Journal articles: 'Mosiac diseases'

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Szyndel, Marek S. "Characteristics of rose mosaic diseases." Acta Agrobotanica 57, no. 1-2 (2013): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2004.008.

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Presented review of rose diseases, associated with the mosaic symptoms, includes common and yellow rose mosaic, rose ring pattern, rose X disease, rose line pattern, yellow vein mosaic and rose mottle mosaic disease. Based on symptomatology and graft transmissibility of causing agent many of those rose disorders are called "virus-like diseases" since the pathogen has never been identified. However, several viruses were detected and identified in roses expressing mosaic symptoms. Currently the most prevalent rose viruses are Prunus necrotic ringspot virus - PNRSV, Apple mosaic virus - ApMV (syn. Rose mosaic virus) and Arabis mosaic virus - ArMV Symptoms and damages caused by these viruses are described. Tomato ringspot virus, Tobacco ringspot virus and Rose mottle mosaic virus are also mentioned as rose pa thogcns. Methods of control of rose mosaic diseases are discussed.

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Poudel, Nabin Sharma, and Kapil Khanal. "Viral Diseases of Crops in Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 6, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v6i2.19702.

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Viral diseases are the important diseases next to the fungal and bacterial in Nepal. The increase in incidence and severity of viral diseases and emergence of new viral diseases causes the significant yield losses of different crops in Nepal. But the research and studies on plant viral diseases are limited. Most of the studies were focused in viral diseases of rice (Rice tungro virus and Rice dwarf virus), tomato (Yellow leaf curl virus) and potato (PVX and PVY). Maize leaf fleck virus and mosaic caused by Maize mosaic virus were recorded as minor disease of maize. Citrus Tristeza Virus is an important virus of citrus fruit in Nepal while Papaya ringspot potyvirus, Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV), Tomato leaf curlJava betasatellite and Sida yellow vein Chinaalphasatellite were recorded from the papaya fruit. The Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) are the viral diseases of cucurbitaceous crop reported in Nepal. Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) found to infect the many crops Limabean, Kidney bean, blackgram and Mungbean. Bean common mosaic necrosis virus in sweet bean, Pea leaf distortion virus (PLDV), Cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic potyvirus (CABMV), Peanut bud necrosis virus (PBNV) in groundnut, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Chili veinal mottle potyvirus (CVMV) and Tomatoyellow leaf curl gemini virus (TYLCV) were only reported and no any further works have been carried out. The 3 virus diseases Soyabean mosaic (SMV), Soybean yellow mosaic virus and Bud blight tobacco ring spot virus (TRSV) were found in soybean.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 6(2): 75-80

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Kubelková, D., and J. Špak. "Virus diseases of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and some other species of the Papaveraceae family – a review." Plant Protection Science 35, No. 1 (January 1, 1999): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9671-pps.

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Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is described in the literature as a natural host of turnip mosaic virus, bean yellow mosaic virus, beet yellows virus and beet mosaic virus, and experimental host of plum pox virus. P. orientale L., a natural host of beet curly top virus, was successfully infected with turnip mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus, and P. dubium L. with turnip mosaic virus. P. rhoeas L. is a natural host of turnip mosaic virus, and artificial host of beet yellows, plum pox and cucumber mosaic viruses. P. nudicaule is reported as a natural host of beet curly top, tomato spotted wilt viruses and turnip mosaic, experimentally it was infected with turnip mosaic virus. Eschscholtzia californica Cham. is described as a natural host of aster yellows phytoplasma, and experimental host of bean yellow mosaic virus. In the Czech Republic, only turnip mosaic virus was reliably identified in naturally infected P. somniferum.

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Itin, Peter, and Bettina Burger. "Mosaic manifestations of monogenic skin diseases." Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 7, no. 9 (September 2009): 744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2009.07033.x.

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Fukumoto, F., Y. Masuda, and K. Hanada. "Pea Tissue Necrosis Induced by Cucumber mosaic virus Alone or Together with Watermelon mosaic virus." Plant Disease 87, no. 4 (April 2003): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.4.324.

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Necrotic diseases of the stems, petioles, and leaves of pea plants (Pisum sativumL.), leading to wilting and death, occur in the Wakayama and Mie Prefectures of Japan. Based on host range, symptomatology, electron microscopy, and serological relationships, Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and three Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates (PE2, PE3A, and PB1) were isolated from diseased plants in the Wakayama Prefecture. In the Mie Prefecture, CMV (PEAN) also was isolated from pea plants with similar symptoms. Single infection with CMV (PB1 or PEAN) caused stem necrosis and eventual death of pea plants. Similar symptoms developed after double infection with WMV and PE2 or PE3A, whereas single infection with PE2 and PE3A induced symptomless infection in pea plants. We concluded either CMV alone or synergistic effects of mixed infection with CMV and WMV induced pea plant stem necrosis.

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Wang, Yi, Pu Zhu, Qin Zhou, Xiaojun Zhou, Ziqing Guo, Linrun Cheng, Liyan Zhu, Xiaochan He, Yidan Zhu, and Yang Hu. "Detection of disease in Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam. caused by a mixed infection of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, Watermelon mosaic virus, and Cucumber mosaic virus in Southeast China using a novel small RNA sequencing method." PeerJ 7 (October 23, 2019): e7930. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7930.

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The genus Cucurbita comprises many popular vegetable and ornamental plants, including pumpkins, squashes, and gourds, that are highly valued in China as well as in many other countries. During a survey conducted in Zhejiang province, Southeast China in 2016, severe symptoms of viral infection were observed on Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex Lam. Diseased plants showed symptoms such as stunting, mosaicking, Shoe string, blistering, yellowing, leaf deformation, and fruit distortion. Approximately, 50% of Cucurbita crops produced in Jinhua were diseased, causing an estimated yield loss of 35%. In this study, we developed a method using all known virus genomes from the NCBI database as a reference to map small RNAs to develop a diagnostic tool that could be used to diagnose virus diseases of C. maxima. 25 leaf samples from different symptomatic plants and 25 leaf samples from non-symptomatic plants were collected from the experimental field of Jihua National Agricultural Technology Garden for pathogen identification. Small RNAs from each set of three symptomatic and non-symptomatic samples were extracted and sequenced by Illumina sequencing. Twenty-four different viruses were detected in total. However, the majority of the small RNAs were from Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Mixed infections of these three viruses were diagnosed in leaf samples from diseased plants and confirmed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) using primers specific to these three viruses. Crude sap extract from symptomatic leaf samples was mechanically inoculated back into healthy C. maxima plants growing under greenhouse conditions. Inoculated plants developed the same disease symptoms as those observed in the diseased plants and a mixed infection of ZYMV, WMV, and CMV was detected again by RT-PCR, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The diagnostic method developed in this study involves fewer bioinformatics processes than other diagnostic methods, does not require complex settings for bioinformatics parameters, provides a high level of sensitivity to rapidly diagnose plant samples with symptoms of virus diseases and can be performed cheaply. This method therefore has the potential to be widely applied as a diagnostic tool for viruses that have genome information in the NCBI database.

