Journal articles on the topic 'Mosquitoes as carriers of disease Philippines'
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1
GOUAGNA, L. C., H. M. FERGUSON, B. A. OKECH, G. F. KILLEEN, E. W. KABIRU, J. C. BEIER, J. I. GITHURE, and G. YAN. "Plasmodium falciparummalaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission toAnopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya." Parasitology 128, no. 3 (March 2004): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200300444x.
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Transmission of the malaria parasitePlasmodiumis influenced by many different host, vector and parasite factors. Here we conducted a field study at Mbita, an area of endemic malaria in Western Kenya, to test whether parasite transmission to mosquitoes is influenced by the severity of malaria infection in its human host at the time when gametocytes, the transmission forms, are present in the peripheral blood. We examined the infectivity of 81Plasmodium falciparumgametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Of these, 21 were patients with fever and other malaria-related symptoms, and 60 were recruited among apparently healthy volunteers. Laboratory-rearedAnopheles gambiaes.s. (local strain) were experimentally infected with blood from these gametocyte carriers by membrane-feeding. The severity of the clinical symptoms was greater in febrile patients. These symptomatic patients had higher asexual parasitaemia and lower gametocyte densities (P=0·05) than healthy volunteers. Ookinete development occurred in only 6 out of the 21 symptomatic patients, of which only 33·3% successfully yielded oocysts. The oocyst prevalence was only 0·6% in the 546 mosquitoes that were fed on blood from this symptomatic group, with mean oocyst intensity of 0·2 (range 0–2) oocysts per mosquito. In contrast, a higher proportion (76·7%) of healthy gametocyte carriers yielded ookinetes, generating an oocyst rate of 12% in the 1332 mosquitoes that fed on them (mean intensity of 6·3, range: 1–105 oocysts per mosquito). Statistical analysis indicated that the increased infectivity of asymptomatic gametocyte carriers was not simply due to their greater gametocyte abundance, but also to the higher level of infectivity of their gametocytes, possibly due to lower parasite mortality within mosquitoes fed on blood from healthy hosts. These results suggest that blood factors and/or conditions correlated with illness reduceP. falciparumgametocyte infectivity.
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Lenshin, S. V., I. V. Patraman, S. V. Alkhovsky, and O. I. Vyshemirsky. "Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections in the Krasnodar Territory ~ Risks of Autochthonous Cases of the Disease." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-3-129-138.
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Introduction. Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.Aim. To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.Conclusion. Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.
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Schaber, Kathryn L., T. Alex Perkins, Alun L. Lloyd, Lance A. Waller, Uriel Kitron, Valerie A. Paz-Soldan, John P. Elder, et al. "Disease-driven reduction in human mobility influences human-mosquito contacts and dengue transmission dynamics." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): e1008627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008627.
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Heterogeneous exposure to mosquitoes determines an individual’s contribution to vector-borne pathogen transmission. Particularly for dengue virus (DENV), there is a major difficulty in quantifying human-vector contacts due to the unknown coupled effect of key heterogeneities. To test the hypothesis that the reduction of human out-of-home mobility due to dengue illness will significantly influence population-level dynamics and the structure of DENV transmission chains, we extended an existing modeling framework to include social structure, disease-driven mobility reductions, and heterogeneous transmissibility from different infectious groups. Compared to a baseline model, naïve to human pre-symptomatic infectiousness and disease-driven mobility changes, a model including both parameters predicted an increase of 37% in the probability of a DENV outbreak occurring; a model including mobility change alone predicted a 15.5% increase compared to the baseline model. At the individual level, models including mobility change led to a reduction of the importance of out-of-home onward transmission (R, the fraction of secondary cases predicted to be generated by an individual) by symptomatic individuals (up to -62%) at the expense of an increase in the relevance of their home (up to +40%). An individual’s positive contribution to R could be predicted by a GAM including a non-linear interaction between an individual’s biting suitability and the number of mosquitoes in their home (>10 mosquitoes and 0.6 individual attractiveness significantly increased R). We conclude that the complex fabric of social relationships and differential behavioral response to dengue illness cause the fraction of symptomatic DENV infections to concentrate transmission in specific locations, whereas asymptomatic carriers (including individuals in their pre-symptomatic period) move the virus throughout the landscape. Our findings point to the difficulty of focusing vector control interventions reactively on the home of symptomatic individuals, as this approach will fail to contain virus propagation by visitors to their house and asymptomatic carriers.
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C. Dela Cru, Makarius Tel Aviv, and Benie T. Constantino IH. "Dengue Infection: Frequently Asked Questions by People in the Province of Aklan, Philippines." Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Research 3, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2768-0487/032.
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Dengue virus is the most common mosquito borne viral disease in humans, and poses a major challenge to global public health services. Infection can be caused by any of the 4 DENV serotypes, transmitted by female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Presenting features may vary from a mild self-limiting febrile illness to life-threatening symptoms of bleeding, organ impairment, and plasma leakage leading to shock. Early diagnosis and monitoring are critical to reduce mortality, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Laboratory tests, such as the serological detection of either antigen or antibodies are useful in the diagnosis. Currently, although a vaccine for DENV is available, it remains a challenge to develop an effective vaccine against 4 discrete serotypes and antiviral drugs effective in reducing morbidity or improving disease outcome.
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Mishchenko, Andrey Vladimirovich, and Elena Aleksandrovna Artemyeva. "Birds as a food base for mosquitoes – carriers of the causative agent of tropical malaria." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101117.
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The paper discusses the food supply of the vector of malaria mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, which are birds of tropical regions of West Africa. Birds, as distant migrants, penetrate high latitudes and contribute to the spread of malaria in Europe and other countries of the northern hemisphere. The results of the studies show that the main role in the choice of prey objects by female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes birds is played by the nesting and forage biotopes of birds, which are comfortable for mosquito breeding. Probably, female mosquitoes use non-feathered parts of the body of adult birds for feeding unfeathered or weakly feathered chicks in nests. The circulation of Plasmodium falciparum includes populations of birds, primarily water, near-water and marsh complexes, as well as birds, the development of which takes place in specific conditions of a closed space in holes, hollows and closed nests. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito in this system plays the role of a carrier of Plasmodium falciparum not only among populations of birds and mammals, but also among humans, which determines the range of tropical malaria, which is a natural focal vector-borne disease. The authors have identified 37 species of birds carriers of malaria in natural and anthropogenic biocoenoses of Mali (West Africa). The most numerous during the migration and nesting period are birds of the aquatic, near-water and meadow-bog complexes (herons, herons, waders) distant migrants on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. The risk areas include, first of all, the southern regions Astrakhan Region, Rostov Region and Krasnodar Region.
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Setyowati, Asri. "Penyebaran Penyakit Malaria Model SIRS-SI dengan Pengobatan, Vaksinasi, dan Penyemprotan." MATHunesa: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika 8, no. 2 (July 11, 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/mathunesa.v8n2.p183-189.
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Malaria is a disease that is transmitted through the mosquito type Anopheles females. Spread of malaria to human disease is caused by mosquito bites of infectious carriers. Malaria viruses can also be transmitted through blood transfusions from humans infected to healthy humans. The method is to study issues related to malaria, create constraint issue, determine the assumptions used for model validation and reconstruct the model for the spread of malaria disease. The research aims to reconstruct a model for the spread of malaria diseases with treatment, vaccination and spraying based on the SIRS-SI epidemic model. SIRS are models for human populations when recovering can be re-susceptible to human immune loss, and SI is a model for mosquitoes where assumed mosquito-carrying infections cannot be recovered
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Vasilevich, Kraskova, and Nikanorova. "CASE OF DOG DIROFILARIOSIS IN THE CITY OF KALUGA." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 22 (May 19, 2021): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6046256-1-3.2021.22.123-127.
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The article describes a case of dirofilariasis of a dog from the city of Kaluga. Dirofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria, slowly developing and for a long time proceeding in a chronic form. The most common species in veterinary practice is Dirofilaria immitis. The definitive host of these helminths in middle latitudes is carnivorous animals, mainly canines. Dirofilariae are transmitted by the bite of various blood-sucking insects, most often mosquitoes, mainly of the genera Cules, Aedes and Anopheles. The studies were conducted by the method of collecting anamnesis, epizootic data, clinical examination using additional equipment, and laboratory studies. For treatment, antiparasitic drugs of the group of macrocyclic lactones were used in the form of a course, together with supportive therapy aimed at eliminating thrombosis. The habitat of these parasites is expanding due to adaptation to new types of mosquitoes – carriers, climate change, as well as transportation of dogs – definitive owners across the country. The disease is difficult to treat due to the inability to completely get rid of parasites in the bloodstream, and surgical intervention is possible, but requires special equipment, which is usually absent in provincial cities.
