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1
Niang, El Hadji Amadou, Hubert Bassene, Florence Fenollar, and Oleg Mediannikov. "Biological Control of Mosquito-Borne Diseases: The Potential ofWolbachia-Based Interventions in an IVM Framework." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (November 15, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1470459.
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People living in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world face an enormous health burden due to mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, and filariasis. Historically and today, targeting mosquito vectors with, primarily, insecticide-based control strategies have been a key control strategy against major mosquito-borne diseases. However, the success to date of such approaches is under threat from multiple insecticide resistance mechanisms while vector control (VC) options are still limited. The situation therefore requires the development of innovative control measures against major mosquito-borne diseases. Transinfecting mosquitos with symbiotic bacteria that can compete with targeted pathogens or manipulate host biology to reduce their vectorial capacity are a promising and innovative biological control approach. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about the association between mosquitoes andWolbachia, emphasizing the limitations of different mosquito control strategies and the use of mosquitoes’ commensal microbiota as innovative approaches to control mosquito-borne diseases.
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Ufuktepe, Unal. "Discrete Wolbachia Diffusion in Mosquito Populations with Allee Effects." European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 15, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 1613–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v15i4.4524.
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We study stability analysis of a discrete-time dynamical system of Wolbachia diffusion in mosquito populations with Allee effects on the wild mosquito population. We analyze the competition between released mosquitoes and wild mosquitos. We show local and global stabilities of the fixed points, and type of bifurcations with respect to parameters. The results are verified by numerical simulations.
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Naeni, dkk, Eka, Ima Amrizal, Dian. "BENDEL KESLINGMAS NO 121 TAHUN 2014." Buletin Keslingmas 33, no. 121 (March 31, 2014): 1–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v33i121.3004.
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Malaria is one of the health problems cause of death. Mosquito longevity is an important factor to estimate the transmission. How to estimate the age of the mosquitoes with the condition of mosquito ovaries. The reseach was conducted in the seven villages malaria endemic of Banyumas Regency that is Karangsalam village, Karanggintung, Ketanda, Bogangin, Selanegara, Banjarpanepen and Watuagung to know about describe the lifetime of the mosquito Anopheles Spp in the seven villages malaria endemic, describing delatasi, parity rate, life chances and the age estimation of mosquito Anopheles Spp. The method used is descriptive by describe te lifetime of the mosquito Anopheles Spp. The data used in this research is a secondary data obtained from health center and the BPS Banyumas regency. The result showed the age estimation of Anopheles Spp mosquitos in the seven village malaria endemic that is Karangsalam, Ketanda, Selanegara, Banjarpanepen and Watuagung unknown. In the Karanggintung village the age estimation An. balabacensis mosquito is 4,24 days, whereas in the Bogangin village the age estimation An. vagus mosquito is 2,16 days. Conclusion from the research is illustration lifetime Anopheles Spp in the seven village malaria endemic is overall obatained the age estimation highest of 4,24 days is An. balabacensis mosquito. So, An. balabacensis mosquito have the ability to live in the wild longer than other Anophles Spp mosquitos were found. From the result expected for the government to increase attention to the case of malaria, especially in malaria endemic areas.
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Lengkey, Dave R., A. J. Podung, M. J. Nangoy, and M. Th Lapian. "GENERA NYAMUK (CULICIDAE) DALAM KANDANG SEBAGAI VEKTOR PENYAKIT JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS PADA TERNAK BABI DI DESA TOLOK KECAMATAN TOMPASO KABUPATEN MINAHASA." ZOOTEC 39, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.39.2.2019.25725.
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MOSQUITOS GENERA (CULICIDAE) IN CAGE AS A VECTOR OF JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS IN PIGS IN THE TOLOK VILLAGE, TOMPASO DISTRICT, MINAHASA DISTRICT This study aims to determine the diversity and density of the population and the time of mosquito activity (Culicidae) in the pig pen. This reserch was carried out in the Tolok Village, Tompaso District, Minahasa Regency for 2 (two) months at 2 (two) cage locations namely cage I (distance I cage withe house less than 10 m) and enclosure II (more than 50 m). This research uses the observation method by collecting mosquito samples every 2 (two) hours on the light trap placed in each cage. Samples were collected from 18.00-06.00, at each location replicated 3 (three) times with an invoice of two weeks, the samples collected are identified and counted. The results showed diversity of cage mosquitoes I and II each found 3 genera namely Culex, Anopheles, and Armigeres. Population density of cage I was found 128 individual mosquitoes consisting of Culex 104 tails, Anopheles 20 tails, and Armigeres 4. Cage II found 46 mosquitos individuals consisting of Culex 40, Anopheles 5, Armigeres 1. Hours 22.00-24.00 is the highest time of mosquito activity obtained from the highest number of mosquito catches, which were 48 in cage I and 18 in cage II. Based on the results and discussions, it was concluded that mosquito diversity in the Tolok Village 3 genus Culex, Anopheles, and Armigeres while the highest mosquito population density was at the cage location closest to the breeder house and its activity was highest at 22.00-24.00. Keyword: Mosquito, pig livestock, activity, density, diversity
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Rettob, Thesia Megi Kurniawati, Edieli Zebua, Ilham Saputra Butar-butar, Febiola Gabriela Tular, and Yermia S. Mokosuli. "The Utilization Of Beehive Wax a Combination of Nutmeg Extract (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Langsat (Lansium domesticum L.) as Aromatherapy and Mosquito Repellent." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 21, no. 3 (September 23, 2021): 845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v21i3.2938.
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Mosquitoes often being the vector of some diseases, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever. To prevent these diseases vectored by mosquitoes, we could use mosquito repellent. But based on some research, these mosquito repellents on the market contain some dangerous chemicals, for example, Dichlorvos, Porpoxure, and synthetic pyrethroid. These kinds of chemicals can cause some side effects that are not good for health, ranging from headaches, nausea, to cancer and organ dysfunction. Therefore, it is necessary to have a mosquito repellent that is safer for health with minimal side effects. This research is an experimental type of research that aimed to determine the effectiveness of anti-mosquito in the form of an aromatherapy candle made of the beehive with the consistency of pala pulp extract and langsat seed extract. Pala pulp extract and langsat seed extract were obtained from the maceration method and then processed by Rotary Evaporator.ÃÂ The concentrations used are Pala pulp extract: langsat seed extract. I: 0,5gr:0,25gr, II: 5gr:2,5gr. Both of the concentrations will be blend into 200gr of solid candle that will be melt. A test was made on some adult mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are being bred. The mosquitoes were placed on a cage that had been build by the researchers first. The measurement scale on this research is the mortality rate of the mosquitoes counted from the second we light up the anti-mosquito aromatherapy candle. There are two types of data analysis on this research, includes the anti-mosquito test and organoleptic test. The first concentration test's result shows that there is a very minimal effect on the mosquitoes. when the test was run, there were five adult mosquitoes inside the cage, an observation was done for 10 minutes counted from the time the candle was lit up. At the first 2 minutes 10 seconds, there is 1 mosquito that died, and the rest of the time for 10 minutes there was no other ÃÂ mosquito died. The second concentration test's result shows a really big impact on the mortality rate of the mosquito. There were seven adult mosquitoes inside the cage when the test was run. And for 10 minutes, 6 mosquitos died. This means that the second concentration was the most effective amount of the concentration to apply on the candle. Hopefully, the result of this research could be useful for society in terms of environment-friendly anti- mosquito usage.
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Saputra, Dian, Fauziah Rahmawati, Devia Khoirun Nisa, and Astried Hanggana Putri. "Mosquito Trap In The Laboratory Of FMIPA UNY'S Biological Garden To Reduce Mosquito Disorders." Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat MIPA dan Pendidikan MIPA 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jpmmp.v3i2.25286.