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Guthrie, J. N., D. T. White, K. B. Walsh, and P. T. Scott. "Epidemiology of Phytoplasma-Associated Papaya Diseases in Queensland, Australia." Plant Disease 82, no. 10 (October 1998): 1107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.10.1107.

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Three phytoplasma-related diseases of papaya (Carica papaya), dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic, are recognized within Australia. Immature leaf material was sampled every week for 8 months from a cohort of 60 female plants, located within a commercial papaya plantation, to determine the minimum time between infection and symptom expression. Phytoplasma DNA was detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for phytoplasmas in general, and for the stolbur group of phytoplasmas. The dieback-associated phytoplasma was detected 1 week prior to (four cases) or the same week (nine cases) as symptom expression, while phytoplasma DNA was detected between 3 and 11 weeks prior to expression of mosaic symptom (six cases). Lateral shoot regrowth on the lower stem of plants which had suffered dieback disease failed to generate stolbur-specific PCR products in 15 cases. A dual infection with dieback and yellow crinkle or mosaic was diagnosed in a further two cases, using restriction fragment length polymorphism digests, and both cases were interpreted as secondary infections by the dieback-associated phytoplasma. Regrowth in three of seven cases of yellow crinkle- and three of nine cases of mosaic-affected plants tested positive for phytoplasma-specific DNA. Ratooning of dieback-affected plants and removal of yellow crinkle- or mosaic-affected plants is suggested for the management of these diseases.

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DESVIGNES, J. C. "PEACH LATENT MOSAIC AND ITS RELATION TO PEACH MOSAIC AND PEACH YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS DISEASES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 193 (November 1986): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.193.6.

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Stanković, Ivana, and Branka Krstić. "Virus diseases of Apiaceae." Biljni lekar 48, no. 6 (2020): 567–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2006567s.

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The Apiaceae are a large plant family consisting of approximately 250 genera and over 3,000 species grown worldwide. Its representative vegetables are carrot, parsley, parsnip and celery, as well as some wellknown spice plants such as fennel, anise, caraway, dill, and coriander. Their production is imperiled by numerous pathogens, among which viruses are of great importance. Globally more than 30 viruses are known to affect carrot and other plant species belonging to family Apiaceae. The principal viruses are: Celery mosaic virus (CeMV), Parsnip yellow fleck virus, (PYFV), Carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV) and Carrot mottle virus (CMoV). In Serbia, three viruses are present on carrot and celery: CeMV, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV). The economic importance of viruses infecting umbelliferous has long been recognised due to the foliar symptoms and viral dieback of seedlings. These viruses affect carrot crops only sporadically, but when they do occur they can be devastating. Other umbelliferous viruses are known to occur worlwide, however, their effects are not clear.

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Halvorsen, Matt, Slavé Petrovski, Renée Shellhaas, Yingying Tang, Laura Crandall, David Goldstein, and Orrin Devinsky. "Mosaic mutations in early-onset genetic diseases." Genetics in Medicine 18, no. 7 (December 30, 2015): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.155.

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Širlová, L., J. Vacke, and M. Jokeš. "Characteristics of a potyvirus associated with a mosaic-like disease of yellow oat-grass." Plant Protection Science 40, No. 2 (March 7, 2010): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/462-pps.

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The properties of a new filamentous virus found on yellow oat-grass (suggested name Trisetum flavescens mosaic virus – TFMV) were compared with those of the two potyviruses Oat mosaic virus (OMV) and Oat necrotic mottle virus (ONMV). The latter viruses were chosen because their host range, virus particles and some other characteristics are similar to TFMV. Mechanical transmission of TFMV to some OMV and ONMV host plants, drop precipitation, indirect-ELISA, DAS-ELISA, SSEM and RT-PCR were used in the study. However, there was no proof that TFMV is identical with OMV or ONMV. Avena abyssinica and Bromus mollis were found to be new experimental hosts of TFMV.

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Fresno, J., S. Castro, M. Babin, G. Carazo, A. Molina, C. De Blas, and J. Romero. "Virus Diseases of Broad Bean in Spain." Plant Disease 81, no. 1 (January 1997): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.1.112b.

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Broad bean (Vicia faba L.) plants showing symptoms suggestive of viral infection, such as stunting, leaf roll, mosaic, chlorosis, necrosis, and yellowing, were observed in the Andalucia, Baleares, Cataluna, and Murcia regions of Spain. A 4-year field survey showed the presence of five viruses: bean leaf roll luteovirus (BLRV), beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV), bean yellow mosaic potyvirus (BYMV), tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV). Identity of viruses was first determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confirmed by at least one other method, such as inoculation to plant hosts, electron microscopy, molecular hybridization, or immunocapture-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Of the 250 samples assayed, 93 were positive for BYMV, 21 for BLRV, 10 for BWYV, 30 for TSWV, and 2 for CMV. Faba bean necrotic yellow virus (a single-strand DNA virus) and broad bean mottle bromovirus, which are widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin, were not detected in the samples analyzed. BYMV was distributed in all regions, whereas TSWV was restricted only to Mediterranean areas. To our knowledge, this is the first report of viruses infecting broad bean in Spain.

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Szunics, L., E. Pocsai, Lu Szunics, and G. Vida. "VIRAL DISEASES ON CEREALS IN CENTRAL HUNGARY." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 48, no. 3 (December 1, 2000): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.48.2000.3.3.

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In recent years viral diseases have become more frequent on cereals in Hungary. In the breeding nursery of the Martonvásár Institute, which contains stocks with very diverse genetic backgrounds, wheat suffered major attacks by viruses in 1972, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1996 and 1998. The winter barley plots incurred great damage in 1989 and 1990, while a large proportion of the durum wheat was destroyed in 1996. In 1982 barley yellow dwarf virus caused an epidemic in Fejér County and on many farms the damage was so great that the fields had to be ploughed up. The following nine viruses, which impose a threat to cereals, have been identified in Hungary to date: 1966: barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV), 1984: barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus (BSMV), 1985: wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus (WSMV), 1986: brome mosaic bromovirus (BMV), cocksfoot mottle sobemovirus (CfMV), 1988: wheat dwarf mastrevirus (WDV), 1989: barley yellow mosaic bymovirus (BYMV), 1990: agropyron mosaic rymovirus (AgMV) and ryegrass mosaic rymovirus (RyMV). The most frequent and widespread of these are BYDV and WDV, which are thus able to cause the greatest quantitative and qualitative damage. On the basis of six years’ data (1994–2000), neither BYDV nor WDV could be isolated from 35.7% of 1163 samples exhibiting leaf yellowing and dwarfness. This indicates that other viruses pathogenic to cereals can induce similar symptoms. Among the plants showing symptoms of virus infection, 47.3% were attacked by WDV alone, in proportions ranging from 28.8% in barley to 69.7% in triticale. The degree of infection changed from year to year: WDV was isolated from 0.0% of symptom-exhibiting plants in 1999, from 48.5% in 1997 and from 94.0% in 2000. Barley yellow dwarf virus was only isolated alone from 9.5% of the samples, while it was isolated together with wheat dwarf virus from 7.5% of the samples. Considerable differences were observed between the cereal species: only 5.6% of the durum wheat samples were infected with BYDV, while this figure was 28.1% for oats. There was also a significant year effect. In 1996 triticale was not infected, while in 2000 5.0% of the plants exhibited symptoms and in 1994 45.5% of the plants were hosts to the BYD virus. Under Hungarian conditions all five known serotypes can be found, though in different proportions depending on the cereal species and the year. The most frequent is RPV (27.4%), followed by PAV (26.9%), SGV (15.6%), MAV (15.3%) and RMV (14.8%). In samples collected from oats only the PAV serotype was found. The MAV serotype has never been isolated from triticale. The dominant serotype was RPV (60.7%) in wheat samples, SGV (36.0%) in durum wheat and RMV (29.1%) in barley.

