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1
Almeida, Rafael M., Barbara A. Han, Alexander J. Reisinger, Catherine Kagemann, and Emma J. Rosi. "High mortality in aquatic predators of mosquito larvae caused by exposure to insect repellent." Biology Letters 14, no. 10 (October 2018): 20180526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0526.
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In the face of mosquito-borne disease outbreaks, effective mosquito control is a primary goal for public health. Insect repellents, containing active compounds such as DEET and picaridin, are a first defence against biting insects. Owing to widespread use and incomplete sewage treatment, these compounds are frequently detected in surface waters, but their effects on aquatic taxa such as mosquito larvae or their naturally occurring aquatic predators are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of environmentally realistic concentrations of commercial products containing DEET and picaridin on survivorship of mosquito larvae, and their potential indirect effects on survival of larval salamanders, a major predator of mosquito larvae. Larval mosquitos were not affected by exposure to repellents containing DEET or picaridin. We found no larval salamander mortality in control and DEET treatments, but mortality rates in picaridin treatments ranged from 45 to 65% after 25 days of exposure. Salamander larvae exposed to repellents containing picaridin began to display tail deformities and impaired development four days after the experiment began. Our findings suggest the possibility that environmentally realistic concentrations of picaridin-containing repellents in surface waters may increase the abundance of adult mosquitos owing to decreased predation pressure.
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Treviño-Cueto, Diego, Sergei A. Subbotin, and Sergio R. Sanchez-Peña. "Larvicidal Activity of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Isolated from Mexico against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 56, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-56.1.12.
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Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are widely used agents of biological control, mainly targeting soil-inhabiting insect pests. Reports indicate that these terrestrial EPNs are also able to infect the aquatic larvae of mosquitoes. We isolated EPN strains (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar and Steinernema carpocapsae [Weiser]) from local soils at Saltillo, Coahuila state, Mexico. EPNs from these strains were produced in the laboratory in yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) larvae, and their pathogenicity as infective juveniles (IJs) was tested against larvae of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) Third- and fourth-instar mosquito larvae were exposed to four concentrations of IJs (25, 50, 100, and 200 IJ/larva) of five strains of local EPNs in laboratory assays. All strains of EPN caused lethal infections in larvae (3–100%); in particular, strain M5 of S. carpocapsae caused 100% mortality at the 200 IJ/larva concentration, with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 42 IJ/larva (LC90 = 91 IJ/larva). Strain M18 of H. bacteriophora caused 73% mortality at 200 IJ/larva, with an LC50 = 72 and LC90 = 319 IJ/larva. IJs were produced by all strains in mosquito larvae, with a range of 66–239 IJ/mosquito larva (inoculated at 100 IJ/larva) across strains, suggesting that horizontal transmission might occur in the field. This represents the first report of native EPN strains from Mexico exhibiting pathogenicity against mosquito larvae. Native EPN strains should be further evaluated as potential biological control agents in mosquito management.
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Lutz, Eleanor K., Tjinder S. Grewal, and Jeffrey A. Riffell. "Computational and experimental insights into the chemosensory navigation o f Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1915 (November 20, 2019): 20191495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1495.
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Mosquitoes are prolific disease vectors that affect public health around the world. Although many studies have investigated search strategies used by host-seeking adult mosquitoes, little is known about larval search behaviour. Larval behaviour affects adult body size and fecundity, and thus the capacity of individual mosquitoes to find hosts and transmit disease. Understanding vector survival at all life stages is crucial for improving disease control. In this study, we use experimental and computational methods to investigate the chemical ecology and search behaviour of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. We first show that larvae do not respond to several olfactory cues used by adult Ae. aegypti to assess larval habitat quality, but perceive microbial RNA as a potent foraging attractant. Second, we demonstrate that Ae. aegypti larvae use chemokinesis, an unusual search strategy, to navigate chemical gradients. Finally, we use computational modelling to demonstrate that larvae respond to starvation pressure by optimizing exploration behaviour—possibly critical for exploiting limited larval habitat types. Our results identify key characteristics of foraging behaviour in an important disease vector mosquito. In addition to implications for better understanding and control of disease vectors, this work establishes mosquito larvae as a tractable model for chemosensory behaviour and navigation.
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Liu, Hong-Mei, Pei-Pei Yang, Peng Cheng, Hai-Fang Wang, Li-Juan Liu, Xiaodan Huang, Yu-Qiang Zhao, Huai-Wei Wang, Chong-Xing Zhang, and Mao-Qing Gong. "Resistance Level of Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Shandong Province, China." International Journal of Insect Science 7 (January 2015): IJIS.S24232. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijis.s24232.
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This study describes the aquatic habitats, species composition, and the insecticide resistance level of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens in Shandong Province, China. A cross-sectional survey of mosquito larval habitats was conducted from May to November 2014 to determine the species composition and larval abundance. Larvae were collected using the standard dipping technique, and a total of four habitat types were sampled. The fourth instar larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens collected in each habitat type were tested for resistance to five insecticides according to a WHO bioassay. A total of 7,281 mosquito larvae were collected, of which 399 (5.48%) were categorized as Anopheles mosquito larvae ( An. sinensis), 6636 (91.14%) as culicine larvae ( Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. halifaxii, and Cx. bitaeniorhynchus), 213 (2.93%) as Armigeres larvae, and 33 (0.45%) as Aedes larvae ( Aedes albopictus). In addition, a total of 1,149 mosquito pupae were collected. Culex larvae were distributed in all habitats investigated. Tukeys HSD analysis showed that roadside drainages were the most productive habitat type for Culex larvae. Armigeres species were found only in drains, Aedes only in water tanks, and Anopheles in water that was comparatively clear and rich in emergent plants. Bioassay showed that the maximum resistance level of Cx. pipiens pallens was to deltamethrin, while it was lowest to plifenate. The productivity of various mosquitoes in different habitat types is very heterogeneous. It is particularly important to modify human activity and the environment to achieve effective mosquito vector control. For effective larval control, the type of habitat should be considered, and the most productive habitat type should be given priority in mosquito abatement programs.
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Watters, Amanda M., Freya E. Rowland, and Raymond D. Semlitsch. "Larval salamanders are as effective at short-term mosquito predation as mosquitofish." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 10 (October 2018): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0267.
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Biological control of mosquitoes can have unintended ecological consequences. One example is the introduction of the genus Gambusia Poey, 1854 into ponds and wetlands. Gambusia spp. are invasive in many parts of the world and have the potential to alter ecosystems by changing trophic interactions and extirpating amphibians. We sought to determine whether larval amphibians are capable of consuming larval mosquitoes as effectively as Gambusia spp. We tested the predation ability of larval Spotted Salamanders (Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw, 1802); n = 13), Southern Leopard Frog (Rana sphenocephala Cope, 1886; n = 12) tadpoles, and western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853); n = 13) across a range of body sizes in laboratory experiments. Our results showed that over a 24 h period, salamander larvae (mean ± SE; 238 ± 14) and mosquitofish (195 ± 17) consumed a statistically equivalent number of mosquito larvae, whereas tadpoles consumed a large number (113 ± 14) but significantly less. All species had significant (or marginally significant) positive relationships between body size and rate of mosquito consumption. Further studies into the ability of native larval amphibians to consume mosquito larvae are needed to assess whether amphibians can be successful at mosquito control instead of introducing nonnative species to new areas.
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Eba, Kasahun, Luc Duchateau, Beekam Kebede Olkeba, Pieter Boets, Dechasa Bedada, Peter L. M. Goethals, Seid Tiku Mereta, and Delenasaw Yewhalaw. "Bio-Control of Anopheles Mosquito Larvae Using Invertebrate Predators to Support Human Health Programs in Ethiopia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041810.
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Mosquitoes have been a nuisance and health threat to humans for centuries due to their ability to transmit different infectious diseases. Biological control methods have emerged as an alternative or complementary approach to contain vector populations in light of the current spread of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the predation efficacy of selected potential predators against Anopheles mosquito larvae. Potential invertebrate predators and Anopheles larvae were collected from natural habitats, mainly (temporary) wetlands and ponds in southwest Ethiopia and experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions. Optimal predation conditions with respect to larval instar, water volume and number of predators were determined for each of the seven studied predators. Data analyses were carried out using the Poisson regression model using one way ANOVA at the 5% significant level. The backswimmer (Notonectidae) was the most aggressive predator on Anopheles mosquito larvae with a daily mean predation of 71.5 larvae (95% CI: [65.04;78.59]). Our study shows that larval instar, water volume and number of predators have a significant effect on each predator, except for dragonflies (Libellulidae), with regard to the preference of the larval instar. A selection of mosquito predators has the potential to control Anopheles mosquito larvae, suggesting that they can be used as complementary approach in an integrated malaria vector control strategy.
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Breaux, Jennifer A., Molly K. Schumacher, and Steven A. Juliano. "What does not kill them makes them stronger: larval environment and infectious dose alter mosquito potential to transmit filarial worms." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1786 (July 7, 2014): 20140459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0459.
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For organisms with complex life cycles, larval environments can modify adult phenotypes. For mosquitoes and other vectors, when physiological impacts of stressors acting on larvae carry over into the adult stage they may interact with infectious dose of a vector-borne pathogen, producing a range of phenotypes for vector potential. Investigation of impacts of a common source of stress, larval crowding and intraspecific competition, on adult vector interactions with pathogens may increase our understanding of the dynamics of pathogen transmission by mosquito vectors. Using Aedes aegypti and the nematode parasite Brugia pahangi , we demonstrate dose dependency of fitness effects of B. pahangi infection on the mosquito, as well as interactions between competitive stress among larvae and infectious dose for resulting adults that affect the physiological and functional ability of mosquitoes to act as vectors. Contrary to results from studies on mosquito–arbovirus interactions, our results suggest that adults from crowded larvae may limit infection better than do adults from uncrowded controls, and that mosquitoes from high-quality larval environments are more physiologically and functionally capable vectors of B. pahangi . Our results provide another example of how the larval environment can have profound effects on vector potential of resulting adults.