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Pilip and Byakova. "THE ROLE OF MOSQUITOES IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ANTHROPOZOONOSIS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.469-474.
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Climate change leads to a change in the distribution of insects, including blood-sucking. Mosquitoes are vectors for the transmission of dangerous anthropozoonotic diseases. Every year in the Kirov region up to 1100 diseases of natural focal infec-tions are registered. The temperate continental climate, abundant rainfall (500-680 mm per year) with a predominance of up to 70% in warm weather, the presence of forests and water bodies, swamped territory (40%) are favorable factors for the de-velopment of mosquitoes. On the territory of the region 25 species of mosquitoes of 5 genus are registered. The information on the fauna of mosquitoes on the territory of the Kirov region, the meteorological situation, and the epizoological situation on anthropozoonotic diseases, including dirofilariasis, were analyzed. Since 1942, the region has been unfavorable for tularemia with the last outbreak in 2012 near the floodplain of the Vyatka River. Since 2008, cases of human dirofilariasis with local-ization of the pathogen in the organs of vision have been recorded annually in the Kirov region. May – September is the most favorable for human infection, subject to the presence of a sick animal and a significant number of blood-sucking insects. Since 2013, cases of dirofilariasis of domestic and working dogs have been reported in the Kirov region, which indicates the presence of a local focus of dirofilariasis, in which mosquitoes are carriers of human and dog diseases. In dogs, the subcutane-ous (pathogen Dirofilaria repens) or cardiac (pathogen Dirofilaria immitis) forms of anthropozoonosis are recorded. The cardiac form of the disease is the most atypical. The diagnosis of dirofilariasis is made on the basis of anamnesis, clinical picture, laboratory tests for the detection of microfilariae in the blood.
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Wang, Xueli, Yike Ding, Xiangyang Lu, Danqian Geng, Shan Li, Alexander S. Raikhel, and Zhen Zou. "The ecdysone-induced protein 93 is a key factor regulating gonadotrophic cycles in the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 16, 2021): e2021910118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021910118.
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Repeated blood feedings are required for adult female mosquitoes to maintain their gonadotrophic cycles, enabling them to be important pathogen carriers of human diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying developmental switches between these mosquito gonadotrophic cycles will provide valuable insight into mosquito reproduction and could aid in the identification of targets to disrupt these cycles, thereby reducing disease transmission. We report here that the transcription factor ecdysone-induced protein 93 (E93), previously implicated in insect metamorphic transitions, plays a key role in determining the gonadotrophic cyclicity in adult females of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. Expression of the E93 gene in mosquitoes is down-regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) and up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We find that E93 controls Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), the transcription factor linked to the termination of reproductive cycles. Moreover, knockdown of E93 expression via RNAi impaired fat body autophagy, suggesting that E93 governs autophagy-induced termination of vitellogenesis. E93 RNAi silencing prior to the first gonadotrophic cycle affected normal progression of the second cycle. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed a considerable E93-dependent decline in the expression of genes involved in translation and metabolism at the end of a reproductive cycle. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that E93 acts as a crucial factor in regulating reproductive cycle switches in adult female mosquitoes.
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Padilla, Carmencita D., Bradford L. Therrell, Maria Melanie Liberty B. Alcausin, Reynaldo C. de Castro, Maria Beatriz P. Gepte, Ma Elouisa L. Reyes, Charity M. Jomento, et al. "Successful Implementation of Newborn Screening for Hemoglobin Disorders in the Philippines." International Journal of Neonatal Screening 7, no. 2 (June 17, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijns7020030.
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The Philippine newborn bloodspot screening (NBS) program began in 1996 with 24 hospitals and was formalized by legislation in 2004. The NBS panel was recently expanded to include a number of additional hereditary congenital conditions. Expertise and experiences from other NBS programs already screening for hemoglobinopathies were essential to its successful integration into the ongoing dried bloodspot NBS program in the Philippines. Building on clinical experiences and population data from Filipinos born in California, USA, hemoglobinopathies (including thalassemias) were selected for inclusion in the expanded screening panel. Hemoglobinopathy NBS, using high performance liquid chromatography, was implemented in a stepwise manner into the seven regional NBS screening laboratories. A central university laboratory provides confirmatory testing using both capillary electrophoresis and molecular methodologies. NBS results indicating carriers are followed up with educational fact sheets, while results of presumptive disease are referred for confirmatory testing and follow-up with a hematologist. Long-term care is provided through newborn screening continuity clinics across the country. Hemoglobinopathy NBS is now included in the national insurance package and screening uptake continues to increase nationally, exceeding 90% of all newborns in 7400+ hospitals and birthing centers nationwide prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Anita, Sebastian, Edoardo Beretta, and Vincenzo Capasso. "Optimal control strategies for a class of vector borne diseases, exemplified by a toy model for malaria." BIOMATH 8, no. 2 (October 13, 2019): 1909157. http://dx.doi.org/10.11145/j.biomath.2019.09.157.
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This paper contains a unified review of a set of previous papers by the same authors concerning the mathematical modelling and control of malaria epidemics. The presentation moves from a conceptual mathematical model of malaria transmission in an homogeneous population. Among the key epidemiological features of this model, two-age-classes (child and adult) and asymptomatic carriers have been included. As possible control measures, the extra mortality of mosquitoes due to the use of long-lasting treated mosquito nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) have been included. By taking advantage of the natural double time scale of the parasite and the human populations, it has been possible to provide interesting threshold results. In particular, key parameters have been identified such that below a threshold level, built on these parameters, the epidemic tends to extinction, while above another threshold level it tends to a nontrivial endemic state. The above model has motivated further analysis when a spatial structure of the relevant populations is added. Inspired by the above, additional model reductions have been introduced, which make the resulting reaction-diffusion system mathematically affordable. Only the dynamics of the infected mosquitoes and of the infected humans has been included, so that a two-component reaction-diffusion system is finally taken. The spread of the disease is controlled by three actions (controls) implemented in a subdomain of the habitat: killing mosquitoes, treating the infected humans and reducing the contact rate mosquitoes-humans.To start with, the problem of the eradicability of the disease is considered, while the cost of the controls is ignored. We prove that it is possible to decrease exponentially both the human and the vector infective population everywhere in the relevant habitat by acting only in a suitable subdomain. Later the regional control problem of reducing the total cost of the damages produced by the disease, of the controls and of the intervention in a certain subdomain is treated for the finite time horizon case. In order to take the logistic structure of the habitat into account the level set method is used as a key ingredient for describing the subregion of intervention. Here this subregion has been better characterized by both area and perimeter. The authors wish to stress that the target of this paper mainly is to attract the attention of the public health authorities towards an effective and affordable practice of implementation of possible control strategies.
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Cattarino, Lorenzo, Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer, Natsuko Imai, Derek A. T. Cummings, and Neil M. Ferguson. "Mapping global variation in dengue transmission intensity." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 528 (January 29, 2020): eaax4144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4144.
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Intervention planning for dengue requires reliable estimates of dengue transmission intensity. However, current maps of dengue risk provide estimates of disease burden or the boundaries of endemicity rather than transmission intensity. We therefore developed a global high-resolution map of dengue transmission intensity by fitting environmentally driven geospatial models to geolocated force of infection estimates derived from cross-sectional serological surveys and routine case surveillance data. We assessed the impact of interventions on dengue transmission and disease using Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes and the Sanofi-Pasteur vaccine as specific examples. We predicted high transmission intensity in all continents straddling the tropics, with hot spots in South America (Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil), Africa (western and central African countries), and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines). We estimated that 105 [95% confidence interval (CI), 95 to 114] million dengue infections occur each year with 51 (95% CI, 32 to 66) million febrile disease cases. Our analysis suggests that transmission-blocking interventions such as Wolbachia, even at intermediate efficacy (50% transmission reduction), might reduce global annual disease incidence by up to 90%. The Sanofi-Pasteur vaccine, targeting only seropositive recipients, might reduce global annual disease incidence by 20 to 30%, with the greatest impact in high-transmission settings. The transmission intensity map presented here, and made available for download, may help further assessment of the impact of dengue control interventions and prioritization of global public health efforts.
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Chumak, Yu V., H. A. Loban, M. M. Ananieva, and M. O. Faustova. "ZIK VIRUS AS A PRIME EXAMPLE OF EMERGENT INFECTIONS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 20, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.20.2.265.