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Mosquitoes are animals that are very often found in everyday life. Starting from the home environment, to the school environment. Mosquitoes are also animals that can carry various diseases. The FMIPA UNY Biology Garden Laboratory is overgrown with trees and there is a pool of water from several ponds that are deliberately made. That is what makes mosquitoes like the environment that is included in their habitat. At the UNY Biology Garden Laboratory, which is one of the student learning locations, mosquitoes are found flying and sometimes disrupting learning activities because they can stab and cause itching. The disturbance is feared to cause mosquito-borne diseases in students who are active in biology gardens. So that mosquito traps are made that are modified and adapted to the needs and location of the target. The tool made is a simple mosquito trap that utilizes a pool of water from a fish pond and a net from mesh or paranet cloth. The target place is the FMIPA UNY Biology Garden Laboratory, especially the pool area. While the target is the larvae or seeds of mosquitoes left by the mother. It is expected that the mosquitoes will perch on the paranet to lay eggs, then the eggs will fall down and will be eaten by fish. This is in addition to reducing the growth of mosquitoes, it can also be used for alternative food for fish, which can reduce spending to buy fish feed. Key words: mosquitos, trap
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Diouf, Gorgui, Momar Talla Seck, Assane Guèye Fall, Mireille Djimangali Bassène, Biram Biteye, Mame Thierno Bakhoum, and Mamadou Ciss. "Effectiveness of a New Self-Marking Technique in Aedes aegypti under Laboratory Conditions." Insects 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040379.
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In the implementation of mosquito control strategy programs using Sterile Insect Technique and other rear and release strategies, knowledge on the dispersion, competitiveness and survival of mosquitos is considered essential. To assess these parameters, marking techniques are generally used to differentiate colony mosquitoes from wild ones. Most of the existing mosquito marking methods require numerous manipulations that can impact their quality. In this study, we have developed a self-marking technique that can reduce the damage associated with mosquito handling. The marking technique consisted of adding fluorescent powder (DayGlo: A-17-N Saturn yellow) directly to the surface water of the receptacle containing Aedes aegypti male pupae. Different quantities of powder were used, and marking efficacy, powder persistence and mosquito survival were assessed. The results show a mean marking rate of 98 ± 1.61%, and the probability of marking increased significantly (p < 0.001) with increasing concentrations of fluorescent powder. Fluorescent powder persisted up to 20 days and did not induce a negative effect on mosquito survival (χ2 = 5.3, df = 7, p = 0.63). In addition, powder transfer did not occur between marked and unmarked populations. This marking method significantly reduces human intervention and mosquito handling during the marking process, improving the quality of marked mosquitoes used to assess SIT programs.
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Kumar, Pramod, Rohit Kumar Bijauliya, Balbir Singh, Priti Yadav, and Wasim Ahmed Khan. "Formulation and Evaluation of Essential Oil Encapsulated Mosquito Repellent Gel." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i1.5265.
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Mosquitoes can be found in almost every country. Many mosquito repellents have been introduced to the market in order to combat them. The mosquitos, on the other hand, developed a resistance to them. Not only that, but users are experiencing a variety of known and unknown negative side effects. As a result, a poly herbal insect repellent gel has been developed in an attempt to give dependable, long-lasting, and full protection from mosquito bites by destroying them. Three essential oils were included in the formulation of the mosquito repellent gel, as well as polymers such as tween 80, span 20, Carbopol 934, and triethanolamine. They were assessed based on their actions. Spreadibility, viscosity, swelling index, and mosquito repellent activity were used to evaluate the prepared mosquito repellent gel. As acceptance criterion, all parameters received favorable responses. The rheological study and mosquito repellent activity are highly correlated. Although the results of the current trials are promising, there is still room for more pharmacokinetic research.
Keywords: Essential Oil, Emulsion Formulations, Gel, Mosquito Repellent Activity
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Ramos-Nino, Maria E., Gregory Anash, Daniel M. Fitzpatrick, Julie A. Dragon, and Sonia Cheetham. "Antiviral RNAi Mechanisms to Arboviruses in Mosquitoes: microRNA Profile of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus from Grenada, West Indies." Applied Microbiology 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol2020029.
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Mosquito-borne arboviruses, such as dengue virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus and yellow fever virus, impose a tremendous cost on the health of populations around the world. As a result, much effort has gone into the study of the impact of these viruses on human infections. Comparatively less effort, however, has been made to study the way these viruses interact with mosquitoes themselves. As ingested arboviruses infect their midgut and subsequently other tissue, the mosquito mounts a multifaceted innate immune response. RNA interference, the central intracellular antiviral defense mechanism in mosquitoes and other invertebrates can be induced and modulated through outside triggers (small RNAs) and treatments (transgenesis or viral-vector delivery). Accordingly, modulation of this facet of the mosquito’s immune system would thereby suggest a practical strategy for vector control. However, this requires a detailed understanding of mosquitoes’ endogenous small RNAs and their effects on the mosquito and viral proliferation. This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the mosquito’s immune system along with novel data describing miRNA profiles for Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasiatus in Grenada, West Indies.
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Yang, Cihan, Fei Wang, Doudou Huang, Haixia Ma, Lu Zhao, Guilin Zhang, Hailong Li, et al. "Vector competence and immune response of Aedes aegypti for Ebinur Lake virus, a newly classified mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): e0010642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010642.
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The global impact of mosquito-borne diseases has increased significantly over recent decades. Ebinur Lake virus (EBIV), a newly classified orthobunyavirus, is reported to be highly pathogenic in adult mice. The evaluation of vector competence is essential for predicting the arbovirus transmission risk. Here, Aedes aegypti was applied to evaluate EBIV infection and dissemination in mosquitos. Our experiments indicated that Ae. aegypti had the possibility to spread EBIV (with a transmission rate of up to 11.8% at 14 days post-infection) through biting, with the highest viral dose in a single mosquito’s saliva reaching 6.3 plaque-forming units. The highest infection, dissemination and ovary infection rates were 70%, 42.9%, and 29.4%, respectively. The high viral infection rates in Ae. aegypti ovaries imply the possibility of EBIV vertical transmission. Ae. aegypti was highly susceptible to intrathoracic infection and the saliva-positive rate reached 90% at 10 days post-infection. Transcriptomic analysis revealed Toll and Imd signaling pathways were implicated in the mosquito’s defensive response to EBIV infection. Defensin C and chitinase 10 were continuously downregulated in mosquitoes infected via intrathoracic inoculation of EBIV. Comprehensive analysis of the vector competence of Ae. aegypti for EBIV in laboratory has indicated the potential risk of EBIV transmission through mosquitoes. Moreover, our findings support a complex interplay between EBIV and the immune system of mosquito, which could affect its vector competence.
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Lahondère, Chloé, Clément Vinauger, Ryo P. Okubo, Gabriella H. Wolff, Jeremy K. Chan, Omar S. Akbari, and Jeffrey A. Riffell. "The olfactory basis of orchid pollination by mosquitoes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910589117.
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Mosquitoes are important vectors of disease and require sources of carbohydrates for reproduction and survival. Unlike host-related behaviors of mosquitoes, comparatively less is understood about the mechanisms involved in nectar-feeding decisions, or how this sensory information is processed in the mosquito brain. Here we show thatAedesspp. mosquitoes, includingAedes aegypti, are effective pollinators of thePlatanthera obtusataorchid, and demonstrate this mutualism is mediated by the orchid’s scent and the balance of excitation and inhibition in the mosquito’s antennal lobe (AL). TheP. obtusataorchid emits an attractive, nonanal-rich scent, whereas relatedPlatantheraspecies—not visited by mosquitoes—emit scents dominated by lilac aldehyde. Calcium imaging experiments in the mosquito AL revealed that nonanal and lilac aldehyde each respectively activate the LC2 and AM2 glomerulus, and remarkably, the AM2 glomerulus is also sensitive to N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), a mosquito repellent. Lateral inhibition between these 2 glomeruli reflects the level of attraction to the orchid scents. Whereas the enriched nonanal scent ofP. obtusataactivates the LC2 and suppresses AM2, the high level of lilac aldehyde in the other orchid scents inverts this pattern of glomerular activity, and behavioral attraction is lost. These results demonstrate the ecological importance of mosquitoes beyond operating as disease vectors and open the door toward understanding the neural basis of mosquito nectar-seeking behaviors.
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Lei, Bingyin, Kaiye Gao, Li Yang, and Shu Fang. "A Model of Optimal Interval for Anti-Mosquito Campaign Based on Stochastic Process." Mathematics 10, no. 3 (January 29, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10030440.
