycling conditions. The lower limit of detection was 0.6 plasmid copies/μL (95% CI 0.4–1.6) for Poc and 4.5 plasmid copies/μL (95% CI 2.7–18) for Pow, or 0.1 and 0.8 parasites/μL, respectively, assuming 6 copies of 18s rRNA per genome. However, the assays showed cross-reactivity at concentrations greater than 103 plasmid copies/μL (roughly 200 parasites/μL). Mock mixtures were used to establish criteria for classifying mixed Poc/Pow infections that prevented false-positive detection while maintaining sensitive detection of the minority ovale species down to 100 copies/μL (<1 parasite/μL). When the modified real-time PCR assays were applied to field-collected blood samples from Tanzania and Cameroon, species identification by real-time PCR was concordant with nested PCR in 19 samples, but additionally detected two mixed Poc/Pow infections where nested PCR detected a single Po species. When real-time PCR was applied to oocyst-positive Anopheles midguts saved from mosquitoes fed on P. ovale-infected persons, mixed Poc/Pow infections were detected in 11/14 (79%). Based on these results, 8/9 P. ovale carriers transmitted both P. ovale species to mosquitoes, though both Po species could only be detected in the blood of two carriers. The described real-time PCR approach can be used to identify the natural occurrence of mixed Poc/Pow infections in human and mosquito hosts and reveals that such co-infections and co-transmission are likely more common than appreciated.
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Simakova, Anastasia, Anna Varenitsina, Irina Babkina, Yulia Andreeva, Ruslan Bagirov, Vadim Yartsev, and Yulia Frank. "Ontogenetic Transfer of Microplastics in Bloodsucking Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) Is a Potential Pathway for Particle Distribution in the Environment." Water 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121852.
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The uptake and accumulation of microplastics (MPs) by bloodsucking mosquitoes Aedes aegypti L., carriers of vector-borne diseases, were investigated in the laboratory. In the experimental group, polystyrene (PS) particles were registered in insects of all life stages from larvae to pupae and adults. Ae. aegypti larvae readily ingested MPs with food, accumulating on average 7.3 × 106 items per larva in three days. The content of PS microspheres significantly decreased in mosquitoes from the larval stage to the pupal stage and was passed to the adult stage from the pupal without significant loss. On average, 15.8 items were detected per pupa and 10.9 items per adult individual. The uptake of MPs by Ae. aegypti did not affect their survival, while the average body weight of mosquitoes of all life stages that consumed PS microspheres was higher than that of mosquitoes in the control groups. Our data confirmed that in insects with metamorphosis, MPs can pass from feeding larvae to nonfeeding pupae in aquatic ecosystems and, subsequently, to adults flying to land. Bloodsucking mosquitoes can participate in MP circulation in the environment.
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Perera, Hirunika, and Tharaka Wijerathna. "Sterol Carrier Protein Inhibition-Based Control of Mosquito Vectors: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2019 (July 10, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7240356.
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Cholesterol is one of the most vital compounds for animals as it is involved in various biological processes and acts as the structural material in the body. However, insects do not have some of the essential enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway and this makes them dependent on dietary cholesterol. Thus, the blocking of cholesterol uptake may have detrimental effects on the survival of the insect. Utilizing this character, certain phytochemicals can be used to inhibit mosquito sterol carrier protein-2 (AeSCP-2) activity via competitive binding and proven to have effective insecticidal activities against disease-transmitting mosquitoes and other insect vectors. A range of synthetic compounds, phytochemicals, and synthetic analogs of phytochemicals are found to have AeSCP-2 inhibitory activity. Phytochemicals such as alpha-mangostin can be considered as the most promising group of compounds when considering the minimum environmental impact and availability at a low cost. Once the few limitations such as very low persistence in the environment are addressed successfully, these chemicals may be used as an effective tool for controlling mosquitoes and other disease-transmitting vector populations.
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Anita, Sebastian, Edoardo Beretta, and Vincenzo Capasso. "Optimal control strategies for a class of vector borne diseases, exemplified by a toy model for malaria." BIOMATH 8, no. 2 (October 13, 2019): 1909157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2019.09.157.
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This paper contains a unified review of a set of previous papers by the same authors concerning the mathematical modelling and control of malaria epidemics. The presentation moves from a conceptual mathematical model of malaria transmission in an homogeneous population. Among the key epidemiological features of this model, two-age-classes (child and adult) and asymptomatic carriers have been included. As possible control measures, the extra mortality of mosquitoes due to the use of long-lasting treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) have been included. By taking advantage of the natural double time scale of the parasite and the human populations, it has been possible to provide interesting threshold results. In particular, key parameters have been identified such that below a threshold level, built on these parameters, the epidemic tends to extinction, while above another threshold level it tends to a nontrivial endemic state. The above model has motivated further analysis when a spatial structure of the relevant populations is added. Inspired by the above, additional model reductions have been introduced, which make the resulting reaction-diffusion system mathematically affordable. Only the dynamics of the infected mosquitoes and of the infected humans has been included, so that a two-component reaction-diffusion system is finally taken. The spread of the disease is controlled by three actions (controls) implemented in a subdomain of the habitat: killing mosquitoes, treating the infected humans and reducing the contact rate mosquitoes-humans.To start with, the problem of the eradicability of the disease is considered, while the cost of the controls is ignored. We prove that it is possible to decrease exponentially both the human and the vector infective population everywhere in the relevant habitat by acting only in a suitable subdomain. Later the regional control problem of reducing the total cost of the damages produced by the disease, of the controls and of the intervention in a certain subdomain is treated for the finite time horizon case. In order to take the logistic structure of the habitat into account the level set method is used as a key ingredient for describing the subregion of intervention. Here this subregion has been better characterized by both area and perimeter. The authors wish to stress that the target of this paper mainly is to attract the attention of the public health authorities towards an effective and affordable practice of implementation of possible control strategies.
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Faizah, Astri Nur, Daisuke Kobayashi, Michael Amoa-Bosompem, Yukiko Higa, Yoshio Tsuda, Kentaro Itokawa, Kozue Miura, Kazuhiro Hirayama, Kyoko Sawabe, and Haruhiko Isawa. "Evaluating the competence of the primary vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and the invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus japonicus, in transmitting three Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0008986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008986.