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Egwu, Onyekachi, Carmelita C. Ohaeri, Ebube C. Amaechi, and Collins N. Ehisianya. "Distribution and abundance of mosquito larvae in Ohafia, Abia State, Nigeria." UNED Research Journal 10, no. 2 (September 21, 2018): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v10i2.2166.
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Quite a number of diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes. The abundance and distribution of mosquito vectors are related to the characteristics of larval habitats. A survey of the distribution and abundance of mosquito larvae was carried out at Nkporo and Abiriba Communities of Ohafia, Abia State, Nigeria. It was carried out during the dry and wet seasons from November 2014 to June 2015. The mosquito larvae were collected using dipper and pipette method from five mosquito habitats namely ground pools (58), household containers (213), domestic run-offs (49), gutters (55) and tree holes/leaf axils (43). A total of 2 641 mosquito larvae belonging to three genera and five species were collected. These were; Culex quinquesfaciatus (40%),Aedes aegypti (22%), Aedes albopictus (17%), Anopheles gambiae (14%), and Anopheles funestus (2%), Household containers had the highest number of larvae (60 %), while tree holes/leaf axils had the least (6%). From Nkporo, 53% of the larvae were collected while 47% was from Abiriba community. Anopheles funestus was recorded only in Nkporo community. However, the abundance of mosquito larvae sampled from the different habitats in the two communities were significantly different (X2 = 166,692, df = 16, P<0,05) from each other. There were also significant differences in the seasonal distribution of mosquito larvae in both dry (X2 = 56,865, df = 12, P<0,05) and wet (X2 = 22,241, df = 12, P<0,05) seasons in Nkporo community and dry (X2=31,776, df = 12, P<0,05) season in Abiriba community. These findings are useful in knowledge expansion on the vector ecology with particular interest on the type of habitat preference, this will be helpful in larval control programs.
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Pramanik, Soujita, Sampa Banerjee, Soumyajit Banerjee, Goutam K. Saha, and Gautam Aditya. "Observations on the predatory potential of Lutzia fuscana on Aedes aegypti larvae: implications for biological control (Diptera: Culicidae)." Fragmenta Entomologica 48, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/fe.2016.176.
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Among the natural predators, larval stages of the mosquito <em>Lutzia fuscana (</em>Wiedemann, 1820) (Diptera: Culicidae) bear potential as a biological control agent of mosquitoes. An estimation of the predatory potential of the larva of <em>L. fuscana</em> against the larva of the dengue vector <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) was made to highlight its use in vector management. Laboratory experiments revealed that the larva of<em> L</em>. <em>fuscana</em> consumes 19 to 24 <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae per day, during its tenure as IV instar larva. The consumption of <em>A. aegypti</em> larvae was proportionate to the body length (BL) and body weight (BW) of the predatory larva<em> L. fuscana</em> as depicted through the logistic regressions: y = 1 / (1 + exp(-(-2.09 + 0.35*BL))) and y = 1 / (1 + exp(-(0.4+ 0.06*BW))). While the prey consumption remained comparable among the days, the net weight gained by the <em>L</em>. <em>fuscana</em> larva showed a decreasing trend with the age. On the basis of the results, it is apparent that the larva of the mosquito <em>L. fuscana</em> can be used in the regulation of the mosquito <em>A. aegypti</em> through augmentative release, particularly, in the smaller mosquito larval habitats.
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Ranasinghe, H. A. K., and L. D. Amarasinghe. "Naturally Occurring Microbiota Associated with Mosquito Breeding Habitats and Their Effects on Mosquito Larvae." BioMed Research International 2020 (December 14, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4065315.
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Immature mosquitoes are aquatic, and their distribution, abundance, and individual fitness in a particular breeding habitat are known to be dependent on mainly three factors: biotic factors, abiotic factors, and their interaction between each other and with other associated taxa. Mosquito breeding habitats harbor a diversified naturally occurring microbiota assemblage, and the biota have different types of interactions with mosquito larvae in those habitats. Those interactions may include parasitism, pathogenism, predation, and competition which cause the mortality of larvae, natural reduction of larval abundance, or alterations in their growth. Many microbiota species serve as food items for mosquito larvae, and there are also some indigestible or toxic phytoplanktons to larvae. However, when there is coexistence or mutualism of different mosquito species along with associated microbiota, they form a community sharing the habitat requirements. With the available literature, it is evident that the abundance of mosquito larvae is related to the densities of associated microbiota and their composition in that particular breeding habitat. Potential antagonist microbiota which are naturally occurring in mosquito breeding habitats could be used in integrated vector control approaches, and this method rises as an ecofriendly approach in controlling larvae in natural habitats themselves. To date, this aspect has received less attention; only a limited number of species of microbiota inhabiting mosquito breeding habitats have been recorded, and detailed studies on microbiota assemblage in relation to diverse vector mosquito breeding habitats and their association with mosquito larvae are few. Therefore, future studies on this important ecological aspect are encouraged. Such studies may help to identify field characteristic agents that can serve as mosquito controlling candidates in their natural habitats themselves.
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Sultana, Nargis, Tangin Akter, and Shefali Begum. "Population Studies of Tree Hole Breeding Aedes Species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Dhaka University Campus and its Adjacent Suhrawardi Park, Dhaka City, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 40, no. 1 (December 9, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12887.
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A survey of the larval population of tree hole breeding Aedes mosquito was conducted from January to December, 2010 in four different areas of Dhaka University Campus and its adjacent Suhrawardi park. A total of 689 mosquito larvae was collected during the survey. Among them 396 (57.47%) were Aedes albopictus, 51 (7.02%) were Ae. aegypti and 242 (35.12%) other Aedes species, and the number of male and female among them was counted 347 (50.36%) and 342 (49.63%), respectively. Among the varieties of plant species in the study area only 27 species of trees were found with 56 holes wherein 34 holes of 17 species trees were used by mosquitoes for breeding ground. The highest number (160) of larvae was found in bamboo (Bambusa nutans) stumps hole and lowest (13) in Delonix regia hole. The highest number of larval population was collected in September and the larval population increased from March to September and then gradually decreased. No mosquito larva was found in the tree holes in January and February. The number of larvae collected from different survey areas also varied which were 309 (44.84%), 152 (22.06%), 145 (21.04%) and 83 (12.04%) in Suhrawardi park, and the Arts building, Curzon hall and Botanical garden of Dhaka University, respectively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i1.12887 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(1): 1-11, 2012
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Lundkvist, E., J. Landin, M. Jackson, and C. Svensson. "Diving beetles (Dytiscidae) as predators of mosquito larvae (Culicidae) in field experiments and in laboratory tests of prey preference." Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, no. 3 (June 2003): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2003237.
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AbstractField experiments were performed in artificial ponds to evaluate how the density of predatory diving beetles (Dytiscidae) would affect the population levels of mosquito larvae (Culicidae). Mosquitoes colonizing the ponds were predominantly species of the genus Culex. In 2000, most of the dytiscids colonizing the ponds were small (Hydroporus spp.), and these predators had no impact on the size of larval mosquito populations, not even in ponds with added dytiscids. In 2001, larger beetles (Ilybius, Rhantus, and Agabus spp.) were more common, and there were significantly fewer mosquito larvae in ponds with the highest numbers of dytiscids. There was a negative correlation between numbers of diving beetles in the ponds and the mean body length of mosquito larvae. In neither year could dytiscid densities be maintained above a certain level owing to emigration. In laboratory tests, there were marked differences between three common dytiscid species in regard to preferences for Daphnia and Culex species as prey: Colymbetes paykulli Erichson chose mosquito larvae more often, whereas both Ilybius ater (De Geer) and I. fuliginosus (Fabricius) preferred Daphnia spp. All of the tested dytiscids consumed large numbers of prey. Since some dytiscid species can efficiently decrease populations of mosquito larvae, they are probably important in the natural control of these dipterans.
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Mokany, Allie, and Richard Shine. "Competition between tadpoles and mosquitoes: the effects of larval density and tadpole size." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 5 (2002): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01082.
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Tadpoles and mosquito larvae compete for scarce resources in natural freshwater ecosystems, but factors determining the extent of competition between these two groups of organisms remain largely unstudied. Natural ponds display great variation both in the densities of larvae, and in the body sizes of tadpoles. We set up replicated artificial pond experiments to examine the effects of population density and tadpole size on interactions between tadpoles and mosquito larvae. We examined the effects of larval density in two systems of co-occurring tadpoles and mosquito larvae, one from brackish-water ephemeral ponds (Crinia signifera with Ochlerotatus australis) and one from permanent freshwater ponds (Limnodynastes peronii with Culex quinquefasciatus). In both systems, increasing densities of larvae suppressed growth and development both of conspecifics and of the competing taxon. In the C. quinquefasciatus–L. peronii system, larger tadpoles exerted more powerful suppression. Our results suggest that mosquito developmental rates and adult body sizes (and thus, the danger which mosquitoes pose to public health) may be reduced if natural water-bodies contain dense populations of large tadpoles.
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Acquah-Lamptey, Daniel, and Roland Brandl. "Effect of a dragonfly (<i>Bradinopyga strachani</i> Kirby, 1900) on the density of mosquito larvae in a field experiment using mesocosms." Web Ecology 18, no. 1 (May 24, 2018): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-18-81-2018.
