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Academic literature on the topic 'Mosquitoes as carriers of disease'

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Published: 4 June 2021
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Journal articles on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease"

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Graves, P. M., T. R. Burkot, R. Carter, J. A. Cattani, M. Lagog, J. Parker, B. J. Brabin, F. D. Gibson, D. J. Bradley, and M. P. Alpers. "Measurement of malarial infectivity of human populations to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua New Guinea." Parasitology 96, no. 2 (April 1988): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200005825x.

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SummaryThe proportion of blood meals taken on humans which are infectious to mosquitoes in the Madang area, Papua New Guinea was estimated by two methods. In the first, laboratory rearedAnopheles farautiwere fed on individuals of all ages at village surveys. The results showed that 3·8% of people were infectious and that the mean percentage of mosquitoes which became infected by feeding on these people was 37·9%. From the average proportion of mosquitoes infected, the probability that a mosquito feeding on a human would pick up infection was 0·013±0·005. In the second approach mosquitoes were fed on identifiedPlasmodium falciparum, P. vivaxandP. malariaegametocyte carriers. The results indicated that 46% of gametocyte carriers were infectious and that the mean probability of a mosquito becoming infected after feeding on a gametocyte carrier was 0·151±0·029. Gametocyte prevalence rates in all ages measured over 18 months in three villages averaged 3·3%P. falciparum, 4·0%P. vivaxand 0·7%P. malariae, totalling 8·0±0·7%. Combining gametocyte prevalence rates with the probability of a mosquito becoming infected from a gametocyte carrier, the probability of a mosquito becoming infected following a blood meal on a member of the human population was estimated to be 0·012±0·003.
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Lenshin, S. V., I. V. Patraman, S. V. Alkhovsky, and O. I. Vyshemirsky. "Mosquito-Borne Viral Infections in the Krasnodar Territory ~ Risks of Autochthonous Cases of the Disease." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 3 (July 20, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-3-129-138.

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Introduction. Global climate changes affect the habitats of insects, including mosquitoes, which are carriers of dangerous natural focal infections. When mosquitos develop new territories, they create a potential threat to people who find themselves in these areas. In the Krasnodar Region, a stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was formed in the 21st century. These mosquitoes are carriers of many viral pyrrhoid-focal infections, such as Dengue, Chikungunya, Zika fever and Yellow fever. Estimations of biological, epidemiological and cultural data can help to answer the question of the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of infection.Aim. To estimate the probability of occurrence of autochthonous cases of viral infections carried by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes on the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory. For the review, we used scientific publications describing the occurrence of autochthonous diseases in similar climate zones inhabited by Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, the biology of these mosquitoes, as well as official reports of the sanitary services of Europe and the Russian Federation. A stable population of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes has formed on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. The local climate, including the temperature range is favourable for active reproduction of vectors and autochthonous transmission of viral infection.Conclusion. Despite the favourable conditions for the release of mosquitoes and the formation of a stable population, autochthonous transmission requires the introduction of the source of infection during the viremia period to infect the mosquito population. In recent years, isolated cases of such drifts have been reported in the Krasnodar Territory, which indicates a low probability of local cases of transmission. However, with the development of the tourism sector, the flow of tourists from endemic areas will inevitably increase. In addition, the increase in the well-being of the population, trips to these countries will become more frequent this may well increase the risk of transmission of viral infections by local mosquitoes. In any case, the weakening of epidemic control of mosquitoes and medical surveillance of imported cases of tropical fevers will have serious consequences.
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GOUAGNA, L. C., H. M. FERGUSON, B. A. OKECH, G. F. KILLEEN, E. W. KABIRU, J. C. BEIER, J. I. GITHURE, and G. YAN. "Plasmodium falciparummalaria disease manifestations in humans and transmission toAnopheles gambiae: a field study in Western Kenya." Parasitology 128, no. 3 (March 2004): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200300444x.

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Transmission of the malaria parasitePlasmodiumis influenced by many different host, vector and parasite factors. Here we conducted a field study at Mbita, an area of endemic malaria in Western Kenya, to test whether parasite transmission to mosquitoes is influenced by the severity of malaria infection in its human host at the time when gametocytes, the transmission forms, are present in the peripheral blood. We examined the infectivity of 81Plasmodium falciparumgametocyte carriers to mosquitoes. Of these, 21 were patients with fever and other malaria-related symptoms, and 60 were recruited among apparently healthy volunteers. Laboratory-rearedAnopheles gambiaes.s. (local strain) were experimentally infected with blood from these gametocyte carriers by membrane-feeding. The severity of the clinical symptoms was greater in febrile patients. These symptomatic patients had higher asexual parasitaemia and lower gametocyte densities (P=0·05) than healthy volunteers. Ookinete development occurred in only 6 out of the 21 symptomatic patients, of which only 33·3% successfully yielded oocysts. The oocyst prevalence was only 0·6% in the 546 mosquitoes that were fed on blood from this symptomatic group, with mean oocyst intensity of 0·2 (range 0–2) oocysts per mosquito. In contrast, a higher proportion (76·7%) of healthy gametocyte carriers yielded ookinetes, generating an oocyst rate of 12% in the 1332 mosquitoes that fed on them (mean intensity of 6·3, range: 1–105 oocysts per mosquito). Statistical analysis indicated that the increased infectivity of asymptomatic gametocyte carriers was not simply due to their greater gametocyte abundance, but also to the higher level of infectivity of their gametocytes, possibly due to lower parasite mortality within mosquitoes fed on blood from healthy hosts. These results suggest that blood factors and/or conditions correlated with illness reduceP. falciparumgametocyte infectivity.
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Failloux, A. B., M. Raymond, A. Ung, P. Glaziou, P. M. V. Martin, and N. Pasteur. "Variation in the vector competence of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti." Parasitology 111, no. 1 (July 1995): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000064568.