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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is maintained in an enzootic cycle between swine, water birds, and mosquitoes. JEV has circulated indigenously in Asia, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus as the primary vector. In some areas where the primary vector is scarce or absent, sporadic cases of Japanese encephalitis have been reported, with Aedes japonicus japonicus presumed to have the potential as a secondary vector. As one of the world’s most invasive culicid species, Ae. j. japonicus carries a considerable health risk for spreading diseases to wider areas, including Europe and North America. Thus, evaluation of its competency as a JEV vector, particularly in a native population, will be essential in preventing potential disease spread. In this study, the two mosquito species’ vector competence in transmitting three JEV genotypes (I, III, and V) was assessed, with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus serving as a point of reference. The mosquitoes were virus-fed and the infection rate (IR), dissemination rate (DR), and transmission rate (TR) evaluated individually by either RT-qPCR or focus forming assay. Results showed striking differences between the two species, with IR of 95% (261/274) and 9% (16/177) in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. j. japonicus, respectively. Both mosquitoes were susceptible to all three JEV genotypes with significant differences in IR and mean viral titer. Results confirm the primary vector’s competence, but the fact that JEV was able to establish in Ae. j. japonicus is of public health significance, and with 2%–16% transmission rate it has the potential to successfully transmit JEV to the next host. This may explain the human cases and infrequent detection in primary vector-free areas. Importantly, Ae. j. japonicus could be a relevant vector spreading the disease into new areas, indicating the need for security measures in areas where the mosquito is distributed or where it may be introduced.
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Tefa, Maria Flaviana, Deviarbi Sakke Tira, and Soleman Landi. "Overview of Waste Management and Fly Density Level in 2021." SEHATMAS: Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/sehatmas.v2i1.1207.
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Disease vectors are organisms that carry pathogenic viruses or bacteria and parasites from infected hosts to other hosts. Vector communicable diseases are influenced by the physical, biologica, and socio-cultural environment. Mosquitoes, fleas, and flies are vectors of infectious disease carriers. These vectors carry infectious diseases such as malaria, filariasis, bubonic plague, typhus, and diarrhea. One of the vectors that cause diarrhea is the fly. The presence of flies can be an indication of poor hygiene. This study aims to determine the description of waste management and the density level of flies in traditional markets in Kupang City. The type of research is a descriptive survey. The samples were the yellow troops and market managers at the Inpres, Kasih, and Oeba Market. The analysis was carried out using the SPSS application. The results of the study indicate that taste management in the Kupang City Traditional Market is not fully effective on average.
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Vasilevich, Kraskova, and Nikanorova. "CASE OF DOG DIROFILARIOSIS IN THE CITY OF KALUGA." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.123-127.
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The article describes a case of dirofilariasis of a dog from the city of Kaluga. Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria, slowly developing and for a long time proceeding in a chronic form. The most common species in veterinary practice is Dirofilaria immitis. The definitive host of these helminths in middle latitudes is carnivorous animals, mainly canines. Dirofilariae are transmitted by the bite of various blood-sucking insects, most often mosquitoes, mainly of the genera Cules, Aedes and Anopheles. The studies were conducted by the method of collecting anamnesis, epizootic data, clinical examination using additional equipment, and laboratory studies. For treatment, antiparasitic drugs of the group of macrocyclic lactones were used in the form of a course, together with supportive therapy aimed at eliminating thrombosis. The habitat of these parasites is expanding due to adaptation to new types of mosquitoes – carriers, climate change, as well as transportation of dogs – definitive owners across the country. The disease is difficult to treat due to the inability to completely get rid of parasites in the bloodstream, and surgical intervention is possible, but requires special equipment, which is usually absent in provincial cities.
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Orazbayeva, A. M., A. K. Sibataev, K. M. Aubakirova, A. M. Nygymetova, and B. B. Torsykbaeva. "Species identification of malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera, Culicidae: Anopheles) based on PCR-RFLP in Pavlodar region." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 143, no. 2 (2023): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2023-143-2-112-122.
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This article discusses methods for determining the genetic polymorphism of malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. AN identification of similar species of the maculipennis complex was carried out by the PCR-RFLP method using the second internal transcribed spacer of the ITS2 ribosomal gene cluster. Based on the analysis of the ITS2 rDNA sequence, new Palearctic species were discovered in this collection: An. persiensis (Sedaghatetal., 2003), An. daciae (Nicolescu et al., 2004) and An. artemievi (Gordeev et al., 2004). Previously, a cytogenetic method was used on the territory of Kazakhstan, which included chromosomal polymorphism. It is found in the south of the range of this species (Stegny, 1991; Gordeev and Sibataev, 1996). In populations of malarial mosquitoes of An. messeae of Kazakhstan, new chromosomal inversions have been identified that are not characteristic of this region (Abylkasymova et al., 2019). There is also provided some information about the bioecology and harmful nature of Anopheles messeae mosquitoes. Bloodsucking mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis complex are of great scientific and practical interest since they are known as active bloodsuckers and carriers of pathogens of a number of dangerous human and animal diseases. Based on their own research and literature data, were collected materials on the biology and ecology of Anopheles messeae mosquitoes of the Irtysh River basin. Data on the prevalence and landscape location of mosquitoes in the Maculipennis complex, there are presented seasonal dynamics and daily rhythm of abundance, and harmful value.
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Nguyen, Bao, Khanh Vinh Phan Thi, Van Suu Nguyen, and Jean-Pière LE CAER. "Screening of novel conopeptide for mosquitocidal activity against lethal mosquitoes (<i>Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti</i>)." Academia Journal of Biology 46, no. 2 (June 23, 2024): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/20070.
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Mosquitoes are carriers of various diseases that result in millions of human deaths annually. However, the use of chemical mosquitocides has led to significant concerns, such as adverse effects on the environment, human health, and insecticide resistance. As a result, there is a pressing need for eco-friendly alternatives. This study aimed to identify potential mosquitocidal conopeptides from cone snail venoms targeting two lethal mosquito species, Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Eleven Conus species were collected from Nha Trang Bay and their crude venoms were dissected and collected. Through cell survival and toxicity assays on mosquito larvae, five crude venoms were identified to have inhibitory effects. Further investigations involved fractionating these five crude venoms and testing them for cell cytotoxic activity were conducted. Four fractions from Conus bandanus venom, named CB37, CB39, CB41, and CB43, showed significant cytotoxic activity against cell survival. Other fractions from different Conus venoms also exhibited some cytotoxic activity at high concentrations but were not prioritised for further investigation. Toxicity experiments on adult mosquitoes revealed that the CB41 fraction had the most potential, with an IC50 of 30 μM. Additionally, this CB41 compound is a peptide in nature and was found to have a native mass of 3332.1 Da and three disulphide bridges. These results could deduce this long-chain peptide possessing a compact structure. To our knowledge, the conopeptide CB41 is reported first time to have mosquitocidal activity.