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Mosquito control is very important, in particular, for tropical countries. The purpose of mosquito control is to decrease the number of mosquitos such that the mosquitos transmitted diseases can be reduced. However, mosquito control can be costly, thus there is a trade-off between the cost for mosquito control and the cost for mosquitos transmitted diseases. A model is proposed based on renewal theory in this paper to describe the process of mosquitos’ growth, with consideration of the mosquitos transmitted diseases growth process and the corresponding diseases treatment cost. Through this model, the total mosquitos control cost of different strategies can be estimated. The optimal mosquito control strategy that minimizes the expected total cost is studied. A numerical example and corresponding sensitivity analyses are proposed to illustrate the applications.
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Husin, Hasan. "ANALISIS KEPADATAN NYAMUK MENGGUNAKAN LIGHT TRAP PADA KEJADIAN MALARIA." JURNAL MEDIA KESEHATAN 10, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33088/jmk.v10i2.331.
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Light Trap is a mosquito catcher by using light to trap mosquito into a research container. The study objective was to find out the relationship between the density of anopheles mosquitoes with malaria incidence in Taba Lagan Village, Central Bengkulu. This research is quasi-experiment with quantitative approach. The population of this study was all of mosquitos breeding place data and all of patients data who got treatment at community health centre of Tabalagan. Samples of the study were selected by using proportional random sampling. The results showed that the density of mosquitoes about 127 in cowshed which had some characteristics such as bigger size than another mosquito and they used to come out about 06.00 to 10.00 PM. There were 96 medium-sized mosquitoes at rubber plantation which had activity around 05.00 AM. While there were 38 small-sized mosquitoes which are living around cluster residents environment and usually bit human about 06.00 to 09.00 PM. In concluding, the largest number of anopheles mosquitoes was in cowshed (0.118%) with malaria cases of 6 people and who are living about 10 to 20 meters nearby cowshed.
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Wang, Tao, Zheng-Wei Fan, Yang Ji, Jin-Jin Chen, Guo-Ping Zhao, Wen-Hui Zhang, Hai-Yang Zhang, et al. "Mapping the Distributions of Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in China." Viruses 14, no. 4 (March 27, 2022): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040691.
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The geographic expansion of mosquitos is associated with a rising frequency of outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) worldwide. We collected occurrence locations and times of mosquito species, mosquito-borne arboviruses, and MBDs in the mainland of China in 1954−2020. We mapped the spatial distributions of mosquitoes and arboviruses at the county level, and we used machine learning algorithms to assess contributions of ecoclimatic, socioenvironmental, and biological factors to the spatial distributions of 26 predominant mosquito species and two MBDs associated with high disease burden. Altogether, 339 mosquito species and 35 arboviruses were mapped at the county level. Culex tritaeniorhynchus is found to harbor the highest variety of arboviruses (19 species), followed by Anopheles sinensis (11) and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (9). Temperature seasonality, annual precipitation, and mammalian richness were the three most important contributors to the spatial distributions of most of the 26 predominant mosquito species. The model-predicted suitable habitats are 60–664% larger in size than what have been observed, indicating the possibility of severe under-detection. The spatial distribution of major mosquito species in China is likely to be under-estimated by current field observations. More active surveillance is needed to investigate the mosquito species in specific areas where investigation is missing but model-predicted probability is high.
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Kim, Kyukwang, Jieum Hyun, Hyeongkeun Kim, Hwijoon Lim, and Hyun Myung. "A Deep Learning-Based Automatic Mosquito Sensing and Control System for Urban Mosquito Habitats." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122785.
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Mosquito control is important as mosquitoes are extremely harmful pests that spread various infectious diseases. In this research, we present the preliminary results of an automated system that detects the presence of mosquitoes via image processing using multiple deep learning networks. The Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) and neural network-based regression demonstrated an accuracy of 84%. Meanwhile, the single image classifier demonstrated an accuracy of only 52%. The overall processing time also decreased from 4.64 to 2.47 s compared to the conventional classifying network. After detection, a larvicide made from toxic protein crystals of the Bacillus thuringiensis serotype israelensis bacteria was injected into static water to stop the proliferation of mosquitoes. This system demonstrates a higher efficiency than hunting adult mosquitos while avoiding damage to other insects.
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Segu, Bhagya, Nicole Auchter Riese, Kim Thien Hong Nguyen, Michael Leung, and Pat Segu. "Review: Ocular Complications of Mosquito-Transmitted Diseases." Canadian Journal of Optometry 80, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjo.80.266.
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The World Health Organization estimates that 1 billion cases of infectious disease originate from vector transmission, resulting in several million deaths annually. Mosquitos are the primary vector for multiple diseases in humans that cause self-limiting to sight-threatening ocular complications and significant systemic illness. The 2015-2016 outbreak of the mosquito-borne Zika virus in North and South America brought to the forefront how quickly mosquitoes can spread disease between continents, especially among vulnerable patient populations. Optometrists should be familiar with the associated ocular complications in order to effectively diagnose, co-manage, treat, and educate patients who have been infected by mosquito-borne disease. This paper reviews the ocular manifestations of mosquito-transmitted diseases including Zika virus, West Nile virus, Malaria, Dengue fever, Chikungunya, and Dirofilaria.
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Haroona, Atif, Tayyaba Yaseen, Aqarab Husnain, Mehran Mehfooz, Muhammad Umer Umair, Muhammad Husnain Jarar, Usama Naveed, and Faraz Khalid. "WATER RESOURCES HELPS İN THE EXPANSİON OF MOSQUİTOES COLONİES." Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE) 1, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bdwre.01.2020.16.21.
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In Pakistan, water storage bodies are often the most plentiful and active habitats of immature stages of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes are blood feeding type of vectors that bite a particular host and suck blood. As a result, these vectors transmit disease causing agents to the host system. The most common mosquitoes borne viral diseases in Pakistan are Chicken gunya, Dengue fever, west nile and Zika fever. These diseases are common in low and poor living standard areas. Death rate increases due to more attack of these fatal diseases. Mosquitoes breeding sites are water bodies, discarded tyres, water tanks, bottles, cups and ant traps. Various environmental agents i.e. temperature fluctuations and water resources, now increase the rate of mosquitos in most areas of Pakistan. There is a lack of basic medical education and knowledge about its pervention techniques in mosquito affected areas in Pakistan. The purpose of this review is to highlight the current status of emerging mosquito borne viral diseases in Pakistan, i.e. Chicken gunya, Dengue fever, est nile and Zika fever. There is more need of prevention strategies and understanding about factors involved in spreading of mosquito borne diseases.
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Nur, Jasmin, Bilkis Sultana, Mohammad Hefzur Rahman, and Mohammad Moniruzzaman. "Detection of Vector Mosquito of Filariasis in the Endemic Areas of Bangladesh." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (June 24, 2021): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.3.881.
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Background: Lymphatic Filariasis (LF), a mosquito born tropical parasitic disease, caused by Wuchereria bancrofti is not only a health but also a socio-economic problem in Bangladesh. Culex quinquefasciatus is the confirmed filarial vector in Bangladesh, so by controlling of this vector population, we can prevent this disease. To control this vector and decrease incidence of filariasis, we need to know studied mosquito’s sample in endemic areas.
Aim and objectives: Aim of this study was to see mosquito population in search of vector species in the endemic zones of malaria and filarial. Then we confirmed presence of vector species at molecular level by species specific DNA fingerprinting.
Methods: This cross-sectional entomological study was carried out in Hobiganj (Shatchori tea garden) and Moulvibazar district (Patrokhola and Madonmohonpur tea gardens). Mosquito was collected by paper cup with net, aspirator and torch light and vector mosquitoes were identified with stereoscopic microscope. After identification of the mosquitoes, these were stored in laboratory for analysis of the density of the vector mosquitoes in the endemic areas. Then the vector mosquitoes were identified through molecular method named Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
Result: 1427 female mosquitoes belonging to 28 species under 5 genera were collected from three tea gardens. Culex quinquefasciatus which is the confirmed filarial vector in Bangladesh was found high in number (20.74%) out of the total collected mosquitoes. Other mosquito’s species were found in various ratios. Then Culex quinquefasciatus vector was identified by PCR.
Conclusion: As vector mosquitoes of LF are available in these tea gardens, the study concludes that these areas are highly LF endemic areas of Bangladesh. Through molecular method, the vector of LF can be identified certainly. As we identify the vector mosquito, thus we can prevent this LF disease at very early stage. So, these findings will be very beneficial and cost effective for a developing country like Bangladesh.