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SUMMARYThe vector competences of 6 geographic strains of Aedes polynesiensis for Wuchereria bancrofti were studied using two types of experimental infections. Experimental infection of laboratory-bred mosquitoes fed on the carriers' forearms with different levels of microfilaraemia showed that microfilariae (mf) uptake was directly proportional to the carrier's mf density and, as mf densities decreased, concentration capacity of Ae. polynesiensis increased. It was also shown that infection has an important effect on mosquito mortality, and that the mortality rate differed among mosquito strains. In infections using artificial feeders, the mf uptake was closely regulated, thus showing differences in the vectorial efficiency of Ae. polynesiensis related to the geographic origin of the mosquito strain. The mosquitoes from the Society archipelago were more efficient intermediate hosts than geographically distant strains when infected with W. bancrofti from an island within the archipelago (Tahiti). Mosquito strains from the Society archipelago developed the highest proportion of infective-stage larvae and exhibited the lowest mortality rate when infected with sympatric Tahitian W. bancrofti.
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Setyowati, Asri. "Penyebaran Penyakit Malaria Model SIRS-SI dengan Pengobatan, Vaksinasi, dan Penyemprotan." MATHunesa: Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika 8, no. 2 (July 11, 2020): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/mathunesa.v8n2.p183-189.

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Malaria is a disease that is transmitted through the mosquito type Anopheles females. Spread of malaria to human disease is caused by mosquito bites of infectious carriers. Malaria viruses can also be transmitted through blood transfusions from humans infected to healthy humans. The method is to study issues related to malaria, create constraint issue, determine the assumptions used for model validation and reconstruct the model for the spread of malaria disease. The research aims to reconstruct a model for the spread of malaria diseases with treatment, vaccination and spraying based on the SIRS-SI epidemic model. SIRS are models for human populations when recovering can be re-susceptible to human immune loss, and SI is a model for mosquitoes where assumed mosquito-carrying infections cannot be recovered
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Mishchenko, Andrey Vladimirovich, and Elena Aleksandrovna Artemyeva. "Birds as a food base for mosquitoes – carriers of the causative agent of tropical malaria." Samara Journal of Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv2021101117.

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The paper discusses the food supply of the vector of malaria mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, which are birds of tropical regions of West Africa. Birds, as distant migrants, penetrate high latitudes and contribute to the spread of malaria in Europe and other countries of the northern hemisphere. The results of the studies show that the main role in the choice of prey objects by female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes birds is played by the nesting and forage biotopes of birds, which are comfortable for mosquito breeding. Probably, female mosquitoes use non-feathered parts of the body of adult birds for feeding unfeathered or weakly feathered chicks in nests. The circulation of Plasmodium falciparum includes populations of birds, primarily water, near-water and marsh complexes, as well as birds, the development of which takes place in specific conditions of a closed space in holes, hollows and closed nests. The Anopheles gambiae mosquito in this system plays the role of a carrier of Plasmodium falciparum not only among populations of birds and mammals, but also among humans, which determines the range of tropical malaria, which is a natural focal vector-borne disease. The authors have identified 37 species of birds carriers of malaria in natural and anthropogenic biocoenoses of Mali (West Africa). The most numerous during the migration and nesting period are birds of the aquatic, near-water and meadow-bog complexes (herons, herons, waders) distant migrants on the territory of Russia and neighboring countries. The risk areas include, first of all, the southern regions Astrakhan Region, Rostov Region and Krasnodar Region.
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Wang, Xueli, Yike Ding, Xiangyang Lu, Danqian Geng, Shan Li, Alexander S. Raikhel, and Zhen Zou. "The ecdysone-induced protein 93 is a key factor regulating gonadotrophic cycles in the adult female mosquito Aedes aegypti." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 16, 2021): e2021910118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021910118.

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Repeated blood feedings are required for adult female mosquitoes to maintain their gonadotrophic cycles, enabling them to be important pathogen carriers of human diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying developmental switches between these mosquito gonadotrophic cycles will provide valuable insight into mosquito reproduction and could aid in the identification of targets to disrupt these cycles, thereby reducing disease transmission. We report here that the transcription factor ecdysone-induced protein 93 (E93), previously implicated in insect metamorphic transitions, plays a key role in determining the gonadotrophic cyclicity in adult females of the major arboviral vector Aedes aegypti. Expression of the E93 gene in mosquitoes is down-regulated by juvenile hormone (JH) and up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We find that E93 controls Hormone Receptor 3 (HR3), the transcription factor linked to the termination of reproductive cycles. Moreover, knockdown of E93 expression via RNAi impaired fat body autophagy, suggesting that E93 governs autophagy-induced termination of vitellogenesis. E93 RNAi silencing prior to the first gonadotrophic cycle affected normal progression of the second cycle. Finally, transcriptomic analysis showed a considerable E93-dependent decline in the expression of genes involved in translation and metabolism at the end of a reproductive cycle. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that E93 acts as a crucial factor in regulating reproductive cycle switches in adult female mosquitoes.
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Farhan, Muhammad, Chenchen Zhao, Sohail Akhtar, Ishtiaq Ahmad, Pan Jilong, and Shuai Zhang. "Assessment of Nano-Formulated Conventional Insecticide-Treated Sugar Baits on Mosquito Control and the Effect on Non-Target Aphidophagous Coccinella septempunctata." Insects 15, no. 1 (January 18, 2024): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15010070.