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Abstract. Laboratory experiments with food-deprived larvae of odonates suggested that these predators may have the potential to control mosquito populations. However, it remains unclear whether larvae of odonates co-occur with mosquito larvae in the field and whether larvae of odonates reduce the density of mosquito larvae in the field. We exposed 35 water-filled concrete containers in the field in shady and sunny conditions. Some of these containers were partially covered (for simplicity called closed containers, allowing only mosquitoes to lay eggs), whereas others remained open. The density of mosquito larvae was higher in shaded containers and in closed containers. The multivoltine odonate Bradinopyga strachani colonized open containers and the occurrence of these predators resulted in a clear reduction of the mosquito population. Our results indicate that increasing the colonization of water bodies by Bradinopyga strachani is a promising strategy for controlling populations of mosquitoes.
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Wartono, Wartono, Mohammad Soleh, and Yuslenita Muda. "MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DENGUE CONTROL WITH CONTROL OF MOSQUITO LARVAE AND MOSQUITO AFFECTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 15, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol15iss3pp417-426.
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Consider a SIR model for the spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever involving three populations, mosquito eggs, mosquitoes, and humans. The parameters of the SIR model were estimated using rainfall data and air temperature for the cities of Pekanbaru and Solok. The main aim of this paper is to determine the effect of mosquito larvae and adult mosquito control on the spread of the dengue virus. Numerical solutions were also presented by using the Runge-Kutta method of order 4. Based on the results, the SIR model was obtained by involving the control parameters of mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes. Besides, the mosquito population is affected by changes in temperature, rainfall, and fog. Numerical simulations illustrate that the number of infected mosquitoes and infected humans is influenced by the parameters of the percentage of mortality of mosquito larvae and adult mosquitoes.
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Farjana, T., MS Ahmmed, TF Khanom, N. Alam, and N. Begum. "Surveillance of Mosquitoes Larva at Selected Areas of Mymensingh District in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 13, no. 1 (July 1, 2015): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23962.
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Mosquito borne diseases have a great impact on human and animal health throughout the world including Bangladesh. An entomological survey was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus and its surrounding areas from January to June, 2013 to identify the mosquito larvae and to investigate the different breeding site preferences of mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae were collected using dipper, ladle spoon, dropper and pipette from rice field, botanical garden, dairy farm, poultry farm, drains, lakes, ponds, staff quarters, residential halls and cattle sheds. A total of 1397 mosquito larvae were collected from the places. Ten species of mosquitoes under three genera were identified. The recorded genera were Anopheles (An.), Culex (Cx.) and Aedes (Ae.). The collected species were An. bengalensis, An. vagus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. whitmorei, Cx. sitiens and Ae. albopictus. Among the collected larvae, Culex was found most prevalent (64.3%), followed by Anopheles (26.7%) and Aedes were the least prevalent (9.0%). The results of this study provide evidence that drains were the most common aquatic habitat of Anopheles and Culex larvae in Boyra, Kewatkhali and Balashpur. In BAU campus, agronomy fields were found having the highest percentage (35.2%) of mosquito larvae than the other places of the campus. This study suggests that although drains and rice fields are the richest habitats, since Anopheles and Culex can breed in all available breeding habitats. This larval survey will help us to conduct future mosquito control activities and provide us useful information to schedule larvicides application to control the mosquito borne diseases in the study areas as well as throughout the country.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23962Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 79-88
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Mohd Ngesom, Ahmad Mohiddin, Nazni Wasi Ahmad, Han Lim Lee, Asmalia Md Lasim, David Greenhalgh, Mazrura Sahani, Rozita Hod, and Hidayatulfathi Othman. "Evaluating the Potential of Pyriproxyfen Dissemination using Mosquito Home System against Aedes albopictus at a Dengue Hotspot Area." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2379–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5008-20.
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Aedes mosquitoes were found to lay their eggs in the cryptic breeding sites. Eliminating cryptic and open breeding sites is essential in reducing dengue virus transmission. However, it is often challenging for health officers to assess these breeding sites which are usually missed during larval surveillance. The autodissemination approach may produce a better outcome by manipulating female mosquitoes to disperse insecticide to other Aedes spp. mosquito habitats. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the pyriproxyfen autodissemination technique using Mosquito Home System against the population of mosquitoes. This study was conducted in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The Mosquito Home System was deployed to control Aedes spp. populations at treatment sites using before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. The presence of pyriproxyfen distribution was confirmed using the WHO larval bioassay which resulted in 10-35% larvae mortalities. Autodissemination of pyriproxyfen significantly reduced the population size of mosquito eggs (p<0.05), larvae (p<0.05), and ovitrap index (p<0.05) at the treatment areas compared to the control areas. Moreover, rainfall was correlated positively against ovitrap index (r = 0.247), larvae (r = 0.420), and eggs (r = 0.422). The study provides promising results for controlling Aedes spp. populations and also highlights the potentials of this technique as an alternative in vector control programmes. However, further studies on larger scale field trials are warranted.
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DuRant, Sarah E., and William A. Hopkins. "Amphibian predation on larval mosquitoes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 10 (October 2008): 1159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-097.
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Mosquitoes ( Culex pipiens L., 1758) are important vectors for diseases of both wildlife and humans. Understanding how natural factors influence mosquito abundance may provide insights into the ecology of various diseases, as well as solutions to controlling disease vectors. One of the natural factors regulating mosquito distributions and population sizes is predation. A poorly understood source of natural mosquito predation is amphibians. We determined the mosquito consumption capability of two amphibians, adult Red-spotted Newts ( Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens (Rafinesque, 1820)) and larval Mole Salamanders ( Ambystoma talpoideum (Holbrook, 1838)). We also compared mosquito consumption of eastern mosquitofish ( Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859), a known predator of mosquitoes, and A. talpoideum. Both salamander species were capable of consuming large numbers of mosquito larvae per day (least-square means ± 1 SE = 439 ± 20 and 316 ± 35 mosquitoes/day consumed by A. talpoideum and N. v. viridescens, respectively). In A. talpoideum, mosquito consumption scaled with body size, with the largest individual (4.4 g) ingesting 902 mosquitoes in 1 day. Gambusia holbrooki consumed 3.5× more mosquitoes during a 24 h feeding trial than similar-sized A. talpoideum. Our findings suggest that amphibians could have a substantial impact on mosquito larvae abundance, especially considering that amphibians can reach densities of up to 500 000 individuals/ha. Furthermore, we hypothesize that introduction of G. holbrooki could reduce abundances of native mosquito predators (e.g., salamanders) indirectly, through competition for invertebrate prey.
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Chen, Shicheng, Michael G. Kaufman, Michelle L. Korir, and Edward D. Walker. "Ingestibility, Digestibility, and Engineered Biological Control Potential of Flavobacteriumhibernum, Isolated from Larval Mosquito Habitats." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 3 (December 2, 2013): 1150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03319-13.
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ABSTRACTFlavobacteriumhibernum, isolated from larval habitats of the eastern tree hole mosquito,A. triseriatus, remained suspended in the larval feeding zone much longer (8 days) than other bacteria. Autofluorescent protein markers were developed for the labeling ofF. hibernumwith a strong flavobacterial expression system. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-taggedF. hibernumcells were quickly consumed by larval mosquitoes at an ingestion rate of 9.5 × 104/larva/h. The ingestedF. hibernumcells were observed mostly in the foregut and midgut and rarely in the hindgut, suggesting that cells were digested and did not pass the gut viably. The NanoLuc luciferase reporter system was validated for quantitative larval ingestion rate and bacterial fate analyses. Larvae digested 1.87 × 105cells/larva/h, and fewF. hibernumcells were excreted intact. Expression of the GFP::Cry11A fusion protein with the P20 chaperone protein fromBacillus thuringiensisH-14 was successfully achieved inF. hibernum. Whole-cell bioassays of recombinantF. hibernumexhibited high larvicidal activity againstA. triseriatusin microplates and in microcosms simulating tree holes.F. hibernumcells persisted in microcosms at 100, 59, 30, and 10% of the initial densities at days 1, 2, 3, and 6, respectively, when larvae were absent, while larvae consumed nearly all of theF. hibernumcells within 3 days of their addition to microcosms.
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Dantas, José Oliveira, Talita Guimarães Araújo-Piovezan, Danielle Pereira Santos, Agripino Emanuel Oliveira Alves, Sarita Socorro Campos Pinheiro, and Genésio Tâmara Ribeiro. "Extracts of Potential Plants in the Control of the Aedes aegypti Population." Ensaios e Ciência: Ciências Biológicas, Agrárias e da Saúde 23, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/1415-6938.2019v23n2p104-108.
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Abstract The dengue fever is a febrile illness transmitted by mosquitoes Aedes aegypti to humans. The control of dengue dissemination is a hard challenge since the human population is presenting a considerably increase. Brazilian plants are known to control mosquitoes larvae due to their insecticides properties. This work had the objective to evaluate the success of plants extracts on the Aedes aegypti population. It was hypothesized that the studied plant extracts influence the population size of Aedes aegypti. It was hoped that at least one of these extracts is 100% efficient on the mosquito larvae combat, thus contributing to Brazilian Health Programs for the local Dengue eradication. Five plants extracts were studied against Aedes aegypti larvae populations under laboratory conditions. The plants were macerated and 4 concentrations for each plant were obtained using distillate water. Each concentration of each extract was tested on 10 Aedes larvae with 3 repetitions, for the experiment and positive and negative control on larvae were tested, using alcohol and mineral water, respectively. The count of dead larvae was daily done. The Ricinus communis L. extract was the best extract against Aedes aegypti, killing 100% of their larvae, followed by Mimosa Tenuiflora and Ipoema eriocalyx that achieved DL50 at a concentration of 20%. These results suggest the use of the Ricinus communis L. extract on the control of A. aegypti population in order to extinct the Dengue fever and to help the government healthy programs with this disease. Keywords: Mosquitoes larvae. Dengue Fever. Medicinal Plants. ResumoA Dengue é uma doença transmitida por mosquitos Aedes aegypti para humanos. Seu controle é uma tarefa árdua, uma vez que a população humana tem apresentado crescimento considerável. Entretanto, plantas brasileiras são indicadas para controle de larvas deste mosquito em função de suas propriedades inseticidas. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o sucesso de extratos de plantas no controle da população de Aedes aegypti. Foi proposta a hipótese de que os extratos das plantas estudados influenciam no tamanho da população de Aedes aegypti. Esperou-se que pelo menos um destes extratos fosse 100% eficiente no combate às larvas de mosquito, de forma a contribuir para Programas de saúde que visam erradicação da Dengue. Cinco extratos de plantas foram estudados no controle do Aedes aegypti sob condições laboratoriais. As plantas foram maceradas e quatro concentrações foram obtidas de cada uma, utilizando água destilada. Cada concentração foi testada em dez larvas de Aedes com três repetições no experimento e se testou um controle positivo e negativo nas larvas, usando álcool e água destilada, respectivamente. A contagem de larvas mortas foi feita diariamente. O extrato da Ricinus communis L. foi o de maior sucesso no controle de Aedes aegypti, matando 100% das larvas, seguido da Mimosa Tenuiflora e Ipoema eriocalyx, que atingiram DL50 em uma concentração de 20%. O uso de extrato de Ricinus communis L é, portanto, a ferramenta mais indicada para o controle de A. aegypti, auxiliando potencialmente na erradicação da Dengue, e dando diretrizes para programas governamentais de saúde dos países com esta doença. Palavras-chave: Larvas de Mosquitos. Dengue. Plantas Medicinais.