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Melinda Apró, Mária Papp, Eszter Cseh, Richard Gáborjányi, József Horváth, and András Péter Takács. "The virus infection of South-Hungarian corn fields." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 43 (October 30, 2011): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/43/2637.

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The past years cereal diseases, including the virus diseases have been increased in Hungary as well as worldwide. The aim of our work was to survey the virus infection of South Hungarian wheat fields. Leaf samples were collected in Szeged at the experimental farm of Cereal Research Nonprofit Co., in April and Junes of 2009 and 2010. DAS ELISA tests were carried out using Loewe antisera of Brome mosaic virus (BMV), Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV), Brome streak mosaic virus (BStMV), Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), and Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and measured with Labsystem Multiscan RC Elisa reader at 405nm. In the samples of 2009 the Wheat dwarf and Wheat streak mosaic viruses were dominated. It was also significant the appearance of the. Barley yellow dwarf virus. 2010. was favourable for the spread of the virus vectors, therefore the incidence of virus diseases increased.

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Brown, James E., James M. Dangler, Floyd M. Woods, Ken M. Tilt, Michael D. Henshaw, Wallace A. Griffey, and Mark S. West. "Delay in Mosaic Virus Onset and Aphid Vector Reduction in Summer Squash Grown on Reflective Mulches." HortScience 28, no. 9 (September 1993): 895–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.895.

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Silver reflective plastic mulches were compared with conventional bare-ground culture of yellow crookneck summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L. var. melopepo Alef.) for reducing aphids and the following mosaic virus diseases: cucumber mosaic, watermelon mosaic I and II, zucchini yellows mosaic, and squash mosaic. Plants grown on silver plastic mulch produced higher marketable yields than those grown on bare ground. Other colors (white, yellow, and black with yellow edges) of plastic mulch were intermediate in their effects on aphid population and virus disease reduction. Silver reflective mulch alone and silver reflective mulch with insecticide were superior to other colors of plastic mulch in reducing aphid populations. Silver reflective plastic mulch, with or without insecticide, resulted in 10 to 13 days delay in the onset of the mosaic diseases noted.

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Fletcher, J. D., T. J. B. Herman, R. A. Lister, R. C. Butler, and G. R. Travis. "Management of squash mosaic diseases in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 55 (August 1, 2002): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3971.

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Flasinski, S. "Diseases ofPeperomia, Impatiens,andHibbertiaCaused by Cucumber Mosaic Virus." Plant Disease 79, no. 8 (1995): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-79-0843.

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Sanchez-Cuevas, M.-C., and S. G. P. Nameth. "Virus-associated Diseases of Double Petunia: Frequency and Distribution in Ohio Greenhouses." HortScience 37, no. 3 (June 2002): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.3.543.

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Double petunia plants expressing virus-like symptoms were collected in greenhouses and garden centers throughout Ohio in Spring 1997 and 1998 in an effort to determine the frequency and distribution of petunia viruses present in the state. Direct antibody-sandwich and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted with commercial antisera made against 13 viruses, a potyvirus kit capable of detecting 80 different potyviruses, and our antiserum raised against a tobamo-like virus inducing severe mosaic in double petunia. Viral-associated double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) analysis and light microscopy for detection of inclusion bodies were also carried out. ELISA, dsRNA analysis, and light microscopy revealed the presence of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, an unknown tobamo-like petunia virus, tomato ringspot nepovirus, tobacco streak ilarvirus, and tobacco ringspot nepovirus. Tomato aspermy cucumovirus, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus, alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, potato virus X potexvirus, and chrysanthemum B carlavirus were not detected. No potyviruses were identified. A number of plants with virus-like symptoms tested negative for all viruses.

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Zeng, Yuan, Ana Cristina Fulladolsa, Andrew Houser, and Amy O. Charkowski. "Colorado Seed Potato Certification Data Analysis Shows Mosaic and Blackleg are Major Diseases of Seed Potato and Identifies Tolerant Potato Varieties." Plant Disease 103, no. 2 (February 2019): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-18-0484-re.

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Seed potato certification programs aim to limit disease incidence in planting material to levels below a threshold that causes significant losses to seed potato buyers. Records maintained for seed potato certification can be analyzed for trends in seed potato varietal mixture and disease incidences over time. We used logistic regression models to determine effects of year, potato variety, and their interaction on the incidences of potato diseases and disorders based on seed potato certification data collected in Colorado from 2012 to 2016. The effect of seed generation of important varieties on the incidence of common potato diseases was also quantified. Among the documented diseases, mosaic, caused primarily by Potato virus Y, is a persistent problem leading to high percentage of seed lot rejections in both summer and winter inspections, while blackleg, caused by Dickeya spp. and Pectobacterium spp., was a common disease causing summer rejections. The model demonstrated year, potato variety, and their interaction were key factors contributing to incidence of varietal mixture, or one or more potato diseases and disorders. For summer inspections, our models identified 53, 42, and six varieties sensitive to mosaic, blackleg, and leafroll, respectively. There were 17, 15, and six varieties that were tolerant to mosaic, blackleg, and leafroll regardless of pathogen pressures in the environment. For winter inspections, 51 varieties were sensitive to mosaic and three to leafroll, whereas 45 and one were relatively tolerant to mosaic and leafroll. The pattern of seed generation effects of selected potato varieties on mosaic and blackleg incidence was inconsistent across inspection years. In addition, we observed a significant negative correlation between the relative abundance of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and mosaic in winter inspections. Mosaic incidences in summer and leafroll incidences were not influenced by common aphid species captured or total aphids in the valley. These results identify mosaic and blackleg as major causes of seed potato rejections and downgrades, sensitive and tolerant varieties, and provide suggestions for improving integrated crop management practices in Colorado.