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Kalula, Asha S., Eunice Mureithi, Theresia Marijani, and Isambi Mbalawata. "An Age-Structured Model for Transmission Dynamics of Malaria with Infected Immigrants and Asymptomatic Carriers." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 3 (August 13, 2021): 953–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i3.7.
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An age-structured (children and adults) model for the transmission dynamics of malaria with asymptomatic carriers and infected immigrants has been analyzed. We first analyze a model without infected immigrants. It shows that the disease-free equilibrium exists and is stable when and unstable for . Also, we compute the sensitivity indices of the basic reproduction number. The basic reproduction number is most sensitive to the mosquito biting rate. Besides, the sensitivity of the basic reproduction number shows that the children's class parameters are more sensitive than those of adults. In the presence of infected immigrants, the model does not admit a disease-free equilibrium. The sensitivity of endemic equilibrium shows that the asymptomatic carrier parameters are more critical than that of infected immigrants. Also, the inflow of infectious immigrants is sensitive than that of infected immigrants. The results obtained indicate that strategies that target asymptomatic carriers and infected immigrants can help control malaria.
Keywords: Age-structure; malaria; immigrants; asymptomatic carrier; nonlinear ODE model
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Shur, Pavel Z., Svetlana V. Redko, Ekaterina V. Khrushcheva, Vladimir A. Fokin, Arina I. Vinogradova, and Anna A. Khasanova. "Methodological approaches to assessment of the decline for health risk reduction from mosquito bites due to the application of repellents and insecticides." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 1179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-10-1179-1185.
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Introduction. The use of repellents and insecticides is the most important method of protection against mosquitoes. In the scientific literature, there is practically no information about the risk from mosquito bitesl to human health due to the non-use of these funds. The information on the prevalence, infection of mosquito-carriers of infectious agents was studied; biological risks from non-use of repellents and insecticides. The aim of the study is to develop methodological approaches to assessing the reduction of health risk from mosquito bites due to the use of repellent and insecticidal agents. Materials and methods. The methods of studying relevant scientific literature, analysis of statistical reporting data, the main stages of the methodology for assessing health risks were used. Results. The proposed methodological approaches have been tested in various scenarios for the use of repellents and insecticides in comparison with the averted risks associated with the development of infectious diseases carried by mosquitoes. Conclusion. For the implementation of methodological approaches, scenarios and parameters of the development of the situation with the use of repellents and insecticides or their non-use are proposed. Indicators of individual, population and prevented health risks were calculated, considering the severity of harm to health. The personal health risk of West Nile fever (WNF) and dirofilariasis in non-endemic areas without application repellents and insecticides is assessed as acceptable - 1.2•10-8 and 1.7•10-5, respectively. At the territory with constantly recorded WNV incidence, the application of repellents or insecticides diminished the population risk of contracting fever by ten times. The averted health risk is 0.297 cases per 2.8 million population. When using repellents or insecticides, the population risk of dirofilariasis is significantly reduced. The averted health risk is 8.8 cases per population of 579 103 people.
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-, Mamta, Kamlesh Kumar Meena, and Ritu Kapoor. "EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL PESTICIDES ON HUMAN HEALTH." International Ayurvedic Medical Journal 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2023): 1336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46607/iamj2111062023.
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The industrialization of agriculture has made natural ecosystems more chemically burdened. Agrochemicals known as pesticides. Use of pesticides is common in controlling weeds and insect infestation in agricultural fields as well as a variety of pests and disease carriers such as mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, and mice in homes, workplaces, shopping centers, and public areas their exposure through numerous pathways such as residues in food and drinking water, inhalation, ingestion, eye, and dermal contact. Although these risks can have short-term effects e.g., skin and eye irritation, headaches, dizziness, and nausea, or long-term effects e.g., cancer, asthma, infertility, allergy, Parkinson’s disease, and birth defects on human health. It is challenging to determine the risks because of the interaction of many variables, including the duration and intensity of exposure, the type of pesticide (in terms of toxicity and persistence), and the environmental characteristics of the affected areas.
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Duzhiy, I. D., H. I. Piatykop, I. Ya Gresko, O. V. Kravets, O. O. Pererva, and O. L. Sytnik. "FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS OF EXTERNAL DIROFILARIASIS." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (2020): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(3):299-306.
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Global environmental problems are gradually changing climatic conditions in different regions and cause significant warming. As a result, high-water beds, lakes and ponds get swamped and are colonized by blood-sucking mosquitoes, which are carriers of a number of diseases, including dirofilariasis. Manifestations of external dirofilariasis may look like ophthalmic, surgical, urological, oncological, dermatological, vascular, psychiatric diseases. The objective manifestation of the disease is the appearance of skin-subcutaneous formation, which periodically changes location. The purpose of the work: To expand the knowledge about this helminthic infection for the medical community and demonstrate the possibility of timely diagnosis. Results of the study and discussion. The authors observed 4 patients with external dirofilariasis and described 2 clinical cases. Only after surgical removal, the diagnosis was confirmed. Conclusions: Climate warming facilitates migration of blood-sucking insects from the southern regions to the north. Economic problems contribute to the increase of stray dogs and cats which are the ultimate hosts of dirofilaria. A person becomes infected through mosquito bites, which has to be considered during anamnesis data collection. The appearance of cutaneous or intradermal formations which tend to move may give grounds to diagnose lipomas, atheromas, phlebitis, lymphodenitis, "allergic reactions" after insect bites. The appearance of other symptoms such as weakness, muscle pain, joint pain, headache, eyeball pain, double vision, and sometimes nausea should suggest the possibility dirofilariasis, and focusing on the indications for surgical intervention. Keywords climate change, dirofilariasis, diagnostic and treatment surgical intervention.