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The recent development of technologies of the laboratory systems in microbiology, providing detailed genome sequencing, has paved the ways for isolating new pathogens and carrying out in-depth study of long-known microorganisms. Moreover, the progressing of science and technology contributes to study changes in the ecology of microorganisms and the epidemiological characteristics of their spreading over the world. These advances enable scientists to find out some "new" diseases, known as emergent infectious diseases. Emergent diseases have emerged as a new type of rapidly evolving, long-known infectious diseases. A prime example of an emergent infection is the Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV belongs to the family Flaviviridae of the Flavivirus genus. It was first isolated from the blood of a rhesus macaque in 1947 in East Africa (Uganda), in the Zika forest, where its name came from. A year later, in the same area, ZIKV was detected in mosquitoes of the Aedes africanus genus. For a long time following the initial isolation of ZIKV, isolated sporadic cases of the disease caused by this pathogen were recorded in Asia and Africa. In 2007, an ZIKV outbreak was reported on the island of YAP (Micronesia). This was the first outbreak outside Asia and Africa. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus in tropical and subtropical regions. But according to literature data, this virus can be spread by 17 species of mosquitoes of this genus. AE. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus have been known a leading role of spreading the infection. Considering that these mosquitoes are not only carriers of ZIKV, but also some other flavivirusiv representatives, their wide geographical distribution has become an issue of great concern. AE. aegypti mosquitoes are thermophilic and live only in tropical and subtropical climate zones and this fact has played as significant rope in the ZIKV spread. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes promote the circulation of this pathogen and cause a rapid expansion of the virus in the world, since this species has become widely distributed in countries of subtropical and temperate climate zones. To date, besides the main vector-borne transmission of the virus, there are a number of reports about ZIKV transplacental transmission from an infected mother to the foetus. ZIKV caused viral infection during the pregnancy results in microcephaly, a congenital condition associated with incomplete brain development and abnormally small size of the skull. This viral infection can also lead to such complications as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth. According to the literature, there is the connection between ZIKV and not congenital CNS abnormalities, but also with Guillain-Barre syndrome. There have been publications on not only ZIKV mosquito transmission and transplacental transmission, but a few reports on ZIKV sexual transmission when no barrier contraceptives are used. ZIKV can be isolated from ejaculate within 14-28 days from the onset of the first symptoms of the disease.
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Hrnjakovic-Cvjetkovic, Ivana, Dejan Cvjetkovic, Aleksandra Patic, Natasa Nikolic, Sandra Stefan-Mikic, and Vesna Milosevic. "Chikungunya - a serious threat for public health." Medical review 68, no. 3-4 (2015): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1504122h.
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Introduction. Chikungunya is a contagious disease caused by Chikungunya virus, an arbovirus from the Togaviridae family. This infection is mostly spread by mosquitoes from the genus Aedes, especially Aedes albopictus, which have spread from Asia to America and Europe including some countries surrounding Serbia. Epidemiologic Features. The outbreak of epidemics has been reported in Philippines, Sumatra, Java, Indonesia, West Africa region (from Senegal to Cameroon), Congo, Nigeria, Angola, Uganda, Guinea, Malawi, Central African Republic, Burundi, South Africa and India. At the beginning of the 21st century, large outbreaks were recorded on the island of R?union. During 2006, 1.400.000 cases of chikungunya infection were recorded in India. Local transmission of infection in continental Europe was reported from Northeast Italy (254 suspected and 78 laboratory confirmed cases in Emilia-Romagna region) and France (two cases in 2010). From December 2013 to June 2014, 5.294 confirmed cases and more than 180.000 suspected cases of chikungunya were reported in the Caribbean. Clinical Findings. The disease presents suddenly with fever, rush and arthralgia. In general, chikungunya is a mild self - limited disease. Less often, it may be presented with signs of meningoencephalitis or fulminant hepatitis, sometimes with fatal outcome. Conclusion. Fast developing international traffic and booming tourism as well as the vector spreading from its homeland make chikungunya a real threat to our country.
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Tikhaya, N. V., N. M. Ponamarev, M. Yu Novikova, Yu N. Fisenko, and S. L. Plotnikova. "The spread of blood parasitic diseases in dogs in Barnaul city." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128203005.
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Most blood parasitoses are transmitted by means of carriers - ticks or insects, which bodies undergo certain development stages or transmission is carried out mechanically. Dirofilariasis is a zoonotic disease of animals and humans carried by mosquitoes. The reasons for dirofilariasis spread are the unrestricted movement of animals from one region to another. To diagnose dirofilariasis, a microscopy method of a fresh blood drop was used. Diagnosis for babesiosis in animals was made based on clinical traits and results of microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears stained according to Romanovsky-Gimza. The study of the ixodic ticks’ prevalence as distribution sources of dog babesiosis was carried out in Barnaul in different parts of the city. The spring rise of babesiosis begins in late April and ends at the end of May, the summer period June-July is characterized by a low incidence rate. The autumn rise is from August to October, i.e., it coincides with ticks’ activity during this period. The incidence of ticks in Barnaul is not uniform. The largest range of ticks’ distribution is found in the highland part of the city.
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Duzhyi, I. D., S. O. Holubnichyi, and I. A. Myslovskyi. "CHRONIC PLEURA EMPYEMA — CONSEQUENCE OF INTERNAL DIROFILIARIOSIS." Kharkiv Surgical School, no. 5-6 (December 14, 2020): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37699/2308-7005.5-6.2020.12.
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Summary. Introduction. Warming in Ukraine leads to the displacement of warm zones to colder ones, and at the same time, to the removal of colonization zones of many insectivores, which are carriers of rare diseases in Ukraine.
Materials and methods. Clinical observation of Dirophilaria immitis of the pleural cavity is given. The patient was treated for «pneumonia» by a family doctor and a district therapist for two months. Only after consultation with a thoracic phthisiosurgeon was diagnosed with chronic pleural empyema and performed pleurectomy. A living string-like body was found in the pleural sac, which turned out to be D. immitis.
Results and discussion of observations. The diagnosis of «pneumonia» was established on the basis of the clinical picture without a detailed physical and radiological examination, which is methodologically erroneous. If the patient was observed or consulted by a specialist, surgery could be performed earlier, in the first stage of chronic disease.
Conclusions. In the differential diagnosis of pleural diseases, a detailed physical and radiological examination in two projections and anamnesis leads: human bites by mosquitoes in wet places, as they are the final hosts of D. Immitis and D. repens.
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Mobo, Dr Froilan. "EMBRACING DIGITAL GOVERNMENT AMIDST THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND BEYOND." ICONTECH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 6, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/icontechvol6iss1pp1-6.
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The effect of the global Pandemic converted our economy right into a maximum stimulating community fitness crisis inside the international that has confronted in more disastrous enjoy. The reaction of our government in the direction of the pandemic such as network quarantine, fitness, and protection protocol, and final down of all commercial enterprise establishments brought about a more complicated troubles affecting tens of millions of Filipinos who're unable to earn a living during in this time of a deadly disease.
The use of technological systems inside the Philippines can be its capacity and with the united states’s virtual implementation typically trailing behind neighboring international locations will be its existence-converting economic possibilities. Interconnectivity is the basic foundation of e-governance in shaping up the financial system of the Philippines, there are numerous demanding situations encountered in the course of this pandemic in phrases of connectivity issues. There's a want to improve the internet provider carriers inside the Philippines as a way to attain out inside the rural regions within the whole elements of Luzon, Mindanao, and Visayas. The virtual implications on the Philippine governance have helped fight the COVID-19 pandemic and adapt and analyze from the authorities of China’s enjoy of a hit and proficient in e-governance model of technological advancement amidst the COVID-19, (Ullah et al., 2020). The digitalization in the authorities drive connects ‘clever’ generation in an exertion to produce new financial possibilities that raise the financial increase and govern more efficiently with less corruption, (Kolås et al., 2020).
moreover, the Philippine e-governance in the Philippines in this time of have started to partner with telecommunications groups to enhance their ICT services in response to the worldwide Pandemic disaster, given the extreme function of generation and digital-governance in professionally and efficiently answering to nations' growing wishes throughout this time of a pandemic. The Department of Information and Communication Era (DICT) is about to guide the Philippine government the urgency to reply to the multi-sectoral demand for the improved public provider shipping and higher-best net get entry to underneath the COVID-19 Pandemic. (DICT to lead government digital Transformation for higher regular | DICT, 2020)
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Rybachok, Oksana Aleksandrovna. "April 25 — World Malaria Day." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2204-08.