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Marcinkowska, J., J. W. Tomala-Bednarek, and M. Schollenberger. "Soybean diseases in Poland." Acta Agrobotanica 35, no. 2 (2013): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1982.021.

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Field observations on the occurrence of soybean diseases were undertaken in the southern and central regions of Poland in the period 1976-1980. Most prevalent were foliage diseases caused by Peronospora manshurica, Pseudomonas syrinqae pv. glycinea and soybean mosaic virus (SMV). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Ascochyta sojaecola were reported as pathogens of local importance. The following pathogenic fungi: Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani were also isolated from soybean.

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Bockus, William W., Erick D. De Wolf, Bikram S. Gill, Douglas J. Jardine, James P. Stack, Robert L. Bowden, Allan K. Fritz, and T. Joe Martin. "Historical Durability of Resistance to Wheat Diseases in Kansas." Plant Health Progress 12, no. 1 (January 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2011-0802-01-rv.

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In Kansas, estimated annual losses from wheat diseases averaged 16% from 1976 through 1988; however, losses have declined to 10% in recent years. This decline is mainly due to emphasis on developing cultivars with resistance to important diseases. Data from annual KSU extension publications were used to track disease ratings over time for individual wheat cultivars to eight diseases to draw inferences on the durability of deployed resistance. The duration of durability of resistance to leaf rust has been short for some cultivars but moderate for others. Conversely, the duration of durability of resistance to stem and stripe rusts has been long, although a recent virulence shift in the stripe rust pathogen indicates only moderate duration. Duration of durability of resistance toward tan spot, Septoria tritici blotch, wheat soilborne mosaic, and wheat spindle streak mosaic has been long. Resistance to wheat streak mosaic has been of long duration in some cultivars but others have shown only moderate duration of durability. The effort by breeders to produce cultivars with resistance to diseases in Kansas has resulted in an annual savings of about $58 million. Just as important as the incorporation of resistance into those cultivars is the moderate to long duration of durability of the resistance contributing to effective management of these diseases. Accepted for publication 22 June 2011. Published 2 August 2011.

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Clough, George H., and Philip B. Hamm. "Transgenic Resistance to Virus Diseases in Squash and Cantaloupe." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 766F—766. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.766f.

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Three transgenic yellow crookneck squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo) and five transgenic cantaloupe (Cucumis melo, Reticulatus group) lines were field-tested in 1993 and 1994, respectively, for resistance to Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus and Watermelon Mosaic Virus II. During both years, non-transgenic plants were inoculated with virus before transplanting to provide a high virus threat to the transgenic plants. Before and after transplanting, serological (ELISA) testing was used to obtain baseline information on transformed plants and to confirm field virus infection. In both years, plant disease development was rated weekly; yield was assessed during 1993. Disease progression, yield, and end-of-season ELISA indicated a significant reduction in frequency of disease incidence in the transgenic lines. Total squash yields did not differ between the transformed and unchanged lines, but the transgenic lines yielded more marketable fruit than the non-transgenic line.

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Hanssen, Inge M., Moshe Lapidot, and Bart P. H. J. Thomma. "Emerging Viral Diseases of Tomato Crops." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 23, no. 5 (May 2010): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-23-5-0539.

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Viral diseases are an important limiting factor in many crop production systems. Because antiviral products are not available, control strategies rely on genetic resistance or hygienic measures to prevent viral diseases, or on eradication of diseased crops to control such diseases. Increasing international travel and trade of plant materials enhances the risk of introducing new viruses and their vectors into production systems. In addition, changing climate conditions can contribute to a successful spread of newly introduced viruses or their vectors and establishment of these organisms in areas that were previously unfavorable. Tomato is economically the most important vegetable crop worldwide and many viruses infecting tomato have been described, while new viral diseases keep emerging. Pepino mosaic virus is a rapidly emerging virus which has established itself as one of the most important viral diseases in tomato production worldwide over recent years. Begomovirus species and other whitefly-transmitted viruses are invading into new areas, and several recently described new viruses such as Tomato torrado virus and new Tospovirus species are rapidly spreading over large geographic areas. In this article, emerging viruses of tomato crops are discussed.

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Meyer, M. D., and J. K. Pataky. "Increased Severity of Foliar Diseases of Sweet Corn Infected with Maize Dwarf Mosaic and Sugarcane Mosaic Viruses." Plant Disease 94, no. 9 (September 2010): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-9-1093.

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Maize dwarf mosaic (MDM), caused by Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) and Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), is an economically important viral disease of sweet corn (Zea mays). MDM is known to increase the severity of fungal root rots and southern corn leaf blight (SCLB). The effect of infection with MDMV-A and SCMV on eight foliar diseases was evaluated on 32 sweet corn hybrids (27 MDM-susceptible hybrids and five MDM-resistant hybrids) in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Virus infection substantially increased the severity of five diseases, including: SCLB, northern corn leaf spot (NCLS), gray leaf spot (GLS), Diplodia leaf streak (DLS), and eyespot. Among MDM-susceptible hybrids, mean severity of SCLB, NCLS, GLS, DLS, and eyespot on virus-infected plants was typically double that of plants that were asymptomatic of viral infection. Three diseases were not substantially increased by MDM, including: common rust, northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), and Stewart's wilt. Virus infection appeared to affect the severity of diseases caused by necrotrophic foliar fungi that colonize mesophyll tissue. MDM did not appear to substantially affect the severity of diseases caused by pathogens that form haustoria or invade the vascular system. The extent to which SCLB severity is increased by MDM in terms of changes in level of host resistance also was determined. For MDM-susceptible hybrids, reactions to SCLB ranged from resistant to moderately susceptible in MDM-free treatments, but each of these hybrids was classified as moderately susceptible to susceptible when infected with MDMV-A and/or SCMV. The results of this experiment demonstrate the importance of breeding for MDM resistance, not only to control this important viral disease of sweet corn, but also to lower the potential for detrimental effects from several other foliar diseases that often are of minor importance on sweet corn in the absence of MDM.

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Pasberg-Gauhl, C., B. E. Lockhart, and S. Duran. "First Outbreak of Banana Streak Badnavirus Infection in Commercial Export Bananas in Costa Rica." Plant Disease 84, no. 10 (October 2000): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1152c.

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Banana streak badnavirus (BSV) is the most widely occurring virus in banana and plantain (1) but has not been reported to be a significant problem in commercial export bananas. In early 1999, the first severe outbreak of BSV infection in commercial export bananas (Musa AAA cv. Grand Nain) was recorded at Siquirres on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. Disease incidence in the plantation was 60% and symptoms included foliar chlorotic streaks, stunting of plants, splitting and internal necrosis of pseudostems and fruits, cigar leaf necrosis, and bunch emergence through the pseudostem. Diseased plants within a 0.8 ha area were eliminated to prevent possible further spread of the disease. The presence of BSV in diseased plants was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunosorbent electron microscopy (1). Cucumber mosaic virus and Banana mild mosaic virus, which also occur in banana and plantain in Latin America (2), were not detected in the plants tested. Other recent accounts of BSV occurrence in commercial banana plantations in South America (our unpublished results) suggest that BSV occurrence in export bananas may be more significant than previously thought. References: (1) F. Gauhl et al. Int. J. Pest Management 45:167, 1991. (2) D. R. Jones, ed. 1999. Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, U.K.