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Stephano, Mussa A., Jacob I. Irunde, Maranya M. Mayengo, and Dmitry Kuznetsov. "The Significance of Stochastic CTMC Over Deterministic Model in Understanding the Dynamics of Lymphatic Filariasis With Asymptomatic Carriers." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2024 (May 4, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/2130429.
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Lymphatic filariasis is a leading cause of chronic and irreversible damage to human immunity. This paper presents deterministic and continuous-time Markov chain (CTMC) stochastic models regarding lymphatic filariasis dynamics. To account for randomness and uncertainties in dynamics, the CTMC model was formulated based on deterministic model possible events. A deterministic model’s outputs suggest that disease extinction is feasible when the secondary threshold infection number is below one, while persistence becomes likely when the opposite holds true. Furthermore, the significant contribution of asymptomatic carriers was identified. Results indicate that persistence is more likely to occur when the infection results from asymptomatic, acutely infected, or infectious mosquitoes. Consequently, the CTMC stochastic model is essential in capturing variabilities, randomness, associated probabilities, and validity across different scales, whereas oversimplification and unpredictability of inherent may not be featured in a deterministic model.
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Duzhyi, I. D., S. O. Holubnichyi, and I. A. Myslovskyi. "CHRONIC PLEURA EMPYEMA — CONSEQUENCE OF INTERNAL DIROFILIARIOSIS." Kharkiv Surgical School, no. 5-6 (December 14, 2020): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.5-6.2020.12.
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Summary. Introduction. Warming in Ukraine leads to the displacement of warm zones to colder ones, and at the same time, to the removal of colonization zones of many insectivores, which are carriers of rare diseases in Ukraine.
Materials and methods. Clinical observation of Dirophilaria immitis of the pleural cavity is given. The patient was treated for «pneumonia» by a family doctor and a district therapist for two months. Only after consultation with a thoracic phthisiosurgeon was diagnosed with chronic pleural empyema and performed pleurectomy. A living string-like body was found in the pleural sac, which turned out to be D. immitis.
Results and discussion of observations. The diagnosis of «pneumonia» was established on the basis of the clinical picture without a detailed physical and radiological examination, which is methodologically erroneous. If the patient was observed or consulted by a specialist, surgery could be performed earlier, in the first stage of chronic disease.
Conclusions. In the differential diagnosis of pleural diseases, a detailed physical and radiological examination in two projections and anamnesis leads: human bites by mosquitoes in wet places, as they are the final hosts of D. Immitis and D. repens.
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Flourizel, Igbani, Nelson-Ebimie Nake, and Obadiah Naomi. "The Use of Larvivorous Fish Species to Control Malaria Transmission in Africa: A Review." International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ijfar.15/vol10n12343.
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Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are five Plasmodium species that cause disease in humans; however, the most important species in terms of disease burden are Plasmodium falciparum, which is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, and Plasmodium vivax, which is more common in Asia and South America. There were an estimated 219 million malaria cases and 435,000 deaths worldwide due to malaria in 2017; Sub-Saharan Africa carries a disproportionately high share of the malaria burden, with 92% of cases and 93% of malaria deaths in 2017. As well as direct effects on health, malaria is a major cause of poverty and underdevelopment in many countries, due to household and health system costs, absenteeism from school or work, reduced productivity, and premature death. The objectives of this review are to bring to the fore, “the use of larvivorous fish species (that is, fish that eats mosquito larvae, e.g. tilapias and others) to control malaria transmission in Africa. A handful of research works provide evidence that larvivorous fish species can decrease immature mosquito populations in defined water bodies altering mosquitos’ metamorphosis. This is not surprising as we know a lot of fish species eat larvae, and this can reduce the proliferation of mosquitos’ population and malaria occurrences. It is highly recommended that, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) and the African Union (AU) should embark on a national and regional Malaria Control Using Biological Method (MCUBM) of Larvivorous Fish Species (especially Cichlids, they are found in almost every ecosystems). We all know that the Synthetic Drug Method of Controlling Malaria has not yielded much results, as millions of people (expectant mothers, infants, young ones, adults and the aged/olds) still die of malaria in Africa. Therefore, it is high time we applied this method just like the Kenyan Government tried it; believe me, it will work because mosquitos are always in the increase during the raining season and malaria patients are more during this period. The fish species will equally bridge the protein demand of some Africans in no distance time.
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Tikhaya, N. V., N. M. Ponamarev, M. Yu Novikova, Yu N. Fisenko, and S. L. Plotnikova. "The spread of blood parasitic diseases in dogs in Barnaul city." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128203005.
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Most blood parasitoses are transmitted by means of carriers - ticks or insects, which bodies undergo certain development stages or transmission is carried out mechanically. Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic disease of animals and humans carried by mosquitoes. The reasons for dirofilariasis spread are the unrestricted movement of animals from one region to another. To diagnose dirofilariasis, a microscopy method of a fresh blood drop was used. Diagnosis for babesiosis in animals was made based on clinical traits and results of microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears stained according to Romanovsky-Gimza. The study of the ixodic ticks’ prevalence as distribution sources of dog babesiosis was carried out in Barnaul in different parts of the city. The spring rise of babesiosis begins in late April and ends at the end of May, the summer period June-July is characterized by a low incidence rate. The autumn rise is from August to October, i.e., it coincides with ticks’ activity during this period. The incidence of ticks in Barnaul is not uniform. The largest range of ticks’ distribution is found in the highland part of the city.
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Haji, H., T. Smith, J. D. Charlwood, and J. H. Meuwissen. "Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission." Parasitology 113, no. 5 (November 1996): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000081488.
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SUMMARYThe effects of sex, age of the human host, patency of asexual and sexual stages and seasonality on infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes were investigated in a rural village in southern Tanzania between 1992 and 1994. Villagers from randomized subgroups of households were surveyed for malaria parasites. Gametocyte and trophozoite prevalences were age dependent and fluctuated without any clear pattern of seasonality. A sample of 107 participants, selected to include an excess of gametocyte carriers, slept under bednets with holes cut into the sides for 3 weeks. A total of 3837 Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 5403 A. funestus recovered from these bednets, was examined for all oocysts 5–7 days after feeding or for oocysts less than 17·5 µn in diameter 2–3 days after feeding. Additional blood slides from participants were taken twice weekly. The 5–7 day oocyst rates were 12·1% in A. gambiae s.l. and 10·9% in A. funestus and 2–3 day rates were 3·6 and 4·9%, respectively. The higher rates using the former method were attributed to previous infection. There were strong correlations in the levels of infection in both vectors when they fed on the same hosts. However, patent gametocytaemia was only weakly associated with the development of oocysts in the mosquito. Infectiousness was not related to host age, sex, or the season.
