Journal articles on the topic 'Mosquitoes as carriers of disease – Reunion'
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1
GOUAGNA, L. C., H. M. FERGUSON, B. A. OKECH, G. F. KILLEEN, E. W. KABIRU, J. C. BEIER, J. I. GITHURE, and G. YAN. "Plasmodium falciparummalaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission toAnopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya." Parasitology 128, no. 3 (March 2004): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200300444x.
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Transmission of the malaria parasitePlasmodiumis influenced by many different host, vector and parasite factors. Here we conducted a field study at Mbita, an area of endemic malaria in Western Kenya, to test whether parasite transmission to mosquitoes is influenced by the severity of malaria infection in its human host at the time when gametocytes, the transmission forms, are present in the peripheral blood. We examined the infectivity of 81Plasmodium falciparumgametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Of these, 21 were patients with fever and other malaria-related symptoms, and 60 were recruited among apparently healthy volunteers. Laboratory-rearedAnopheles gambiaes.s. (local strain) were experimentally infected with blood from these gametocyte carriers by membrane-feeding. The severity of the clinical symptoms was greater in febrile patients. These symptomatic patients had higher asexual parasitaemia and lower gametocyte densities (P=0·05) than healthy volunteers. Ookinete development occurred in only 6 out of the 21 symptomatic patients, of which only 33·3% successfully yielded oocysts. The oocyst prevalence was only 0·6% in the 546 mosquitoes that were fed on blood from this symptomatic group, with mean oocyst intensity of 0·2 (range 0–2) oocysts per mosquito. In contrast, a higher proportion (76·7%) of healthy gametocyte carriers yielded ookinetes, generating an oocyst rate of 12% in the 1332 mosquitoes that fed on them (mean intensity of 6·3, range: 1–105 oocysts per mosquito). Statistical analysis indicated that the increased infectivity of asymptomatic gametocyte carriers was not simply due to their greater gametocyte abundance, but also to the higher level of infectivity of their gametocytes, possibly due to lower parasite mortality within mosquitoes fed on blood from healthy hosts. These results suggest that blood factors and/or conditions correlated with illness reduceP. falciparumgametocyte infectivity.
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Lenshin, S. V., I. V. Patraman, S. V. Alkhovsky, and O. I. Vyshemirsky. "Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections in the Krasnodar Territory ~ Risks of Autochthonous Cases of the Disease." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-3-129-138.
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Introduction. Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.Aim. To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.Conclusion. Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.
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Gouagna, Louis Clément, David Damiens, Clélia F. Oliva, Sébastien Boyer, Gilbert Le Goff, Cécile Brengues, Jean-Sébastien Dehecq, Jocelyn Raude, Frédéric Simard, and Didier Fontenille. "Strategic Approach, Advances, and Challenges in the Development and Application of the SIT for Area-Wide Control of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes in Reunion Island." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110770.
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The global expansion of Aedes albopictus, together with the absence of specific treatment and vaccines for most of the arboviruses it transmits, has stimulated the development of more sustainable and ecologically acceptable methods for control of disease transmission through the suppression of natural vector populations. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is rapidly evolving as an additional tool for mosquito control, offering an efficient and more environment-friendly alternative to the use of insecticides. Following the devastating chikungunya outbreak, which affected 38% of the population on Reunion Island (a French overseas territory in the southwest of the Indian Ocean), there has been strong interest and political will to develop effective alternatives to the existing vector control strategies. Over the past 10 years, the French Research and Development Institute (IRD) has established an SIT feasibility program against Ae. albopictus on Reunion Island in collaboration with national and international partners. This program aimed to determine whether the SIT based on the release of radiation-sterilized males is scientifically and technically feasible, and socially acceptable as part of a control strategy targeting the local Ae. albopictus population. This paper provides a review of a multi-year and a particularly broad scoping process of establishing the scientific and technological feasibility of the SIT against Ae. albopictus on Reunion Island. It also draws attention to some prerequisites of the decision-making process, through awareness campaigns to enhance public understanding and support, social adoption, and regulatory validation of the SIT pilot tests.