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Mosquitoes, as disease vectors causing global morbidity and mortality through diseases like malaria, dengue, and Zika, necessitate mosquito population control methods. This study investigated the efficacy of nano-formulated insecticide-based sugar baits in controlling Anopheles gambiae populations and assessed their potential non-target impact on Coccinella septempunctata. This laboratory-based study employed thiolated polymer-coated attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) nano-formulations, delivering pesticides via nano-carriers. Adult and larvae populations of insects were collected from rice and cotton fields subjected to bioassays with 0.5% and 1% concentrations of each nano-formulated and conventional insecticide within ATSB solution, alongside a control 100% attractive sugar bait (ASB). Mosquitoes interacted overnight with insecticide-treated baits, and mortality was assessed. Further observations up to 72 h were conducted for potential delayed toxic effects. Results highlighted nano-ATSB carbosulfan’s effectiveness, particularly among organophosphates and pyrethroids. Among pyrethroids, nano-ATSB cypermethrin exhibited high efficacy, while Deltamethrin displayed lower mortality. Among organophosphates, nano-ATSB chlorpyrifos induced substantial mortality. The nano-formulations of insecticide were harmless against C. septempunctata compared to their conventional form. Nano-formulations demonstrated enhanced mortality rates and prolonged efficacy against mosquitoes, having a benign impact on non-target beetles. We expect these results to aid in developing effective plant protection products suitable for IPM practices.
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Sumbe, Rutuja R., and Ganesh D. Barkade. "A systematic review on malaria." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2023): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2023.014.

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Millions of people die from the parasitic disease malaria each year. This illness is difficult to diagnose in a clinical environment and arises when the red blood cells in the blood are harmed. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are the main global cause of mortality and morbidity. Both in their hosts, the vertebrates, and their carriers, the mosquitoes, these parasites have a complicated life cycle.
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Safeulin, M. S. "A case of visceral leishmaniasis." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2312-06.

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Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoa parasite, one of more than 20 Leishmania species, transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. More than 90 species of mosquitoes have been identified as carriers of the Leishmania parasite. There are 3 main types of the disease: visceral (often called kala-azar, the most severe form of the disease), cutaneous (the most common), and mucocutaneous. Leishmaniasis is caused by the protozoa parasite Leishmania, which is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The disease affects the world's poorest people and is associated with malnutrition, displacement, poor housing conditions, weak immune systems, and lack of resources. Leishmaniasis is related to environmental changes such as deforestation, construction of dams and irrigation systems, and urbanization. An estimated 700,000 to 1 million new infections and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths occur each year. Only a small proportion of people infected with Leishmania parasites will eventually develop the disease.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease"

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Fenoff, Roy S. "A survey of Wyoming mosquitoes for vectors of dog heartworm." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317326331&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Leung, Lai-king. "Are health-education programmes effective in improving knowledge of and compliance with non-pharmacological measures against mosquito-borne disease?" Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40721073.

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Hugo, Riel Leon Eklund. "Evaluation of methodologies for determining the age structure and survivorship of Ochlerotatus vigilax and other medically important mosquito vector species in Australia /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18159.pdf.

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Hurst, Timothy Parker. "Evaluation of Australian native fish and lavicides for the integrated control of freshwater mosquito vectors /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18164.pdf.

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Modelski, Kimberly A. "Comparison of climatic conditions and mosquito abundances in New Castle County, Delaware." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 3.25 Mb., 229 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435830.

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Schmeisser, Glen A. "Location of the insect binding specificity domain of the bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis 128 kDa toxin." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/897503.

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The ultimate goal of this research was to perform a domain exchange between a computer identified insect specificity region of the mosquito larvicidal protein Cry IVB and a previously identified domain in a related protein toxin which targets lepidopteran insect larvae. If the insect specificity domain has been correctly identified, an exchange of DNA in this manner transfers the toxicity of one peptide to another by an exchange of the insect specificity domains. New, chimeric peptides may be designed which will target a larger spectrum of insect larvae.In previous research a domain exchange was performed between the two genes carried on plasmid vectors in E. coli and low levels of toxicity to mosquito larvae were observed. Initial efforts of this research attempted to identify these recombinants. However, stability was not achieved by sequential colony screens. Furthermore, a recently published three-dimensional structural model for all the B. thuringiensis crystalline toxins became available and it was quickly determined that the first exchanges excluded most of the f3-sheet domain that is responsible for insect cell receptor binding, the feature that gives the toxins their specificity. Therefore, it was decided that a larger, more inclusive region of Cry IVB DNA must be exchanged between the two toxins.Extensive computer analyses of the Cry IVB sequence and retroactive comparison of these sequences to the three-dimensional model yielded a fragment of DNA that encoded more than 60% of the putative insect specificity domain. Oligonucleotide primers were subsequently designed to flank this region so that the polymerase chain reaction could be employed to amplify the region. Additionally, the primers were engineered to contain terminal restriction endonuclease sites to ease in the exchange of the domain encoding region into Cry IA(c). The region of Cry IVB DNA flanked by the oligonucleotide primers was successfully amplified by the PCR and cloned into the plasmid vector pUC 19 as a reservoir for a future domain exchange.
Department of Biology
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Robinson, Mary J. "Cloning a mosquitocidal fragment of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and location of the insect binding specificity domain of the 130 kDa toxin gene." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774740.