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Since 2008, the world community has been celebrating World Malaria Day on April 25, while in Africa this date has become memorable since April 2001. After a country registers no new disease cases for three consecutive years, the country moves into the category of states that have beaten malaria. For instance, in the 21st century, the UAE, Maldives, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Morocco and Sri Lanka were classified as such countries. Europe was declared 100 % malaria free in 2016. However, despite the successes achieved in the fight against malaria, the world has not been able to completely defeat this disease, and it continues to affect people in Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, with up to a quarter of a billion cases of the disease recorded annually. In 2019 alone, more than 400,000 people became victims of malaria, of which two-thirds were young children under the age of five. In Russia, about 100 cases of the disease are recorded annually, all of them are imported from abroad. An important factor in successful therapy is the need for the earliest possible start of etiotropic treatment. One of the leading problems in the treatment of tropical malaria is the emergence of resistance to many drugs. The malaria causative agents are malaria Plasmodia, and its carriers are mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The classic clinical manifestations of malaria include fever, hepato- and splenomegaly, anemia; this disease is characterized by a relapsing course. It is believed that Tutankhamun died from malaria, as well as the famous Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama.
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Duzhiy, I. D., H. I. Piatykop, I. Ya Gresko, O. V. Kravets, O. O. Pererva, and O. L. Sytnik. "FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS OF EXTERNAL DIROFILARIASIS." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 8, no. 3 (2020): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2020;8(3):299-306.
Full textAbstract:
Global environmental problems are gradually changing climatic conditions in different regions and cause significant warming. As a result, high-water beds, lakes and ponds get swamped and are colonized by blood-sucking mosquitoes, which are carriers of a number of diseases, including dirofilariasis. Manifestations of external dirofilariasis may look like ophthalmic, surgical, urological, oncological, dermatological, vascular, psychiatric diseases. The objective manifestation of the disease is the appearance of skin-subcutaneous formation, which periodically changes location. The purpose of the work: To expand the knowledge about this helminthic infection for the medical community and demonstrate the possibility of timely diagnosis. Results of the study and discussion. The authors observed 4 patients with external dirofilariasis and described 2 clinical cases. Only after surgical removal, the diagnosis was confirmed. Conclusions: Climate warming facilitates migration of blood-sucking insects from the southern regions to the north. Economic problems contribute to the increase of stray dogs and cats which are the ultimate hosts of dirofilaria. A person becomes infected through mosquito bites, which has to be considered during anamnesis data collection. The appearance of cutaneous or intradermal formations which tend to move may give grounds to diagnose lipomas, atheromas, phlebitis, lymphodenitis, "allergic reactions" after insect bites. The appearance of other symptoms such as weakness, muscle pain, joint pain, headache, eyeball pain, double vision, and sometimes nausea should suggest the possibility dirofilariasis, and focusing on the indications for surgical intervention. Keywords climate change, dirofilariasis, diagnostic and treatment surgical intervention.
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Chao, Tzee Cheng, Dst Lo, B. Chen Bloodworth, R. Gunasegaram, T. H. Koh, and Han Seong Ng. "Aflatoxin Exposure in Singapore: Blood Aflatoxin Levels in Normal Subjects, Hepatitis B Virus Carriers and Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients." Medicine, Science and the Law 34, no. 4 (October 1994): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249403400404.
Full textAbstract:
Blood screening conducted on Singaporeans over 1991–1992 showed exposure to predominately aflatoxin B1 and to a lesser extent G1. The extent of exposure to B1 among three groups of residents in Singapore, namely normal subjects (n = 423), hepatitis B virus carriers (n = 302) and primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) patients (n = 58) were extensive as reflected by the positive rates of 15.1, 0.7 and 1.7 per cent respectively. However, the degree of individual exposure to this toxin among the three groups was considered low as shown by the low respective mean blood levels of 5.4 ± 3.2 (range 3.0–17), 7.7 (range 7.5–7.9) and 7.5 picogrammes per ml of blood. It is not immediately clear whether or not such low levels would precipitate an undesirable health effect. The higher positive rate seen in normal subjects as compared with the other groups could be due to differences in dietary intake of aflatoxin B1, differences in metabolic patterns or both. About 70 per cent of PHC patients studied were carriers. The degree of aflatoxin B1 exposure among normal subjects in Singapore was a factor of 22.1 times less than that in Japan, 40.9 times less than that in Indonesia and 51.3 times less than that in the Philippines. Similarly, the extent of exposure among hepatitis B carriers in Singapore was a factor of 8.2 times, 39.6 times and 24.2 times less than those in the other three Asiatic countries respectively. The results reflected stringent Government control over the quality of food stuff imported into this country. As Singapore imports almost all its dietary needs from elsewhere, it can afford to be selective at a cost. Aflatoxin M1, a metabolite of B1, was most commonly encountered in the liver tissues of deceased (n = 154) who died of causes other than sickness or disease in 1992–93, consistent with our blood findings of prevalence of aflatoxin Bl. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection using one of the aflatoxins G2 or B2 as an internal standard was used for the detection and quantification of aflatoxins. The use of an internal standard structurally and chemically similar to those required to be quantified minimizes errors in quantifications. This is because differences in the quenching of fluorescence between specimen extracts and spiked-standard extracts were internally standardized and compensated for. The presence of an internal standard also helped to locate aflatoxins of interest more accurately. Strict decontamination procedures for cleaning glassware and apparatus were adhered to, to reduce cross-contaminations. Only duplicate-positive results were taken to be positive.
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Solovev, A. I., A. N. Kovalenko, V. S. Tokmakov, and V. V. Vasilev. "Anti-epidemic protection of military from malaria in South-East Asia (for the 15th anniversary of the humanitarian operation to eliminate the consequences of the tsunami in Indonesia)." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 22, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma50066.
Full textAbstract:
The experience of organizing a system of anti-epidemic measures in the Russian military medical group operating on the territory of the island of Sumatra during the humanitarian operation to eliminate the effects of the tsunami in 2005 is presented. A characteristic of the consequences of a natural disaster, a climatogeographic description of the region is presented. The natural-climatic and socio-economic conditions for the spread of malaria infection in the coverage area of the Russian military medical group are analyzed. Russian military physicians acted in an equatorial climate in a zone of tropical rainforest in a highly endemic area for tropical (P. falciparum) and three-day (P. vivax) malaria, as well as for vector-borne tropical infections such as dengue fever, vuhereriosis, and brugiosis. Among the carriers of malaria parasites and other tropical infections on the territory of about. Sumatra mosquitoes Anopheles sundaicus are of the greatest epidemic importance. In 2005, their mass breeding occurred in late January - early February (1,5-2 months earlier than usual). A system of anti-malarial protection of personnel is described, aimed at reducing the risk of infection of military personnel, preventing the development of the disease and its malignant course, early detection of patients and their effective treatment. There were no cases of malaria among the Russian military personnel during their entire stay in the endemic territory. At the same time, the incidence rate among Indonesian soldiers and local residents was constantly increasing. In hospitals, the number of patients with severe forms of tropical malaria increased. Thus, the effectiveness of the developed system of anti- malarial measures among the military personnel involved in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations in the territory with a continuous season of transmission of malaria infection has been confirmed.
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Zakharov, K. S., Sh V. Magerramov, and A. N. Matrosov. "Ecological aspects of zoning the territory of the Saratov region by the risk level of formation of West Nile fever foci." Povolzhskiy Journal of Ecology, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/1684-7318-2021-1-3-15.
Full textAbstract:
The modern period is characterized by the expansion of the areas of a number of dangerous infectious diseases, previously endemic only for the countries with tropical climate. As a result of Palearctic climate warming and humidification and under the influence of anthropogenic factors, foci of a new transmissible arboviral zoonosis – West Nile fever (WNF) – have been formed in the Saratov region. On the territory of Russia, the circulation of the West Nile virus (WNV) has been recorded since 1963, and cases of human infection have been detected since 1967. In the studied region, the circulation of the virus has been known since the mid-90s of the last century, and epidemic complications – since 2012. 142 cases of the disease were reported in 2012–2020. The ecological prerequisites for a wide circulation of WNV are associated with the increase in the number of birds – carriers, and arthropods – blood-sucking vectors, the longer activity period of mosquitoes and ticks owing to the reduced frosty season of the year. As a result of landscape mapping with the use of modern methods for decoding images of satellite maps and remote sensing of the Earth (ERS), data have been obtained that served as the basis for epidemiological WNF zoning. There are three types of potential WNF foci on the territory of the region, namely: natural, natural-anthropourgic, and anthropourgic ones. The total area of biocenoses has been established, where natural, natural-anthropourgic and anthropourgic WNF foci could be formed: 6619.94 km2, 1484.62 km2, and 70.4 km2, respectively. Cluster analysis of the environmental conditions in 38 administrative districts of the region has distinguished four groups differing in the risk level of infection of the population with West Nile fever. The data obtained are used for planning, substantiating and conducting surveys and preventive measures, and form the basis for predicting the epidemiological situation in the region.