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Windyaraini, Dila Hening, Fiola Tiarani Siregar, Asti Vanani, Titi Marsifah, and Soenarwan Hery Poerwanto. "Identification of Culicidae Family Diversity as Vector Control Management and Mosquito-Borne Disease Prevention in Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN 12, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v12i1.2020.1-9.
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Introduction: Family Culicidae was the presence of a mosquito that had a potential vector to cause the spread of dengue fever and some diseases. Mosquito diversity could be different due to human and environmental factors in those regions. This study aims to identify mosquito (family Culicidae) diversity and characteristics of breeding places as vector control management and mosquito-borne disease prevention in the area of Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Method: The study was conducted from April to September 2018. A sampling of mosquito larvae and observation of mosquitoes breeding places characteristics were carried out inside and outside the Universitas Gadjah Mada campus building which was divided into 5 clusters, there were Science and Engineering cluster, Medica, Agro, Vocational School, and Social Science. Mosquito diversity in the Universitas Gadjah Mada campus area was analyzed used the Shannon-Wienner diversity index. Result and Discussion: Mosquitoes found in the area of Universitas Gadjah Mada consist of two phases with total number 153 larvae and pupae, namely Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles spp., and Culex spp. The mosquito with the highest number of larvae and pupae was Aedes albopictus, while Anopheles spp. Only found 1 pupa phase. The number of obtained containers was 50 containers, with 6 positive containers of mosquito larvae. Mostly, the type of container found with mosquito larvae was bucket. For each container observed, the temperature and pH of water in the container were measured and it was found that the water temperature reached 24 – 28°C with pH 6 – 7. Conclusion: Mosquito diversity from all of the areas in Universitas Gadjah Mada was grouped as a medium category, with the greatest number of mosquito larvae were found in Science and Engineering cluster. Containers were located in the open area had more mosquito larvae. Mosquito control is focused on environmental management, biological control, and chemical use.
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Poerwanto, Soenarwan Hery, Defriana Lutfi Chusnaifah, Giyantolin Giyantolin, and Dila Hening Windyaraini. "Habitats Characteristic and the Resistance Status of Aedes sp. Larvae in the Endemic Areas of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Sewon Subdistrict, Bantul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (August 15, 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.55494.
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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is caused by Dengue Virus and transmitted by female Aedes mosquito which spread almost all over the world. Aedes sp. mosquito lives cosmopolitan and breeds in wet environments. Panggungharjo and Bangunharjo villages were categorized as endemic and non-endemic DHF areas, respectively. The aims of this research were to study the characteristics of Aedes sp. mosquito breeding sites, the identity of presence species found in the sites, and the resistance status of Aedes sp. mosquitoes against organophosphate insecticide. The method was using a larval survey which consists of 200 houses as respondents located in Panggungharjo and Bangunharjo villages. The larval resistance was tested by a biochemical method since resistance could be associated with esterase enzyme activity. The characteristics of mosquito breeding sites that found were open containers, filled with clear and calm water, dark and rough wall surfaces, the bottom surface was not directly in contact with the ground, the water temperature was 27-29 °C, pH 6.5-7, and not directly exposed to sunlight. There was only one species of mosquito was found, Aedes aegypti. The resistance test of Aedes sp. larvae showed that Aedes sp. larvae population from Panggungharjo village were susceptible, and Aedes sp. larvae from Bangunharjo village were in moderate resistant against organophosphate insecticide.
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Agbor, Okemena V., Taiwo E. Idowu, Kayode I. Fagbohun, Amos T. Oyeniyi, Romoke T. Jimoh, and Adetoro O. Otubanjo. "Molecular Identification and Insecticide Resistance Status of Culex mosquitoes collected from blocked drainages in Lagos State, Nigeria." Pan African Journal of Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/pajols/0202/40(0110).
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Background: Culex mosquitoes are important vectors of several human pathogens causing infections such as lymphatic filariasis and several viruses. Poor and blocked drainage system can lead to impediment in water flow, leading to the artificial creation of larval habitats for Culex mosquitoes. Culex mosquitoes has the ability to breed in organically polluted water bodies and exhibit high resistance to insecticides. Therefore, this study assessed the species and insecticides susceptibility status of Culex breeding in blocked drainages in Lagos State. Methods: Culex mosquito larvae were collected from blocked drainages in three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Lagos State, Nigeria, using standard WHO technique. The physicochemical parameters of the larval habitats were also recorded. Collected mosquito larvae were raised to adult, 2-3 days old. Glucose fed adults female mosquitoes were exposed to permethrin (0.75%) and DDT (4.0%) WHO insecticide test papers. Morphological identification was carried out using standard keys and molecular identification of Culex pipiens sub-species and kdr genotyping was carried out using PCR Results: High level of resistance was recorded with mortality r ate after 24 hour s for DDT ranging from 20% to 32% while permethrin ranges from 14% to 36%. The pH of the all the Culex mosquito larva habitats ranges from 7.38±0.11 to 7.62±0.29, while TDS ranges from 592.6±79.1 to 655±68.1. A total of 1113 Culex pipiens mosquitoes that were identify morphologically, some were selected for molecular identification using PCR assays, out of which 96.2% were identified as Culex p. quinquefasciatus while 3.7% were unidentified. Knockdown mutation (L1014F) was not detected in DDT and pyrethroids resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus in this study. Conclusion: Unplanned ur banization, inadequate w ater su pply and inefficient solid w aste and sewage management practices can result in the creation artificial larval habitats for Culex mosquitoes leading to potential outbreak of Culex mosquito borne diseases. The resistance to DDT and permethrin insecticides in Cx. quinquefasciatus in Lagos State may represent a threat towards the efficacy of ITNs and other forms of vector control such as indoor residual spraying in the future.
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Roy, Milita, Malini Kundu, Soumendranath Chatterjee, and Gautam Aditya. "Distribution of mosquito larvae in rice field habitats: a spatial scale analysis in semi-field condition." European Journal of Ecology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eje-2019-0006.
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Abstract The distribution of the mosquito larvae in the breeding habitats varies at the spatial scale depending on the availability of the resources and the predators. This proposition was assessed through the observation of the spatial distribution of Culex larvae (Culex tritaeniorhynchus) in artificially constructed rice field habitats. Using a binomial generalized linear model with logit link, the disparity in the abundance of the larvae was evaluated to justify the effects of light (light vs shade), vertical (surface vs bottom), and horizontal (wall vs center) distribution as explanatory variables. Under light availability, the spatial occupancy of the mosquito larvae was higher in the center than in the walls of the mesocosms. However, the larval orientation was higher on the surface than at the bottom of the mesocosms in all instances. In comparison to open spaces, the larval aggregation was higher in the presence of the floating vegetations like Azolla and Lemna, indicating that the habitat heterogeneity of the mesocosms influenced the distribution of the mosquito larvae in the available spaces. A reduction in the larval aggregation pattern in the spaces was observed in the presence of the predator (Anisops sp.) reflecting the possible evasion tactics of the mosquito larvae. The observations suggest that the mosquito larvae may utilize the vegetation in the rice field habitats quite effectively and occupy empty spaces of predators. The results may be considered as a prototype of the prospective localization of the mosquito larvae in the rice fields and help to frame the strategies of spraying the biopesticides to achieve optimal efficacy in mosquito regulation.
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Anik, Md Tanvir Anjum, and Thahsin Farjana. "Surveillance of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Rajshahi, Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 6, no. 2 (September 9, 2019): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v6i2.43062.
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Mosquitoes are considered the most important arthropod vectors in the world. Mosquito borne diseases are major public health problems in most of tropical and subtropical countries. An investigation was performed at Bagha upazila in Rajshahi district to identify the mosquito species and their breeding sites at the study area. Adult mosquitoes were collected by insect collecting net, light traps and human bait method and larvae were collected by dipper, mug, ladle spoon and dropper. A total of 1947 adult mosquitoes and 1376 larvae were collected and identified. Total ten species of adult mosquitoes and nine species of larvae under two genera were identified. The collected mosquitoes were belonging to two genera- Anopheles (An.) and Culex (Cx.). The identified species were Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. whitmorei, Cx. fuscanus, Cx. fuscocephala, An. aconitus, An. vagus and An. barbirostris. In both cases of larvae and adult mosquitoes, Culex was found more prevalent than Anopheles. In case of larvae the prevalence was 75.8% and 24.2%, and in case of adult it was 71.2% and 28.8% for Culex and Anopheles, respectively. Among the all identified mosquitoes, Cx. quinquefasciatus showed the highest abundance in both cases of larval (23.5%) and adult mosquitoes (25.2%). From the survey it has been apparent that the Culex species may prefer the polluted water bodies in the locality like households, dairy sheds and drains whereas Anopheles species may prefer agricultural fields, and dairy sheds. This study will help to detect the breeding sites of mosquitoes in study areas and to take necessary steps to control mosquitoes and mosquito borne diseases.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 329-336, August 2019
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Greenway, M., P. Dale, and H. Chapman. "An assessment of mosquito breeding and control in four surface flow wetlands in tropical-subtropical Australia." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 1, 2003): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0330.