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Various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Mt.) produce crystalline endotoxins specific for larvae of different insect classes. Two strains, B.t. subspp. israelensis and kurstaki produce similar 130 kDa toxins encoded by the CryIVB gene (toxic to Diptera) and the CryIA gene (toxic to Lepidoptera), respectively. The N-terminal region of the CryIVB gene was cloned into the Escherichia coli expression vector pKX223-3. A mosquitocidal transformant was obtained as determined by mosquito bioassays. The gene fragment, if stable, can be cloned into cyanobacteria to achieve biological control of mosquito-borne diseases. A second goal was to identify the binding specificity domain of the CryIVB gene which encodes the portion of the protein toxin that binds the insect midgut causing cell lysis and death. Two potential insect binding specificity domains identified by computer analyses were switched with a known binding specificity region of the CryIA gene. The polymerase chain reaction was utilized to obtain gene fragments of the CryIVB gene which replaced the CryIA gene binding specificity domain. The resulting recombinant clones carrying the CryIA gene containing the .000nd proposed insect binding specificity domain of the CryIVB gene were fotsd to be mosquitocidal.
Department of Biology
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Russell, Brenda Lurline. "Factors preventing the metabolism of carbohydrates by Bacillus sphaericus 2362." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45179.

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Bacillus sphaericus 2362 is a mosquito pathogenic bacterium. Its greatest industrial potential may be in developing countries where mosquitos are often vectors for diseases. This strain is typical of the species in that it is unable to grow using carbohydrates as a sole source of carbon. The goal of this research was to determine the metabolic deficiency(s) responsible for the inability of this organism to grow on carbohydrates. Compounds that supported light growth of this organism on an agar-solidified, defined medium included acetate, glycerol, and gluconate. Growth in a defined liquid medium with acetate as the source of carbon was much slower than growth in a complex, protein-based broth. B. sphaericus grew poorly in a defined, liquid medium with glycerol or gluconate as the carbon source. Activity of enzymes responsible for the initiation of metabolism of some substrates was not detected in cell extracts. These enzymes were: glucokinase, hexokinase, beta-galactosidase, and amylase. Growth of this bacterium on glycerol as a sole source of carbon implies the presence of the enzymes from the lower half of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway. Two enzymes of the upper half of the EMF pathway, phosphofructokinase and fructose diphosphate aldolase, were undetected in cell extracts. In addition, glucose dehydrogenase activity was not detected. The inability to form glucose-6-phosphate from glucose prevents the catabolism of this and related substrates via the Entner-Doudoroff (ED), hexose monophosphate (HMP), and EMF pathways. Oxygen uptake studies indicated that B. sphaericus oxidized gluconate slightly but only when the cells were grown in a complex, protein-based medium supplemented with gluconate. Although gluconokinase activity was detected in cell extracts, no activity was detected for the key enzymes of the ED (phosphogluconate dehydratase/KDPG aldolase), or HMP (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) pathway. It is unclear how B. sphaericus grows on a defined medium with gluconate as the sole source of carbon. In addition to enzymatic deficiencies, whole cells were unable to accumulate [¹⁴C]glucose or [¹⁴C]sucrose.
Master of Science
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梁麗琼 and Lai-king Leung. "Are health-education programmes effective in improving knowledge of and compliance with non-pharmacological measures against mosquito-borne disease?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40721073.

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Silva, Gilcia Aparecida de Carvalho. "Estudos sobre a competencia vetorial de populações de mosquitos (Diptera, Culiciade) da região metropolitana do Recife, Pernambuco e de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, para Dirofilaria immitis (Nematoda, Onchocercidae)." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314470.