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Bakovetskaya, O. V., E. E. Zhiltsova, A. A. Terehina, Yu A. Pominchuk, S. O. Firsova, and L. V. Mironenko. "Human dirofilariasis: a rare disease or a problem of our time?" Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 23 (January 21, 2024): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-428.
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The article presents the current state of the problem of dirofilariasis. Helminth infection caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria is mainly a disease of carnivores from the canine and feline families. Humans are considered occasional hosts in which Dirofilaria spp., more commonly D. repens, rarely reach sexual maturity. The climatic conditions of the territory are one of the determining factors for the spread of vector-borne diseases. Due to the fact that in recent years there has been a tendency to increase average temperatures everywhere, these changes lead to a shift and expansion of the ranges of many organisms, including pathogens and vectors of various diseases. The clinical picture of human dirofilariasis caused by D. repens most often manifests itself in one of two clinical forms -subcutaneous and ocular, although, according to the literature, there are cases of damage to other localizations. Due to the fact that damage to the organs of vision occurs most often in humans, the clinical case presented by us is relevant. The patient, in our clinical case, permanently lived in one of the districts of the Ryazan region. The landscape and natural complex of this region, taking into account the presence of a large number of wetlands, an abundance of water bodies and suitable climatic conditions, creates a favorable environment for the development of insects of the Culicidae family (mosquitoes of the genera Anopheles, Culex, etc.), which are transmissible carriers of various human and animal diseases, including dirofilariasis. The complex cycle of the parasite, the possibility of migration in the body can lead to multiple organ damage. Scientific publications describe cases of finding dirofilaria in the lungs, heart, and genitourinary system. In this regard, the awareness of doctors and patients about this disease is very relevant, and will reduce the likelihood of prolonging the correct diagnosis and treatment.
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Sevdo, Kevin, Mariaty A. Sangkai, and Melisa Frisilia. "Hubungan Pengetahuan Tentang Demam Berdarah dengan Perilaku Pencegahan (DBD) di wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Jekan Raya Kota Palangka Raya Tahun 2022." Jurnal Surya Medika 9, no. 1 (April 27, 2023): 242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v9i1.5191.
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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a vector-borne disease. The vector carriers of the dengue virus are mostly mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictu types. The community's level of knowledge about Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in the Jekan Raya Health Center's Working Area is in the low category (47.5%) Community Behaviors About Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Prevention In the Jekan Raya Community Health Center Work Area, most of the community's behavior is categorized as negative (55%.). The design of this research is an analytic survey with a cross sectional approach, the population in this study is all the people who visit the Jekan Raya Public Health Center by 40 people. The results of this study indicate that Agar can contribute to training and organizing outreach activities to increase public knowledge about DHF. And this research becomes reading material and literature for the development of health sciences and becomes additional information for all parties. Knowledge of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever with Preventive Behavior (DHF) in the Work Area of the Jekan Raya Public Health Center, Palangka Raya City.
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Lee, Seong-Kyun, Fengyue Hu, Egy Rahman Firdaus, Ji-Hoon Park, Jin-Hee Han, Sang-Eun Lee, Hyun-Il Shin, et al. "Surveillance on the Vivax Malaria in Endemic Areas in the Republic of Korea Based on Molecular and Serological Analyses." Korean Journal of Parasitology 58, no. 6 (December 29, 2020): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2020.58.6.609.
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<i>Plasmodium vivax</i> reemerged in 1993. It has been sustained for more than 25 years and become one of the important indigenous parasitic diseases in northern and western parts of the Republic of Korea near the demilitarized zone. In particular, relapse is a significant concern for the control of malaria, as short- and long-term incubation periods vary among those infected in Korea. In this study, the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers was examined among residents of high endemic areas of vivax malaria during nonseasonal transmission of mosquitoes. Blood samples from 3 endemic regions in northwestern Korea were evaluated by microscopic examination, rapid diagnostic testing, and nested PCR to identify asymptomatic patients carrying malaria parasites in the community. However, no positive malaria case among residents of endemic areas was detected. Additionally, serological analysis was carried out to measure antibodies against 3 antigenic recombinant proteins of <i>P. vivax</i>, merozoite surface protein 1-19, circumsporozoite surface protein-VK210, and liver-stage antigen (PvLSA-N), by the protein array method. Interestingly, seropositivity of sera between previous exposure and samples without exposure to malaria was significantly higher using the PvLSA-N antigen than the other antigens, suggesting that PvLSA-N can be used as a serological marker to analyze the degree of exposure for malaria transmission in endemic areas. This indicates a very low asymptomatic carrier prevalence during the nonmalaria season in the endemic areas of Korea.
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Raele, Donato Antonio, Francesco Severini, Daniela Boccolini, Michela Menegon, Luciano Toma, Ilaria Vasco, Ettore Franco, et al. "Entomological Surveillance in Former Malaria-endemic Areas of Southern Italy." Pathogens 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2021): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111521.
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Malaria still represents a potential public health issue in Italy, and the presence of former Anopheles vectors and cases imported annually merit continuous surveillance. In areas no longer endemic, the concurrent presence of gametocyte carriers and competent vectors makes re-emergence of local transmission possible, as recently reported in Greece. In October 2017, due to the occurrence of four suspected introduced malaria cases in the province of Taranto (Apulia region), entomological investigations were performed to verify the involvement of local anopheline species. In 2019–2020 entomological surveys were extended to other areas historically prone to malaria between the provinces of Taranto and Matera and the province of Foggia (Gargano Promontory). Resting mosquitoes were collected in animal shelters and human dwellings, larvae were sampled in natural and artificial breeding sites, and specimens were both morphologically and molecularly identified. A total of 2228 mosquitoes were collected, 54.3% of which were anophelines. In all the investigated areas, Anopheles labranchiae was the most widespread species, while Anopheles algeriensis was predominant at the Gargano sites, and Anopheles superpictus and Anopheles plumbeus were recorded in the province of Matera. Our findings showed a potentially high receptivity in the surveyed areas, where the abundance of the two former malaria vectors, An. labranchiae and An. superpictus, is related to environmental and climatic parameters and to anthropic activities.