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Schaber, Kathryn L., T. Alex Perkins, Alun L. Lloyd, Lance A. Waller, Uriel Kitron, Valerie A. Paz-Soldan, John P. Elder, et al. "Disease-driven reduction in human mobility influences human-mosquito contacts and dengue transmission dynamics." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e1008627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008627.
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Heterogeneous exposure to mosquitoes determines an individual’s contribution to vector-borne pathogen transmission. Particularly for dengue virus (DENV), there is a major difficulty in quantifying human-vector contacts due to the unknown coupled effect of key heterogeneities. To test the hypothesis that the reduction of human out-of-home mobility due to dengue illness will significantly influence population-level dynamics and the structure of DENV transmission chains, we extended an existing modeling framework to include social structure, disease-driven mobility reductions, and heterogeneous transmissibility from different infectious groups. Compared to a baseline model, naïve to human pre-symptomatic infectiousness and disease-driven mobility changes, a model including both parameters predicted an increase of 37% in the probability of a DENV outbreak occurring; a model including mobility change alone predicted a 15.5% increase compared to the baseline model. At the individual level, models including mobility change led to a reduction of the importance of out-of-home onward transmission (R, the fraction of secondary cases predicted to be generated by an individual) by symptomatic individuals (up to -62%) at the expense of an increase in the relevance of their home (up to +40%). An individual’s positive contribution to R could be predicted by a GAM including a non-linear interaction between an individual’s biting suitability and the number of mosquitoes in their home (>10 mosquitoes and 0.6 individual attractiveness significantly increased R). We conclude that the complex fabric of social relationships and differential behavioral response to dengue illness cause the fraction of symptomatic DENV infections to concentrate transmission in specific locations, whereas asymptomatic carriers (including individuals in their pre-symptomatic period) move the virus throughout the landscape. Our findings point to the difficulty of focusing vector control interventions reactively on the home of symptomatic individuals, as this approach will fail to contain virus propagation by visitors to their house and asymptomatic carriers.
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Lecadieu, Arnaud, Laura Teysseyre, Kevin Larsen, Charles Vidal, Margot Caron, Nicolas Traversier, _. _, Thomas Aujoulat, Jérôme Allyn, and Nicolas Allou. "Case Report: Transmission of Dengue Virus from a Deceased Donor to a Kidney Transplant Recipient Previously Infected by Dengue Virus." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 2199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0137.
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Abstract.Since 2018, a dengue epidemic has been ongoing in the French overseas department of Reunion Island, in the Indian Ocean, with more than 25,000 serologically confirmed cases. Currently, three dengue serotypes have been identified in Réunion Island (DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3) progressing in the form of epidemic outbreaks. This arbovirus is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and may be responsible for serious clinical forms. To date, very few cases of kidney transplant–related dengue virus infection have been described. Here we report the first case of severe dengue virus infection related to kidney transplantation from a patient previously infected with dengue. Testing for dengue fever with PCR search in donor’s urine may help complete the pretransplant assessment in areas where this disease occurs.
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Mishchenko, Andrey Vladimirovich, and Elena Aleksandrovna Artemyeva. "Birds as a food base for mosquitoes – carriers of the causative agent of tropical malaria." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101117.
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The paper discusses the food supply of the vector of malaria mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, which are birds of tropical regions of West Africa. Birds, as distant migrants, penetrate high latitudes and contribute to the spread of malaria in Europe and other countries of the northern hemisphere. The results of the studies show that the main role in the choice of prey objects by female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes birds is played by the nesting and forage biotopes of birds, which are comfortable for mosquito breeding. Probably, female mosquitoes use non-feathered parts of the body of adult birds for feeding unfeathered or weakly feathered chicks in nests. The circulation of Plasmodium falciparum includes populations of birds, primarily water, near-water and marsh complexes, as well as birds, the development of which takes place in specific conditions of a closed space in holes, hollows and closed nests. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito in this system plays the role of a carrier of Plasmodium falciparum not only among populations of birds and mammals, but also among humans, which determines the range of tropical malaria, which is a natural focal vector-borne disease. The authors have identified 37 species of birds carriers of malaria in natural and anthropogenic biocoenoses of Mali (West Africa). The most numerous during the migration and nesting period are birds of the aquatic, near-water and meadow-bog complexes (herons, herons, waders) distant migrants on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. The risk areas include, first of all, the southern regions Astrakhan Region, Rostov Region and Krasnodar Region.