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Orientador: Carlos Fernando Salgueirosa de Andrade
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Mosquitos pertencentes aos gêneros Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, Psorophora e Coquillettidia são susceptíveis à infecção por Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856), podendo transmitir o filarídeo aos cães e gatos. Os vetores de D. immitis no Brasil são conhecidos apenas nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e do Maranhão, fazendo-se necessária a investigação da susceptibilidade e da competência vetorial de espécies existentes nos demais Estados brasileiros. O presente trabalho teve por finalidade verificar a freqüência de infecção por D. immitis em cães domiciliados na Região Metropolitana do Recife, bem como avaliar a susceptibilidade e a competência vetorial de Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 e Ae. albopictus Skuse, 1894 provenientes de área endêmica e não endêmica para a transmissão desse filarídeo, em condições experimentais. A resposta imune humoral (melanização) apresentada pelos mosquitos expostos à infecção também foi avaliada. Para a realização do inquérito epidemiológico, 816 amostras de sangue canino foram coletadas nas áreas costeiras da Região Metropolitana do Recife e no município de Bezerros, agreste do Estado de Pernambuco. As amostras sangüíneas foram analisadas por meio de teste parasitológico para a pesquisa de microfilárias de D. immitis, utilizando-se o método modificado de Knott. Para a avaliação da competência vetorial Cx. Quinquefasciatus população RECIFE, Ae. aegypti populações RECIFE, UNICAMP e linhagem ROCKFELLER e Ae. albopictus população RECIFE foram criados em insetário sob condições controladas (28 '+ ou ¿' '1 GRAU C¿ e 80 ' + ou ¿' 5% de umidade relativa do ar). As fêmeas das espécies estudadas foram alimentadas com sangue canino contendo diferentes densidades de microfilárias de D. immitis, por meio de membrana artificial confeccionada com pele fresca de animal. Para Cx. quinquefasciatus, que é uma espécie ornitofílica, foi utilizada pele de codorna, e para Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus a membrana artificial foi confeccionada com pele de rato. Os resultados obtidos no estudo mostraram freqüência de 3,61%, 7,89% e 7,69% de cães infectados na Ilha de Itamaracá, Igarassu e Recife, respectivamente. Após as infecções experimentais, observou-se que a mortalidade de Cx. quinquefasciatus não foi influenciada pela exposição a diferentes densidades de microfilárias de D. immitis (F = 0,0615, p>0,05) e os índices encontrados variaram de 8,9% a 36,25%. Os índices de eficiência vetorial (IEV) apresentados por Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE variaram de 7,8% a 56,5%. Em relação à razão de infecção, o maior índice foi encontrado no grupo de fêmeas expostas a densidade de 1913 microfilárias/ml, entretanto, não foi influenciado pela taxa de ingurgitamento das fêmeas (F=3,2937, p>0,05). Por meio de melanização, Cx. quinquefasciatus população RECIFE, limitou a intensidade do parasitismo, promovendo o equilíbrio da relação parasito-hospedeiro e deste modo passando a ser um excelente vetor de D. immitis na Região Metropolitana do Recife. Dentre as espécies de Aedes estudadas, verificou-se que a população RECIFE de Ae. aegypti apresentou maior mortalidade (70,7%) ao final dos experimentos, apresentando diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,01) em relação à linhagem ROCKFELLER, população UNICAMP e Ae. albopictus população RECIFE, que não diferiram entre si (p>0,05). Em relação ao índice de eficiência vetorial (IEV) foi detectado um índice de 7,4% para a linhagem ROCKFELLER e uma variação de 20,0% a 53,8% para as populações de Ae. aegypti e 25,2% para Ae. albopictus população RECIFE. O maior número de larvas de D. immitis infectantes na probóscide foi apresentado por Ae. albopictus população RECIFE, além de uma baixa mortalidade. Desta forma, esta população mostrou-se susceptível ao filarídeo e por apresentar baixa mortalidade, foi considerada como a melhor vetora. Ae. aegypti população RECIFE não apresentou reação de melanização e apresentou mortalidade acentuada, enquanto que Ae. aegypti população UNICAMP e linhagem ROCKFELLER mostraram-se refratárias à infecção por D. immitis
Abstract: Mosquitoes belong to the genus Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, Psorophora and Coquillettidia are susceptible to infection of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) and some of them serve as vectors heartworm disease in dogs and cats. Although the potential vectors of canine heartworm in Brazil have been recorded only in Rio de Janeiro and Maranhão State and no more date are available. The objective of this study was to verify the frequency of heartworm infection in dogs in metropolitan region of Recife and also identify under experimental conditions their ability of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, 1762 and Ae. albopictus Skuse,1894 from enzootic and non enzootic areas to become infected with and transmit D. immitis. After the experimental infection of mosquitoes, the melanization response to larvae of D. immitis also was evaluated. The survey study were performed on a total of 816 dogs from costal areas of Metropolitan Region of Recife and Bezerros County, located in agreste area of Pernambuco State. Whole blood samples were collected from all animals and were examined for the presence of microfilariae of D. immitis by the modified Knott test. To verify the vector competence of Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population, Ae. aegypti RECIFE, UNICAMP populations and also ROCKFELLER strain and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population, the mosquitoes were reared under constant insectary conditions (28 '+ or ¿' '1 DEGREE C¿ and 80 '+ or ¿' 5% relative humidity). Females mosquitoes, were exposed to blood¿s dog with diferents density of D. immitis microfilariae by artificial feeding apparatus made by fresh animal skin. For this puporse, ornithophilic Cx. quinquefasciatus was feeding by skin quail menbrane, and for the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus the artificial membrane was made by rat skin. The results of the survey study showed 3.61%, 7.89%, and 7.69% of heartworm infection frequency in dog from Itamaracá Island, Igarassu and the city of Recife respectively. The mortality of Cx. Quinquefasciatus RECIFE population observed in the vector competence study did not show influence of different density of microfilariae of D. immitis (F = 0.0615, p>0.05) and the mortality rate was 8.9% to 36.25%. The vector efficiency (VE) rates of Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population were 7.8% to 56.5%. The higher infection rate was showed in females feeding with blood containing 1913 mf/ml, but no influence was observed in engorged females. The melanization response observed in Cx. quinquefasciatus was important for vector survival by limiting the number of larvae, acting as an important mechanism of parasitic-host interactions. The data indicate that the Cx. quinquefasciatus RECIFE population should is an excelent vector of D. immitis at metropolitan region of Recife. Significant difference (p<0.01) was observed in the mortality rates between the RECIFE population of Ae. aegypti, UNICAMP population, ROCKFELLER strain, and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population. Although no difference were observed between Ae. aegypti ROCKFELLER, UNICAMP and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population. The vector efficiency (VE) rates of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus RECIFE population were 7.4% to 53.8% and 25.2% respectively. Not only the high number of infective third stage larvae of D. immitis in mouth of mosquitoes but also low mortality was observed in Ae. albopictus RECIFE population. This data showed that this specie is the best vector of heartworm infection in the study area. No melanization response was observed in Ae. Aegypti RECIFE population but high mortality was reported. The UNICAMP population and ROCKFELLER strain of Ae. aegypti were refractory to infection to D. immitis
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Doutor em Parasitologia
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Books on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease"

1

Illinois. Division of Environmental Health. Mosquitoes and encephalitis. Springfield, IL: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, 1995.

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Asimeng, E. J. Mosquitoes and human health. Eldoret, Kenya: Moi University Press, 2000.

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Stojanovich, Chester J. Mosquitoes of Korea. Portland, Or: C.J. Stojanovich, 1996.