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In Queensland, Australia, the tropical-subtropical climate is ideal to promote macrophyte growth in surface flow wetlands; however, there have been concerns that constructed wetlands are potential breeding sites for disease-bearing mosquitoes. The aim of this study was to assess whether mosquitoes were breeding in these constructed wetlands, and if so, where they breed, and what parameters might influence breeding: e.g. water quality, vegetation, or macroinvertebrate communities. A study of four surface flow constructed wetlands located in different climatic regions was undertaken. Mosquito larvae were sampled using 240 ml dippers and macroinvertebrates using dip nets. The wetland with the greatest biodiversity of macrophytes and macroinvertebrates had the least number of mosquito larvae (< 1% of all dips). Samples with most mosquito larvae occurred amongst dense mats of Paspalum grass or dead Typha. Despite the presence of larvae in some parts of these wetlands very few late instars or pupae were found i.e. completion of the mosquito life cycle to adult mosquitoes was unsuccessful. This study has shown that the presence of mosquito larvae can be minimised by increasing macro-invertebrate biodiversity, by planting a variety of macrophyte types and species, excluding aggressive plant species, and maintaining at least 30% open water. Macroinvertebrates are probably a crucial factor in the control of mosquito larvae ensuring that predation of the early instars prevents or limits the development of pupae and the emergence of adults.
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Victor, B., M. Mannar Mannan, M. Maridass, P. Murphy Alexander, and J. M. A. P. Arachi. "Application of Live Feeds in the Freshwater Ornamental Fish Larvae of Puntius Dorsalis (Jerdon)." Mapana - Journal of Sciences 4, no. 2 (July 4, 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.7.1.
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Feeding experiment conducted under laboratory conditions, to determine the suitability of live feed for the larvae of ornamental fish Puntius dorsalis, shows the increase of specific growth rate and weight gain when they were fed with mosquito larvae( 3.284 and 8.04%/day),chironomus larvae(3.308 and 6.24%/day),chopped earthworm (2.618 and 4.39%/day). The maximum growth rate,0.614g was observed in mosquito larvae feed followed by chironomus larvae(0.522 g),chopped earthworm(0.411g) and plankton(0.405g). The present study indicates that mosquito larvae could be used as a suitable live feed for feeding Puntius dorsalis larval fishes.
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Getachew, Dejene, Habte Tekie, Teshome Gebre-Michael, Meshesha Balkew, and Akalu Mesfin. "Breeding Sites ofAedes aegypti: Potential Dengue Vectors in Dire Dawa, East Ethiopia." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/706276.
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Background and Objectives. Entomological survey was carried out from May-June to September-October 2014 to investigate the presence of dengue vectors in discarded tires and artificial water containers in houses and peridomestic areas.Methods. A cross-sectional immature stage survey was done indoors and outdoors in 301 houses. Mosquito larval sampling was conducted using pipette or dipper depending on container types. Larvae were identified morphologically and larval indices were also calculated.Results. A total of 750 containers were inspected, and of these 405 were positive for mosquito larvae. A total of 1,873 larvae were collected and morphologically identified asAedes aegypti(n=1580: 84.4%) andCulex(n=293: 15.6%). The larval indices, house index, container index, and breteau index, varied from 33.3 to 86.2, from 23.2 to 73.9, and from 56.5 to 188.9, respectively.Conclusion.Aedes aegyptiis breeding in a wide range of artificial containers. To control these mosquitoes, the integration of different methods should be taken into consideration.
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He, Wen-Ze, Li-Long Pan, Wen-Hao Han, Shaaban Abd-Rabou, Shu-Sheng Liu, and Xiao-Wei Wang. "Effects of Kathon, a Chemical Used Widely as a Microbicide, on the Survival of Two Species of Mosquitoes." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144177.
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In recent decades, demands for novel insecticides against mosquitoes are soaring, yet candidate chemicals with desirable properties are limited. Kathon is a broad-spectrum isothiazolinone microbicide, but other applications remain uncharacterized. First, we treated larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus, two major mosquito vectors of human viral diseases, with Kathon at 15 mg/L (a concentration considered safe in cosmetic and body care products), and at lower concentrations, and found that Kathon treatment resulted in high mortality of larvae. Second, sublethal concentration of Kathon can cause significantly prolonged larval development of C. quinquefasciatus. Third, we explored the effects of two constituents of Kathon, chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT), on the survival of larvae, and found that CMIT was the major toxic component. Further, we explored the mechanisms of action of Kathon against insect cells and found that Kathon reduces cell viability and adenosine triphosphate production but promotes the release of lactate dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Our results indicate that Kathon is highly toxic to mosquito larvae, and we highlight its potential in the development of new larvicides for mosquito control.
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Marini, Marini, Vivin Mahdalena, and Tanwirotun Ni'mah. "Potensi Ekstrak Daun Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) sebagai Larvasida terhadap Larva Aedes aegypti di Laboratorium." Jurnal Vektor Penyakit 12, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/vektorp.v12i2.898.
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Abstract
Control of mosquito vectors by using natural ingredients is being developed intensively. Marigold (Tagetes erecta) was widely used as a mosquito repellent plant. The results of research before had found that marigold leaf extract has a repulsive effect on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study aimed to identify the potential of marigold leaf extract as larvacide against Ae. aegypti larvae in the laboratory. The material used in this research was extracts of marigold leaves. Larvacide test was carried out by dissolving of extract in water at the concentration of 2,000 ppm, 4,000 ppm, 6,000 ppm, 8,000 ppm, and 10,000 ppm. The larvae used was Ae. aegypti larvae as many as 25 larvae each five treatment of replications. Probit analysis was conducted on larval mortality after 24 hours of exposure. The results of the probit analysis showed that the estimated concentration of extracts that could result in larval mortality up to 95% (LC95) was 7,456 ppm. From the result we can conclude that ethanol extract of marigold leaves (T. erecta L. ) has the biolarvacidal activity against larvae.
Abstrak
Pengendalian vektor nyamuk dengan memanfaatkan bahan alam makin banyak dikembangkan. Marigold (T. erecta) merupakan tumbuhan yang banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai tanaman pengusir nyamuk. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menemukan bahwa ekstrak daun memiliki daya tolak terhadap nyamuk Ae. aegypti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat potensi ekstrak daun marigold sebagai larvasida terhadap larva Ae. aegypti instar III di laboratorium. Bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah ekstrak etanol daun marigold hasil ekstraksi dari penelitian sebelumnya. Uji larvasida dilakukan dengan melarutkan ekstrak dalam air pada konsentrasi 2.000 ppm, 4.000 ppm, 6.000 ppm, 8.000 ppm, dan 10.000 ppm. Larva yang digunakan yaitu larva Ae. aegypti sebanyak 25 larva tiap perlakuan dengan lima ulangan. Dilakukan analisis probit terhadap kematian larva setelah 24 jam paparan. Hasil analisa probit menunjukkan perkiraan konsentrasi ekstrak yang mampu mengakibatkan kematian larva hingga 95% (LC95 ) adalah 7.456 ppm. Ekstrak etanol daun marigold (T.erecta L.) memiliki potensi sebagai biolarvasida terhadap larva Ae. aegypti.
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Liu, Wei-Ting, Tien-Lai Chen, Roger F. Hou, Cheng-Chen Chen, and Wu-Chun Tu. "The Invasion and Encapsulation of the Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema abbasi, in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae." Insects 11, no. 12 (November 26, 2020): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11120832.
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The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is of crucial concern to the public and veterinary health because of its vector role in transmission of several mosquito-borne diseases. Over the past decades, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have been used to control important agricultural insect pests and are considered to be effective against mosquitoes as well. The objectives of this study were to investigate the mosquitocidal effects of Steinernema abbasi to Ae. albopictus and the encapsulation processes of invading nematodes in the mosquito host. In this study, we found that S. abbasi was pathogenic to 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Ae. albopictus by entering the hemocoel of the 3rd and 4th instar larvae mainly through mouth and gastric caecum or by penetrating pupae through the intersegmental membrane or trumpet. The mosquito larvae infected with a single nematode caused a high mortality. Although EPNs in the hemocoel of mosquitoes were melanized and encapsulated, most Ae. albopictus larvae failed to survive after infection with S. abbasi. Overall, we demonstrated that S. abbasi is pathogenic to Ae. albopictus larvae, suggesting that this S. abbasi isolate has potential as a biocontrol agent for managing this vector mosquito.
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Christella, Anastasia Christella, Robby Makimian, and Rita Dewi. "THE EFFECT OF BASIL (Ocimum basilicum) LEAVES EXTRACT AS BIOLARVACIDE AGAINST Aedes aegypti LARVAE." Damianus: Journal of Medicine 19, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/djm.v19i1.1204.
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Introduction: Indonesia as a tropical country is vulnerable to mosquito-borne diseases like dengue fever, chikungunya, and zika by Aedes aegypti mosquito. Various efforts have been made to eradicate mosquitoes, one of which is by fogging. But this method only eradicates adult mosquitoes and its smoke can also have a bad impact for human health. Therefore, a variety of herbal plants began to be used as biolarvacide, including basil plants (Ocimum basilicum).