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Skikevych, M. G., and L. I. Voloshyna. "PECULIARITIES OF MANIFESTATION OF THE SKIN FORM OF LEISHMANIASIS OF MAXILLOFACIAL LOCALIZATION." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.2.2020.10.
Full textAbstract:
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease in humans. Simple intracellular parasites cause the disease. Risk factors: socio-economic conditions, poverty. The disease is associated with malnutrition, with population displacement, with poor housing conditions, with a weak immune system, poor sanitary conditions, and lack of waste disposal. Up to 1 million new infections and up to 65,000 deaths from this disease occur annually. About 95% of cases of skin form disease occur in the countries of the American continent. Leishmaniasis occurs in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
The carriers of this disease are female mosquitoes. In the mosquito, parasites are in flagellate form. The natural reservoirs of Leishmania can be around 70 species of animals and humans. Infection occurs through mosquito saliva. After a bite, the parasite invades human mononuclear phagocytes. There may be infection of a person in contact with ulcers and other types of damage. Veterinarians have noted a dramatically increasing number of cases of disease in domestic animals.
The following forms are clinically distinguished: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, diffuse cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis. After the disease develops, a stable immunity to this particular type of leishmaniasis develops.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form. Ulcers form in open areas of the body. Typical places of localization: face, ears, knees, elbows. Some nodules may have a warty surface or resemble xanthomas, keloids. After healing of these ulcers, scars remain for life.
The nasopharynx, oral cavity, or nasal mucosa can be affected without destroying the nasal septum. For cutaneous leishmaniasis, the formation of an infectious granuloma is also characteristic.
Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis can be local or systemic, depending on the damage and pathogen. Local treatment is suitable for minor and uncomplicated lesions. Local treatment options: heat therapy, cryotherapy. Systemic therapy is used in patients with multiple extensive rashes.
Patient K. turned to the maxillofacial department. The patient came home to Ukraine for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment. The patient works in Poland at a construction site. According to the patient, several courses of treatment. The treatment had no result. The pharmacotherapy of our Polish colleagues is not known to us. Clinically: superficial skin lesions on the face. On the face are three ulcers of different sizes. Two ulcers on the cheeks and one on the nose. Palpation of the edges of the ulcers is very painful.
Diagnostic search for the etiology of this process. Consultation of a rheumatologist ̶ the goal of eliminating Wegener's disease, rheumatological diseases. Hematologist consultation ̶ exclude hematology. Infectionist consultation ̶ rule out parasitic diseases. Laboratory examination: biochemical blood test, immunogram, rheumatic tests. CT scan of the abdomen.
Consultation of a parasitologist. The diagnosis was not in doubt.The patient refused examination and treatment in the infectious diseases hospital. The further fate of this patient is not known to us. We want to draw the attention of doctors to the need for a thorough history taking. An epidemiological history is crucial in such cases.
Treatment of leishmaniasis is long and toxic. No method of treatment gives 100% of the result. The choice of treatment method will depend on the type of pathogen and the geographical location of the infection.This disease can be brought by tourists, students from relevant countries of the world to Ukraine.
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Rahman, Shah Md Mahfuzar, Shah Monir Hossain, and Mahmood Uz Jahan. "Dengue prevention and control: Bangladesh context." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 45, no. 2 (August 7, 2019): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v45i2.42533.
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Dengue is the most common mosquito-borne, viral disease in the world. Dengue virus is a single stranded positive polarity RNA virus, belongs to the family Flaviviridae. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected female mosquito of Aedes species - mainly the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Aedes albopictus. This mosquito also transmits Chikungunya, Zika and Yellow fever viruses.1-4
There are 4 distinct, but closely related, serotypes of the virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4). Recovery from infection by one serotype provides heterotypic or cross-immunity to the other serotypes. This is only partial and temporary, lasts only a few months, but homotype immunity is lifelong. For this reason, a person can be infected with a dengue virus as many as four times in his or her lifetime. Subsequent infections (secondary infection) by other serotypes increase the risk of developing severe dengue.1-5 The fifth variant DENV-5 has been isolated in October 2013. DENV-5 has been detected during screening of viral samples taken from a 37 year old farmer admitted in a hospital in Sarawak state of Malaysia in the year 2007.6
The first record of a case of probable dengue fever reported in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin Dynasty (265–420AD).The first recognized dengue epidemics occurred almost simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and North America in the 1780s, shortly after the identification and naming of the disease in 1779. The first confirmed case report dates from 1789 and is by Benjamin Rush, who coined the term "breakbone fever" because of the symptoms of myalgia and arthralgia.7 Haemorrhagic dengue was first recognised in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the Philippines and Thailand. 8
The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. A vast majority of the cases are asymptomatic and hence the actual numbers of dengue cases are underreported and many cases are misclassified. Dengue is common in more than 100 countries around the globe, with its endemicity in Asia, the Pacific, Africa and the Latin American countries. Forty percent of the world’s population, about 3 billion people live in the areas with a risk of dengue. Annually, some 400 million people get infected with dengue, with an occurrence of 100 million clinically apparent infections, and 22,000 die from severe dengue across the globe. The increasing incidence, severity and frequency of dengue epidemics are linked to trends in human ecology, demography and globalisation, and may have been influenced by climate change. 8,9
In Bangladesh, dengue occurred sporadically since 1964.10 Literature shows, the first documented case of dengue like fever occurred in 1964, popularly known as "Dacca fever" which later on serologically proved as dengue fever.11
Bangladesh has been experiencing episodes of dengue fever in every year since 2000. All four serotypes have been detected, with DENV-3 predominance until 2002.12,13
After that, no DENV-3 or DENV-4 was reported from Bangladesh. During 2013-2016, DEN2 was predominant followed by DEN-1 in circulation. Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control & Research (IEDCR) predicted that as the serotypes DENV-3 and DENV-4 are in circulation in the neighbouring countries, they may create epidemics of secondary dengue in the near future in Bangladesh.14 In 2017, reemergence of DENV-3 was identified; subsequently there was a sharp rise in dengue cases from the beginning of the monsoon season in 2018.15
In 2000, dengue attacked 5,551 individuals and the number of deaths was 93. Since 2003, the death rate has declined gradually, with zero fatalities in subsequent couple of years, but a devastating turn with 10,148 cases and 26 deaths in 2018. In 2019, during January to July, number total cases were 18,484, with 57 deaths.16
Directorate General of Health Services conducts periodical (Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Post- monsoon) Aedes survey to estimate the vector density of the mosquito. The monsoon survey (18-27 July 2019) of 100 sites of 98 wards in Dhaka city both North and South revealed that the number of adult aedes mosquito was increased by 13.52 folds, in compare to the pre-monsoon (3-12 March 2019) survey.17
The aedes larvae were also increased by 12.5 folds in this period. Breteau Index (BI) was considered in the study. Report shows that the BI was more than 20 in 57% and 64% of total wards in Dhaka North and Dhaka South respectively. Furthermore, in terms of House Index (HI) or percentage of houses infested, 75% and 83% of total wards in North and South city respectively having HI more than 5.17 Furthermore, recent studies show that mosquitoes have grown resistant, and how certain insecticides are completely ineffective against them.18
Considering the situation, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, has taken commendable steps including training on case management for nurses and doctors across the country, review of the national guidelines on case management, expansion of dengue services along with increasing bed capacities in hospitals, strengthened mass awareness with special attention to the school children and the community people, ensuring availability of dengue diagnostic kits, diagnostic services at free of cost in public health facilities and fixed and reduced rate in private sectors, strengthening collaboration with city corporations, municipalities and other agencies both in public and private sectors and development partners.
Prevention and control of dengue in Bangladesh, is not a sole responsibility for any single ministry and or its agencies. It needs effective and timely coordination, collaboration and partnership, among all the concerned ministries and their agencies, led by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Furthermore, strengthening of the existing efforts including capacity building and resource mobilisation, and integrated surveillance, sustainable vector control, optimum and active community participation, and adequate monitoring and periodic evaluation throughout the year across the country, considering it an endemic disease, are strongly recommended.