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Vasilevich, Kraskova, and Nikanorova. "CASE OF DOG DIROFILARIOSIS IN THE CITY OF KALUGA." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.123-127.
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The article describes a case of dirofilariasis of a dog from the city of Kaluga. Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria, slowly developing and for a long time proceeding in a chronic form. The most common species in veterinary practice is Dirofilaria immitis. The definitive host of these helminths in middle latitudes is carnivorous animals, mainly canines. Dirofilariae are transmitted by the bite of various blood-sucking insects, most often mosquitoes, mainly of the genera Cules, Aedes and Anopheles. The studies were conducted by the method of collecting anamnesis, epizootic data, clinical examination using additional equipment, and laboratory studies. For treatment, antiparasitic drugs of the group of macrocyclic lactones were used in the form of a course, together with supportive therapy aimed at eliminating thrombosis. The habitat of these parasites is expanding due to adaptation to new types of mosquitoes – carriers, climate change, as well as transportation of dogs – definitive owners across the country. The disease is difficult to treat due to the inability to completely get rid of parasites in the bloodstream, and surgical intervention is possible, but requires special equipment, which is usually absent in provincial cities.
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Pilip and Byakova. "THE ROLE OF MOSQUITOES IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTHROPOZOONOSIS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.469-474.
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Climate change leads to a change in the distribution of insects, including blood-sucking. Mosquitoes are vectors for the transmission of dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases. Every year in the Kirov region up to 1100 diseases of natural focal infec-tions are registered. The temperate continental climate, abundant rainfall (500-680 mm per year) with a predominance of up to 70% in warm weather, the presence of forests and water bodies, swamped territory (40%) are favorable factors for the de-velopment of mosquitoes. On the territory of the region 25 species of mosquitoes of 5 genus are registered. The information on the fauna of mosquitoes on the territory of the Kirov region, the meteorological situation, and the epizoological situation on anthropozoonotic diseases, including dirofilariasis, were analyzed. Since 1942, the region has been unfavorable for tularemia with the last outbreak in 2012 near the floodplain of the Vyatka River. Since 2008, cases of human dirofilariasis with local-ization of the pathogen in the organs of vision have been recorded annually in the Kirov region. May – September is the most favorable for human infection, subject to the presence of a sick animal and a significant number of blood-sucking insects. Since 2013, cases of dirofilariasis of domestic and working dogs have been reported in the Kirov region, which indicates the presence of a local focus of dirofilariasis, in which mosquitoes are carriers of human and dog diseases. In dogs, the subcutane-ous (pathogen Dirofilaria repens) or cardiac (pathogen Dirofilaria immitis) forms of anthropozoonosis are recorded. The cardiac form of the disease is the most atypical. The diagnosis of dirofilariasis is made on the basis of anamnesis, clinical picture, laboratory tests for the detection of microfilariae in the blood.
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Wang, Xueli, Yike Ding, Xiangyang Lu, Danqian Geng, Shan Li, Alexander S. Raikhel, and Zhen Zou. "The ecdysone-induced protein 93 is a key factor regulating gonadotrophic cycles in the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 16, 2021): e2021910118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021910118.
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Repeated blood feedings are required for adult female mosquitoes to maintain their gonadotrophic cycles, enabling them to be important pathogen carriers of human diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying developmental switches between these mosquito gonadotrophic cycles will provide valuable insight into mosquito reproduction and could aid in the identification of targets to disrupt these cycles, thereby reducing disease transmission. We report here that the transcription factor ecdysone-induced protein 93 (E93), previously implicated in insect metamorphic transitions, plays a key role in determining the gonadotrophic cyclicity in adult females of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. Expression of the E93 gene in mosquitoes is down-regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) and up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We find that E93 controls Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), the transcription factor linked to the termination of reproductive cycles. Moreover, knockdown of E93 expression via RNAi impaired fat body autophagy, suggesting that E93 governs autophagy-induced termination of vitellogenesis. E93 RNAi silencing prior to the first gonadotrophic cycle affected normal progression of the second cycle. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed a considerable E93-dependent decline in the expression of genes involved in translation and metabolism at the end of a reproductive cycle. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that E93 acts as a crucial factor in regulating reproductive cycle switches in adult female mosquitoes.