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SATTABONGKOT, JETSUMON, VICHIT PHUNKITCHAR, NONGNUJ MANEECHAI, RUSSELL E. COLEMAN, BENJAWAN KHUNTIRAT, NANTANA EIKARAT, ROBERT BURGE, and JEERAPHAT SIRICHAISINTHOP. "COMPARISON OF ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE FEEDING WITH DIRECT SKIN FEEDING TO ESTIMATE THE INFECTIOUSNESS OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX GAMETOCYTE CARRIERS TO MOSQUITOES." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.529.
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Rybachok, Oksana Aleksandrovna. "April 25 — World Malaria Day." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2204-08.
Full textAbstract:
Since 2008, the world community has been celebrating World Malaria Day on April 25, while in Africa this date has become memorable since April 2001. After a country registers no new disease cases for three consecutive years, the country moves into the category of states that have beaten malaria. For instance, in the 21st century, the UAE, Maldives, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Morocco and Sri Lanka were classified as such countries. Europe was declared 100 % malaria free in 2016. However, despite the successes achieved in the fight against malaria, the world has not been able to completely defeat this disease, and it continues to affect people in Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, with up to a quarter of a billion cases of the disease recorded annually. In 2019 alone, more than 400,000 people became victims of malaria, of which two-thirds were young children under the age of five. In Russia, about 100 cases of the disease are recorded annually, all of them are imported from abroad. An important factor in successful therapy is the need for the earliest possible start of etiotropic treatment. One of the leading problems in the treatment of tropical malaria is the emergence of resistance to many drugs. The malaria causative agents are malaria Plasmodia, and its carriers are mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The classic clinical manifestations of malaria include fever, hepato- and splenomegaly, anemia; this disease is characterized by a relapsing course. It is believed that Tutankhamun died from malaria, as well as the famous Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama.
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Slobodyanik, R. V., S. S. Zykova, A. M. Lunegov, and E. S. Engasheva. "Clinical studies of the repellent effectiveness of the new veterinary drug Okvet." Legal regulation in veterinary medicine, no. 1 (April 14, 2023): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2023.1.91.
Full textAbstract:
Mosquitoes are one of the most common dipteran insects and are carriers of dangerous vector-borne diseases. An important role of reservoirs of ectoparasites belongs to dogs. The domestic dog is close to the person. The problem of maintaining the health of the dog and reducing the risk of human infection in conditions of high density of blood-sucking insects can be solved by the use of repellent sprays for animals. Recently, synthetic pyrethroids have been used as effective insecticides. We have conducted clinical studies to study the effectiveness of the repellent action of the new veterinary drug "Okvet" insect-acaricidal spray on dogs. The use of the spray was carried out during the period of mosquito activity, depending on the time of day in the Republic of Armenia. The study involved 22 clinically healthy dogs aged 1.5 to 9 years of both sexes. According to the results of clinical studies, it was found that the repellent effect of the veterinary drug "Okvet" applied to dogs individually, once, while preventing bites of dipterous flying insects according to the presented doses, rules and application techniques, the drug "Okvet" showed a high efficiency of the repellent effect in the conditions of farms in Ararat area within 3 days. During the physical examination, no side effects from the use of the drug "Okvet" were revealed.
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Bonnet, Sarah, Clement Gouagna, Innocent Safeukui, Jean-Yves Meunier, and Christian Boudin. "Comparison of artificial membrane feeding with direct skin feeding to estimate infectiousness of Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers to mosquitoes." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94, no. 1 (January 2000): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90456-5.
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Skikevych, M. G., and L. I. Voloshyna. "PECULIARITIES OF MANIFESTATION OF THE SKIN FORM OF LEISHMANIASIS OF MAXILLOFACIAL LOCALIZATION." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2020.10.
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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease in humans. Simple intracellular parasites cause the disease. Risk factors: socio-economic conditions, poverty. The disease is associated with malnutrition, with population displacement, with poor housing conditions, with a weak immune system, poor sanitary conditions, and lack of waste disposal. Up to 1 million new infections and up to 65,000 deaths from this disease occur annually. About 95% of cases of skin form disease occur in the countries of the American continent. Leishmaniasis occurs in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
The carriers of this disease are female mosquitoes. In the mosquito, parasites are in flagellate form. The natural reservoirs of Leishmania can be around 70 species of animals and humans. Infection occurs through mosquito saliva. After a bite, the parasite invades human mononuclear phagocytes. There may be infection of a person in contact with ulcers and other types of damage. Veterinarians have noted a dramatically increasing number of cases of disease in domestic animals.
The following forms are clinically distinguished: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis. After the disease develops, a stable immunity to this particular type of leishmaniasis develops.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form. Ulcers form in open areas of the body. Typical places of localization: face, ears, knees, elbows. Some nodules may have a warty surface or resemble xanthomas, keloids. After healing of these ulcers, scars remain for life.
The nasopharynx, oral cavity, or nasal mucosa can be affected without destroying the nasal septum. For cutaneous leishmaniasis, the formation of an infectious granuloma is also characteristic.
Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis can be local or systemic, depending on the damage and pathogen. Local treatment is suitable for minor and uncomplicated lesions. Local treatment options: heat therapy, cryotherapy. Systemic therapy is used in patients with multiple extensive rashes.
Patient K. turned to the maxillofacial department. The patient came home to Ukraine for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment. The patient works in Poland at a construction site. According to the patient, several courses of treatment. The treatment had no result. The pharmacotherapy of our Polish colleagues is not known to us. Clinically: superficial skin lesions on the face. On the face are three ulcers of different sizes. Two ulcers on the cheeks and one on the nose. Palpation of the edges of the ulcers is very painful.
Diagnostic search for the etiology of this process. Consultation of a rheumatologist ̶ the goal of eliminating Wegener's disease, rheumatological diseases. Hematologist consultation ̶ exclude hematology. Infectionist consultation ̶ rule out parasitic diseases. Laboratory examination: biochemical blood test, immunogram, rheumatic tests. CT scan of the abdomen.
Consultation of a parasitologist. The diagnosis was not in doubt.The patient refused examination and treatment in the infectious diseases hospital. The further fate of this patient is not known to us. We want to draw the attention of doctors to the need for a thorough history taking. An epidemiological history is crucial in such cases.