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Illinois. Dept. of Public Health. Mosquitoes and encephalitis. Springfield, IL]: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, 2002.

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Sathe, T. V. Mosquito borne diseases. Delhi: Manglam Publishers & Distributors, 2011.

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Consoli, Rotraut A. G. B. Principais mosquitos de importância sanitária no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Editora FIOCRUZ, 1994.

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Borges, Sherrine Njaine. Metamorfoses do corpo: Uma pedagogia freudiana. Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Editora Fiocruz, 1995.

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Jayatilaka, K. D. P. Mosquito borne diseases in Sri Lanka: Prevention and control. Nugegoda: Dr. K.D.P. Jayatilaka., 2012.

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Kilama, Wen. The war against mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Tanzania: Some lost battles. Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press, 1994.

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Ng, F. S. P., and Hoi-Sen Yong. Mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases: Biology, surveillance, control, personal and public protection measures. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Academy of Sciences Malaysia, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease"

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Singer, Alan J. "Disease Carried by Mosquitoes or Hidden in the Ice." In Teaching Climate History, 60–63. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003200864-11.

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Raikhel, Alexander S. "Vitellogenesis in Mosquitoes." In Advances in Disease Vector Research, 1–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2910-0_1.

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Dhang, Partho, Philip Koehler, Roberto Pereira, and Daniel D. Dye II. "Mosquitoes." In Key questions in urban pest management: a study and revision guide, 23–30. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620179.0003.

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Abstract This book chapter discusses mosquitoes as deadly disease vectors. Biological control is usually implemented for control of larval populations using predators (e.g. top feeding minnows and copepods) or pathogens and pathogen products (i.e., Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis and B. sphericus). Genetic control is being implemented by releasing sterilized male mosquitoes (genetically modified, radiation sterilised, or transgenic mosquitoes). It starts with minimizing bites through the use of window screens on houses and animal shelters, and the use of treated bed nets and personal repellents. Habitat modification is a reliable method that eliminates adult resting sites and source reduction of larval development areas.
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Hawkes, F. M., J. Zeil, and G. Gibson. "Chapter 19: Vision in mosquitoes." In Sensory ecology of disease vectors, 511–33. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-932-9_19.

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Carlson, Jon O., Boris N. Afansiev, Stephen Higgs, Tomoyo Matsubara, and Jane C. Burns. "Viral transducing vectors for mosquitoes." In The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors, 444–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1535-0_37.

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Townson, Harold. "Infection of mosquitoes with filaria." In The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors, 101–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1535-0_9.

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Wirtz, Robert A., and Thomas R. Burkot. "Detection of Malarial Parasites in Mosquitoes." In Advances in Disease Vector Research, 77–106. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3110-3_4.

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Lomelí, A. M., and A. A. Dahanukar. "Chapter 16: Host-plant feeding in mosquitoes." In Sensory ecology of disease vectors, 449–68. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-932-9_16.

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della Torre, Alessandra. "Polytene chromosome preparation from anopheline mosquitoes." In The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors, 329–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1535-0_28.

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Sinden, Robert E. "Infection of mosquitoes with rodent malaria." In The Molecular Biology of Insect Disease Vectors, 67–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1535-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease"

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Apanasevich, M. V., K. M. Kirilenko, A. A. Kokhanenko, G. N. Artemov, V. A. Burlak, M. K. Haidara, and S. S. Alekseeva. "STUDY OF THE BACTERIAL DIVERSITY OF INTESTINAL, SPERMATHECA AND OVARIAN IN MALARIAL MOSQUITOES ANOPHELES BEKLEMISHEVI, AN. MESSAE AND AN. DACIAE AT DIFFERENT FEEDING STAGES OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF WESTERN SIBERIA." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-288.

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Malarial mosquitoes are carriers of a number of dangerous transmissible viral, bacterial, helminthic and protozoal diseases. In connection with this, one of the priority directions in the fight against natural focal infections is the study of bacterial diversity. The paper presents the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing from 17 pools, which were formed based on the species, organ, and feeding stage of the malarial mosquitoes.
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Slobodyanik, R. V., S. S. Zykova, O. V. Shcherbakov, and K. E. Agababyan. "FAUNA OF BLOOD-SUCKING DIPTERANS IN THE MEGHRI DISTRICT OF ARMENIA." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.441-446.

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Our research is devoted to the study at the present stage of the species composition and distribution of blood-sucking dipteran insects, carriers of dangerous parasitic zoonoses in the Meghri District of the Syunik Region, the Republic of Armenia. The studies were carried out from June 25 to December 3, 2022 in the Meghri District of the Syunik Region (altitude 394–565 m above sea level, semi-desert zone) along the Armenian-Iranian border, since it is here that invasive species are most likely to enter Armenia. For the first time in Armenia, automatic light Mothmatic Freezer Traps, and high-tech automated traps for collecting nocturnal entomofauna combined with a freezer were used as equipment for collecting nocturnal insects with positive results. Based on our research, it was established that the fauna of nocturnal bloodsucking Diptera in the Meghri District was quite diverse and was represented by 9 midge species: Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Culiseta annulata, Aedes caspius, Ae. vexans, Ae. geniculatus, Anopheles maculipennis, An. claviger, An. hyrcanus and 3 mosquito species: Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. kandelakii and Ph. sergenti.
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Slobodyanik, R. V., S. S. Zykova, and O. V. Shcherbakov. "CASES OF LEISHMANIASIS AMONG STRAY DOGS IN SETTLEMENTS OF THE SYUNIK AND ARARAT REGIONS OF ARMENIA." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.436-440.