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Dhaliwal, Sandeep Kaur, Satwinder Kaur Dhillon, B. S. Gill, Asmita Sirari, Anita Rani, and Roopan Dhillon. "Combining the null Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and yellow mosaic disease resistance in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 57, No. 1 (January 7, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2020-cjgpb.

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For the wide adoption of soybean varieties, it is desirable, that they are Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (Kti) free and resistant to yellow mosaic disease (YMD). The soybean variety SL525 with YMD resistance was crossed with the YMD susceptible variety NRC101 with a null kti allele. The F5 progeny derived from the cross was screened with two simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (satt409 and satt322) linked with the null kti allele and the YMD resistance, respectively, and one null kti allele-specific marker. The presence of both desirable traits was further confirmed with the phenotypic data which showed good correlation with the genotypic data. The yield potential of fourteen such identified genotypes having both desirable traits was either at par or superior to SL525, hence, represent improved versions of SL 525.

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Mehra, NarinderK. "Mosaic of autoimmunity: The novel factors of autoimmune diseases." Indian Journal of Medical Research 151, no. 6 (2020): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1491_19.

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Graça, Telmo, Marta G. Silva, Alla S. Kostyukova, and Guy H. Palmer. "Structural Basis for Recombinatorial Permissiveness in the Generation of Anaplasma marginale Msp2 Antigenic Variants." Infection and Immunity 84, no. 10 (July 11, 2016): 2740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00391-16.

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Sequential expression of outer membrane protein antigenic variants is an evolutionarily convergent mechanism used by bacterial pathogens to escape host immune clearance and establish persistent infection. Variants must be sufficiently structurally distinct to escape existing immune effectors yet retain the core structural elements required for localization and function within the outer membrane. We examined this balance usingAnaplasma marginale, which generates antigenic variants in the outer membrane protein Msp2 using gene conversion. The overwhelming majority of Msp2 variants expressed during long-term persistent infection are mosaics, derived by recombination of oligonucleotide segments from multiple alleles to form unique hypervariable regions (HVR). As a result, the mosaics are not under long-term selective pressure to encode a functional protein; consequently, we hypothesized that the Msp2 HVR is structurally permissive for mosaic expression. Using an integrated approach of predictive modeling with determination of the native Msp2 protein structure and function, we demonstrate that structured elements, most notably, β-sheets, are significantly concentrated in the highly conserved N- and C-terminal domains. In contrast, the HVR is overwhelmingly a random coil, with the structured α-helices and β-sheets being confined to the genomically defined structural tethers that separate the antigenically variable microdomains. This structure is supported by the surface exposure of the HVR microdomains and the slow diffusion-type porin function in native Msp2. Importantly, the predominance of the random coil provides plasticity for the formation of functional HVR mosaics and realization of the full potential of segmental gene conversion to dramatically expand the variant repertoire.

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Adama, C. J., M. T. Salaudeen, L. Y. Bello, C. O. Anyaoha, and A. A. Abdullahi. "Susceptibility of ten pepper breeding lines to cucumber mosaic virus disease." Agrosearch 19, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v19i2.6.

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Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a major vegetable of global importance. Its production is however affected by varying biotic and abiotic stresses. Virus infections possess a genuine danger to pepper cultivation in Nigeria and all over the world resulting in over 50 % yield losses. Thus, the need to subject available pepper germplasm to screening against virus diseases for possible identification of resistant genes which may be used in breeding programmes to obtain improved lines that are high yielding. This study was undertaken to evaluate the growth and performances of ten pepper breeding lines under cucumber mosaic virus disease. The experiment was laid out in completely randomised design with five replications. Ten pepper breeding lines were evaluated as healthy and inoculated with cucumber mosaic virus and evaluated for their responses. Data were recorded for disease incidence, severity, growth and yield attributes. The data were subjected to analysis of variance. The results revealed that NHPK/D6-1-1 which showed mild disease incidence (36.7 % on average) with an average severity (score = 2.2), produced the highest number of leaves per plant (13) and branches (8) under diseased condition was the least vulnerable. The CMV-infected breeding lines were fruitless except for NHPK/D6-1-1 and NHPK/21-4-1-2 which produced an average of 2 fruits per plant. The selection of NHPK/D6-1-1 and NHPK/21-4-1-2 for further evaluation is therefore recommended for possible CMV-tolerant genes. The identification of virus-resistant breeding lines would provide more effective control of virus diseases in pepper production. Keywords: Capsicum annuum; Cucumber mosaic virus; Breeding lines; NHPK

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Liu, B., DT White, KB Walsh, and PT Scott. "Detection of phytoplasmas in dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic diseases of papaya using polymerase chain reaction techniques." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 3 (1996): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960387.

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Oligonucleotide primers complementary to regions specific to plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms (phytoplasmas) were used in polymerase chain reactions on tissue samples from dieback, yellow crinkle, and mosaic affected papaya plants. The primer pair P068/P069, which hybridise to internal regions of the 16s rRNA gene, amplified an approximately 560 bp product in dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic affected papaya. The primer pair P3/P7, which hybridise to the spacer region between the 16s and 23s rRNA genes, amplified an approximately 300 bp fragment in yellow crinkle and mosaic affected papaya, with no product from dieback affected plants. No PCR product was obtained with either set of primers from healthy plants. An identical Alu I restriction enzyme profile was obtained with all three 560 bp products. This study provides the first evidence for the association of phytoplasmas with papaya mosaic and Australian papaya dieback.

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Wang, Ziyi, Achal Neupane, Jiuhuan Feng, Connor Pedersen, and Shin-Yi Lee Marzano. "Direct Metatranscriptomic Survey of the Sunflower Microbiome and Virome." Viruses 13, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091867.

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Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) are susceptible to multiple diseases in field production. In this study, we collected diseased sunflower leaves in fields located in South Dakota, USA, for virome investigation. The leaves showed visible symptoms on the foliage, indicating phomopsis and rust infections. To identify the viruses potentially associated with the disease diagnosed, symptomatic leaves were obtained from diseased plants. Total RNA was extracted corresponding to each disease diagnosed to generate libraries for paired-end high throughput sequencing. Short sequencing reads were assembled de novo and the contigs with similarities to viruses were identified by aligning against a custom protein database. We report the discovery of two novel mitoviruses, four novel partitiviruses, one novel victorivirus, and nine novel totiviruses based on similarities to RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and capsid proteins. Contigs similar to bean yellow mosaic virus and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus were also detected. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of direct metatranscriptomics discovery of viruses associated with fungal infections of sunflowers bypassing culturing. These newly discovered viruses represent a natural genetic resource from which we can further develop potential biopesticide to control sunflower diseases.

