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Academic literature on the topic 'Mosquitoes as carriers of disease – Reunion'

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Published: 4 June 2021
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Journal articles on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease – Reunion"

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GOUAGNA, L. C., H. M. FERGUSON, B. A. OKECH, G. F. KILLEEN, E. W. KABIRU, J. C. BEIER, J. I. GITHURE, and G. YAN. "Plasmodium falciparummalaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission toAnopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya." Parasitology 128, no. 3 (March 2004): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200300444x.

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Transmission of the malaria parasitePlasmodiumis influenced by many different host, vector and parasite factors. Here we conducted a field study at Mbita, an area of endemic malaria in Western Kenya, to test whether parasite transmission to mosquitoes is influenced by the severity of malaria infection in its human host at the time when gametocytes, the transmission forms, are present in the peripheral blood. We examined the infectivity of 81Plasmodium falciparumgametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Of these, 21 were patients with fever and other malaria-related symptoms, and 60 were recruited among apparently healthy volunteers. Laboratory-rearedAnopheles gambiaes.s. (local strain) were experimentally infected with blood from these gametocyte carriers by membrane-feeding. The severity of the clinical symptoms was greater in febrile patients. These symptomatic patients had higher asexual parasitaemia and lower gametocyte densities (P=0·05) than healthy volunteers. Ookinete development occurred in only 6 out of the 21 symptomatic patients, of which only 33·3% successfully yielded oocysts. The oocyst prevalence was only 0·6% in the 546 mosquitoes that were fed on blood from this symptomatic group, with mean oocyst intensity of 0·2 (range 0–2) oocysts per mosquito. In contrast, a higher proportion (76·7%) of healthy gametocyte carriers yielded ookinetes, generating an oocyst rate of 12% in the 1332 mosquitoes that fed on them (mean intensity of 6·3, range: 1–105 oocysts per mosquito). Statistical analysis indicated that the increased infectivity of asymptomatic gametocyte carriers was not simply due to their greater gametocyte abundance, but also to the higher level of infectivity of their gametocytes, possibly due to lower parasite mortality within mosquitoes fed on blood from healthy hosts. These results suggest that blood factors and/or conditions correlated with illness reduceP. falciparumgametocyte infectivity.
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Lenshin, S. V., I. V. Patraman, S. V. Alkhovsky, and O. I. Vyshemirsky. "Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections in the Krasnodar Territory ~ Risks of Autochthonous Cases of the Disease." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-3-129-138.

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Introduction. Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.Aim. To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.Conclusion. Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.
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Gouagna, Louis Clément, David Damiens, Clélia F. Oliva, Sébastien Boyer, Gilbert Le Goff, Cécile Brengues, Jean-Sébastien Dehecq, Jocelyn Raude, Frédéric Simard, and Didier Fontenille. "Strategic Approach, Advances, and Challenges in the Development and Application of the SIT for Area-Wide Control of Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes in Reunion Island." Insects 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110770.

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The global expansion of Aedes albopictus, together with the absence of specific treatment and vaccines for most of the arboviruses it transmits, has stimulated the development of more sustainable and ecologically acceptable methods for control of disease transmission through the suppression of natural vector populations. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is rapidly evolving as an additional tool for mosquito control, offering an efficient and more environment-friendly alternative to the use of insecticides. Following the devastating chikungunya outbreak, which affected 38% of the population on Reunion Island (a French overseas territory in the southwest of the Indian Ocean), there has been strong interest and political will to develop effective alternatives to the existing vector control strategies. Over the past 10 years, the French Research and Development Institute (IRD) has established an SIT feasibility program against Ae. albopictus on Reunion Island in collaboration with national and international partners. This program aimed to determine whether the SIT based on the release of radiation-sterilized males is scientifically and technically feasible, and socially acceptable as part of a control strategy targeting the local Ae. albopictus population. This paper provides a review of a multi-year and a particularly broad scoping process of establishing the scientific and technological feasibility of the SIT against Ae. albopictus on Reunion Island. It also draws attention to some prerequisites of the decision-making process, through awareness campaigns to enhance public understanding and support, social adoption, and regulatory validation of the SIT pilot tests.
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Schaber, Kathryn L., T. Alex Perkins, Alun L. Lloyd, Lance A. Waller, Uriel Kitron, Valerie A. Paz-Soldan, John P. Elder, et al. "Disease-driven reduction in human mobility influences human-mosquito contacts and dengue transmission dynamics." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e1008627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008627.