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Anita, Sebastian, Edoardo Beretta, and Vincenzo Capasso. "Optimal control strategies for a class of vector borne diseases, exemplified by a toy model for malaria." BIOMATH 8, no. 2 (October 13, 2019): 1909157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2019.09.157.
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This paper contains a unified review of a set of previous papers by the same authors concerning the mathematical modelling and control of malaria epidemics. The presentation moves from a conceptual mathematical model of malaria transmission in an homogeneous population. Among the key epidemiological features of this model, two-age-classes (child and adult) and asymptomatic carriers have been included. As possible control measures, the extra mortality of mosquitoes due to the use of long-lasting treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) have been included. By taking advantage of the natural double time scale of the parasite and the human populations, it has been possible to provide interesting threshold results. In particular, key parameters have been identified such that below a threshold level, built on these parameters, the epidemic tends to extinction, while above another threshold level it tends to a nontrivial endemic state. The above model has motivated further analysis when a spatial structure of the relevant populations is added. Inspired by the above, additional model reductions have been introduced, which make the resulting reaction-diffusion system mathematically affordable. Only the dynamics of the infected mosquitoes and of the infected humans has been included, so that a two-component reaction-diffusion system is finally taken. The spread of the disease is controlled by three actions (controls) implemented in a subdomain of the habitat: killing mosquitoes, treating the infected humans and reducing the contact rate mosquitoes-humans.To start with, the problem of the eradicability of the disease is considered, while the cost of the controls is ignored. We prove that it is possible to decrease exponentially both the human and the vector infective population everywhere in the relevant habitat by acting only in a suitable subdomain. Later the regional control problem of reducing the total cost of the damages produced by the disease, of the controls and of the intervention in a certain subdomain is treated for the finite time horizon case. In order to take the logistic structure of the habitat into account the level set method is used as a key ingredient for describing the subregion of intervention. Here this subregion has been better characterized by both area and perimeter. The authors wish to stress that the target of this paper mainly is to attract the attention of the public health authorities towards an effective and affordable practice of implementation of possible control strategies.
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Chumak, Yu V., H. A. Loban, M. M. Ananieva, and M. O. Faustova. "ZIK VIRUS AS A PRIME EXAMPLE OF EMERGENT INFECTIONS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 20, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.20.2.265.
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The recent development of technologies of the laboratory systems in microbiology, providing detailed genome sequencing, has paved the ways for isolating new pathogens and carrying out in-depth study of long-known microorganisms. Moreover, the progressing of science and technology contributes to study changes in the ecology of microorganisms and the epidemiological characteristics of their spreading over the world. These advances enable scientists to find out some "new" diseases, known as emergent infectious diseases. Emergent diseases have emerged as a new type of rapidly evolving, long-known infectious diseases. A prime example of an emergent infection is the Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV belongs to the family Flaviviridae of the Flavivirus genus. It was first isolated from the blood of a rhesus macaque in 1947 in East Africa (Uganda), in the Zika forest, where its name came from. A year later, in the same area, ZIKV was detected in mosquitoes of the Aedes africanus genus. For a long time following the initial isolation of ZIKV, isolated sporadic cases of the disease caused by this pathogen were recorded in Asia and Africa. In 2007, an ZIKV outbreak was reported on the island of YAP (Micronesia). This was the first outbreak outside Asia and Africa. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus in tropical and subtropical regions. But according to literature data, this virus can be spread by 17 species of mosquitoes of this genus. AE. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus have been known a leading role of spreading the infection. Considering that these mosquitoes are not only carriers of ZIKV, but also some other flavivirusiv representatives, their wide geographical distribution has become an issue of great concern. AE. aegypti mosquitoes are thermophilic and live only in tropical and subtropical climate zones and this fact has played as significant rope in the ZIKV spread. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes promote the circulation of this pathogen and cause a rapid expansion of the virus in the world, since this species has become widely distributed in countries of subtropical and temperate climate zones. To date, besides the main vector-borne transmission of the virus, there are a number of reports about ZIKV transplacental transmission from an infected mother to the foetus. ZIKV caused viral infection during the pregnancy results in microcephaly, a congenital condition associated with incomplete brain development and abnormally small size of the skull. This viral infection can also lead to such complications as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth. According to the literature, there is the connection between ZIKV and not congenital CNS abnormalities, but also with Guillain-Barre syndrome. There have been publications on not only ZIKV mosquito transmission and transplacental transmission, but a few reports on ZIKV sexual transmission when no barrier contraceptives are used. ZIKV can be isolated from ejaculate within 14-28 days from the onset of the first symptoms of the disease.