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Lu, Guilong, Zhoutao Wang, Fu Xu, Yong-Bao Pan, Michael P. Grisham, and Liping Xu. "Sugarcane Mosaic Disease: Characteristics, Identification and Control." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091984.

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Mosaic is one of the most important sugarcane diseases, caused by single or compound infection of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), and/or Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV). The compound infection of mosaic has become increasingly serious in the last few years. The disease directly affects the photosynthesis and growth of sugarcane, leading to a significant decrease in cane yield and sucrose content, and thus serious economic losses. This review covers four aspects of sugarcane mosaic disease management: first, the current situation of sugarcane mosaic disease and its epidemic characteristics; second, the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of the three viruses; third, the identification methods of mosaic and its pathogen species; and fourth, the prevention and control measures for sugarcane mosaic disease and potential future research focus. The review is expected to provide scientific literature and guidance for the effective prevention and control of mosaic through resistance breeding in sugarcane.

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Yekhalov, V. V., K. V. Mizyakina, C. I. Barannik, and K. V. Chekha. "CLINICAL AND MOSAIC THINKING IN INTERN DOCTORS SPECIALIZED IN DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 18, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.18.4.111.

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One of the key requirements of the modern medical science is the ability to build a chain of actions from the current position to the goal set. The building of such chains needs "sustained" thinking. In the modern society, there is a persistent tendency towards the fragmentary presentation and perception of information with clear focus rather on its quantity than on its quality. Mosaic thinking impedes contextual understanding. The aim of the study is to assess the propagation effect of "mosaic thinking" among students and interns, depending on the focused specialization; to identify the causes, negative and positive features of replacing the "sustained” thinking with "mosaic" one; to identify and improve the adaptive elements of teaching in graduate and postgraduate higher medical education. An anonymous survey was conducted for 200 students of the 5-6th year of study and interns specialized in diseases of nervous system and (to compare with) in general medicine using the M.B. Litvinova survey technique. The findings indicate a tendency toward developing “mosaic” thinking within the students’ community, while intern doctors demonstrate an increased proportion of the respondents demonstrating “sustained” thinking. This can probably be explained by the conscious exposure of young colleagues to the basics of the specialty. The "sustained" thinking prevails in the group of interns specialized in diseases of nervous system that can be explained by more focused specialization and more rapid engagement into the future profession.

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USUGI, Tomio, Shoji YAMAMOTO, and Tsuneo TSUCHIZAKI. "Morphology, host range and serological properties of citrus mosaic virus causing mosaic diseases in Satsuma mandarins." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 52, no. 2 (1986): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.52.349.

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Rey, Chrissie, and Hervé Vanderschuren. "Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases: Current Perspectives and Beyond." Annual Review of Virology 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 429–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041913.

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Emad, Al Dalain, A. Bysov, O. Shevchenko, T. Shevchenko, and V. Polischuk. "Several viral diseases of Lycopersicon esculentum circulating in Ukraine." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 68, no. 3 (2014): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2014.68.96-98.

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This paper describes detection of some typical plant viruses infecting Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. plants in Ukraine. Diagnostics using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed presence of antigens of viruses belonging to Tobamovirus (PMMoV, ToMV), Cucumovirus (CMV) and Tobravirus (TRV) genera in sap of tomato plants. When studying viral diseases of tomatoes, monoinfection was shown to be prevalent. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) was most common.

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Dawson, William O. "Tobacco mosaic virus virulence and avirulence." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1383 (March 29, 1999): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0416.

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In celebration of a century of research on tobacco mosaic virus that initiated the science of virology, I review recent progress relative to earlier contributions concerning how viruses cause diseases of plants and how plants defend themselves from viruses.

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Yang, Zongtao, Meng Dong, Guangyuan Cheng, Shuxian Liu, Hai Zhang, Heyang Shang, Yingshuan Zhou, et al. "Selective Interaction of Sugarcane eIF4E with VPgs from Sugarcane Mosaic Pathogens." Viruses 13, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13030518.

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Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) plays a key role in the infection of potyviruses in susceptible plants by interacting with viral genome-linked protein (VPg). Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production is threatened by mosaic disease caused by Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), and Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV). In this study, two eIF4Es and their isoform eIF(iso)4E and 4E-binding protein coding genes were cloned from sugarcane cultivar ROC22 and designated SceIF4Ea, SceIF4Eb, SceIF(iso)4E, and ScnCBP, respectively. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed different expression profiles of these four genes upon SCMV challenge. A subcellular localization assay showed that SceIF4Ea, SceIF4Eb, SceIF(iso)4E, and ScnCBP were distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays showed that SceIF4Ea/b and SceIF(iso)4E were selectively employed by different sugarcane mosaic pathogens, i.e., SCMV-VPg interacted with SceIF4Ea/b and SceIF(iso)4E, SrMV-VPg interacted with both SceIF4Eb and SceIF(iso)4E, and SCSMV-VPg interacted only with SceIF(iso)4E. Intriguingly, the BiFC assays, but not the Y2H assays, showed that ScnCBP interacted with the VPgs of SCMV, SrMV, and SCSMV. Competitive interaction assays showed that SCMV-VPg, SrMV-VPg, and SCMV-VPg did not compete with each other to interact with SceIF(iso)4E, and SceIF(iso)4E competed with SceIF4Eb to interact with SrMV-VPg but not SCMV-VPg. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of sugarcane mosaic pathogen infection of sugarcane plants and benefits sugarcane breeding against the sugarcane mosaic disease.

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Blyuss, Konstantin B., Fahad Al Basir, Victoria A. Tsygankova, Liudmyla O. Biliavska, Galyna O. Iutynska, Serhii N. Kyrychko, Serhii V. Dziuba, Olexandr I. Tsyliuryk, and Olexandr O. Izhboldin. "Control of mosaic disease using microbial biostimulants: insights from mathematical modelling." Ricerche di Matematica 69, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11587-020-00508-6.

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AbstractA major challenge to successful crop production comes from viral diseases of plants that cause significant crop losses, threatening global food security and the livelihoods of countries that rely on those crops for their staple foods or source of income. One example of such diseases is a mosaic disease of plants, which is caused by begomoviruses and is spread to plants by whitefly. In order to mitigate negative impact of mosaic disease, several different strategies have been employed over the years, including roguing/replanting of plants, as well as using pesticides, which have recently been shown to be potentially dangerous to the environment and humans. In this paper we derive and analyse a mathematical model for control of mosaic disease using natural microbial biostimulants that, besides improving plant growth, protect plants against infection through a mechanism of RNA interference. By analysing the stability of the system’s steady states, we will show how properties of biostimulants affect disease dynamics, and in particular, how they determine whether the mosaic disease is eradicated or is rather maintained at some steady level. We will also present the results of numerical simulations that illustrate the behaviour of the model in different dynamical regimes, and discuss biological implications of theoretical results for the practical purpose of control of mosaic disease.