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Heterogeneous exposure to mosquitoes determines an individual’s contribution to vector-borne pathogen transmission. Particularly for dengue virus (DENV), there is a major difficulty in quantifying human-vector contacts due to the unknown coupled effect of key heterogeneities. To test the hypothesis that the reduction of human out-of-home mobility due to dengue illness will significantly influence population-level dynamics and the structure of DENV transmission chains, we extended an existing modeling framework to include social structure, disease-driven mobility reductions, and heterogeneous transmissibility from different infectious groups. Compared to a baseline model, naïve to human pre-symptomatic infectiousness and disease-driven mobility changes, a model including both parameters predicted an increase of 37% in the probability of a DENV outbreak occurring; a model including mobility change alone predicted a 15.5% increase compared to the baseline model. At the individual level, models including mobility change led to a reduction of the importance of out-of-home onward transmission (R, the fraction of secondary cases predicted to be generated by an individual) by symptomatic individuals (up to -62%) at the expense of an increase in the relevance of their home (up to +40%). An individual’s positive contribution to R could be predicted by a GAM including a non-linear interaction between an individual’s biting suitability and the number of mosquitoes in their home (>10 mosquitoes and 0.6 individual attractiveness significantly increased R). We conclude that the complex fabric of social relationships and differential behavioral response to dengue illness cause the fraction of symptomatic DENV infections to concentrate transmission in specific locations, whereas asymptomatic carriers (including individuals in their pre-symptomatic period) move the virus throughout the landscape. Our findings point to the difficulty of focusing vector control interventions reactively on the home of symptomatic individuals, as this approach will fail to contain virus propagation by visitors to their house and asymptomatic carriers.
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Lecadieu, Arnaud, Laura Teysseyre, Kevin Larsen, Charles Vidal, Margot Caron, Nicolas Traversier, _. _, Thomas Aujoulat, Jérôme Allyn, and Nicolas Allou. "Case Report: Transmission of Dengue Virus from a Deceased Donor to a Kidney Transplant Recipient Previously Infected by Dengue Virus." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 2199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0137.

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Abstract.Since 2018, a dengue epidemic has been ongoing in the French overseas department of Reunion Island, in the Indian Ocean, with more than 25,000 serologically confirmed cases. Currently, three dengue serotypes have been identified in Réunion Island (DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-3) progressing in the form of epidemic outbreaks. This arbovirus is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes and may be responsible for serious clinical forms. To date, very few cases of kidney transplant–related dengue virus infection have been described. Here we report the first case of severe dengue virus infection related to kidney transplantation from a patient previously infected with dengue. Testing for dengue fever with PCR search in donor’s urine may help complete the pretransplant assessment in areas where this disease occurs.
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Mishchenko, Andrey Vladimirovich, and Elena Aleksandrovna Artemyeva. "Birds as a food base for mosquitoes – carriers of the causative agent of tropical malaria." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101117.