Treatment of leishmaniasis is long and toxic. No method of treatment gives 100% of the result. The choice of treatment method will depend on the type of pathogen and the geographical location of the infection.This disease can be brought by tourists, students from relevant countries of the world to Ukraine.
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Zemenu Adiss, Getnet. "Porcine Circovirus: Historical Outlooks and Non-Porcine Victims." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000191.
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Porcine circovirus is an important viral species in the genus circovirus. It causes an immerse economic losses in the piggery industry. According to the retrospective studies, PCV2 has circulated before its acclaimed detection from samples taken as of the first outbreak in Canada. A bit far on in time, it has been reported in Europe, United States and Asian countries. The disease is endemic in most pig producing countries. Since then phylogeny studies supported for the immergence of various new Porcine circoviruses variants and genotypes. In addition to its natural reservoirs (wild and feral pigs), it also inhibits calves, goats, canines and mice. Some insects like mosquitoes are also the potential carrier of PCV2 even let it for cross species transmission. Hence those proper prevention measures of the mechanical carrier vectors of the disease should be noted together with the need of efficient vaccine against the pathogenic porcine circoviruses types.
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Астапов, А. А., И. Д. Шилейко, and А. В. Гуркова. "Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria in the Context of Imported Parasitosis Incidence in the Republic of Belarus." Лабораторная диагностика. Восточная Европа 13, no. 2 (May 17, 2024): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2024.13.2.004.
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Малярия является одной из наиболее распространенных паразитарных болезней в мире, характеризуется тяжелым течением и имеет достаточно высокий показатель летальности. Республика Беларусь в настоящее время не входит в число эндемичных по малярии регионов. Однако, учитывая наличие на территории нашей страны источников инфекции (ежегодно регистрируются завозные случаи заболевания малярией), переносчиков малярийного плазмодия (комаров рода Anopheles), а также восприимчивого населения, можно говорить о существовании предпосылок для возникновения местных случаев заболевания малярией. В этой связи очевидна актуальность раннего выявления и своевременного лечения этого заболевания. Одной из важных составляющих деятельности, направленной на диагностику заболевания и предупреждение распространения малярии на территории Республики Беларусь, является лабораторная диагностика, состоящая в выявлении малярийных плазмодиев в препаратах крови методом световой микроскопии. В ходе проведения лабораторного исследования в обязательном порядке должна проводиться оценка уровня паразитемии, что является важным как для прогноза течения заболевания, так и эффективности проводимого лечения. Malaria is one of the most widespread parasitic diseases in the world, and is characterized by a severe course and a quite high mortality rate. The Republic of Belarus is currently not considered one of the malaria endemic regions. However, taking into account the presence of sources of infection on the territory of our country (imported cases of malaria are recorded annually), carriers of malarial plasmodium (mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles), as well as a susceptible population, we can talk about the existence of prerequisites for local malaria cases emergence. In this regard, the relevance of early detection and timely treatment of this disease is obvious. One of the important components of activities aimed at preventing the spread of malaria on the territory of the Republic of Belarus is laboratory diagnostics, which consists of identifying malarial plasmodia in blood products using light microscopy. During laboratory testing, it is mandatory to assess the parasitemia level, which is important both for prognosis of the disease course and the effectiveness of the treatment.
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Laidoudi, Younes, Guillaume Durand, Stéphanie Watier-Grillot, Anne-Sophie Dessimoulie, Claire Labarde, Thomas Normand, Virginie Andréo, Patrick Guérin, Gilda Grard, and Bernard Davoust. "Evidence of Antibodies against the West Nile Virus and the Usutu Virus in Dogs and Horses from the Southeast of France." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2023 (March 24, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8779723.
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Every year, the world faces vector-borne diseases including arboviral (arthropod-borne viral) diseases caused by several, possibly fatal flaviviruses. The way they spread is related to a complex episystem involving several elements including vector abundance, animal carriers, and the flavivirus itself, which makes the disease difficult to manage. Here, we serologically screened 556 animals (358 dogs and 198 horses) using ELISA and a serum neutralisation test (SNT) for the anti-IgG antibodies directed against the West Nile (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) viruses. The animals investigated were split into two groups according to their exposure to the risk linked to the abundance of mosquitoes and migratory birds as well as the geographical distribution of arbovirus cases (458 animals from areas exposed to risk and 98 not exposed to risk). Overall, 25/310 dogs (8.1%) and 2/148 horses (1.3%) tested positive for SNT WNV and/or USUV in geographically exposed areas. Animals in unexposed areas were all negative. The geographical distribution of WNV seroprevalence in dogs was the same as the distribution of reported autochthonous human cases. Interestingly, a non-negligible seroprevalence caused by an as yet unidentified flavivirus other than WNV, USUV, or tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) was detected in 18.6% (28/150) and 3.7% (4/106) of the investigated dogs and horses from the Hérault department, in the southeast of France, respectively. These data highlight the role of outdoor dogs as suitable sentinels for the evidence of WNV and USUV circulation in each area. In addition, the serological detection of an as yet unidentified flavivirus circulating in the Hérault department deserves greater attention, as this may constitute a serious threat to public and animal health.
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Ibrahim, Mahmoud A., and Attila Dénes. "A Mathematical Model for Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly Risk Considering Sexual and Vertical Transmission." Axioms 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2023): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12030263.
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We establish a compartmental model for Zika virus disease transmission, with particular attention paid to microcephaly, the main threat of the disease. To this end, we consider separate microcephaly-related compartments for affected infants, as well as the role of asymptomatic carriers, the influence of seasonality and transmission through sexual contact. We determine the basic reproduction number of the corresponding time-dependent model and time-constant model and study the dependence of this value on the mosquito-related parameters. In addition, we demonstrate the global stability of the disease-free periodic solution if R0<1, whereas the disease persists when R0>1. We fit our model to data from Colombia between 2015 and 2017 as a case study. The fitting is used to figure out how sexual transmission affects the number of cases among women as well as the number of microcephaly cases. Our sensitivity analyses conclude that the most effective ways to prevent Zika-related microcephaly cases are preventing mosquito bites and controlling mosquito populations, as well as providing protection during sexual contact.
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Olarte, Julián Alejandro, and Anibal Muñoz. "Modeling the dengue fever transmission in a periodic environment." Revista Colombiana de Matemáticas 55, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 71–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/recolma.v55n1.99099.