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Vedururu, Ravi kiran, Matthew J. Neave, Vinod Sundaramoorthy, Diane Green, Jennifer A. Harper, Paul R. Gorry, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, and Prasad N. Paradkar. "Whole Transcriptome Analysis of Aedes albopictus Mosquito Head and Thorax Post-Chikungunya Virus Infection." Pathogens 8, no. 3 (August 27, 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8030132.
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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes prolonged arthralgia in patients. After crossing the mosquito midgut barrier, the virus disseminates to tissues including the head and salivary glands. To better understand the interaction between Aedes albopictus and CHIKV, we performed RNASeq analysis on pools of mosquito heads and parts of the thorax 8 days post infection, which identified 159 differentially expressed transcripts in infected mosquitos compared to uninfected controls. After validation using RT-qPCR (reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction), inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTKi), which has previously been shown to be anti-inflammatory in mammals after viral infection, was further evaluated for its functional significance. Knockdown of BTKi using double-stranded RNA in a mosquito cell line showed no significant difference in viral RNA or infectivity titer. However, BTKi gene knocked-down cells showed increased apoptosis 24 hours post-infection compared with control cells, suggesting involvement of BTKi in the mosquito response to viral infection. Since BTK in mammals promotes an inflammatory response and has been shown to be involved in osteoclastogenesis, a hallmark of CHIKV pathogenesis, our results suggest a possible conserved mechanism at play between mosquitoes and mammals. Taken together, these results will add to our understanding of Aedes Albopictus interactions with CHIKV.
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Biñas, Nathalie Faith, Ella Mae Cuba, Cholo Anthony Gargarita, Ameer Jordan Minsu, and Amera Malaco. "Organic Mosquito Patch: The Use of Lemongrass, Garlic and Marigold." ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering 1, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ajse.v1i1.33665.
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This study aims to determine the possibility of organic mosquito patches as an alternative to mosquito repellents. The results showed that the control group, namely commercial mosquito patches, was able to obtain the highest rate of repelling mosquitoes. However, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference in the three patches. Thus, the manufacture of organic mosquito patches is as effective as commercial mosquito patches at repelling mosquitoes. In addition, organic mosquito patches have the most economical product compared to commercialized patches. Thus, making organic mosquito patches is not only as effective as commercial mosquito patches but also much more affordable than they cost. It is recommended to use an organic mosquito patch as an alternative to mosquito repellent.
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Rahma, Nur, Syahribulan Syahribulan, Arini Ratnasari, Sri Nur Rahmi Nur, Mila Karmila, Risma Malasari, Hajar Hasan, and Isra Wahid. "The Risk of Mosquito-borne Diseases Related to Mosquito Fauna Richness and Livestock Placements in South and West Sulawesi, Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, A (January 2, 2022): 302–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.7038.
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BACKGROUND: The local fauna of mosquitoes may have an essential role in the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. AIM: The future risk of mosquito-borne diseases needs to be considered by the presence of factors that support mosquitoes and pathogens, such as the habitats, presence of host reservoirs, and placement of livestock in settlements. METHODS: Mosquito catching methods used Animal Barrier Screen (ABS), Kelambu Trap (KT), and Human Landing Catch (HLC) in the wet and dry season. The role of a large animal in getting mosquito bites was analyzed based on the proportion of mosquitoes sampled by HLC to all collected mosquitoes. The potential vector of mosquitoes was projected based on the habitat, species density, and presence of host reservoirs. RESULTS: Pasangkayu district had more mosquito fauna compared to North Toraja and Maros. However, the separated placement of livestock in North Toraja resulted in fewer mosquito bites to humans compare with Maros, where livestock was caged or tied directly beside individual houses. The separated placement of livestock in North Toraja and Pasangkayu acted as a barrier, while scattered placement among houses at Maros acted more as a mosquito attractant. CONCLUSION: The habit of placing livestock separate from human settlements may reduce mosquito bites, reducing the risk of contracting mosquito-borne diseases. This finding proves using livestock as an outdoor vector control strategy to protect mosquito bites and disease transmission.
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Kong, Xiang Qing, and Cheng Wei Wu. "Micronano Structure and Mechanics Behavior of Mosquito’s Proboscis Biomaterials with Applications to Microneedle Design." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 376–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.376.
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The mouthparts of female mosquitoes have evolved to form a special proboscis, a natural biomicroelectromechanical system, which is used for painlessly penetrating human skin and sucking blood. The structure of the mosquito fascicle is observed using a scanning electron microscope, and the mechanical property of the labrum and maxillae, two of the most important parts of the mosquito’s fascicle is studied. The micronano structure and the special biomaterials of the mosquito’s proboscis make the mosquito penetrate easily into human skin with a surprising low force, which is measured to be only tens of micro-Newton. Our obtained results are helpful for the optimum design of the microneedles and transdermal drug delivery system.
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Tristantini, Dewi, Slamet, and Angela Jessica Stephanie. "Study of mosquito attractants for photo catalytic mosquito trap." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 1 (December 19, 2013): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i1.1478.
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Photo catalytic mosquito trap is made of TiO2-Activated Carbon (AC) with a certain composition of AC. Research concerns on the heat spectrum which is produced by combination process of existing CO2 and humid air. The purpose of performance testing is to observe capability of this device in trapping mosquitoes related to the air temperature profile for heat spectrum is play important role for attracting mosquitoes. Result shows photo catalytic mosquito trap is more effective than devices which only consist of UV light or stream of CO2 and the humid air. A number of mosquitoes trapped by the photo catalyst coated panel configuration and UV lamps were lit proved far more effective because the heat production from recombination process. A little difference in temperature can be detected by mosquito. Keywords: Photo Catalytic, Mosquito, Recombination.
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Wartono, Wartono, Mohammad Soleh, and Yuslenita Muda. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DENGUE CONTROL WITH CONTROL OF MOSQUITO LARVAE AND MOSQUITO AFFECTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol15iss3pp417-426.
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Consider a SIR model for the spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever involving three populations, mosquito eggs, mosquitoes, and humans. The parameters of the SIR model were estimated using rainfall data and air temperature for the cities of Pekanbaru and Solok. The main aim of this paper is to determine the effect of mosquito larvae and adult mosquito control on the spread of the dengue virus. Numerical solutions were also presented by using the Runge-Kutta method of order 4. Based on the results, the SIR model was obtained by involving the control parameters of mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes. Besides, the mosquito population is affected by changes in temperature, rainfall, and fog. Numerical simulations illustrate that the number of infected mosquitoes and infected humans is influenced by the parameters of the percentage of mortality of mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes.
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Kalan, Katja, Jana Šušnjar, Jure Jugovic, and Vladimir Ivović. "Pilot Study of Invasive Mosquito Species Control in Selected Slovenian Municipalities." Acta Veterinaria 72, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2022-0020.
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Abstract To reduce the population of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae), a mosquito control campaign was organized by five Slovenian municipalities in 2020. The campaign focused on the application of Aquatain AMFTM in public water containers. The main objective of our study was to test the efficacy of the agent by directly testing the water drains for mosquito larvae and monitoring the density of the mosquito population. The drains were inspected before and after the application of the product from May to September. A water sample was taken from the drains using a dipper. For mosquito monitoring, the number of mosquito eggs and adult mosquitoes was counted from June to October. Up to two weeks after the application of the product, we observed the lethal effect of Aquatain on mosquito larvae, pupae and adult mosquitoes. After rainfall, the product was washed away and the live mosquitoes were sampled in the inspected water drains. The average number of eggs collected per site was twice as high in the area without mosquito control as in the threated locations. Nevertheless, we assessed the mosquito control campaign as partially successful, as mosquito abundance was still high in the locations with mosquito control. However, we believe that this is a good starting point and that mosquito control should be continued in the future together with the citizen education campaign.
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Saucereau, Yoann, Maria Jose Marcaida, and Monique Gangloff. "Structural and functional divergence of duplicated mosquito Toll and Spz compared to Drosophila." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 92.44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.92.44.