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The paper discusses the food supply of the vector of malaria mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, which are birds of tropical regions of West Africa. Birds, as distant migrants, penetrate high latitudes and contribute to the spread of malaria in Europe and other countries of the northern hemisphere. The results of the studies show that the main role in the choice of prey objects by female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes birds is played by the nesting and forage biotopes of birds, which are comfortable for mosquito breeding. Probably, female mosquitoes use non-feathered parts of the body of adult birds for feeding unfeathered or weakly feathered chicks in nests. The circulation of Plasmodium falciparum includes populations of birds, primarily water, near-water and marsh complexes, as well as birds, the development of which takes place in specific conditions of a closed space in holes, hollows and closed nests. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito in this system plays the role of a carrier of Plasmodium falciparum not only among populations of birds and mammals, but also among humans, which determines the range of tropical malaria, which is a natural focal vector-borne disease. The authors have identified 37 species of birds carriers of malaria in natural and anthropogenic biocoenoses of Mali (West Africa). The most numerous during the migration and nesting period are birds of the aquatic, near-water and meadow-bog complexes (herons, herons, waders) distant migrants on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. The risk areas include, first of all, the southern regions Astrakhan Region, Rostov Region and Krasnodar Region.
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Vasilevich, Kraskova, and Nikanorova. "CASE OF DOG DIROFILARIOSIS IN THE CITY OF KALUGA." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.123-127.

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The article describes a case of dirofilariasis of a dog from the city of Kaluga. Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria, slowly developing and for a long time proceeding in a chronic form. The most common species in veterinary practice is Dirofilaria immitis. The definitive host of these helminths in middle latitudes is carnivorous animals, mainly canines. Dirofilariae are transmitted by the bite of various blood-sucking insects, most often mosquitoes, mainly of the genera Cules, Aedes and Anopheles. The studies were conducted by the method of collecting anamnesis, epizootic data, clinical examination using additional equipment, and laboratory studies. For treatment, antiparasitic drugs of the group of macrocyclic lactones were used in the form of a course, together with supportive therapy aimed at eliminating thrombosis. The habitat of these parasites is expanding due to adaptation to new types of mosquitoes – carriers, climate change, as well as transportation of dogs – definitive owners across the country. The disease is difficult to treat due to the inability to completely get rid of parasites in the bloodstream, and surgical intervention is possible, but requires special equipment, which is usually absent in provincial cities.
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Pilip and Byakova. "THE ROLE OF MOSQUITOES IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTHROPOZOONOSIS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.469-474.

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Climate change leads to a change in the distribution of insects, including blood-sucking. Mosquitoes are vectors for the transmission of dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases. Every year in the Kirov region up to 1100 diseases of natural focal infec-tions are registered. The temperate continental climate, abundant rainfall (500-680 mm per year) with a predominance of up to 70% in warm weather, the presence of forests and water bodies, swamped territory (40%) are favorable factors for the de-velopment of mosquitoes. On the territory of the region 25 species of mosquitoes of 5 genus are registered. The information on the fauna of mosquitoes on the territory of the Kirov region, the meteorological situation, and the epizoological situation on anthropozoonotic diseases, including dirofilariasis, were analyzed. Since 1942, the region has been unfavorable for tularemia with the last outbreak in 2012 near the floodplain of the Vyatka River. Since 2008, cases of human dirofilariasis with local-ization of the pathogen in the organs of vision have been recorded annually in the Kirov region. May – September is the most favorable for human infection, subject to the presence of a sick animal and a significant number of blood-sucking insects. Since 2013, cases of dirofilariasis of domestic and working dogs have been reported in the Kirov region, which indicates the presence of a local focus of dirofilariasis, in which mosquitoes are carriers of human and dog diseases. In dogs, the subcutane-ous (pathogen Dirofilaria repens) or cardiac (pathogen Dirofilaria immitis) forms of anthropozoonosis are recorded. The cardiac form of the disease is the most atypical. The diagnosis of dirofilariasis is made on the basis of anamnesis, clinical picture, laboratory tests for the detection of microfilariae in the blood.
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Wang, Xueli, Yike Ding, Xiangyang Lu, Danqian Geng, Shan Li, Alexander S. Raikhel, and Zhen Zou. "The ecdysone-induced protein 93 is a key factor regulating gonadotrophic cycles in the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 16, 2021): e2021910118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021910118.