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 66-68
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Moreno, Marta, Katherine Torres, Carlos Tong, Stefano S. García Castillo, Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar, Gerson Guedez, Lutecio Torres, et al. "Insights into Plasmodium vivax Asymptomatic Malaria Infections and Direct Skin-Feeding Assays to Assess Onward Malaria Transmission in the Amazon." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, June 13, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1217.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the reservoir and infectivity of Plasmodium gametocytes to vector mosquitoes is crucial to align strategies aimed at malaria transmission elimination. Yet, experimental information is scarce regarding the infectivity of Plasmodium vivax for mosquitoes in diverse epidemiological settings where the proportion of asymptomatically infected individuals varies at a microgeographic scale. We measured the transmissibility of clinical and subclinical P. vivax malaria parasite carriers to the major mosquito vector in the Amazon Basin, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles). A total of 105 participants with natural P. vivax malaria infection were recruited from a cohort study in Loreto Department, Peruvian Amazon. Four of 18 asymptomatic individuals with P. vivax positivity by blood smear infected colony-grown Ny. darlingi (22%), with 2.6% (19 of 728) mosquitoes infected, in contrast to 77% (44/57) symptomatic participants being infectious to mosquitoes and 51% (890 of 1,753) mosquitoes infected. Infection intensity was greater in symptomatic infections (mean, 17.8 oocysts/mosquito) compared with asymptomatic infections (mean, 0.28 oocysts/mosquito), attributed to parasitemia/gametocytemia level. Paired experiments (N = 27) using direct skin-feeding assays and direct membrane mosquito-feeding assays showed that infectivity to mosquitoes was similar for both methods. Longitudinal studies with longer follow-up of symptomatic and asymptomatic parasite infections are needed to determine the natural variations of disease transmissibility.
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Yaro, Alpha Seydou, Yvonne-Marie Linton, Adama Dao, Moussa Diallo, Zana L. Sanogo, Djibril Samake, Yossi Ousmane, et al. "Diversity, composition, altitude, and seasonality of high-altitude windborne migrating mosquitoes in the Sahel: Implications for disease transmission." Frontiers in Epidemiology 2 (October 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fepid.2022.1001782.
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Recent studies have reported Anopheles mosquitoes captured at high-altitude (40–290 m above ground) in the Sahel. Here, we describe this migration modality across genera and species of African Culicidae and examine its implications for disease transmission and control. As well as Anopheles, six other genera—Culex, Aedes, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Lutzia, and Eretmapodites comprised 90% of the 2,340 mosquitoes captured at altitude. Of the 50 molecularly confirmed species (N = 2,107), 33 species represented by multiple specimens were conservatively considered high-altitude windborne migrants, suggesting it is a common migration modality in mosquitoes (31–47% of the known species in Mali), and especially in Culex (45−59%). Overall species abundance varied between 2 and 710 specimens/species (in Ae. vittatus and Cx. perexiguus, respectively). At altitude, females outnumbered males 6:1, and 93% of the females have taken at least one blood meal on a vertebrate host prior to their departure. Most taxa were more common at higher sampling altitudes, indicating that total abundance and diversity are underestimated. High-altitude flight activity was concentrated between June and November coinciding with availability of surface waters and peak disease transmission by mosquitoes. These hallmarks of windborne mosquito migration bolster their role as carriers of mosquito-borne pathogens (MBPs). Screening 921 mosquitoes using pan-Plasmodium assays revealed that thoracic infection rate in these high-altitude migrants was 2.4%, providing a proof of concept that vertebrate pathogens are transported by windborne mosquitoes at altitude. Fourteen of the 33 windborne mosquito species had been reported as vectors to 25 MBPs in West Africa, which represent 32% of the MBPs known in that region and include those that inflict the heaviest burden on human and animal health, such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, and Rift Valley fever. We highlight five arboviruses that are most likely affected by windborne mosquitoes in West Africa: Rift Valley fever, O'nyong'nyong, Ngari, Pangola, and Ndumu. We conclude that the study of windborne spread of diseases by migrating insects and the development of surveillance to map the sources, routes, and destinations of vectors and pathogens is key to understand, predict, and mitigate existing and new threats of public health.
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Sumortin, Severo Ii C. "Filariasis in Mainit, Iligan City, Philippines: A Case Study." IAMURE International Journal of Education 16, no. 1 (October 7, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.7718/iamure.ije.v16i1.1121.
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Filariasis is an infection caused by a filarial parasite known as Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted by mosquitoes. During the year 1998, there were 44 provinces in the Philippines infected with filariasis. On the year 2005, there were 645, 232 Filipinos infected and 30 Million were at risk of the disease. Despite the initiatives by the National government and NGO’s, filariasis remains the 2nd leading cause of permanent disability in the Philippines (Galvez Tan, 2015). In the community of Mainit Iligan, City, the case was first noted on 2012 with only 30 cases. By 2015, the number grew to 435. Initiatives were undertaken by the LGU, Community Council and Schools to address the problem. Given the vector of the disease, the community engaged in clean-up drive in their houses and schools. The LGU provided medications and treated mosquito nets. During the recent administration of the test, results have shown that the cases decreased to 48 as of December 15, 2015. Based on the conducted case study, the researcher concludes that the entire community has to accept the free medications provided by the LGU and should cooperate in maintaining a clean surrounding and proper hygiene to eradicate filariasis.
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Dénes, Attila, Mahmoud A. Ibrahim, Lillian Oluoch, Miklós Tekeli, and Tamás Tekeli. "Impact of weather seasonality and sexual transmission on the spread of Zika fever." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (November 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53062-z.
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AbstractWe establish a compartmental model to study the transmission of Zika virus disease including spread through sexual contacts and the role of asymptomatic carriers. To incorporate the impact of the seasonality of weather on the spread of Zika, we apply a nonautonomous model with time-dependent mosquito birth rate and biting rate, which allows us to explain the differing outcome of the epidemic in different countries of South America: using Latin Hypercube Sampling for fitting, we were able to reproduce the different outcomes of the disease in various countries. Sensitivity analysis shows that, although the most important factors in Zika transmission are the birth rate of mosquitoes and the transmission rate from mosquitoes to humans, spread through sexual contacts also highly contributes to the transmission of Zika virus: our study suggests that the practice of safe sex among those who have possibly contracted the disease, can significantly reduce the number of Zika cases.
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Sigit, Nanta, and Ida Ayu P K. "Prediction of Dengue Fever Cases in Malang City using a Neural Network Model." KnE Life Sciences, March 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v0i0.8870.
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Dengue fever has been declared endemic in many cities of Indonesia, one of them being the Malang City. In 2015, the incidence of dengue fever in the region was recorded at 1,629 with 13 deaths. There are many factors that contribute to the disease. The factors associated with dengue-fever transmission include population density, population mobility, quality of housing and attitude of life. However, the factors that can trigger dengue fever are environmental in nature, and include changes in temperature, humidity and rainfall, which cause mosquitoes to lay eggs more often and facilitates a rapid reproduction of the dengue virus. Parasites and disease carriers (mosquitoes) are very sensitive to climatic factors, especially temperature, rainfall, humidity, water levels and wind. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a suitable model for forecasting dengue fever in Malang City based on the Transfer Function and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Data used were dengue fever data from 2004 to 2019. The results showed that the smallest RMSE, MAPE and SMAPE values of the two models were ANN models.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), transfer function, dengue fever
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Haroon-Or-Rashid, Md, Md Monowar Hossen Patwary, Md Tariquzzaman, Ahmed Imtiaz, and M. N. Rubaia Islam Bony. "Chikungunya Virus: An Emerging Threat to South East Asia Region." Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases, July 10, 2018, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2018/v1i113946.
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Chikungunya virus is an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family, positive-strand RNA genome, which was first recorded in Tanzania in 1952 and since then Chikungunya has been reported in Burma, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, West Africa and the Philippines. In the recent decade, Chikungunya is a severe global public health concern. Chikungunya predominantly transmitted by bites of mosquitoes of the Aedes genus (Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) the same mosquito that transmits Dengue fever, only female mosquitoes are infective because they require a blood meal for the formation of the egg. Vertical transmission occurs between mother and fetus. The infected Chikungunya mosquitoes can be found for biting throughout daylight hours especially early morning and late afternoon. The Chikungunya viral disease occurs in victims of all ages in both sexes. Following a bite by an infected mosquito, the disease manifests itself after an average incubation period of 2-4 days (range: 3-12 days), predominant clinical features include, high fever, joint pain, rash, myalgia etc. Serum specimen is collected within 5 days for the Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT –PCR) to detect the viral RNA and ELISA/ICT detect anti-Chikungunya antibody (IgM and IgG) after 1st weak of infection. Specific treatment and a recognised vaccine are not available for Chikungunya, but symptomatic treatments are available like paracetamol and painkiller for high fever and local pain. Elimination of mosquito habitats is the best way to prevent and control of Chikungunya infection.