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Abstract Mosquitoes are vectors of many infectious diseases that constitute a risk to human health around the globe. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as Dengue and Zika viruses, are mainly transmitted by Aedes mosquito species, while plasmodium is spread by members of the Anopheles genus. The vectorial capacity of mosquito is based on a complex balance between the mosquito’s immune control and evasion mechanisms by the pathogen. The Toll signalling pathway is a key component of insect innate immunity that underwent duplication in mosquitoes compared to Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). Here we produced duplicated Spz isoforms and ectodomains of Toll1A and Toll5A in order to study binding specificity and signalling in Aedes aegypti (Aa). Surprisingly, Toll1A, the closest structural homolog to DmToll, did not bind to DmSpz, AaSpz1B or AaSpz1C, while Toll5A specifically bound to Spz1C. In Aag2 cells, however, DmSpz triggered gambicin production upon proteolytic processing, in contrast to mosquito Spz isoforms, which lead to a distinct set of antimicrobial peptides. Computational pairing of Toll and Spz failed to predict isoform and species-specificity, probably due to conformational changes upon ligand binding as observed by SAXS analysis of Toll5A-Spz1C complex. This study sheds light on the molecular basis of Toll and Spz neofunctionalization in the mosquito.
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DuRant, Sarah E., and William A. Hopkins. "Amphibian predation on larval mosquitoes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-097.
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Mosquitoes ( Culex pipiens L., 1758) are important vectors for diseases of both wildlife and humans. Understanding how natural factors influence mosquito abundance may provide insights into the ecology of various diseases, as well as solutions to controlling disease vectors. One of the natural factors regulating mosquito distributions and population sizes is predation. A poorly understood source of natural mosquito predation is amphibians. We determined the mosquito consumption capability of two amphibians, adult Red-spotted Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820)) and larval Mole Salamanders ( Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838)). We also compared mosquito consumption of eastern mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859), a known predator of mosquitoes, and A. talpoideum. Both salamander species were capable of consuming large numbers of mosquito larvae per day (least-square means ± 1 SE = 439 ± 20 and 316 ± 35 mosquitoes/day consumed by A. talpoideum and N. v. viridescens, respectively). In A. talpoideum, mosquito consumption scaled with body size, with the largest individual (4.4 g) ingesting 902 mosquitoes in 1 day. Gambusia holbrooki consumed 3.5× more mosquitoes during a 24 h feeding trial than similar-sized A. talpoideum. Our findings suggest that amphibians could have a substantial impact on mosquito larvae abundance, especially considering that amphibians can reach densities of up to 500 000 individuals/ha. Furthermore, we hypothesize that introduction of G. holbrooki could reduce abundances of native mosquito predators (e.g., salamanders) indirectly, through competition for invertebrate prey.
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Huynh, Ly Na, Long Bien Tran, Hong Sang Nguyen, Van Hoang Ho, Philippe Parola, and Xuan Quang Nguyen. "Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Diseases in Vietnam." Insects 13, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13121076.
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Mosquito-borne diseases pose a significant threat to humans in almost every part of the world. Key factors such as global warming, climatic conditions, rapid urbanisation, frequent human relocation, and widespread deforestation significantly increase the number of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Vietnam, and elsewhere around the world. In southeast Asia, and notably in Vietnam, national mosquito control programmes contribute to reducing the risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission, however, malaria and dengue remain a threat to public health. The aim of our review is to provide a complete checklist of all Vietnamese mosquitoes that have been recognised, as well as an overview of mosquito-borne diseases in Vietnam. A total of 281 mosquito species of 42 subgenera and 22 genera exist in Vietnam. Of those, Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex are found to be potential vectors for mosquito-borne diseases. Major mosquito-borne diseases in high-incidence areas of Vietnam include malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis. This review may be useful to entomological researchers for future surveys of Vietnamese mosquitoes and to decision-makers responsible for vector control tactics.
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Pratiwi, Sekar, Emantis Rosa, Priyambodo Priyambodo, and Tugiyono Tugiyono. "Populasi Telur Nyamuk Aedes sp. Pada Ovitrap yang Diberi Fermentasi Gula sebagai Atraktan Alami di Lingkungan Kampus FMIPA Universitas Lampung." JURNAL BIOLOGI PAPUA 12, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31957/jbp.1117.
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Diseases transmitted by mosquito especially Aedes sp. there’s still happens in many areas of both city and village in Indonesia, until reducing Aedes sp. requires controlled effort. Attractant is a compound that can effect the behavior of mosquito even to decrease the population of mosquito directly. Sugar fermentation can be a natural attractant, this solution can produce carbon dioxide compound that can be a attract for mosquito, until mosquitoes are attracted to ovitrap. The purposes of this research was to determined the sugar fermentation to total of Aedes sp. eggs at ovitrap. The research design used is a Complete Random Design (CRD) with 5 repeated. Analysis of data using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and if there are the significant differences of treatment then test continued with BNT test signification levels α = 5%. The result is indicate that fermentation formula P1 (50 gr brown sugar+ 1 g yeast) found up to 15 mosquitos eggs at ovitrap with a percentage of 50% more than any other formula, ANOVA test indicate that the value of p<0,05 that’s mean there is none significant differences between the treatment. Key words: Aedes sp.; attractant; sugar fermentation
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Yunicho, Yunicho, Baharuddin Sunu, and Tahniar Tahniar. "Kemampuan Atraktan (Fermentasi Singkong dan Air Rendaman Udang Laut) pada Perangkap Nyamuk dalam Pengendalian Nyamuk." Lontara 1, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53861/lontarariset.v1i2.79.
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Mosquitoes are insects that act as vectors of disease. Some of the diseases caused by mosquitoes are Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), filariasis, Malaria, Chikungunya and Encephalitis. Cases of mosquito-borne diseases are always increasing and can cause death. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of attractant (fermented cassava and sea shrimp immersion) in mosquito traps in controlling mosquitoes. The research method used a quasi-experimental method. This research was conducted in Buhung Bundang Village, Bontotiro District, Bulukumba Regency. The results showed that the addition of attractants had the ability to attract mosquitoes to land on the traps. Of the two attractants used, fermented cassava was the most preferred attractant for mosquitoes compared to shrimp immersion attractant. The number of mosquitoes caught in all mosquito traps was 62. The number of mosquitoes in the cassava fermentation attractant was 36, while the shrimp immersion attractant was 26. The conclusion of this study shows that mosquito traps with the addition of attractants from fermented cassava and sea shrimp immersion can be used in mosquito control.
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Podung, Albert J. "Survei Populasi Nyamuk dalam Kandang Babi di Kelurahan Walian Kota Tomohon Sulawesi Utara." Jurnal MIPA 8, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.8.3.2019.26203.
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Nyamuk adalah salah satu jenis ektoparasit yang sering dijumpai dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan kulit, penurunan produktivitas, dan penularan media penyakit. Studi nyamuk di kandang babi Kota Tomohon dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan keragaman dan kepadatan populasi dan waktu aktivitas nyamuk (Culicidae) di kandang babi. Metode pengamatan dalam penelitian ini yaitu mengumpulkan nyamuk setiap 2 (dua) jam dengan menggunakan Light Trap yang ditempatkan di setiap kandang mulai pukul 18.00-06.00. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keanekaragaman nyamuk ditemukan dalam 3 genera, yaitu Culex, Anopheles, dan Armigeres. Kepadatan populasi nyamuk berhasil tertangkap 546 individu nyamuk yang terdiri dari Culex 356, Anopheles 182, dan Armigeres 8. Penelitian ini juga mendapatkan bahwa Culex memiliki kelimpahan genus nyamuk tertinggi. Ditemukan bahwa kelimpahan tertinggi 225 (63%) dari Culex pada jam 22.00-24.00. Waktu aktivitas nyamuk tertinggi diperoleh dari data jumlah tangkapan nyamuk terbanyakMosquitoes are one type of ectoparasites that are often encountered and can cause skin damage, decreased productivity, and transmission of disease media. The study of mosquitoes in the pig barns of Tomohon City was carried out with the aim to determine the diversity and population density and the time of mosquito activity (Culicidae) in the pig barns. The observation method by collecting mosquito every 2 (two) hours at the Light Trap placed in each cage starting at 18.00-06.00 is used in this study. The results of the study showed that the mosquitoe diversity were found in 3 genera, namely Culex, Anopheles, and Armigeres. The population density of mosquito barn was found 546 individuals of mosquitoes consisting of Culex 356, Anopheles 182, and Armigeres 8. This research also indicates that Culex have highest abundance of mosquitoes genera. It was found that the highest abundance 225 (63%) of Culex at 22.00-24.00. The highest activity time of mosquitoes obtained from the data of the highest number of mosquito catches
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Koo, Sumin Helen. "Understanding consumer preferences on mosquito-bite protective clothing." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (April 16, 2018): 222–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-06-2017-0081.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand people’s preferred design and functional features for mosquito-bite protective clothing.Design/methodology/approachTotal 348 participants were asked through an online survey about their perceptions and behaviors related to mosquito bite prevention, preferred design and functional features for clothing, preferred design and functional features for smart clothing, preferred types of transferred data, and their demographic backgrounds. A series oft-tests and analyses of variance were computed using IBM’s SPSS 24.0.FindingsThere were significant differences in functional and design preferences among participants (p<0.05~0.001). The results suggest developing mosquito protective clothing as long pants for married people and outerwear for younger groups (10-40s), long-sleeved tops for all, and using thick fabrics for younger people than those over the 50s. Designers can develop smart clothing that can repel mosquitos through scents and cover the body, or as smart watches or wristbands to protect against mosquito bites. The connected software can present data about the mosquito numbers around the user, distances between the user and mosquitos, and product status. Marketers can target parents who showed more willingness to use the mosquito-bite protective clothing than individuals without children.Originality/valueThe outcomes of the study will help designers when developing mosquito-bite protective clothing and ultimately decrease the rate of diseases transmitted by mosquitos.