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Repeated blood feedings are required for adult female mosquitoes to maintain their gonadotrophic cycles, enabling them to be important pathogen carriers of human diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying developmental switches between these mosquito gonadotrophic cycles will provide valuable insight into mosquito reproduction and could aid in the identification of targets to disrupt these cycles, thereby reducing disease transmission. We report here that the transcription factor ecdysone-induced protein 93 (E93), previously implicated in insect metamorphic transitions, plays a key role in determining the gonadotrophic cyclicity in adult females of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. Expression of the E93 gene in mosquitoes is down-regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) and up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We find that E93 controls Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), the transcription factor linked to the termination of reproductive cycles. Moreover, knockdown of E93 expression via RNAi impaired fat body autophagy, suggesting that E93 governs autophagy-induced termination of vitellogenesis. E93 RNAi silencing prior to the first gonadotrophic cycle affected normal progression of the second cycle. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed a considerable E93-dependent decline in the expression of genes involved in translation and metabolism at the end of a reproductive cycle. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that E93 acts as a crucial factor in regulating reproductive cycle switches in adult female mosquitoes.
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Anita, Sebastian, Edoardo Beretta, and Vincenzo Capasso. "Optimal control strategies for a class of vector borne diseases, exemplified by a toy model for malaria." BIOMATH 8, no. 2 (October 13, 2019): 1909157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2019.09.157.

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This paper contains a unified review of a set of previous papers by the same authors concerning the mathematical modelling and control of malaria epidemics. The presentation moves from a conceptual mathematical model of malaria transmission in an homogeneous population. Among the key epidemiological features of this model, two-age-classes (child and adult) and asymptomatic carriers have been included. As possible control measures, the extra mortality of mosquitoes due to the use of long-lasting treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) have been included. By taking advantage of the natural double time scale of the parasite and the human populations, it has been possible to provide interesting threshold results. In particular, key parameters have been identified such that below a threshold level, built on these parameters, the epidemic tends to extinction, while above another threshold level it tends to a nontrivial endemic state. The above model has motivated further analysis when a spatial structure of the relevant populations is added. Inspired by the above, additional model reductions have been introduced, which make the resulting reaction-diffusion system mathematically affordable. Only the dynamics of the infected mosquitoes and of the infected humans has been included, so that a two-component reaction-diffusion system is finally taken. The spread of the disease is controlled by three actions (controls) implemented in a subdomain of the habitat: killing mosquitoes, treating the infected humans and reducing the contact rate mosquitoes-humans.To start with, the problem of the eradicability of the disease is considered, while the cost of the controls is ignored. We prove that it is possible to decrease exponentially both the human and the vector infective population everywhere in the relevant habitat by acting only in a suitable subdomain. Later the regional control problem of reducing the total cost of the damages produced by the disease, of the controls and of the intervention in a certain subdomain is treated for the finite time horizon case. In order to take the logistic structure of the habitat into account the level set method is used as a key ingredient for describing the subregion of intervention. Here this subregion has been better characterized by both area and perimeter. The authors wish to stress that the target of this paper mainly is to attract the attention of the public health authorities towards an effective and affordable practice of implementation of possible control strategies.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease – Reunion"

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Weinstein, Philip. "Changing representations of mosquito borne disease risk in Reunion." University of Western Australia. European Languages and Studies Discipline Group. French Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0174.