Methods: This is an experimental research by comparing the lethal effect between concentration and time. In this experiment there were 10 larvas used for each concentration, which were 0,4%, 0,7%, 1,0%, 1,5%, and 2,0%. The lethal effect arising in larval groups is observed every 1 hour in the first 6 hours, and subsequently every 3 hours until 24 hours after exposure.
Results: With one way ANOVA test, the result is p=0,012 (p<0,05) this shows that there is a significance difference between the different concentrations and the lethal effect of A.aegypti larvae. With Friedman test, the result is p=0,000 (p<0,05), this shows that there is a significance difference between the different time of exposure of the extract and the lethal effect of A.aegypti larvae.
Conclusion: Leaves extract of O.basilicum has lethal effect as biolarvacide against A.aegypti larvae. The higher concentration and the longer time of exposure to O.basilicum extract, increases the lethal effect of A.aegypti larvae.
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Amusan, Babatunde, and Sylvestre Ogbogu. "Surveillance of mosquito larvae in various microhabitats in a University Campus in Southwestern Nigeria." UNED Research Journal 12, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): e2605. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v12i1.2605.
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Introduction: Mosquitoes are potentially regarded as one of the most deadly animals in the world as they are known to vector a number of vital diseases. The faunistic composition and prevalence of these mosquitoes are dependent on the characteristics of the larvae habitats. Objective: In this study we surveyed the mosquito larvae in relation to the characteristics of their various microhabitats with the aim of determining how the habitats influence the composition, abundance and distribution of the mosquito larvae on Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife campus. Methods: We did mosquito larvae sampling monthly between 07: 00 and 10:00 for six months (August, 2017 - January, 2019) using standard dipping method. The various microhabitats sampled included; ground pools, discarded containers, drainage channels and tree holes in each of the study sites. Results: We identifies seven species distributed in three genera as following; Anopheles sp. (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles funestus); Aedes sp. (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus); Culex sp (Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex poicilipe). Culex was the dominant and most abundant genera as it accounted for 48% of the entire collection. Mosquito larvae were significantly (p<0,05) more abundant in the dry season than in the wet season. The highest abundance of mosquitoes was recorded in Akintola Hall as it accounted for 50,1% of the entire collection. Findings in this study also revealed that drainage channels in the study sites accounted for the highest abundance of mosquitos. A total of 277 ind. were collected in the various drainage channels in the study sites and this represented 45% of the entire collection while Leaking pipes and Ground pools accounted for 89 (15%) and 87 (14%) individuals respectively. We collected majority of the mosquitoes near dwellings thus suggesting that the species identified in this study have affinity for humans and their dwellings. Conclusion: We suggest that un-kept drainage channels, leakages and discarded domestic containers littered around the study sites are possible contributing factors to the enormous breeding sites available to mosquitoes. Elimination of such breeding sites can effectively mitigate the survival and prevalence of mosquitoes in the area.
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Ranasinghe, H. A. K., and L. D. Amarasinghe. "Naturally Occurring Microbiota in Dengue Vector Mosquito Breeding Habitats and Their Use as Diet Organisms by Developing Larvae in the Kandy District, Sri Lanka." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 12, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5830604.
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Naturally occurring microbiota in mosquito larval habitats are among biotic factors which affect the population dynamics of developing larvae. Many microbiota species serve as food items for vector mosquito larvae, and food limitations within habitats adversely affect larval survival, developmental rate, adult fitness, and thereby vector competence. Therefore, identification of microbiota as associates with larvae reveals their relationship between each other as parasites, pathogens, epibionts, or diet organisms. Analysis of associated microbiota species in the dengue vector larval breeding habitats ( n = 40 ) and the mosquito larval gut content were conducted in Kandy District in Sri Lanka. Study revealed that a total of 22 microbiota species belong to nine phyla (Amoebozoa, Bacillariophyta, Ciliophora, Chlorophyta, Sarcodina, Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta, Euglenozoa, Ochrophyta/Heterokontophyta, and Rotifera) were encountered from different Ae. aegypti mosquito breeding habitats while 26 microbiota species that belonged to ten phyla were recorded from Ae. albopictus mosquito breeding habitats with one additional phylum Arthropoda. Considering Ae. aegypti breeding habitats, only Philodina citrina in low roof gutters existed as constant species. Considering Aedes albopictus breeding habitats, Volvox aureus in plastic containers, Lecane luna in coconut shells, Phacus pleuronectes in concrete slabs, and Pinnularia sp. in tree holes existed as constant species. The rest of the microbiota existed as common or accidental/rare species in a variety of habitat types. The Shannon-Weiner diversity (21.01 and 19.36) and gamma diversity (eight and eight) of the microbiota associated with Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus larvae, respectively, in ponds were found to be higher than other types of breeding habitats recorded during the study. Twelve microbiota species were recorded from larval gut analysis as food organisms of both species of mosquito larvae. However, the distribution of gut microbiota species differed between Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus ( Chi − square = 21.294 , P = 0.002 ). Identification of microbiota as food items of vector mosquito larvae led to a focus on larval food limitation by introducing food competitors, which could be a potential additional tool for integrated vector control approaches within the country.
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Lumpkin, Will P., Kincade R. Stirek, and Lee A. Dyer. "Macrophyte Diversity and Complexity Reduce Larval Mosquito Abundance." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 4 (February 1, 2020): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa012.
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Abstract The role of aquatic arthropod diversity and community interactions of larval mosquitoes are important for understanding mosquito population dynamics. We tested the effects of aquatic macrophyte diversity and habitat structural complexity in shaping the predator and competitor invertebrate communities associated with mosquito larvae. Experimental mesocosms were planted with live aquatic macrophytes and allowed to be naturally colonized by local invertebrates. Results indicated a positive effect of macrophyte diversity on competitor diversity and a negative effect on predator diversity. In turn, predator diversity negatively impacted mosquito abundance through a direct effect, while competitor diversity showed an indirect negative effect on mosquito larval abundance through its positive effect on predator diversity. The enhancement of aquatic macrophyte diversity and structural complexity has practical applications for the reduction of mosquito populations in managed systems where complete source elimination is not possible.
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Bharati, Minu, and Dhiraj Saha. "Differential expression of carboxylesterases in larva and adult of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, no. 04 (August 2, 2018): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758418000139.
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AbstractCulex quinquefasciatus Say, a widely distributed mosquito in tropical and subtropical areas, is the most important vector of the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis. In India, filariasis is endemic in 17 States and six Union Territories, putting about 553 million people at risk of infection. Vector control, which aims to prevent pathogen transmission through interventions targeting adult mosquito vectors, is a significant component of control of the disease. Chemical-based control represents a chief strategy in the management of mosquito vectors; however, continuous application of insecticides has led to the development of resistance in many mosquito vectors around the world. The current study aims to observe the variability of expression of carboxylesterase isozymes that play a role in detoxifying insecticides into non-toxic compounds, in different life stages of Culex mosquitoes, to understand levels of insecticide susceptibility that may be used in integrated mosquito management for efficient vector control. C. quinquefasciatus were collected from different localities of sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India, and adult and larval bioassays were performed against one organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) and two synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin). The activity of α- and β-carboxylesterases (quantitative assay) were measured in larvae and adults of C. quinquefasciatus using a microplate assay, and measured qualitative expression by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The study shows a differential activity of α- and β-carboxylesterases both in quantitative and qualitative assays. The quantitative assay reveals that larvae exhibit a 12.2-fold higher level activity of α-carboxylesterase and about 5.0-fold higher level of activity of β-carboxylesterase than adults. Some carboxylesterase isozymes, i.e., α-Est I-IV, α-Est VII and α-Est XI-XV were exclusively expressed in larvae, whereas α-Est V-VI and α-Est IX were expressed only in adults. In larvae, all β-Est I-IX were expressed, while in adults only β-Est IV-V was expressed. The results of adult and larval insecticide bioassay are also as per the above findings showing an LC90 value of 0.017 ppm, 0.097 ppm and 0.072 ppm in the larva, and LC90 value of 0.0015 ppm, 0.721 ppm, 0.364 ppm in adults against chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively.
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Yulidar, Yulidar. "STATUS ANGKA BEBAS JENTIK KOTA BANDA ACEH SEBAGAI DAERAH ENDEMIS DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE TAHUN 2014." BIOTIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Teknologi dan Kependidikan 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/biotik.v5i1.2978.
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One of vector borne deseases which still remains a health problem in Indonesia is dengue fever (DBD). This desease is caused by dengue virus transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. One of cities which is endemic for DBD in 2014 was Banda Aceh. The indicator for DBD endemic is based on entomology index. One of entomology index to be measured is the number of mosquito larvae-free. To know the status of mosquito larvae-free number in Banda Aceh, a suvey has been conducted in three subdistricts within Banda Aceh city, namely Banda Raya (Lamlagang village), Ulee Kareng (Ceurih village), and Baiturrahman (Peuniti village). A survey was conducted in 100 houses of every subdistrict. The total of 300 houses were investigated. From 300 houses investigated, there were 158 houses were positively had mosquito larvae. From 860 containers that were found and checked in those three subdistricts, it was found that there were 235 containers were positively contained mosquito larvae. The container which contained mosquito larvae dominantly was bathups inside the houses, there were 48,22% of larvae and 60,47% of pupas. The results showed that the number of mosquito larvae-free for Banda aceh was 47,33% which indicated that it was still below the number of national larvae-free that is > 95%. Therefore, Banda Aceh is still in a high risk of DBD transmission in the future.
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Budiman, Budiman, and Hamidah Hamidah. "CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTINUITY TYPE SUPPORTED BY JENTIK Aedes aegypti IN REGIONAL WORKING PUSKESMAS BULILI." PROMOTIF: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 7, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31934/promotif.v7i2.83.