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Tikhaya, N. V., N. M. Ponamarev, M. Yu Novikova, Yu N. Fisenko, and S. L. Plotnikova. "The spread of blood parasitic diseases in dogs in Barnaul city." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128203005.
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Most blood parasitoses are transmitted by means of carriers - ticks or insects, which bodies undergo certain development stages or transmission is carried out mechanically. Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic disease of animals and humans carried by mosquitoes. The reasons for dirofilariasis spread are the unrestricted movement of animals from one region to another. To diagnose dirofilariasis, a microscopy method of a fresh blood drop was used. Diagnosis for babesiosis in animals was made based on clinical traits and results of microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears stained according to Romanovsky-Gimza. The study of the ixodic ticks’ prevalence as distribution sources of dog babesiosis was carried out in Barnaul in different parts of the city. The spring rise of babesiosis begins in late April and ends at the end of May, the summer period June-July is characterized by a low incidence rate. The autumn rise is from August to October, i.e., it coincides with ticks’ activity during this period. The incidence of ticks in Barnaul is not uniform. The largest range of ticks’ distribution is found in the highland part of the city.
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Duzhyi, I. D., S. O. Holubnichyi, and I. A. Myslovskyi. "CHRONIC PLEURA EMPYEMA — CONSEQUENCE OF INTERNAL DIROFILIARIOSIS." Kharkiv Surgical School, no. 5-6 (December 14, 2020): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.5-6.2020.12.
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Summary. Introduction. Warming in Ukraine leads to the displacement of warm zones to colder ones, and at the same time, to the removal of colonization zones of many insectivores, which are carriers of rare diseases in Ukraine.
Materials and methods. Clinical observation of Dirophilaria immitis of the pleural cavity is given. The patient was treated for «pneumonia» by a family doctor and a district therapist for two months. Only after consultation with a thoracic phthisiosurgeon was diagnosed with chronic pleural empyema and performed pleurectomy. A living string-like body was found in the pleural sac, which turned out to be D. immitis.
Results and discussion of observations. The diagnosis of «pneumonia» was established on the basis of the clinical picture without a detailed physical and radiological examination, which is methodologically erroneous. If the patient was observed or consulted by a specialist, surgery could be performed earlier, in the first stage of chronic disease.
Conclusions. In the differential diagnosis of pleural diseases, a detailed physical and radiological examination in two projections and anamnesis leads: human bites by mosquitoes in wet places, as they are the final hosts of D. Immitis and D. repens.
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Duzhiy, I. D., H. I. Piatykop, I. Ya Gresko, O. V. Kravets, O. O. Pererva, and O. L. Sytnik. "FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS OF EXTERNAL DIROFILARIASIS." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (2020): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(3):299-306.