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Our research is devoted to the study of the prevalence of leishmaniasis (on the example of identified cases) in stray dogs in the Syunik and Ararat Regions of Armenia. In May 2022, in the settlements of the Syunik and Ararat Regions of the Republic, we examined five stray dogs, outbred females aged from 6 months to 2 years for leishmaniasis. One dog was examined in the cities of Meghri, Kapan and in the village of Tegh, Syunik Region. Two dogs were examined in the village of Yeraskh, Ararat Region. Our studies have shown that the invasion prevalence (IP) in the population of stray dogs in the Syunik and Ararat Regions of Armenia is 100%. The examined animals looked quite healthy and felt good. Skin lesions in the form of epithelium desquamation on the nose were only recorded in one dog (20%) in Kapan, Syunik Region. Thus, we confirmed that in the Syunik and Ararat Regions of Armenia, a local natural focus of leishmaniasis is actively functioning, in the spread of which stray dogs are actively involved, which indicates the circulation of parasites in the study area and the possibility of infection of other animals and humans through carriers. Prevention and control measures of leishmaniasis should include measures to control the number of stray dogs, control the incidence in domestic dogs using serological tests, and measures to destroy mosquito breeding sites.
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Lundy, Fiashriel, and Prima Soultoni Akbar. "The Effect of the Model of Eradication of Dengue Fever Vector Movement of Housewives Monitoring Larva in Efforts to Prevent Dengue Fever in Mojolangu Village, Lowokwaru District Malang." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.16.

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ABSTRACT Background: In recent years, the incidence and geographic distribution of dengue fever have greatly increased. Dengue fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes and is characterized by fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, skin rash, nausea and vomiting. The Mosquito Nest Eradication Program (PSN) through 3M Plus needs to be carried out continuously throughout the year, especially in the rainy season through the movement of housewife who monitor larvae. This study aimed to determine the effect of the dengue fever vector eradication model through the housewife movement of larva monitoring in the efforts of dengue fever prevention in Mojolangu Village, Malang City. Subjects and Method: This was a quasi-experiment using 2 treatment groups and 1 control group conducted at Mojolangu village, Lowokwaru district, Malang. A sample of 90 respondents divided into three groups was selected by purposive sampling. The dependent variable was DHF Prevention Efforts (Larva Monitoring). The independent variables were Dengue Fever Vector Eradication Model. The data were collected by questionnaire and observation. The data was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis. Results: After being given treatment in group 1 (educated by health workers) and group 2 (trained cadres) the ability increased to be very good by 83% and 53%. In group 3 (control) his ability improved by 37%. Group 1 has the most effective influence in increasing knowledge and skills. Then group 2 with a significance value of <0.001 (p <0.005). Conclusion: Housewife are a resource in Family Empowerment and Intervention models. The eradication of dengue vectors needs regular monitoring and monitoring so that self-awareness and independence from the family can increase so that the degree of health can be achieved optimally. Keywords: Model, eradication, vector, dengue fever, larva Correspondence: Fiashriel Lundy. School of Health Polytechnics, Ministry of Health Malang. Jl. Besar Ijen No 77, Oro-oro Dowo, Klojen sub-distric, Malang, East Java. Email: fiashriellundy@yahoo.com. Mobile: 0811367446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.16
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Tieppo, Eduardo, Jean Paul Barddal, and Júlio Cesar Nievola. "Automatic disease vector mosquitoes identification via hierarchical data stream classification." In SAC '22: The 37th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477314.3507019.

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PONGSUMPUN, PUNTIPA, and PUNTANI PONGSUMPUN. "Mathematical model for Chikungunya disease with two types of Aedes mosquitoes." In MSIE 2022: 2022 4th International Conference on Management Science and Industrial Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3535782.3535847.

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Fonseca, Vinicius L. N., Fagner Cunha, Larissa Andrade, Juan G. Colonna, and David De Yong. "Classification of Tropical Disease-carrying Mosquitoes Using Deep Learning and SHAP." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Computação Aplicada à Saúde. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbcas.2023.229406.

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In this paper, we present a novel technique for identifying mosquitoes that carry tropical diseases using Deep Learning and SHAP for model interpretability. We propose an end-to-end deep (E2E) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture that leverages mosquito wingbeat sounds to extract relevant features. To achieve high-performance audio processing, we integrate Kapre, an audio processing library optimized for GPU execution. Our approach also incorporates SHAP to provide a transparent explanation of the model’s predictions, enabling us to identify and characterize the time-frequency patterns that the model emphasizes. Ultimately, our research aims to support disease control initiatives by providing an automated means of identifying disease-carrying mosquito species, which has the potential to improve public health in tropical regions.
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Lisovskaya, T. M., and N. S. Malysheva. "IMPACT OF CLIMATIC CHANGES ON THE SPREAD OF DIROFILARIASIS IN THE KURSK REGION." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. VNIIP – FSC VIEV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6050437-8-2.2024.25.236-240.

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The article considers an impact of climatic changes and an average temperature increase of the Earth's surface on dirofilariasis spread in the Kursk Region. Climatic changes are irreversible and an urgent problem for the modern world. In this regard, vector-borne diseases specific for a certain climatic zone are increasingly found in areas where the manifestation of such diseases is not typical. Dirofilariasis is a transmissible infection caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria. Intermediate hosts of nematodes Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis are Culicidae mosquitoes. Due to an increase in the average annual temperature, the spread of this helminthiasis vectors increases, which contributes to a more active disease circulation and the infection of a larger number of obligate definitive hosts (dogs, less often cats) and people. There also occurs a human infection caused by "basement" mosquitoes in the presence of infected stray animals in urban conditions throughout the year. According to the State Report materials on sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Kursk Region, human dirofilariasis cases have been observed over the past decades; previously this parasitosis was mainly found in more southern regions of the Russian Federation.
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Jacobs, Milou, Ellen P. Hart, Yuri Mejia Miranda, Geert Jan Groeneveld, Joop MA van Gerven, and Raymund AC Roos. "H56 Driving performance of huntington’s disease gene carriers." In EHDN 2018 Plenary Meeting, Vienna, Austria, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2018-ehdn.234.