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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a severe and potentially lethal dengue virus infection. DHF control measures can be performed on adult mosquitoes or in larvae. Controlling the larval stage can be done by cutting the chain of transmission of dengue disease through containers that made Aedes aegypti mosquitoes laying and breeding. This study aims to determine the preferred container characteristics of larva Aedes aegypti in the work area of Puskesmas Bulili, South Palu District. This research will be carried out in the work area of Puskes Puskesmas Public Health Center by using spot survey method by observing all containers potentially become Aedes aegypti larvae breeding place in research location. The variables under study will be presented in descriptive form by describing the environmental characteristics of containers preferred by Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae ranging from type, base material and container location. The results showed that the type of container favored by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is the type of bathtub with a base material made of plastic and the location of the container inside the community house.Keywords : DHF, Container, Aedes aegypti
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Odero, Joel, Bruno Gomes, Ulrike Fillinger, and David Weetman. "Detection and quantification of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquito larvae in experimental aquatic habitats using environmental DNA (eDNA)." Wellcome Open Research 3 (March 8, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14193.1.
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Background: Growing insecticide resistance and changes in biting and resting behavior of malaria vectors threaten efficacy of insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying. Larval source management (LSM) is a promising approach that can target mosquitoes irrespective of their behavior as adults. However, the use of traditional monitoring methods for immature stages of Anopheles mosquitoes is a major challenge to LSM due to the variability in their breeding habitats. We evaluate the use of an environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis technique in monitoring Anopheles gambiae sensu lato larvae in experimental aquatic habitats. Methods: eDNA was simultaneously sampled and extracted from different volumes of water, number of larvae, and occupation time. Larval presence was detected using PCR and eDNA concentration in samples from 1 L habitats quantified using an IGS and cyt b TaqMan assays. The limit of detection of the two assays was tested and larval density correlated with eDNA positivity. Results: 74% of replicates in the 50 mL habitats were PCR positive with at least 6h required to get a signal from a single larva (0.02 larvae/mL). All 12 replicates where 1 L of water was used were positive with stronger PCR bands than replicates with the same larval density in 50 mL for 24 h. There was a correlation between larval densities and eDNA detection in both assays: IGS, r = 0.503, p = 0.047; and cyt b, r = 0.558, p = 0.025. There was stochasticity in eDNA detection rates, using both PCR and qPCR across all the dilutions. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the potential use of eDNA analysis for detection and quantification of An. gambiae s.s. mosquito larvae in aquatic habitats. The stochasticity observed in eDNA detection suggest that this technique is best for monitoring aquatic habitats with many larvae at low densities.
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Juariah, Siti, and Mega Pratiwi Irawan. "BIOLARVASIDA EKSTRAK ETANOL KULIT NANAS (Anananscomosus L. Merr) TERHADAP LARVA NYAMUK Culex Sp." Unnes Journal of Public Health 6, no. 4 (October 15, 2017): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ujph.v6i4.15842.
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ABSTRAK
Nanas merupakan salah satu komoditi asal Provinsi Riau. Setiap tahun nanas mengalami peningkatan dengan semakin meningkatnya produksi nanas maka limbah yang dihasilkan akan semakin meningkat. Pada limbah kulit nanas diduga terdapat senyawa alkaloid yang dapat membunuh larva nyamuk Culex Sp. Nyamuk yang termasuk dalam genus Culex dikenal sebagai vektor penular arbovirus, demam kaki gajah, dan malaria pada unggas. Pengendalian serangga umumnya dilakukan menggunakan pestisida sintetik. Penggunaan senyawa kimia yang bersifat sintetik sangat berbahaya bagi pengguna yang terpajan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan efektifitas ekstrak etanol kulit nanas dan mengetahui jumlah larva yang mati dengan menentukan konsentrasi terbaik dari ekstrak etanol kulit nanas (AnanascomosusL.) terhadap larva nyamuk culex Sp. Penelitian ini bersifat Eksperimen Laboratory, yaitu meneliti tentang uji mortalitas larva nyamuk Culex Sp setelah pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit nanas (AnanascomosusL.). Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan bahwa ekstrak etanol kulit nanas dapat dibuktikan pada tingkat konsentrasi 1% angka kematian larva nyamuk telah mencapai 72,5%. Sedangkan pada konsentrasi 4% telah mampu membunuh larva sebesar 97,5%.
Kata Kunci : Ekstraketanol, Kulit nanas, Culex Sp.
ABSTRACT
Pineapple is one of the commodities origin of Riau Province. Each year the pineapple increases with the increasing production of pineapple so the waste generated will increase. In pineapple leaf waste is suspected of alkaloid compounds that can kill the mosquito larvae Culex Sp. The mosquitoes belonging to the genus Culex are known as arbovirus-transmitting vectors, elephant leg fever, and malaria in poultry. Insect control is generally done using synthetic pesticides. The use of synthetic chemicals is very dangerous for exposed users. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pineapple ethanol extract and to determine the number of dead larvae by determining the best concentration of pineapple ethanol extract (Ananascomosus L.) on culex mosquito larvae Sp. This research is experimental laboratory, which is examining about mortality test of Culex sp. Mosquito larvae after administration of pineapple ethanol extract (Ananascomosus L.). The results showed that pineapple ethanol extract can be proven at concentration level of 1% mosquito larvae mortality rate has reached 72,5%. While at 4% concentration has been able to kill larvae of 97.5%.
Keywords:Ethanol Extract, Pineapple Skin, Culex Sp.
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Santoso, Setyo Dwi, Abdul Chamid, and Dwi Viddi Kusuma Pratiwi. "DAYA BUNUH EKSTRAK DAUN TOMAT (Solanum lycopersicum L.) TERHADAP LARVA NYAMUK Aedes aegypti." Jurnal SainHealth 2, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.51804/jsh.v2i1.176.36-39.
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a very dangerous disease, caused by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. One alternative to controlling Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is to use insecticides. But it would be much better if the insecticides used are natural and environmentally friendly, one of them by using Tomato Leaf Extract (Solanum lycopersicum l.). Tomato leaves contain chemical compounds class Alkaloids and Saponins and can serve as anti larvacide. This research is a laboratory experiment which aims to find out the effect of tomato leaf extract (Solanum lycopersicum L.) activity on the death of III instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquito. the effectiveness of samples on Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae by treatment of variation of extract concentration 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1% with repetition 2 times. In the results of research showed that the smallest concentration that can kill Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae is 0.6% at 16 hours and probit analysis showed that significance is 0,608 greater than intercept 0.003, it shows that the extract of tomato leaves affects the death of III instar larvae of Aedes aegypti mosquito.
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Mwingira, Victor S., Jeroen Spitzen, Leonard E. G. Mboera, José L. Torres-Estrada, and Willem Takken. "The Influence of Larval Stage and Density on Oviposition Site-Selection Behavior of the Afrotropical Malaria Mosquito Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (October 20, 2019): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz172.
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Abstract In the selection of oviposition sites female mosquitoes use various cues to assess site quality to optimize survival of progeny. The presence of conspecific larvae influences this process. Interactive effects of oviposition site selection were studied in the malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii Coetzee & Wilkerson in dual- and no-choice assays, by exposing single gravid mosquitoes to oviposition cups containing 1) larvae of different developmental stages, 2) larvae-conditioned water (LCW), and 3) cups where visual cues of conspecific larvae were absent. Early-stage conspecific larvae had a positive effect on the oviposition response. By contrast, late stages of conspecific larvae had a negative effect. Oviposition choice was dependent on larval density. Moreover, in oviposition cups where larvae were hidden from view, late-stage larvae had a significant negative effect on oviposition suggesting the involvement of olfactory cues. LCW had no effect on oviposition response, indicating involvement of chemicals produced by larvae in vivo. It is concluded that the presence of larvae in a breeding site affects the oviposition response depending on the development stage of the larvae. These responses appear to be mediated by olfactory cues emitted by the larval habitat containing live larvae, resulting in the enhanced reproductive fitness of the females.
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Mouatassem, Touria Filali, Abdelhakim El Ouali Lalami, Chafika Faraj, Noureddine Rais, and Raja Guemmouh. "Study of Abiotic and Biotic Parameters Affecting the Abundance of Mosquito Larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Region of Fez (Morocco)." International Journal of Zoology 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5429472.
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Mosquitoes cause significant human health issues. However, very few studies have attempted to examine the question of how abiotic and biotic factors affect the abundance of Culicidae in the larval habitat. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the increase of the most common mosquito species in the Fez region (Central Morocco). Larvae mosquitoes were sampled by standard dipping technique in four different types of macrohabitats, between November 2015 and November 2016. Each mosquito specimen was morphologically identified by the Moroccan Culicidae key and the Brunhes key. The analysis was done using R analysis software. We collected a total of 772 mosquito larvae belonging to nine different species, five of which are considered of medical interest. Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758), known as the major vector in the transmission of West Nile virus fever (WNV), was the most common species of all mosquito larvae collected. The results of Poisson regression analysis showed that factors such as the presence of green filamentous algae, vegetation cover, and debris were found to be positively significant in the distribution of the genus Culex. However, there was insufficient evidence to determine the parameters that are capable of estimating the abundance of Anopheles. The findings have also estimated that biotic and abiotic factors can lead to significant variation in the abundance of Culex perexiguus (Theobald, 1903), Culex theileri (Theobald, 1903), and Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758). Identifying the priority parameters governing the proliferation of mosquitoes in the region of Fez can be one of the key elements for better vector control.
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Mohi Eldin Abdallah M Mohammed, Omar Yousof M Ali, Ashraf Abd El-Salam H Mangoud, and Mutaman Ali A Kehail. "The effect of some insecticides on the larvae of Aedes aegypti in Jeddah Governorate, Makah Province, Kingdom Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.3.2.0128.