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Global environmental problems are gradually changing climatic conditions in different regions and cause significant warming. As a result, high-water beds, lakes and ponds get swamped and are colonized by blood-sucking mosquitoes, which are carriers of a number of diseases, including dirofilariasis. Manifestations of external dirofilariasis may look like ophthalmic, surgical, urological, oncological, dermatological, vascular, psychiatric diseases. The objective manifestation of the disease is the appearance of skin-subcutaneous formation, which periodically changes location. The purpose of the work: To expand the knowledge about this helminthic infection for the medical community and demonstrate the possibility of timely diagnosis. Results of the study and discussion. The authors observed 4 patients with external dirofilariasis and described 2 clinical cases. Only after surgical removal, the diagnosis was confirmed. Conclusions: Climate warming facilitates migration of blood-sucking insects from the southern regions to the north. Economic problems contribute to the increase of stray dogs and cats which are the ultimate hosts of dirofilaria. A person becomes infected through mosquito bites, which has to be considered during anamnesis data collection. The appearance of cutaneous or intradermal formations which tend to move may give grounds to diagnose lipomas, atheromas, phlebitis, lymphodenitis, "allergic reactions" after insect bites. The appearance of other symptoms such as weakness, muscle pain, joint pain, headache, eyeball pain, double vision, and sometimes nausea should suggest the possibility dirofilariasis, and focusing on the indications for surgical intervention. Keywords climate change, dirofilariasis, diagnostic and treatment surgical intervention.
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Zakharov, K. S., Sh V. Magerramov, and A. N. Matrosov. "Ecological aspects of zoning the territory of the Saratov region by the risk level of formation of West Nile fever foci." Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2021-1-3-15.
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The modern period is characterized by the expansion of the areas of a number of dangerous infectious diseases, previously endemic only for the countries with tropical climate. As a result of Palearctic climate warming and humidification and under the influence of anthropogenic factors, foci of a new transmissible arboviral zoonosis – West Nile fever (WNF) – have been formed in the Saratov region. On the territory of Russia, the circulation of the West Nile virus (WNV) has been recorded since 1963, and cases of human infection have been detected since 1967. In the studied region, the circulation of the virus has been known since the mid-90s of the last century, and epidemic complications – since 2012. 142 cases of the disease were reported in 2012–2020. The ecological prerequisites for a wide circulation of WNV are associated with the increase in the number of birds – carriers, and arthropods – blood-sucking vectors, the longer activity period of mosquitoes and ticks owing to the reduced frosty season of the year. As a result of landscape mapping with the use of modern methods for decoding images of satellite maps and remote sensing of the Earth (ERS), data have been obtained that served as the basis for epidemiological WNF zoning. There are three types of potential WNF foci on the territory of the region, namely: natural, natural-anthropourgic, and anthropourgic ones. The total area of biocenoses has been established, where natural, natural-anthropourgic and anthropourgic WNF foci could be formed: 6619.94 km2, 1484.62 km2, and 70.4 km2, respectively. Cluster analysis of the environmental conditions in 38 administrative districts of the region has distinguished four groups differing in the risk level of infection of the population with West Nile fever. The data obtained are used for planning, substantiating and conducting surveys and preventive measures, and form the basis for predicting the epidemiological situation in the region.
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Solovev, A. I., A. N. Kovalenko, V. S. Tokmakov, and V. V. Vasilev. "Anti-epidemic protection of military from malaria in South-East Asia (for the 15th anniversary of the humanitarian operation to eliminate the consequences of the tsunami in Indonesia)." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma50066.
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The experience of organizing a system of anti-epidemic measures in the Russian military medical group operating on the territory of the island of Sumatra during the humanitarian operation to eliminate the effects of the tsunami in 2005 is presented. A characteristic of the consequences of a natural disaster, a climatogeographic description of the region is presented. The natural-climatic and socio-economic conditions for the spread of malaria infection in the coverage area of the Russian military medical group are analyzed. Russian military physicians acted in an equatorial climate in a zone of tropical rainforest in a highly endemic area for tropical (P. falciparum) and three-day (P. vivax) malaria, as well as for vector-borne tropical infections such as dengue fever, vuhereriosis, and brugiosis. Among the carriers of malaria parasites and other tropical infections on the territory of about. Sumatra mosquitoes Anopheles sundaicus are of the greatest epidemic importance. In 2005, their mass breeding occurred in late January - early February (1,5-2 months earlier than usual). A system of anti-malarial protection of personnel is described, aimed at reducing the risk of infection of military personnel, preventing the development of the disease and its malignant course, early detection of patients and their effective treatment. There were no cases of malaria among the Russian military personnel during their entire stay in the endemic territory. At the same time, the incidence rate among Indonesian soldiers and local residents was constantly increasing. In hospitals, the number of patients with severe forms of tropical malaria increased. Thus, the effectiveness of the developed system of anti- malarial measures among the military personnel involved in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations in the territory with a continuous season of transmission of malaria infection has been confirmed.