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A mathematical model for dengue fever transmission is analyzed, which incorporates relevant biological and ecological factors: vertical transmission and seasonality in the interaction between the vector (Aedes aegypti females) and the host (human). The existence and uniqueness of a positive disease-free periodic solution is proved; the global stability of the disease-free solution and the effect of periodic migrations of mosquitoes carrying the virus on the transmission of dengue are analyzed utilizing the mathematical definition of the Basic Reproductive Number in periodic environments; finally, it is numerically corroborated with the help of the Basic Reproductive Number that dengue cannot invade the disease-free state if it is less than one and can invade if it is greater than one, however, in both threshold conditions when vertical transmission occurs, the number of infected people and carrier vectors rises, representing a mechanism for the persistence of dengue cases in a community throughout a natural year.
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Serkova, Margarita I., Elena I. Sivkova, and Olga A. Fedorova. "Analysis of methods of protection of farm animals against midges (review)." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-3-19-22.
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One of the urgent tasks for the successful development of animal husbandry in the country is the elimination of the harm caused by blood-sucking diptera insects - hematophages and carriers of pathogens of a number of diseases dangerous to humans and animals, and the development of comprehensive measures to protect animals from them. In summertime the negative impact renders midges which consist of 4 families of blood-sucking insects - gadflies (Tabanidae), mosquitoes (Culicidae), midges (Simuliidae) and wood lice (Ceratopogonidae), and their almost universal distribution is very closely connected with existence nearby of swamps, marshy lowlands, various reservoirs and the rivers. Animals lose about 120-150 ml of blood during the periods of mass attacks - significantly affects the healthy state of the organism, the general resistance decreases, there is a risk of development of diseases of various etiology. Animals lose average daily weight gain, in particular it is noticeable in young animals. Gnat bites has irritant effect on the skin, until the formation of allergic dermatitis caused by saliva toxicity (after massive bites of midges simulidotoxicosis can develop). The insects of the gnats complex are carriers of pathogens of dangerous infectious and invasive diseases: anthrax, tularemia, necrobacteriosis, encephalitis, Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, infectious anemia of horses, bluetongue, West Nile fever, Schmallenberg virus, leptospirosis, malaria, onchocerciasis, dirofilariasis. These factors add up to the overall economic damage, when during the summer period livestock farms receive less than 20-45% of meat products and 25-40% of dairy products. Thus, the direction of the fight against the vulture has economic feasibility for most countries of the world with developed agriculture, the veterinary need for quality products and is an urgent topic for conducting cost-effective production that can fully satisfy the needs of the population.
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Mashinson, Viktoriya, and Corey R Hopkins. "Novel inhibitors of the renal inward rectifier potassium channel of the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti." Future Medicinal Chemistry 13, no. 22 (November 2021): 2015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2021-0189.
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The mosquito continues to be the most lethal animal to humans due to the devastating diseases that it carries and transmits. Controlling mosquito-borne diseases relies heavily on vector management using neurotoxic insecticides with limited modes of action. This has led to the emergence of resistance to pyrethroids and other neurotoxic insecticides in mosquitoes, which has reduced the efficacy of chemical control agents. Moreover, many neurotoxic insecticides are not selective for mosquitoes and negatively impact beneficial insects such as honeybees. Developing new mosquitocides with novel mechanisms of action is a clear unmet medical need; this review covers the efforts made toward this end by targeting the renal inward rectifier potassium channel (Kir) of the mosquito.
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Terasaki, Kaori, and Shinji Makino. "Interplay between the Virus and Host in Rift Valley Fever Pathogenesis." Journal of Innate Immunity 7, no. 5 (2015): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000373924.
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Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) belongs to the genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae, and carries single-stranded tripartite RNA segments. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and has caused large outbreaks among ruminants and humans in sub-Saharan African and Middle East countries. The disease is characterized by a sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, photophobia, and weakness. In most cases, patients recover from the disease after a period of weeks, but some also develop retinal or macular changes, which result in vision impairment that lasts for an undefined period of time, and severe disease, characterized by hemorrhagic fever or encephalitis. The virus also causes febrile illness resulting in a high rate of spontaneous abortions in ruminants. The handling of wild-type RVFV requires high-containment facilities, including biosafety level 4 or enhanced biosafety level 3 laboratories. Nonetheless, studies clarifying the mechanisms of the RVFV-induced diseases and preventing them are areas of active research throughout the world. By primarily referring to recent studies using several animal model systems, protein expression systems, and specific mutant viruses, this review describes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of RVF and biological functions of various viral proteins that affect RVFV pathogenicity.
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Jurtubaeva, G., A. Savchuk, O. Kozishkurt, O. Gerasimenko, V. Gaidei, and L. Kostolonova. "Epidemic process of tularemia in the world and in the south of Ukraine." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.01.042.
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Present day tularemia prevalence in the world and in Ukraine is described as well as the current epidemic and epizootic situation in various regions. The mechanisms of transmission of the pathogen are discussed. The causative agent of tularemia Francisella subsp. tularensis is one of the most virulent microorganisms of the highest priority (category "A"). This can be used as a biological weapon, and so poses a real threat to the humanity’s security. Human infection occurs as a result of bites by infected blood-sucking arthropods (mosquitoes, thrips, ticks), consumption of rodent-contaminated food and water, inhalation of air-dust aerosol from diseased rodents contaminated with the pathogen, and also after direct contact with infected animals (hunting, caring for pets, carcass processing). Isolates of the most virulent for humans and animals subspecies F. tularensis subsp. tularensis circulate only in North America. The less virulent subspecies F. tularensis subsp. Holarctica circulates in North America, Europe, Asia (Japan), Australia (including Tasmania). The wide distribution of this subspecies in the world is due to its ability to exist in the aquatic environment. In most European countries, the terrestrial cycle of existence of the tularemia microbe is dominant, in the body of small mammals and carriers of the pathogen - mosquitoes, ticks, and whiteflies. The main clinical form of tularemia is ulcerative-bubonic, it is quite easily diagnosed, infection occurs as a result of bites by infected blood-sucking arthropods. Anginal-bubonic and gastrointestinal forms are diagnosed in hot countries, they are associated with the consumption of food and water contaminated by rodents. In the nearest future the worsening of tularemia epidemic situation in various regions of the world is predicted due to the activation of enzootic centers and lack of vaccination of risk groups persons and the population of endemic areas.