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Mosquitoes can act as vectors for many disease-causing viruses and parasites through carrying these organisms from person to person. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to some insecticides in Jeddah Governorate. Mosquito larvae were collected from all the available breeding sites in Jeddah municipalities using standard larval collection kits. The diagnostic doses (LC50 and LC90) were calculated from the mortality and concentration data. The larvicides Pirimiphos methyl, Fenitrothion, Bifenthrin and Cypermethrin were tested against the larvae of Ae. aegypti mosquito. The results showed positive correlation between the concentrations under investigation and mortality% of the treated larvae. Cypermethrin gave strong effect against Ae. aegypti larvae (LD50 0.0015 ml/L) followed by Pirimiphos methyl (LD50 0.0020 ml/L), Bifenthrin (LD50 0.039 ml/L), and at last rank Fenitrothion (0.041 ml/L). The same trend was obtained in LD90s. Ae. aegypti in Jeddah was susceptible to Bifenthrin, Cypermethrin, Pirimiphos methyl and Fenitrothion. Further studies should be run to conduct an intensive and appropriate vector control program in Jeddah Governorate.
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Djordjević, Milutin, Milorad Mirilović, Novica Stajković, Ljiljana Janković, Branislav Pešić, Dubravko Bokonjić, and Spomenka Djurić. "Statistical Evaluation Of The Larvicidal Effect Of Diflubenzuron On Culex Pipiens Larval Stages." Acta Veterinaria 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 496–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2015-0042.
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Abstract Diflubezuron is increasingly used in areas where mosquito larvae developed resistance to other insecticides. In our community diflubenzuron is not used to control mosquito larvae. Two formulations of 1% diflubenzuron (on corn-cob EF-1, and zeolite EF-2) were tested on Culex pipiens L (larvae) on one canal in the Belgrade suburb area. The effect was followed for seven weeks after application of the formulations. Formulation EF1 achieved a reduction in mosquito L1L2 larvae between 23.9% and 89.4%. The change was statistically significant the 21st and 28th day (p<0.001), 35th and 42nd day (p<0.01) and 49th day (p<0.05). The maximal reduction obtained by formulation EF2 was 69.1%. The accomplished reduction was significant on the 28th and 42nd day (p<0.001), 35th day (p<0.01) and 21st (p<0.05). Both formulations have maintained a good residual effect on the lower developmental larval stages. Maximum reduction achieved by EF1 on L3L4 larvae was 97.4%. Reduction of larvae was high between the 7th and 42nd day (66.4 - 97%). Statistically significant values were recorded on the 21st, 28th and 35th day. Formulation EF2 achieved a reduction of 99.5%. A statistically significant reduction in the value of mosquito larvae was obtained on the 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd day. Between the two used formulations there was no significant difference in the number reduction of lower larval stages, but for the higher larval stages EF1 proved to be more efficient.
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Medone, Paula, and Carlos M. Hern�ndez-Su�rez. "‘Swimming mosquitoes’: a key stepping stone to prevent Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya: an educative experience in Colima, Mexico." Health Education Research 34, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyz012.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya arboviruses (DZC), mainly transmitted by mosquito Aedes aegypti, are global health public issues affecting 390 million people each year. In most endemic countries, vector control strategies have been focused on reducing breeding sites and adult mosquito populations. Most health communication strategies have pointed out adult mosquito as the main responsible of the transmission, persuading people to eliminate domestic containers. However, it is not clear how should people understand the relationship between adult mosquitoes and water domestic containers. So, the main goal of the present study was to assess the people understanding of this relationship. Results showed that most people associate adult mosquitoes with DZC, but only few could associate swimming larvae with mosquitoes. The unawareness of larva presence leads to an underestimation of risk perception about DZC transmission. In this context, we consider that educative interventions for health promotion, based on meaningful knowledge and social representations arise as long-term strategies to control transmission of vector-borne diseases. Here, we propose innovative health strategies focused on increase the risk perception about swimming larvae, considering social representations, which may be a key stepping stone to increase people adherence to massive campaigns and reducing DZC burden.
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Saha, Nabaneeta, Malini Kundu, Goutam K. Saha, and Gautam Aditya. "Alternative prey influence the predation of mosquito larvae by three water bug species (Heteroptera: Nepidae)." Limnological Review 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2020-0017.
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Abstract The indirect interactions among multiple prey sharing a common predator characterize apparent competition. In conservation biological control involving mosquitoes and controphic prey against generalist insect predators, apparent competition may be a crucial factor determining the extent of success. The possible influence of apparent competition on mosquito prey consumption by three water bugs (Heteroptera: Nepidae): Ranatra elongata, Ranatra filiformis, and Laccotrephes griseus was assessed under laboratory conditions. Tadpoles (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), chironomid larvae, snails (Racesina luteola) and fish fingerlings (Labeo rohita) were considered as alternative prey under two prey or multi prey conditions against instar IV larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus as target prey. Under two prey conditions all the predators exhibited a preference (significant Manly’s α) for mosquito larvae, against fish fingerlings by R. filiformis. In the presence of multiple prey, mosquito larvae were selected by the predators. Using the ratio of mosquito selectivity in two prey and multi-prey conditions as a measure of apparent competition, chironomid larvae had greatest effect in suppressing mosquito selectivity for R. elongata, and fish fingerlings for R. filiformis and L. griseus. It seems that the prey preference of R. elongata, R. filiformis and L. griseus may differentially evoke apparent competition among the prey. In the aquatic community where these predators and prey coexist, mosquito larvae may benefit from apparent competition that reduces their vulnerability to predators. The identity of the alternative prey appears to be an important factor for shielding the vulnerability of mosquito prey to the generalist insect predators.
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Guo, Biao, Yuesheng Zhu, Guibo Luo, and Xiaorong Zuo. "A Dynamic Survival Detection and Analysis System for Mosquito Larvae Viability in Drug Assays." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 22, no. 5 (March 17, 2017): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630317698633.
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Bioinformatics studies have emerged in the domain of larval behavior analysis in recent years. A dynamic survival detection and analysis system for automatically monitoring a large amount of mosquito larvae in bioassays with multiwell plates by acquiring and processing videos is proposed in this article. In our system, equipment is designed for acquiring the video of the mosquito larvae in several multiwell plates simultaneously by a camera, and a video analysis module is developed for detecting the survival states of larvae in each well in real time. Also, a novel model and a new image registration algorithm are proposed to accurately obtain the survival state by analyzing the larval motion activities and the weights of larvae in each well. In our experiments, several spinosad bioassays against 2-instar Aedes aegypti with 96-well plates are used to evaluate the proposed system, and the accuracy of the larval survival state in our system is more than 85%. Moreover, this investigation has indicated that the developed system not only can be used in the mosquito larval bioassays but also can be suitable to detect and analyze the behaviors of large amount of other larvae.
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Aldi Alfian, Chairil Anwar, and Iche Andriyani Liberty. "The Influence of Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior of Cleaning Officers with the Number of Mosquito Larvae in the Water Reservoir Punti Kayu Palembang City." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 5, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bsm.v5i2.217.
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A B S T R A C TBackground Mosquito was one of the animals that can transmit deadly diseases.Information about water reservoirs as their habitat as well as human knowledge,attitudes and behavior factors are considered important to help eradicate mosquito.This study aims to determine the effect of knowledge, attitudes and behavior ofcleaners on the number of mosquito larvae in water reservoirs in Palembang.Methods This research was mixed method research (quantitative and qualitative) inthe field and laboratory. The research samples were all mosquito larvae andcontainers found. The research respondents were all cleaning services. Data werecollected by interviewing and filling in questionnaires, observing water reservoirsand identifying the types of mosquito larvae in microscope. Results A total of 40containers were found in Punti Kayu Nature Park. There were 8 containers that wereindoors (20%) and 32 containers were outdoors (80%) with 17 containers containedlarvae. Of all the containers that were positive for larvae, 6 were filled with clearwater and 11 were filled with turbid water. The number of larvae found were 358larvae outdoors and 82 larvae indoor with a total of 440 mosquito larvae with thegenus Culex spp. and Aedes albopictus species. The index of mosquito larvae wereobtained FLI (Free Larva index)=66,67%, HI (House Index)=33,33%, CI (ContainerIndex)=16,67%, BI (Breteau Index)=33.33% from the 3 buildings examined. Fromthese results, it was obtained DF (density figure) or density level of 5. There were 40containers that could be habitats for Culex spp. and Aedes albopictus. ConclusionThe knowledge, attitude and behavior of the cleaning services were good. Thenumber of mosquito larvae could be influenced by the frequency of cleaning and thelack of knowledge of the cleaning services.
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Roberts, Derek, Nargis Al-Alawi, and Mai Al-Gharibi. "Effect of Alarm Chemicals and Predator Kairomones on the Behaviour of Two Species of Mosquito Larvae." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 24, no. 1 (May 21, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol24iss1pp18-22.
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Mosquito larvae have developed a variety of responses to reduce the risk of predation, but this requires them to be able to identify the different species of predators and respond accordingly. We investigated the behavioural response of two mosquito species to three chemical signals: kairomones from two predators, and also to alarm semiochemicals from killed mosquito larvae. Culex perexiguus mosquito larvae are primarily surface filter-feeders. In response to all three chemical signals, they significantly reduced feeding by the high-risk active bottom scraping of biofilms in favour of the less active (and so lower predator-detection risk) surface filter feeding. Active escape swimming (instead of feeding) also increased for all three signals, but was much less for dragonfly nymph kairomones. Dragonflies are almost entirely bottom feeders and so are a much lower danger to surface feeding mosquitoes compared with damselfly nymphs, which feed at all depths. Culiseta longiareolata mosquito larvae normally have a high level of bottom-feeding. This was significantly reduced to all three chemical signals, but escape swimming only occurred for dragonfly kairomones (which are natural predators for the bottom-feeding larvae).