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[Truncated abstract] In March 2005, the Indian Ocean island of Reunion, a former colony and now overseas department of France, saw the first cases of what was to become a massive epidemic of the mosquito borne viral infection Chikungunya. More than 250,000 people, one third of the Island's population, were subject to high fevers, rash, and joint and muscle pains over the next 18 months, yet the public health authorities in metropolitan France were arguably slow to take the epidemic seriously. The research presented here explores attitudes underlying the management of the epidemic by examining both metropolitan and local representations of mosquito borne disease from historical, epidemiological and media perspectives. The research seeks to answer the general question Does colonial history continue to influence the representation and management of mosquito borne disease in Reunion? Three parallel approaches are taken to answering this question, using a common framework of tropicality (a Western discourse that exalts the temperate world over its tropical counterpart, and overlaps with colonialism and orientalism). ... Several factors are likely to have contributed to the persistence of tropicality in public health practice in Reunion: Othering as a universal phenomenon; the cost of administering interventions to combat tropical diseases in the remote environments of French overseas departments and territories; the denial of a serious public health risk as a cultural trait in Reunion; and the significant role of the colonies in forming and maintaining the French national identity. It has to be acknowledged that historically, tropicalism does appear to have played one positive role in the management of mosquito borne disease:
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Fenoff, Roy S. "A survey of Wyoming mosquitoes for vectors of dog heartworm." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317326331&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Hugo, Riel Leon Eklund. "Evaluation of methodologies for determining the age structure and survivorship of Ochlerotatus vigilax and other medically important mosquito vector species in Australia /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18159.pdf.

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Hurst, Timothy Parker. "Evaluation of Australian native fish and lavicides for the integrated control of freshwater mosquito vectors /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18164.pdf.

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Modelski, Kimberly A. "Comparison of climatic conditions and mosquito abundances in New Castle County, Delaware." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 3.25 Mb., 229 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435830.

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Schmeisser, Glen A. "Location of the insect binding specificity domain of the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 128 kDa toxin." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897503.

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The ultimate goal of this research was to perform a domain exchange between a computer identified insect specificity region of the mosquito larvicidal protein Cry IVB and a previously identified domain in a related protein toxin which targets lepidopteran insect larvae. If the insect specificity domain has been correctly identified, an exchange of DNA in this manner transfers the toxicity of one peptide to another by an exchange of the insect specificity domains. New, chimeric peptides may be designed which will target a larger spectrum of insect larvae.In previous research a domain exchange was performed between the two genes carried on plasmid vectors in E. coli and low levels of toxicity to mosquito larvae were observed. Initial efforts of this research attempted to identify these recombinants. However, stability was not achieved by sequential colony screens. Furthermore, a recently published three-dimensional structural model for all the B. thuringiensis crystalline toxins became available and it was quickly determined that the first exchanges excluded most of the f3-sheet domain that is responsible for insect cell receptor binding, the feature that gives the toxins their specificity. Therefore, it was decided that a larger, more inclusive region of Cry IVB DNA must be exchanged between the two toxins.Extensive computer analyses of the Cry IVB sequence and retroactive comparison of these sequences to the three-dimensional model yielded a fragment of DNA that encoded more than 60% of the putative insect specificity domain. Oligonucleotide primers were subsequently designed to flank this region so that the polymerase chain reaction could be employed to amplify the region. Additionally, the primers were engineered to contain terminal restriction endonuclease sites to ease in the exchange of the domain encoding region into Cry IA(c). The region of Cry IVB DNA flanked by the oligonucleotide primers was successfully amplified by the PCR and cloned into the plasmid vector pUC 19 as a reservoir for a future domain exchange.
Department of Biology
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Robinson, Mary J. "Cloning a mosquitocidal fragment of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and location of the insect binding specificity domain of the 130 kDa toxin gene." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774740.