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Gaspareto, Karine Vieira, Flávia Myrian Martins de Almeida Mello, José Ricardo Colleti Dias, Vera Alice Fernandes Meneguetti, Marta Evelyn Giansante Storti, João Leandro de Paula Ferreira, André Minhoto Lança, et al. "Genetic diversity and primary resistance among HIV-1-positive patients from Maringá, Paraná, Brazil." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 54, no. 4 (August 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652012000400005.

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The objective of this study is to identify subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to analyze the presence of mutations associated to antiretroviral resistance in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions from 48 HIV-1 positive treatment naïve patients from an outpatient clinic in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Sequencing was conducted using PR, partial RT and group-specific antigen gene (gag) nested PCR products from retrotranscribed RNA. Transmitted resistance was determined according to the Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutation List (SDRM) algorithm. Phylogenetic and SimPlot analysis of concatenated genetic segments classified sequences as subtype B 19/48 (39.6%), subtype C 12/48 (25%), subtype F 4/48 (8.3%), with 13/48 (27.1%) recombinant forms. Most recombinant forms were B mosaics (B/F 12.5%, B/C 10.4%), with one C/F (2.1%) and one complex B/C/F mosaic (2.1%). Low levels of transmitted resistance were found in this study, 2/48 (2.1% to NRTIs and 2.1% for PI). This preliminary data may subsidize the monitoring of the HIV evolution in the region.

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Ilbağı, Havva, Frank Rabenstein, Antje Habekuss, Frank Ordon, and Ahmet Çıtır. "Incidence of virus diseases in maize fields in the Trakya region of Turkey." Phytoprotection 87, no. 3 (May 29, 2007): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015853ar.

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Abstract A survey on maize virus diseases was conducted in the Trakya region of Turkey by examining 32 496 and 46 871 plants in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Rates of symptomatic plants were estimated at 3.7 to 63.6%, depending on locations. Biological and serological test results revealed the presence of barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV), maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), and Johnson grass mosaic virus (JGMV). One hundred forty-two samples were collected randomly from 6492 symptomatic plants in 2004. Seventy-two out of the 142 samples were infected with MDMV, two were infected with BYDV-PAV, 19 with MDMV and BYDV-PAV, two with MDMV, BYDV-PAV and SCMV, and only one sample contained the four viruses. In 2005, 100 other leaf samples were collected randomly from 11 739 symptomatic maize plants. Serological tests revealed that 50% of the samples were infected with MDMV and SCMV; however, five showed mixed infections of two or three combinations of tested viruses. Individual MDMV, SCMV, BYDV-PAV and JGMV infections were detected in five, three, two and four samples, respectively. Presence of MDMV was confirmed by Western blot analysis and IC-RT-PCR. SCMV was also detected by IC-RT-PCR. This is the first study reporting the detection of SCMV and JGMV on maize plants in Turkey.

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AYO-JOHN, Emily Ibitaiyewa, Patience Mojibade OLORUNMAIYE, Olusola O. ODEDARA, Olusayo B. DADA, Kolade O. ABIOLA, and John Oladeji OLADOKUN. "Assessment of Field-Grown Cucurbit Crops and Weeds within Farms in South-West Nigeria for Viral Diseases." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb639315.

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Cucurbits are economic crops in Nigeria which serve as additional nutritional supplements and also good sources of income for farmers. Viral diseases are a worldwide problem of cucurbits and a major limiting factor for cucurbit production. A survey of farmer’s fields where cucurbit crops were grown was carried out to assess the incidence and severity of virus symptoms and viruses associated with the crops and weeds in selected locations in Ogun and Osun, in southwest Nigeria, in June, 2012. In all, 38 leaf samples were collected in Ogun state and 52 in Osun state from cucurbit crops and weeds. Leaf samples were tested against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV),Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) using Double Antibody Sandwich (DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the fields surveyed had virus symptom incidences of 100% except for melon fields in Osun state with incidences of between 10 and 30%. In Ogun state, the occurrence of CMV was 5/31 (16.1%) while MNSV was detected in Lagenaria siceraria and T. occidentalis and it occurred in 6.5% of the leaf samples. In Osun state, CMV was detected in watermelon, melon and weeds found in all locations surveyed. The occurrence of CMV was 9/38 (23.7%) in the cucurbit crops and in 78.6% (11/14) of the weeds. PRSV and WMV also occurred in mixed infection with CMV in 7.1% respectively. CMV was the most widespread and prevalent virus infecting cucurbit crops and weeds.Cucurbits are economic crops in Nigeria which serve as additional nutritional supplements and also good sources of income for farmers. Viral diseases are a worldwide problem of cucurbits and a major limiting factor for cucurbit production. A survey of farmer’s fields where cucurbit crops were grown was carried out to assess the incidence and severity of virus symptoms and viruses associated with the crops and weeds in selected locations in Ogun and Osun, in southwest Nigeria, in June, 2012. In all, 38 leaf samples were collected in Ogun state and 52 in Osun state from cucurbit crops and weeds. Leaf samples were tested against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) using Double Antibody Sandwich (DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All the fields surveyed had virus symptom incidences of 100% except for melon fields in Osun state with incidences of between 10 and 30%. In Ogun state, the occurrence of CMV was 5/31 (16.1%) while MNSV was detected in Lagenaria siceraria and T. occidentalis and it occurred in 6.5% of the leaf samples. In Osun state, CMV was detected in watermelon, melon and weeds found in all locations surveyed. The occurrence of CMV was 9/38 (23.7%) in the cucurbit crops and in 78.6% (11/14) of the weeds. PRSV and WMV also occurred in mixed infection with CMV in 7.1% respectively. CMV was the most widespread and prevalent virus infecting cucurbit crops and weeds.

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Guimarães, Rejane L., and Hector E. Flores. "Tropaeolum Mosaic Potyvirus (TropMV) Reduces Yield of Andean Mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum) Accessions." HortScience 40, no. 5 (August 2005): 1405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1405.

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Quechua farmers have cultivated mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavon) and other tuber crops for thousands of years. The practice of trading seed tubers may have contributed to dispersal of viral diseases, such as the tropaeolum mosaic virus (TropMV). We surveyed 17 accessions of mashua collected from Quechua farmers in the provinces of Cuzco and Ayacucho, Peru. Most cross-reacted with the TropMV antibody and showed viral disease symptoms. Significant differences were observed between accessions from Cuzco and Ayacucho, with respect to virus infection and tuber yield under greenhouse conditions. Of the accessions from Cuzco, 87% displayed viral symptoms, while only 22% from Ayacucho showed symptoms. Fewer tubers from Cuzco generated mature plants. In turn, those mature plants produced lower tuber yields. The practice of trading seed tubers may be advantageous for promoting crop diversity but can be harmful when diseased seed tubers are being traded. A program to generate and distribute virus-free seed tubers among Andean farmers would contribute to higher crop yields while preserving local customs and crop diversity.