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Feufack-Donfack, Lionel Brice, Elangwe Milo Sarah-Matio, Luc Marcel Abate, Aline Gaelle Bouopda Tuedom, Albert Ngano Bayibéki, Christelle Maffo Ngou, Jean-Claude Toto, et al. "Epidemiological and entomological studies of malaria transmission in Tibati, Adamawa region of Cameroon 6 years following the introduction of long-lasting insecticide nets." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (May 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04745-y.
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Abstract Background Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Cameroon. Implementation of control interventions requires prior knowledge of the local epidemiological situation. Here we report the results of epidemiological and entomological surveys carried out in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon, an area where malaria transmission is seasonal, 6 years after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets. Methods Cross-sectional studies were carried out in July 2015 and 2017 in Tibati. Thick blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals in the community and at health centers, respectively, and used for the molecular diagnosis of Plasmodium species. Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor residual spraying and identified morphologically and molecularly. The infection status of Plasmodium spp. was determined by quantitative PCR, and positivity of PCR-positive samples was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results Overall malaria prevalence in our study population was 55.0% (752/1367) and Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent parasite species (94.3%), followed by P. malariae (17.7%) and P. ovale (0.8%); 92 (12.7%) infections were mixed infections. Infection parameters varied according to clinical status (symptomatic/asymptomatic) and age of the sampled population and the collection sites. Infection prevalence was higher in asymptomatic carriers (60.8%), but asexual and sexual parasite densities were lower. Prevalence and intensity of infection decreased with age in both the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. Heterogeneity in infections was observed at the neighborhood level, revealing hotspots of transmission. Among the 592 Anopheles mosquitoes collected, 212 (35.8%) were An. gambiae, 172 (29.1%) were An. coluzzii and 208 (35.1%) were An. funestus (s.s.). A total of 26 (4.39%) mosquito specimens were infected by Plasmodium sp. and the three Anopheles mosquitoes transmitted Plasmodium at equal efficiency. Surprisingly, we found an An. coluzzii specimen infected by Plasmodium vivax, which confirms circulation of this species in Cameroon. The positivity of all 26 PCR-positive Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes was successively confirmed by sequencing analysis. Conclusion Our study presents the baseline malaria parasite burden in Tibati, Adamawa Region, Cameroon. Our results highlight the high malaria endemicity in the area, and hotspots of disease transmission are identified. Parasitological indices suggest low bednet usage and that implementation of control interventions in the area is needed to reduce malaria burden. We also report for the first time a mosquito vector with naturally acquired P. vivax infection in Cameroon.
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"BIOBOARD." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 18, no. 12 (December 2014): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030314000822.
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INDIA – Stem cell therapy is ‘no remedy for stroke’. THE PHILIPPINES – Farmers losing from GM eggplant ban, says expert. SINGAPORE – Breakthrough discovery by researchers contributes towards future treatment of multiple sclerosis and autoimmune inflammation. VIETNAM – Some Asians found to carry gene resistant to typhoid. VIETNAM – Vietnam eyes water-saving technology for its rice farms. AFRICA – South Africa's healthcare ‘still burdened with diseases’. AFRICA – Healthcare workers use buddy system to fight Ebola. AFRICA – STI ministerial summit appeals for Africa-led research. BANGLADESH – Jute as possible arsenic remover in Bangladesh. EGYPT – Interest grows in unusual Egyptian method of mosquito control. EUROPE – Research team proves the efficacy of new drug against stem cells that provoke the onset and growth of cancer and its metastasis. UNITED STATES – Protein predicts response to new immunotherapy drug. UNITED STATES – A link between DNA transcription and disease causing expansions which lead to hereditary disorders. UNITED STATES – Penn Medicine team develops cognitive test battery to assess the impact of long duration spaceflights on astronauts' brain function. UNITED STATES – Survival differences seen for advanced-stage laryngeal cancer. UNITED STATES – Mosquitoes and malaria: Scientists pinpoint how biting cousins have grown apart.
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Rivera, MD, PhD, Pilarita T. "Editorial." Acta Medica Philippina 53, no. 4 (August 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.47895/amp.v53i4.55.
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The epidemiology of vector mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue defines the interface between mosquito to human, and that between human to mosquito, as well as multiple economic, social, cultural, political and behavioral factors that expose humans to the mosquito bite, resulting in infection. Environmental factors such as suitable mosquito breeding sites, tropical climate and topography, increase mosquito density and man biting behavior resulting in infection and transmission. Different interventions to kill vector mosquitoes (adulticides and larvicides), prevent the mosquito bite (insecticide treated nets, curtains, repellents), diagnosis (rapid tests) and treatment (ACTs for malaria), have been implemented, and have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality particularly for malaria. But can disease control be realized and sustained? Can disease elimination and prevention of re-introduction be achieved? A better understanding of the epidemiology and control of vector-borne diseases clearly shows that the responsibility is not with key affected populations and the health sector only, but with all those sectors and stakeholders that impact on the disease, be it at the local and national levels. This is the basis of creating and implementing intersectoral collaborations (ISCs) for vector-borne diseases. The article was able to draw together and analyzed multi-country experiences on ISCs for malaria and dengue. The ISC structure, goals, inputs and outputs as well as outcomes of existing models were described. Gaps in planning and implementation were noted, and recommendations were added. The resulting data can be used to develop an enhanced ISC framework for more effective implementation and success. The Philippines had quite a number of malaria control initiatives built on partnerships with bilateral agencies- USAID, USNAMRU, WHO, JICA, AusAID, NGOs, private corporations, religious organizations, military, and that have contributed in disease control.1 Notable are the Palawan and Agusan del Sur experiences. In 1999, the Palawan provincial government and Pilipinas Shell Foundation, as its corporate social responsibility, established Kilusan Ligtas Malaria to control malaria in the island.2,3 The program’s multi-sectoral and social mobilization strategies that have been adopted by Global Fund have resulted in impressive decline of malaria cases and deaths, even to this time. High social capital may ensure the sustainability of these strategies.4,5 In 1995, Agusan del Sur, another malarious province, implemented the project “Implementation and Evaluation of a Self-Sustaining Community-Based Malaria Control Program in the Philippines” through the Australian International Development and Assistance Bureau. Initially a collaborative project of RITM and DOH-Malaria Control Services, it was gradually devolved to the Province of Agusan del Sur, which created its Provincial Technical Advisory Committee, Provincial Management Team and Community Trust Fund to implement and sustain malaria control.6 Last year, Agusan del Sur was declared malaria-free. How to be successful may not be elusive and enhanced Intersectoral Collaborations may be the winning formula in the fight against malaria and other vector-borne diseases.REFERENCES 1. Tongol-Rivera P. Milestones in the history of malaria research and control in the Philippines. In: Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P, eds. Malaria in Asia. Asian Parasitology Series Monograph The Federation of Asian Parasitologists. 2005; 6:135-166. 2. Angluben RU, Trudeau MR, Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P. Kilusan Ligtas Malaria: Advancing Social Mobilization towards Sustainable Malaria Control in the province of Palawan, the Philippines. Trop Med Health. 2008; 36(1):45-9. 3. Matsumoto-Takahashi ELA, Tongol-Rivera P, Villacorte EA, Angluben RU, Jimba M, Kano S. Bottom-up approach to strengthen community-based malaria control strategy from community health workers’ perceptions of their past, present, and future: a qualitative study in Palawan, Philippines. 2018. Trop Med Health. 2018; 46(1):24. 4. Tongol-Rivera P, Kano S, Saniel O, Solon JA, Villacorte E. Social Capital and Malaria Control in Palawan, the Philippines. 2010 (unpublished). 5. Valdecanas OC, Tuazon RR, Barcelona DR. Understanding Social Mobilization. In: The Philippine Experience, How Social Mobilization Works. UNICEF, the Philippines. 1996; pp. 9-19. 6. Linao RT. Finding and Funding Means: Beyond the Elimination of Malaria in Agusan del Sur. Foundation for the Development of Agusanons, Inc. 2014.