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Various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Mt.) produce crystalline endotoxins specific for larvae of different insect classes. Two strains, B.t. subspp. israelensis and kurstaki produce similar 130 kDa toxins encoded by the CryIVB gene (toxic to Diptera) and the CryIA gene (toxic to Lepidoptera), respectively. The N-terminal region of the CryIVB gene was cloned into the Escherichia coli expression vector pKX223-3. A mosquitocidal transformant was obtained as determined by mosquito bioassays. The gene fragment, if stable, can be cloned into cyanobacteria to achieve biological control of mosquito-borne diseases. A second goal was to identify the binding specificity domain of the CryIVB gene which encodes the portion of the protein toxin that binds the insect midgut causing cell lysis and death. Two potential insect binding specificity domains identified by computer analyses were switched with a known binding specificity region of the CryIA gene. The polymerase chain reaction was utilized to obtain gene fragments of the CryIVB gene which replaced the CryIA gene binding specificity domain. The resulting recombinant clones carrying the CryIA gene containing the .000nd proposed insect binding specificity domain of the CryIVB gene were fotsd to be mosquitocidal.
Department of Biology
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Russell, Brenda Lurline. "Factors preventing the metabolism of carbohydrates by Bacillus sphaericus 2362." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45179.

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Bacillus sphaericus 2362 is a mosquito pathogenic bacterium. Its greatest industrial potential may be in developing countries where mosquitos are often vectors for diseases. This strain is typical of the species in that it is unable to grow using carbohydrates as a sole source of carbon. The goal of this research was to determine the metabolic deficiency(s) responsible for the inability of this organism to grow on carbohydrates. Compounds that supported light growth of this organism on an agar-solidified, defined medium included acetate, glycerol, and gluconate. Growth in a defined liquid medium with acetate as the source of carbon was much slower than growth in a complex, protein-based broth. B. sphaericus grew poorly in a defined, liquid medium with glycerol or gluconate as the carbon source. Activity of enzymes responsible for the initiation of metabolism of some substrates was not detected in cell extracts. These enzymes were: glucokinase, hexokinase, beta-galactosidase, and amylase. Growth of this bacterium on glycerol as a sole source of carbon implies the presence of the enzymes from the lower half of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. Two enzymes of the upper half of the EMF pathway, phosphofructokinase and fructose diphosphate aldolase, were undetected in cell extracts. In addition, glucose dehydrogenase activity was not detected. The inability to form glucose-6-phosphate from glucose prevents the catabolism of this and related substrates via the Entner-Doudoroff (ED), hexose monophosphate (HMP), and EMF pathways. Oxygen uptake studies indicated that B. sphaericus oxidized gluconate slightly but only when the cells were grown in a complex, protein-based medium supplemented with gluconate. Although gluconokinase activity was detected in cell extracts, no activity was detected for the key enzymes of the ED (phosphogluconate dehydratase/KDPG aldolase), or HMP (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) pathway. It is unclear how B. sphaericus grows on a defined medium with gluconate as the sole source of carbon. In addition to enzymatic deficiencies, whole cells were unable to accumulate [¹⁴C]glucose or [¹⁴C]sucrose.
Master of Science
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Leung, Lai-king. "Are health-education programmes effective in improving knowledge of and compliance with non-pharmacological measures against mosquito-borne disease?" Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40721073.

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Lewis, Lynn Owens. "Surface proteins of the mosquito-pathogenic strains of Bacillus sphaericus." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77819.

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Books on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease – Reunion"

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Deadly mosquitoes. New York: Gareth Stevens Pub., 2011.

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Illinois. Division of Environmental Health. Mosquitoes and encephalitis. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, 1995.

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Asimeng, E. J. Mosquitoes and human health. Eldoret, Kenya: Moi University Press, 2000.

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Stojanovich, Chester J. Mosquitoes of Korea. Portland, Or: C.J. Stojanovich, 1996.

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Consoli, Rotraut A. G. B. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Editora FIOCRUZ, 1994.

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Borges, Sherrine Njaine. Metamorfoses do corpo: Uma pedagogia freudiana. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Editora Fiocruz, 1995.

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Clements, A. N. The biology of mosquitoes. Oxon, UK: CABI, 1992.

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Clements, A. N. The biology of mosquitoes. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992.

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Clements, A. N. The biology of mosquitoes. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 1999.

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Vargas, Mario Vargas. El mosquito: Un enemigo peligroso : biología, control e importancia en la salud humana (Diptera:Culicidae). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 1998.

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