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Skikevych, M. G., and L. I. Voloshyna. "PECULIARITIES OF MANIFESTATION OF THE SKIN FORM OF LEISHMANIASIS OF MAXILLOFACIAL LOCALIZATION." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2020.10.
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Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease in humans. Simple intracellular parasites cause the disease. Risk factors: socio-economic conditions, poverty. The disease is associated with malnutrition, with population displacement, with poor housing conditions, with a weak immune system, poor sanitary conditions, and lack of waste disposal. Up to 1 million new infections and up to 65,000 deaths from this disease occur annually. About 95% of cases of skin form disease occur in the countries of the American continent. Leishmaniasis occurs in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
The carriers of this disease are female mosquitoes. In the mosquito, parasites are in flagellate form. The natural reservoirs of Leishmania can be around 70 species of animals and humans. Infection occurs through mosquito saliva. After a bite, the parasite invades human mononuclear phagocytes. There may be infection of a person in contact with ulcers and other types of damage. Veterinarians have noted a dramatically increasing number of cases of disease in domestic animals.
The following forms are clinically distinguished: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis. After the disease develops, a stable immunity to this particular type of leishmaniasis develops.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form. Ulcers form in open areas of the body. Typical places of localization: face, ears, knees, elbows. Some nodules may have a warty surface or resemble xanthomas, keloids. After healing of these ulcers, scars remain for life.
The nasopharynx, oral cavity, or nasal mucosa can be affected without destroying the nasal septum. For cutaneous leishmaniasis, the formation of an infectious granuloma is also characteristic.
Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis can be local or systemic, depending on the damage and pathogen. Local treatment is suitable for minor and uncomplicated lesions. Local treatment options: heat therapy, cryotherapy. Systemic therapy is used in patients with multiple extensive rashes.
Patient K. turned to the maxillofacial department. The patient came home to Ukraine for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment. The patient works in Poland at a construction site. According to the patient, several courses of treatment. The treatment had no result. The pharmacotherapy of our Polish colleagues is not known to us. Clinically: superficial skin lesions on the face. On the face are three ulcers of different sizes. Two ulcers on the cheeks and one on the nose. Palpation of the edges of the ulcers is very painful.
Diagnostic search for the etiology of this process. Consultation of a rheumatologist ̶ the goal of eliminating Wegener's disease, rheumatological diseases. Hematologist consultation ̶ exclude hematology. Infectionist consultation ̶ rule out parasitic diseases. Laboratory examination: biochemical blood test, immunogram, rheumatic tests. CT scan of the abdomen.
Consultation of a parasitologist. The diagnosis was not in doubt.The patient refused examination and treatment in the infectious diseases hospital. The further fate of this patient is not known to us. We want to draw the attention of doctors to the need for a thorough history taking. An epidemiological history is crucial in such cases.
Treatment of leishmaniasis is long and toxic. No method of treatment gives 100% of the result. The choice of treatment method will depend on the type of pathogen and the geographical location of the infection.This disease can be brought by tourists, students from relevant countries of the world to Ukraine.