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Brown, Jeffrey A., Kelli L. Larson, Susannah B. Lerman, Alexandreana Cocroft, and Sharon J. Hall. "Resident Perceptions of Mosquito Problems Are More Influenced by Landscape Factors than Mosquito Abundance." Sustainability 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 11533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132011533.
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Mosquitoes and the pathogens they carry are increasingly common in urban areas throughout the globe. With urban landscapes, the need to manage mosquitoes is driven by the health risks and nuisance complaints associated with mosquitoes. Controlling the number of mosquitoes may reduce the overall risk of disease transmission but may not reduce nuisance complaints. This study focuses on Maricopa County in Arizona, USA, to investigate the relationship between mosquito abundance and landscape-level and sociodemographic factors on resident perceptions of mosquitoes. We used boosted regression trees to compare how mosquito abundance, collected from Maricopa Vector Control, and landscape factors and social factors, assessed through the Phoenix Area Social Survey, influence survey respondents’ reporting of mosquitoes as a problem. Results show that the landscape and sociodemographic features play a prominent role in how individuals perceive mosquitoes as a problem; specifically, respondents’ perception of their local landscape as messy and the distance to landscape features such as wetlands have more substantial roles in shaping perceptions. This work can highlight how potential mosquito and non-mosquito-related communications and management efforts may improve residents’ satisfaction with mosquito control or other wildlife management efforts, which can help inform best practices for vector control agencies.
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CHAIPHONGPACHARA, TANAWAT. "Short Communication: A checklist of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Suan Phueng District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 2 (February 16, 2019): 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200224.
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Abstract. Chaiphongpachara T. 2019. Short Communication: A checklist of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Suan Phueng District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 20: 468-473. Mosquito is a medically important insect, which is a vector to transmit pathogens to humans. There are several methods to reduce the numbers mosquitoes, which requires entomological knowledge. It is critical to know the species of mosquitoes in the area to choose the most suitable method to provide vector control, specifically, to target mosquito species. In this study, we investigated the species of mosquito vectors in the Huay Nam Nak Village in the Suan Phueng District, Ratchaburi Province, Thailand, which is an endemic area of mosquito-borne diseases, especially malaria and dengue fever. Mosquito species were collected by the Mosquito Magnet® Independence trap from the Huay Nam Nak Village. A total of 1,002 mosquitoes, divided into eight species in four genera, including Anopheles barbirostris s.l. van der Wulp (118 individuals), An. subpictus s.l. Grassi (127 individuals), Culex quinquefasciatus Say (186 individuals), Cx. vishnui Theobald (204 individuals), Cx. whitmorei Giles (198 individuals), Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (45 individuals), Ae. albopictus Skuse (78 individuals), and Armigeres subalbatus Coquillett (46 individuals). This checklist of the mosquito species is very important information to set mosquito control measures that suit each area.
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Parker-Crockett, Casey, Shelli Rampold, Sebastion Galindo, J. C. Bunch, Heather Yoder, Anthony Andenoro, C. Roxanne Connelly, Andrea Lucky, and Ricky Telg. "Fight The Bite: Implementation of Mosquito-Based Curriculum in Elementary, Middle, and High Schools in Florida." Journal of Agricultural Education 63, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.2022.02037.
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Mosquitoes are both a nuisance and public health threat. In recent decades, outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in Florida have raised awareness of the importance of domestic and peri-domestic container mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The synanthropic nature of these species, coupled with their preference for human bloodmeals, makes them a concern of and target for mosquito control. However, mosquito control programs (MCPs) often struggle to sustainably manage these mosquitoes because of the cryptic and abundant nature of their larval habitats, and negative public opinion towards MCPs and the use of insecticides. Fortunately, mosquito control can be improved by the actions of homeowners and residents as they have regular access to their own property and containers. School-based education programs can provide a means to community-wide education regarding mosquito control. We developed and delivered a mosquito education program to elementary, middle, and high school students. Knowledge of mosquitoes significantly improved in participating elementary and middle/ high school students. This knowledge was partially retained according to a follow-up test that was administered. Additionally, attitudes towards mosquito control and at-home control methods significantly improved following the instruction. The improvements in knowledge and attitudes observed in students suggest they can and should be targeted for mosquito education campaigns by mosquito control programs and educators.
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Fourniol, Lisa, Yoann Madec, Laurence Mousson, Marie Vazeille, and Anna-Bella Failloux. "A laboratory-based study to explore the use of honey-impregnated cards to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): e0249471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249471.
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Mosquito control is implemented when arboviruses are detected in patients or in field-collected mosquitoes. However, mass screening of mosquitoes is usually laborious and expensive, requiring specialized expertise and equipment. Detection of virus in mosquito saliva using honey-impregnated filter papers seems to be a promising method as it is non-destructive and allows monitoring the viral excretion dynamics over time from the same mosquito. Here we test the use of filter papers to detect chikungunya virus in mosquito saliva in laboratory conditions, before proposing this method in large-scale mosquito surveillance programs. We found that 0.9 cm2 cards impregnated with a 50% honey solution could replace the forced salivation technique as they offered a viral RNA detection until 7 days after oral infection of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes with CHIKV.
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Rana, Mamta, Saroj S. Jeet Singh, and Saroj Yadav. "Effect of microencapsulated plant extracts on mosquito repellency." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 2127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i4.1498.
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Mosquitoes are the most important single group of insects in terms of public health importance. Mosqui-toes not only cause nuisance by their bites but also transmit deadly diseases. The activity of mosquitoes is affected by climate, light and temperature. In tropical areas like India, the population of mosquitoes is found huge day by day. Repeated use of synthetic insecticides for mosquito control has disrupted environment as well as human health. To overcome this problem, plant derived compounds may be the better alternate over synthetic insecticides. To enhance the health and hygiene qualities by means of use of medicinal plants through effective application technique on textiles, marigold (petals) and nirgundi (leaves) methanol extract was used as mosquito repellent finish on 100 % woven cotton. For applying mosquito repellent finish on fabric, complex coacervation technique of microencapsulation was used through pad-dry-cure method. Finished cotton samples were tested against Anopheles stephensi by using laboratory cage method for their efficacy and durability to washing and sun-drying as per standard test methods. Marigold (petals)and nirgundi (leaves) extract finished fabric samples showed 96 and 94 % repellency respectively after 60 minutes of observation. It remained 56 % and 54 % (after 15 washes) and 54 and 52 % (after expo-sure in sun for 3 hours) by the application of marigold and nirgundi extracts respectively. Hence, microencapsulation technique on selected cotton textile proved effective to repel mosquitoes up to acceptable level according to WHO (1996).
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Holmes, Christopher J., and Joshua B. Benoit. "Biological Adaptations Associated with Dehydration in Mosquitoes." Insects 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10110375.