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Pavan Kumar, Bapatla Kesava, S. Kanakala, V. G. Malathi, P. Gopal, and R. Usha. "Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of yellow mosaic diseased soybean." Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 26, no. 2 (November 8, 2016): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-016-0385-3.

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Гринько, Н. Н. "Антоциан–пигментированные геноресурсы Lactuca sativa L. ВИР: источники групповой устойчивости к фитопатогенам." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, no. 1 (2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-24.

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Immunological screening of anthocyanin-pigmented lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) from the world collection of VIR identified genotypes with group resistance to economically significant diseases: yellow mosaic (potivirus Lettuce mosaic virus), fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucum J. C. Hubb. & Gerik), gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) and anthracnose (Marssonina pannatoniana (Berl.) Magn.) in the conditions of the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar region.

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Sohrab, S. S., B. Mandal, R. P. Pant, and A. Varma. "First Report of Association of Tomato leaf curl virus-New Delhi with Yellow Mosaic Disease of Luffa cylindrica in India." Plant Disease 87, no. 9 (September 2003): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.9.1148a.

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Sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica), an important cucurbitaceous vegetable in India, is affected by a disease (2) causing yellow spots on newly emerged leaves, mosaic, mild leaf curling and distortion, small leaves, and misshapen fruits. Nearly 100% of sponge gourd plants were symptomatic in Delhi. Geminivirus-like particles were observed with electron microscopy of uranyl acetate-stained leaf-dip preparations of the diseased plants collected from experimental fields at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in New Delhi during May and June of 2002. The virus was transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) to sponge and ridge gourd (L. acutangula) after an acquisition and inoculation access period of 24 h each. Whitefly-inoculated plants produced typical yellow mosaic symptoms and contained geminate particles. Nucleic acid extracted from the field-infected and experimentally infected plants hybridized with 32P-labeled probe to DNA-A of Indian cassava mosaic virus, suggesting association of a begomovirus. The viral DNA, isolated by the alkali denaturation method (1) from the experimentally infected sponge gourd plants, was cloned in pBS SK+ at the EcoRI site. A clone with an insert of 2,658 bp was sequenced (GenBank Accession Nos. AJ557219, AJ555488, and AY309957) which shared 89.6 to 95.1% identity with the DNA-A of different strains of Tomato leaf curl virus-New Delhi (ToLCV-NDe). The highest sequence identity (95.1%) was with the severe strain of ToLCV-NDe (GenBank Accession No. U15015). The data suggest that the begomovirus associated with the yellow mosaic disease of L. cylindrica in India is a putative strain of ToLCV-NDe. Reference: (1) K. M. Srivastava et al. J. Virol. Methods 51:297, 1995. (2) A. Varma and B. K. Giri. Virus diseases. Pages 225–245 in: Cucurbits. N. M. Nayar and T. A More, eds. Oxford and IBH Publishing House Private Ltd., New Delhi, India, 1998.

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Lapaz, Allan de Marcos, Lucas Aparecido Manzani Lisboa, Ronaldo da Silva Viana, Lucas Ferreira, Camila Hatsu Pereira Yoshida, Jailson Vieira Aguilar, Sérgio Bispo Ramos, Valter Alves Pradela, Artur Bernardeli Nicolai, and Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo. "Alterations in Leaf Ultrastructure in Varieties of Sugarcane Infected by Diseases." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 11 (July 31, 2019): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n11p223.

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Given the importance of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases in agriculture and their impact on crop yields, this study evaluated leaf ultrastructural changes in sugarcane varieties infected by these diseases, aiming to find morphological responses that may be associated to the decline of sugarcane yield. Three independent experiments were carried out with sugarcane varieties. In the three experiments, a randomised block design was used with 10 replications. The treatments consisted of the following diseases: mosaic from infection of variety SP86-155 by SCMV (experiment 1); stunting from infection with bacterium Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli and smut from infection with fungus Sporisorium scitamineum (formally called Ustilago scitaminea) in the variety SP70-3370 (experiment 2); and scald from infection of variety SP78-5495 by bacterium Xanthomonas albilineans (experiment 3). The ultrastructural parameters were evaluated: mesophyll thickness, xylem diameter, phloem beam diameter, epidermal thickness of the adaxial face, epidermal thickness of the abaxial face, cuticle thickness of the adaxial face and cuticle thickness of the abaxial face. Healthy plants were controls for the three experiments. Sugarcane plants with mosaic, stunting, smut and scald diseases show deleterious changes in leaf ultrastructure.

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Burrows, Mary, Carla Thomas, Neil McRoberts, Richard M. Bostock, Len Coop, and James Stack. "Coordination of Diagnostic Efforts in the Great Plains: Wheat Virus Survey and Modeling of Disease Onset." Plant Disease 100, no. 6 (June 2016): 1037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-15-0467-fe.

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Following the discovery of two new wheat virus diseases in the United States, the Great Plains region (Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming) of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) initiated a project to measure the prevalence of five wheat diseases using indirect ELISA. Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV), and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV) were found in all nine states. WSMV was the most prevalent, averaging 23 to 47% of samples each year. TriMV and WMoV were detected with WSMV (in up to 76% of the samples). All three mite-transmitted viruses were present in 26% or fewer of the samples. Aphid-transmitted viruses in the barley yellow dwarf complex Barley yellow dwarf virus, and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV were less frequent (fewer than 65% of the samples). This paper presents the first case-control methodology paper using plant diagnostic laboratory data and the first signed diagnostic data-sharing agreement between the NPDN and its regulatory stakeholders. Samples collected when <700 cumulative degree-days base 0°C, were twice as likely to be virus negative. This proof-of-concept effort highlights the potential of the NPDN and its National Data Repository to develop knowledge about emerging diseases.

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SEVIK, Mehmet Ali, and Cemile AKCUCURA. "Occurrence of Cucumber mosaic virus Infecting Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in Turkey." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 39, no. 1 (May 30, 2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha3915598.

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Parsley plants are grown throughout Turkey as summer and winter crops. Diseased plants having typical of a virus infection such as mosaic, mottling, and leaf distortion symptoms were frequently observed in most of the parsley fields and vegetable public markets in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey in 2010. Using double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was detected on the diseased parsley plants. However, using farmers and commercial seed lots, CMV was not detected in seeds or germinating seedlings.

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Atiri, G. I., F. O. Ogbe, A. G. O. Dixon, S. Winter, and O. Ariyo. "Status of Cassava Mosaic Virus Diseases and CassavaBegomovirusesin Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 24, no. 3 (July 6, 2004): 5–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j064v24n03_03.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mosiac diseases'

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