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Dénes, Attila, Mahmoud A. Ibrahim, Lillian Oluoch, Miklós Tekeli, and Tamás Tekeli. "Impact of weather seasonality and sexual transmission on the spread of Zika fever." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (November 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53062-z.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe establish a compartmental model to study the transmission of Zika virus disease including spread through sexual contacts and the role of asymptomatic carriers. To incorporate the impact of the seasonality of weather on the spread of Zika, we apply a nonautonomous model with time-dependent mosquito birth rate and biting rate, which allows us to explain the differing outcome of the epidemic in different countries of South America: using Latin Hypercube Sampling for fitting, we were able to reproduce the different outcomes of the disease in various countries. Sensitivity analysis shows that, although the most important factors in Zika transmission are the birth rate of mosquitoes and the transmission rate from mosquitoes to humans, spread through sexual contacts also highly contributes to the transmission of Zika virus: our study suggests that the practice of safe sex among those who have possibly contracted the disease, can significantly reduce the number of Zika cases.
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Sigit, Nanta, and Ida Ayu P K. "Prediction of Dengue Fever Cases in Malang City using a Neural Network Model." KnE Life Sciences, March 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v0i0.8870.
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Dengue fever has been declared endemic in many cities of Indonesia, one of them being the Malang City. In 2015, the incidence of dengue fever in the region was recorded at 1,629 with 13 deaths. There are many factors that contribute to the disease. The factors associated with dengue-fever transmission include population density, population mobility, quality of housing and attitude of life. However, the factors that can trigger dengue fever are environmental in nature, and include changes in temperature, humidity and rainfall, which cause mosquitoes to lay eggs more often and facilitates a rapid reproduction of the dengue virus. Parasites and disease carriers (mosquitoes) are very sensitive to climatic factors, especially temperature, rainfall, humidity, water levels and wind. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a suitable model for forecasting dengue fever in Malang City based on the Transfer Function and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Data used were dengue fever data from 2004 to 2019. The results showed that the smallest RMSE, MAPE and SMAPE values of the two models were ANN models.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), transfer function, dengue fever
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Feufack-Donfack, Lionel Brice, Elangwe Milo Sarah-Matio, Luc Marcel Abate, Aline Gaelle Bouopda Tuedom, Albert Ngano Bayibéki, Christelle Maffo Ngou, Jean-Claude Toto, et al. "Epidemiological and entomological studies of malaria transmission in Tibati, Adamawa region of Cameroon 6 years following the introduction of long-lasting insecticide nets." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (May 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04745-y.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Cameroon. Implementation of control interventions requires prior knowledge of the local epidemiological situation. Here we report the results of epidemiological and entomological surveys carried out in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon, an area where malaria transmission is seasonal, 6 years after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets. Methods Cross-sectional studies were carried out in July 2015 and 2017 in Tibati. Thick blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in the community and at health centers, respectively, and used for the molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium species. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor residual spraying and identified morphologically and molecularly. The infection status of Plasmodium spp. was determined by quantitative PCR, and positivity of PCR-positive samples was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results Overall malaria prevalence in our study population was 55.0% (752/1367) and Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent parasite species (94.3%), followed by P. malariae (17.7%) and P. ovale (0.8%); 92 (12.7%) infections were mixed infections. Infection parameters varied according to clinical status (symptomatic/asymptomatic) and age of the sampled population and the collection sites. Infection prevalence was higher in asymptomatic carriers (60.8%), but asexual and sexual parasite densities were lower. Prevalence and intensity of infection decreased with age in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Heterogeneity in infections was observed at the neighborhood level, revealing hotspots of transmission. Among the 592 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 212 (35.8%) were An. gambiae, 172 (29.1%) were An. coluzzii and 208 (35.1%) were An. funestus (s.s.). A total of 26 (4.39%) mosquito specimens were infected by Plasmodium sp. and the three Anopheles mosquitoes transmitted Plasmodium at equal efficiency. Surprisingly, we found an An. coluzzii specimen infected by Plasmodium vivax, which confirms circulation of this species in Cameroon. The positivity of all 26 PCR-positive Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes was successively confirmed by sequencing analysis. Conclusion Our study presents the baseline malaria parasite burden in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. Our results highlight the high malaria endemicity in the area, and hotspots of disease transmission are identified. Parasitological indices suggest low bednet usage and that implementation of control interventions in the area is needed to reduce malaria burden. We also report for the first time a mosquito vector with naturally acquired P. vivax infection in Cameroon.