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Diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes are a tremendous health and socioeconomic burden with hundreds of millions of people being impacted by mosquito-borne illnesses annually. Many factors have been implicated and extensively studied in disease transmission dynamics, but knowledge regarding how dehydration impacts mosquito physiology, behavior, and resulting mosquito-borne disease transmission remain underdeveloped. The lapse in understanding on how mosquitoes respond to dehydration stress likely obscures our ability to effectively study mosquito physiology, behavior, and vectorial capabilities. The goal of this review is to develop a profile of factors underlying mosquito biology that are altered by dehydration and the implications that are related to disease transmission.
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Kumar, Ankit, Priyanshu Srivastava, PDNN Sirisena, Sunil Dubey, Ramesh Kumar, Jatin Shrinet, and Sujatha Sunil. "Mosquito Innate Immunity." Insects 9, no. 3 (August 8, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030095.
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Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen’s propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. During these processes, various signaling pathways that engage intense mosquito–pathogen interactions are activated. A critical overview of the mosquito immune system and latest information about the interaction between mosquitoes and pathogens are provided in this review. The conserved, innate immune pathways and specific anti-pathogenic strategies in mosquito midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, and neural tissues for the control of pathogen propagation are discussed in detail.
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Idris, Abdulrazak Muhammad, A. Haruna, A. M. Yayo, Y. Mohammed, H. U. Takalmawa, A. A. Aliyu, and F. I. Tsiga-Ahmed. "DENSITY OF MOSQUITOES SPECIES AND EFFECT OF SOME CLIMATIC PARAMETER IN AMINU KANO TEACHING HOSPITAL, KANO, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 414–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-153.
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In Nigeria mosquito-borne diseases particularly malaria and some emerging and re-emerging infections such as Zika, dengue fever, yellow fever, constitute a big threat to public health. However, there is a paucity of information on the species of mosquito in Kano City Northern Nigeria. Despite mosquitoes control programs that had taken place in this state and its environment, mosquitoes remain a problem in the state and there is little information on the relationship between mosquito species and the effect of some climatic parameters on the mosquitoes distribution in the study area. The mosquito species were collected using the CDC light trap method and climatic parameters such as temperature and relative humidity were recorded at every one hour of the experiments. A total of 26,652 mosquitoes were collected from January to July 2018. Out of the 26,652, 17444 (65.46%) were Culex and 9208 (34.54%) were Anopheles mosquitoes. Culex species were observed to have its peak at 10:00 - 11:00 pm (5435) while Anopheles mosquito species were observed to attain their first peak at 3:00 – 4:00 am (3416). High collections of mosquitoes were obtained at optimum temperature and relative humidity. This study provided information on the mosquito species diversity in respect to seasonal and periodic variation at AKTH and the effect of some climatic parameters.
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Tsecouras, Julie, William Walton, Roselyn Schimerlik, and Lee W. Cohnstaedt. "Continuing the Role of the Citizen Scientist." American Biology Teacher 84, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.4.195.
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New introductions to invasive mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, increase the risk for vector-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in the United States. Tracking these new introductions is more important than ever. This lesson plan focuses on the collection of mosquito larvae and pupae before the onset of summer with a focus on insect development. Students will observe the immature mosquitoes grow and metamorphose into adults. Novel aspects include collecting larvae and pupae around the home/school, observing the mosquito life cycle by safely rearing them from immature stages (larvae and pupae) to adults, and learning important background information on mosquito biology and pathogens that mosquitoes can transmit. The lesson describes new tools to use with the Invasive Mosquito Project, an international citizen science–based mosquito surveillance program exploring mosquitoes and the pathogens they may transmit to interested community members (including students and teachers) and their companion animals. This project is a stand-alone or follow-up lesson plan to the mosquito egg collection lesson used prior to the onset of winter (see Cohnstaedt et al., 2016). Students are able to participate in a hands-on tutorial to build a sealed emergence chamber to safely raise mosquitoes. Long-term data sets can also be used by teachers and students for further classroom discussions on the risks of mosquito-borne illnesses nationwide. This lesson further focuses on how individuals must play an active role in protecting their communities and pets from illness and increasing awareness of the dangerous pathogens mosquitoes can transmit and the importance of mosquito management. Materials from this lesson plan (available at http://www.citizenscience.us) can be adapted for each classroom but are best-suited for middle school to high school classes, as well as Advanced Placement classes.
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Cheng, Lie, Wei-Liang Liu, Hsing-Han Li, Matthew P. Su, Shih-Cheng Wu, Hsin-Wei Chen, Chao-Ying Pan, Jih-Jin Tsai, and Chun-Hong Chen. "Releasing Intracellular NS1 from Mosquito Cells for the Detection of Dengue Virus-Infected Mosquitoes." Viruses 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2020): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101105.
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Dengue virus (DENV), the pathogen that causes dengue fever, is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Surveillance of infected mosquitoes is a major component of integrated mosquito control methods for reducing the risk of vector-born disease outbreaks. However, a specialized rapid test for DENV detection in mosquitoes is not currently available. Utilizing immunoblotting, we found that the secretion of NS1 from both a DENV-infected mosquito cell line and mosquito bodies was below the detection threshold. However, when Triton X-100 was used to lyse infected mosquitoes, intracellular NS1 was released, and could then be effectively detected by the NS1 rapid test. The distribution of DENV NS1 in intrathoracically infected mosquitoes was different from that of orally infected mosquitoes. Next, we performed sensitivity tests by bisecting mosquitoes longitudinally; one half of each mosquito was subjected to the NS1 rapid test while the other half was used for qPCR confirmation. This modified test had a sensitivity of nearly 90% from five days post-infection onwards, while DENV had escaped from the midgut barrier. This adapted test offers a valuable, easy-to-use tool for mosquito surveillance, which is a crucial component of DENV disease control.
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Sa’adah, Eva Mai, Isnawati Isnawati, and Noraida Noraida. "Larutan Tape Singkong (Manihot utilissima) sebagai Atraktan Nyamuk." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/jkl.v15i1.81.
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The Influence of Fermented Cassava (Manihot utilissima) Solutions as Atraktan in Mosquito Trap on The Number of Mosquitoes Trapped. The use of synthetic insecticides can cause health hazards to humans. Mosquito trap made of disused plastic bottles plus mosquito atraktan from natural materials is an alternative that is more economical, safe and environmentally friendly. One of the mosquito atraktan compounds is CO2. Fermented cassava is potentially as mosquito atraktan because it can produce CO2. This study aimed to know the influence of fermented cassava solutions as atraktan in mosquito trap from plastic bottles on the number of mosquitoes trapped. Type this study was Quasi Experiment. Design this study was Post-test Only with Control Design. The concentration of fermented cassava solutions was used in this study was 0% (control), 10%, 30%, 50% and 70%. The results showed the number of mosquitoes trapped at a concentration of 0% (control), 10%, 30% and 70% as much as 0 tail, whereas the konentrasi 50% as much as 1 tail. Kruskal Wallis test results showed no significant effects of the concentration of fermented cassava solutions.
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Chinnathambi, Rajivganthi, and Fathalla A. Rihan. "Analysis and control of Aedes Aegypti mosquitoes using sterile-insect techniques with Wolbachia." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 11 (2022): 11154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022520.
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<abstract><p>Combining Sterile and Incompatible Insect techniques can significantly reduce mosquito populations and prevent the transmission of diseases between insects and humans. This paper describes impulsive differential equations for the control of a mosquito with Wolbachia. Several interesting conditions are created when sterile male mosquitoes are released impulsively, ensuring both open- and closed-loop control. To determine the wild mosquito population size in real-time, we propose an open-loop control system, which uses impulsive and constant releases of sterile male mosquitoes. A closed-loop control scheme is also being investigated, which specifies the release of sterile mosquitoes according to the size of the wild mosquito population. To eliminate or reduce a mosquito population below a certain threshold, the Sterile insect technique involves mass releases of sterile insects. Numerical simulations verify the theoretical results.</p></abstract>
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Drakou, Katerina, Thessalia Nikolaou, Marlen Vasquez, Dusan Petric, Antonios Michaelakis, Apostolos Kapranas, Athina Papatheodoulou, and Maria Koliou. "The Effect of Weather Variables on Mosquito Activity: A Snapshot of the Main Point of Entry of Cyprus." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041403.