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Martinez-Torteya, Antonio, Alejandro I. Trejo-Castro, Jose M. Celaya-Padill, and Jose G. Tamez-Pena. "Differences in the Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease between APOE4 Carriers and Non-Carriers." In 2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bibe.2019.00043.

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Reports on the topic "Mosquitoes as carriers of disease"

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Devine, Gregor. Taking the fight against disease to mosquitoes. Edited by Chris Bartlett and Suzannah Lyons. Monash University, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/992b-9149.

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Ciapponi, Agustín. Do multi-component community-based interventions improve dengue vector control? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170507.

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Dengue is an infectious disease transmitted by mosquitoes. Dengue has dramatic negative impacts on health, the environment and the economy, particulary in the tropics. The use of community-based dengue control programmes has increased in the last few decades in order to address this major public health problem.
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Zhang, Ruizhe, and Qingya Xie. A meta-analysis of cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP) gene rs708272(G>A) polymorphism in association with cornoary heart disease risk. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.6.0021.

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Review question / Objective: To seek the association of the CETP rs708272 polymorphism with CHD.To figure out if the carriers of allele rs708272-A reduce or increase the risk of CHD in comparison with carriers of allele rs708272-G under allele model, dominant model and recessive model. Condition being studied: The inclusion criteria of CHD:(1)the presence of stenosis≥50% in a minimum of one main segment of coronary arteries (the right coronary artery, left circumfex, or left anterior descending arteries) by coronary angiography.(2) symptoms representing angina pectoris, electrocardiographic changes, and elevations of cardiac enzymes based on the criteria of the World Health Organization. (3) a certifed record of coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention were included in the study.The exclusion criteria of CHD :patients with congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease.Controls:the same populations as the cases and specifed to be without CAD, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease.
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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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5

Morin, S., L. L. Walling, Peter W. Atkinson, J. Li, and B. E. Tabashnik. ets for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene drive in Bemisia tabaci. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134170.bard.

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The goal of our BARD proposal was to build both the necessary infrastructure and knowledge for using the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene drive system to control the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Our research focused on achieving three main goals: (1) establishing a CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system for producing genetically-edited B. tabaci; (2) generating and testing CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutations targeting genes that represent two gene drive strategies: population replacement and population suppression; (3) using computer modeling to optimize strategies for applying CRISPR/Cas9 to control B. tabaci populations in the field. CRISPR gene drive is one of the most promising strategies for diminishing the negative impacts of harmful insects. This technique can introduce mutations into wild populations of pests that reduce their ability to cause damage, reduce their population size, or both. In principle, this can be selfsustaining because mutations carried by relatively few insects can increase in frequency and spread quickly throughout wild populations. Because of this sustainability and the potential benefits to society, agricultural gene-drive systems are most likely to be funded by government agencies, foundations, and grower associations; as with sterile insect releases and most biocontrol programs. Although gene drives have received intensive study in Drosophila and mosquito vectors of human disease, we were one of the first teams pursuing this approach for crop pests. Our project was also one of the first to address CRISPR gene drive in the Hemiptera, an insect order that includes hundreds of pest species. We focused on developing and implementing CRISPR gene drive to reduce the massive damage caused by B. tabaci. This haplodiploid insect is one of the world's most devastating crop pests. Whereas extensive work by others explored CRISPR in diploid species, our project pioneered application of this revolutionary technology to haplodiploids, which have a distinct system of inheritance that presents special challenges and opportunities. Our project has achieved several breakthroughs, including publication of the first paper analyzing CRISPR gene drive in haplodiploids (Li et al. 2020, see next section). Our modeling results from this landmark study demonstrate that CRISPR gene drive can work in haplodiploids, especially if fitness costs associated with the driver allele are low or nil. Our paper was the first to provide a conceptual framework for evaluating and optimizing CRISPR gene drive strategies for managing B. tabaci and other haplodiploid pests. Our breakthroughs in the laboratory have created the infrastructure needed to develop CRISPR for controlling B. tabaci. We established a microinjection system enabling us to introduce CRISPR-derived mutations into B. tabaci embryos. We have used this system to generate and track inherited eye-color mutants of B. tabaci. We have identified and cloned germline promoters, and demonstrated their function in transgenic B. tabaci embryos and other hemipteran insects. We have also developed a tool to easily identify B. tabaci harboring CRISPR-mediated mutations by tagging target genes using a transgenic fluorescent marker. The successful completion of our project provides all the knowledge and infrastructure essential for developing a novel genetic approach for B. tabaci control, which can serve as a non-chemical "green" alternative for managing this global pest. We predict that our discoveries will accelerate the development of the CRISPR gene drive technique for reducing the numbers of this pest and the damage it causes. Still, realization of the benefits of gene-drive technology for pest control will require sustained attention to potential environmental and societal impacts, as well as regulatory and implementation challenges. Given the great promise of this technology and the urgent need for better control methods, we expect that guidance documents and regulations will be in place to allow the scientific community to safely move gene drives for pest control from the laboratory to field trials.
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