Pilarita T. Rivera, MD, PhD Associate Editor Department of Parasitology College of Public Health University of the Philippines Manila
REFERENCES 1. Tongol-Rivera P. Milestones in the history of malaria research and control in the Philippines. In: Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P, eds. Malaria in Asia. Asian Parasitology Series Monograph The Federation of Asian Parasitologists. 2005; 6:135-166.2. Angluben RU, Trudeau MR, Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P. Kilusan Ligtas Malaria: Advancing Social Mobilization towards Sustainable Malaria Control in the province of Palawan, the Philippines. Trop Med Health. 2008; 36(1):45-9.3. Matsumoto-Takahashi ELA, Tongol-Rivera P, Villacorte EA, Angluben RU, Jimba M, Kano S. Bottom-up approach to strengthen community-based malaria control strategy from community health workers’ perceptions of their past, present, and future: a qualitative study in Palawan, Philippines. 2018. Trop Med Health. 2018; 46(1):24.4. Tongol-Rivera P, Kano S, Saniel O, Solon JA, Villacorte E. Social Capital and Malaria Control in Palawan, the Philippines. 2010 (unpublished).5. Valdecanas OC, Tuazon RR, Barcelona DR. Understanding Social Mobilization. In: The Philippine Experience, How Social Mobilization Works. UNICEF, the Philippines. 1996; pp. 9-19. 6. Linao RT. Finding and Funding Means: Beyond the Elimination of Malaria in Agusan del Sur. Foundation for the Development of Agusanons, Inc. 2014.
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"Bioboard." Asia-Pacific Biotech News 14, no. 01 (January 2010): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030310000029.
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AUSTRALIA – Researchers Find Bacterium to Trip Malarial Mosquitoes. AUSTRALIA – One Dose of H1N1 Vaccine May Provide Sufficient Protection for Infants and Children. AUSTRALIA – Cosmetic Therapy Uses Patient's Own Plasma to Fix Wrinkles. AUSTRALIA – Asthma Summer Warning. AUSTRALIA – Link Between Sun Exposure and Food Allergies in Kids Revealed. AUSTRALIA – Colon Simulator Reduces Cancer. AUSTRALIA – Farmers Turn Organic for Personal Health. AUSTRALIA – Rise in Dengue Cases Causes New Outbreak Fears. CHINA – Western Corporations Move Key Offices to China. CHINA – China Treating Severe Swine Flu with Blood Plasma. CHINA – Traditional Medicine Beats H1N1 Virus. CHINA – Sars Victims Suffer After-Effects. CHINA – Higher Lung Cancer Risk in Eastern China. CHINA – Experts Warn of Cancer Linked to Certain Herbs. INDIA – CSIR Completes First Ever Human Genome Sequencing in India. INDIA – India among Top 5 Government Funders of Neglected Diseases. INDIA – Doctors Use Stem Cells to Regrow Teeth in Children. INDIA – Delhi to Have First Govt-owned Liver Institute. JAPAN – Israel, Japan Unite For First Time to Study Brain, Stem Cells. PHILIPPINES – Stem Cell Therapy as Rejuvenation and Other Disease Treatment. SINGAPORE – Scientists Discover Natural Compound in Palm Oil Kills Breast Cancer Cells. SINGAPORE – More than 200 Scientists Attend A*STAR Biomedical Sciences Symposium. SINGAPORE – Global Phase III Clinical Trial to Treat Head and Neck Cancer Begins. EUROPE – Stem Cell Treatment Helps Regain Eyesight.
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Andemel, Naissem L., Dustin T. Heaton, Munira Shemsu, Rachel Marusinec, and Kavita K. Trivedi. "1455. Diagnosis and Testing of Travel-Associated Dengue, Alameda County, California – 2019." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 9, Supplement_2 (December 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1282.
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Abstract Background Dengue is an acute febrile infection with one of the four dengue viruses that are transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes. It is a communicable disease reportable to local health departments under Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations via CalREDIE (California Reportable Disease Information Exchange), which receives positive Electronic Lab Reports or Confidential Morbidity Report forms when Dengue infection is strongly suspected. Alameda County is among the top 5 jurisdictions in California for travel-associated Dengue infection reports. In order to inform best practices for diagnosis and treatment, we explored Dengue reports to Alameda County pre-pandemic. Methods CalREDIE data for possible Dengue infections from 2019 were categorized according to CSTE’s Dengue Virus Infections 2015 Surveillance Case Definition into cases (probable and confirmed) or non-cases (suspect and not a case). Univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted in R. Results In 2019, 83 reports of possible Dengue infections were received; 23 met the case classification criteria for confirmed (n=8) or probable (n=15) cases. Most (61%) of the cases were reported between the months of June and October (Figure 1). All cases were symptomatic after travel to an area where Dengue is endemic, notably India (39%), Mexico (17%) and the Philippines (13%). Of the cases, 70% visited the Emergency Department and 48% were hospitalized due to concerns for severe dengue (Table 1). Cases had > 4 times the odds of being hospitalized (Odds Ratio = 4.89, 95% Confidence Interval = 1.63-14.7, p = 0.01) compared to non-cases. 78% of the cases were tested for Dengue within 1 week from symptom onset, but of those, only 39% had a PCR or antigen test while 83% had an IgM test and 78% had an IgG test (Table 2). Figure 1Table 1:Patient Characteristics by CalREDIE Case Resolution Status of 2019 Dengue ReportsTable 2:Laboratory Testing Practices for 2019 Cases with Labs within 7 days of Symptom Onset Conclusion More outreach efforts are needed to educate health care providers on providing timely and adequate testing to travelers and improve diagnosis of travel-associated Dengue. Based on pre-pandemic surveillance in Alameda County, Dengue should be strongly suspected in patients who present with an acute febrile illness and history of travel to Dengue endemic areas such as India, Mexico, and the Philippines. Health care providers suspecting Dengue should test with either PCR or antigen tests within a week of symptom onset. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.
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Melicor, Abigail F., Katrina Loren R. Rey, and Leonila F. Dans. "Is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted by asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infected individuals?" Acta Medica Philippina 54 (January 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.47895/amp.v54i0.2644.
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KEY FINDINGSAsymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur.• Manifestations of COVID-19 are highly varied and may include asymptomatic cases, who do not manifest with anysigns and symptoms despite testing positive for COVID-19 by viral nucleic acid tests. Pre-symptomatic cases areinfected individuals who are still in their incubation period, hence do not exhibit any symptoms yet but eventuallydevelop symptoms.• As of June 2020, only 586 (2.8%) of the 20,990 active cases in the Philippines were classified as asymptomatic,but it is unclear whether cases are pre-symptomatic or carriers (true asymptomatic).• Based on 36 observational studies (case reports, case series, cross-sectional and cohort studies) and 9 statisticalmodeling analysis, asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur. However, 3studies reported no transmission from pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.• Studies on viral load comparing symptomatic cases with pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases reportedcontradicting results. The duration of viral shedding was significantly longer for symptomatic patients comparedto asymptomatic patients but similar for asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients.• Therewas no difference in the transmission rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. However,the estimatedinfectivity and probability of transmission was higherfor symptomatic cases compared to asymptomatic cases, butresults were imprecise due to a wide confidence interval.• The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognize thepossibility of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmission. According to WHO, current evidence suggestsasymptomatic cases are less likely to transmit the virus than symptomatic cases.
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Dominguez, Jacqueline, Jeryl Tan Yu, Yi Jayne Tan, Arlene Ng, Ma Fe De Guzman, Boots Natividad, Ma Luisa Daroy, et al. "Novel Optineurin Frameshift Insertion in a Family With Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism Without Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Frontiers in Neurology 12 (May 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.645913.
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Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is a common cause of Young Onset Dementia and has diverse clinical manifestations involving behavior, executive function, language and motor function, including parkinsonism. Up to 50% of FTD patients report a positive family history, supporting a strong genetic basis, particularly in cases with both FTD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS). Mutations in three genes are associated with the majority of familial FTD (fFTD) cases - microtubule associated protein tau gene (MAPT), granulin precursor (GRN), and hexanucleotide repeat expansions in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72- SMCR8complex subunit (C9orf72) while mutations in other genes such as optineurin (OPTN) have rarely been reported. Mutations in OPTN have been reported mostly in familial and sporadic cases of ALS, or in rare cases of FTD-ALS, but not in association with pure or predominant FTD and/or parkinsonian phenotype. Here, we report for the first time, a family from the Philippines with four members harboring a novel frameshift insertion at OPTN (Chr 10:13166090 G>GA) p.Lys328GluTer11, three of whom presented with FTD-related phenotypes. Additionally, one sibling heterozygous for the frameshift insertion had a predominantly parkinsonian phenotype resembling corticobasal syndrome, but it remains to be determined if this phenotype is related to the frameshift insertion. Notably, none of the affected members showed any evidence of motor neuron disease or ALS at the time of writing, both clinically and on electrophysiological testing, expanding the phenotypic spectrum of OPTN mutations. Close follow-up of mutation carriers for the development of new clinical features and wider investigation of additional family members with further genetic analyses will be conducted to investigate the possibility of other genetic modifiers in this family which could explain phenotypic heterogeneity.