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Mosquitoes are vectors of pathogens, causing human and animal diseases. Their ability to adapt and expand worldwide increases spread of mosquito-borne diseases. Climate changes contribute in enhancing these “epidemic conditions”. Understanding the effect of weather variables on mosquito seasonality and host searching activity contributes towards risk control of the mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. To enable early detection of Aedes invasive species we developed a surveillance network for both invasive and native mosquitoes at the main point of entry for the first time in Cyprus. Mosquito sampling was carried out for one year (May 2017–June 2018), at bimonthly intervals around Limassol port. Morphological and molecular identification confirmed the presence of 5 species in the study region: Culex. pipiens, Aedes detritus, Ae. caspius, Culiseta longiareolata and Cs. annulata. No invasive Aedes mosquito species were detected. The Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression were used to compare number of sampled mosquitoes and weather variables for three most numerous species (Cx. pipiens, Ae. detritus and Ae. caspius). The population densities of the most numerous species were highest from February to April. Number of Cx. pipiens (−0.48), Ae. detritus (−0.40) and Ae. caspius (−0.38) specimens sampled was negatively correlated with average daily temperature. Monthly relative humidity showed positive correlation with the numbers of the species sampled, Cx. pipiens (0.66) Ae. detritus (0.68), and Ae. caspius (0.71). Mosquito abundance of Cx. pipiens (0.97) and Ae. detritus (0.98) was strongly correlated to seasonal precipitation as well. Our work is a stepping stone to further stimulate implementation of International Health Regulations and implementation of early warning surveillance system for detection of invasive Aedes mosquitoes, native mosquitoes and arboviruses they may transmit. A network for the surveillance of both invasive and native mosquito species at the main point of entry for the first time in Cyprus was developed. Number of mosquitoes sampled was correlated with weather factors to identify parameters that might predict mosquito activity and species distribution to the prevention of international spread of vector mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases.
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Hareem Sajjad and Neelam Arif. "Biological Control of Mosquito Vectors." Scientific Inquiry and Review 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir.31.03.
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The main purpose of this review paper is to study different biological control methods for controlling mosquito vectors. Mosquitoes act as vector for many harmful diseases including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, filarial, encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue and poly arthritis. The use of chemical insecticides for controlling mosquitoes is limited because they develop resistance against these insecticides. So, efforts have been made to control the mosquito vectors by eco-friendly techniques. At present, biocontrol agents are used to control the mosquito species with the aim to reduce the impact and cost of insecticide based strategies. These biocontrol agents involve the use of natural enemies including bacteria, fungi, larvivorous fish, protozoans and nematodes. These agents target mosquitoes at different stages of their life cycle. In this paper, we focus on several bio-controlling methods used to reduce the population of mosquito vectors.
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Webb, Cameron Ewart, Raffaele Catanzariti, and Steven Hodosi. "Response of Mosquitoes Associated with Estuarine Wetlands to Bushfire in Australia." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 37, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/20-6972.1.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT The response of mosquitoes to bushfire is poorly understood. During the 2019–20 summer, many regions of Australia were impacted by devastating bushfires. An area of estuarine and brackish-water wetlands alongside the Georges River, Sydney, New South Wales, was burned in January 2020. Mosquito populations within the area were monitored as part of the local authority's mosquito management program, providing a unique opportunity to record the response of key mosquitoes of pest and public health concern to bushfire. Ground pools within a tidally influenced swamp oak forest dominated by Casuarina glauca and associated wetlands dominated by Phragmites australis and Bolboschoenus spp. had been identified as suitable habitat for a range of mosquitoes, including Aedes alternans, Ae. vigilax, and Verrallina funerea. Surveys of immature stages of mosquitoes within recently burned habitats inundated by tides demonstrated that mosquito eggs survived the direct and indirect impacts of fire and immature stages successfully completed development as reflected in concomitant changes in adult mosquito populations following the bushfire. This unique observation has implications for mosquito management following bushfire in Australia and internationally.
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Novianto, D., U. K. Hadi, S. Soviana, Supriyono, and H. S. Darusman. "Species diversity and breeding site of mosquito larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in Macaca fascicularis breeding area." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 948, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/948/1/012039.
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Abstract Mosquito larvae play an essential role in the ecological, and many of them can spread human and animal diseases, including in Macaca fascicularis. Information on mosquito species and their habitats can provide an overview of the role of mosquitoes in the spread of vector-borne diseases in M. fascicularis captivity area. This study aimed to identify species diversity of mosquito larvae, species affinity and association, and the larval breeding sites around M. fascicularis captivity area in Bogor, West Java. Mosquito larvae were collected from 102 sites using a 350 ml dipper. Mosquito larvae that were successfully collected consisted of 11 species; Aedes albopictus, Ae. aegypti, Armigeres subalbatus, Anopheles aconitus, An. kochi, An. vagus, Culex fuscocephala, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorhyncus, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. vishnui. Co-occurrence in mosquito larvae as many as 13 compositions, with the highest co-occurrence in Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus that was 11 times. There were seven types breeding sites for the larval mosquitoes, i.e containers, ditches, creeks, ponds, artificial ponds, groundwater puddles, and rice fields. We conclude the existence of mosquito larvae and the availability of their breeding site in M. fascicularis captivity area can be a potential transmission of pathogens between mosquitoes and hosts
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Cai, Li-Ming. "Dynamics of Wild and Sterile Mosquito Population Models with Delayed Releasing." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 30, no. 11 (September 15, 2020): 2050218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127420502181.
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To reduce the global burden of mosquito-borne diseases, e.g. dengue, malaria, the need to develop new control methods is to be highlighted. The sterile insect technique (SIT) and various genetic modification strategies, have a potential to contribute to a reversal of the current alarming disease trends. In our previous work, the ordinary differential equation (ODE) models with different releasing sterile mosquito strategies are investigated. However, in reality, implementing SIT and the releasing processes of sterile mosquitos are very complex. In particular, the delay phenomena always occur. To achieve suppression of wild mosquito populations, in this paper, we reassess the effect of the delayed releasing of sterile mosquitos on the suppression of interactive mosquito populations. We extend the previous ODE models to the delayed releasing models in two different ways of releasing sterile mosquitos, where both constant and exponentially distributed delays are considered, respectively. By applying the theory and methods of delay differential equations, the effect of time delays on the stability of equilibria in the system is rigorously analyzed. Some sustained oscillation phenomena via Hopf bifurcations in the system are observed. Numerical examples demonstrate rich dynamical features of the proposed models. Based on the obtained results, we also suggest some new releasing strategies for sterile mosquito populations.
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Amusan, Babatunde, and Sylvestre Ogbogu. "Surveillance of mosquito larvae in various microhabitats in a University Campus in Southwestern Nigeria." UNED Research Journal 12, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): e2605. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v12i1.2605.
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Introduction: Mosquitoes are potentially regarded as one of the most deadly animals in the world as they are known to vector a number of vital diseases. The faunistic composition and prevalence of these mosquitoes are dependent on the characteristics of the larvae habitats. Objective: In this study we surveyed the mosquito larvae in relation to the characteristics of their various microhabitats with the aim of determining how the habitats influence the composition, abundance and distribution of the mosquito larvae on Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife campus. Methods: We did mosquito larvae sampling monthly between 07: 00 and 10:00 for six months (August, 2017 - January, 2019) using standard dipping method. The various microhabitats sampled included; ground pools, discarded containers, drainage channels and tree holes in each of the study sites. Results: We identifies seven species distributed in three genera as following; Anopheles sp. (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus); Aedes sp. (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus); Culex sp (Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex poicilipe). Culex was the dominant and most abundant genera as it accounted for 48% of the entire collection. Mosquito larvae were significantly (p<0,05) more abundant in the dry season than in the wet season. The highest abundance of mosquitoes was recorded in Akintola Hall as it accounted for 50,1% of the entire collection. Findings in this study also revealed that drainage channels in the study sites accounted for the highest abundance of mosquitos. A total of 277 ind. were collected in the various drainage channels in the study sites and this represented 45% of the entire collection while Leaking pipes and Ground pools accounted for 89 (15%) and 87 (14%) individuals respectively. We collected majority of the mosquitoes near dwellings thus suggesting that the species identified in this study have affinity for humans and their dwellings. Conclusion: We suggest that un-kept drainage channels, leakages and discarded domestic containers littered around the study sites are possible contributing factors to the enormous breeding sites available to mosquitoes. Elimination of such breeding sites can effectively mitigate the survival and prevalence of mosquitoes in the area.