Journal articles on the topic 'Mortgage guarantee insurance Australia'

This paper investigates some of the risk and insurance issues related to the subprime mortgage crisis. The discussion takes place in a discrete-time framework with a subprime investing bank being considered to be regret and risk averse before and during the mortgage crisis, respectively. In particular, we investigate the bank's investment choices related to risky subprime structured mortgage products and riskless treasuries. We conclude that if the bank takes regret into account, it will be exposed to higher risk when the difference between the expected returns on subprime structured mortgage products and treasuries is small. However, there is low-risk exposure when this difference is high. Furthermore, we assess how regret can influence the bank's view of a rate of return guarantee from monoline insurers. We find that before the crisis, regret decreased the investment bank's preparedness to forfeit on returns when its structured product portfolio was considered to be safe. Alternatively, risk- and regret-averse banks forfeit the same returns when their structured mortgage product portfolio is considered to be risky. We illustrate the aforementioned findings about structured mortgage products and monoline insurance via appropriate examples.

This study aims to examine the issue of the lawsuit for canceling the execution of credit guarantee auctions that are burdened with mortgage rights in the Boyolali District Court Decision Number 64/Pdt.G/2018/PN Byl. Reviewing Judges' Considerations in Deciding Cases on Claims for Cancellation of Execution of Mortgage Auctions. Reviewing the Legal Consequences of Lawsuits for Cancellation of Execution of Mortgage Auctions. This research is a normative juridical research. This research focuses on document or library research which essentially looks for theories, views that have correlation and are relevant to the problems to be studied. The results of the study concluded that the lawsuit for the cancellation of the execution of the credit guarantee auction that was burdened with mortgage rights in the Boyolali District Court Decision Number: 64/Pdt. G/2018/PN Byl, which starts with the provision of Local Credit Facilities (Current Accounts) with a credit limit not exceeding IDR 1,700,000,000.00 (one billion seven hundred million rupiah), based on Credit Agreement No. 125/PK/KRED/SLA/2008 dated October 13, 2008, and has been amended and updated several times, most recently by Amendment to Credit Agreement No. 145/AD/KRED/SLA/2015 dated October 6, 2015, and has been extended several times, most recently with the Notification of Extension of Period No. 145/AD/KRED/SLA/2015. 00118/SLA/SPPJ/2017 dated October 12, 2017. However, during the credit agreement period, the Plaintiff defaulted because he did not make installments every month, so Defendant I had given warning letters 3 times, therefore Defendant I through Defendant II carried out an auction execution of the object of credit guarantee that had been registered with the Mortgage Rights. The judge's consideration in deciding the lawsuit for the cancellation of the execution of the mortgage auction that was burdened with Mortgage was based on the exception of Defendant I and the evidence presented at the trial, which showed that the auction of the execution of the mortgage on the Collateral Object had been carried out in accordance with Article 22 PMK No. 27/PMK.06/2016, namely by the Class I Auction Officer at the Surakarta KPKNL is legally valid. The legal consequences of the Boyolali District Court Decision Number: 64/Pdt. G/2018/PN Byl that the auction of Mortgage Execution conducted by Defendant I and Defendant II of the collateral that is guaranteed by the credit agreement through the Surakarta State Property and Auction Service Intermediary Office (KPKNL) is legal according to law. The legal consequence for the Plaintiff is the obligation to pay court fees.

If observed, the provisions of Article 32 paragraph (1) of the PP on Land Registration have weaknesses, where the state does not guarantee the truth of the physical data and juridical data presented and there is no guarantee for the certificate owner because at any time they will get a lawsuit from other parties who feel aggrieved over issuance of certificate. And if it turns out that in the future the land rights are disputed and the mortgage giver is declared not as the person / party entitled to the land, which will thus have implications for the mortgage that burdens the land rights. This study aims to find out the legal consequences of canceling a certificate of ownership of land that is being encumbered by Mortgage at the Land Office of Palembang City and to find out the legal protection for separate creditors as holders of Mortgage on the canceled land title certificate. The approach method used in writing this law is sociological juridical which means carried out with observation steps carried out in accordance with the formulation of the problem, collecting data from literature or doctrinal research from secondary materials and interviews and to find out the problems being researched which in this case relates to the object. study. The research problem is analyzed with the theory of authority, the theory of legal certainty, and the theory of legal protection. The results of the study indicate that the legal consequences of canceling the certificate of ownership of land that are being encumbered with Mortgage Rights, namely the change in the position of the creditor, which was originally located as a preferred creditor which has material rights, then is located as a concurrent creditor who has individual rights. Legal protection for creditors for the abolition of the object of mortgage can be obtained with preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection. Preventive legal protection is legal protection that is preventive in nature, that is, it can be through an agreement by including a clause regarding the replacement of the dependent object with other objects owned by the debtor in the event of the elimination of the right to the dependent object that is burdened with the mortgage.

Farmland management right mortgages (FMRMs) are emerging land financing products in China. However, the development of FMRMs and farmers’ demands for them are poorly understood. This study applied an in-the-field choice experiment of 1815 farmers, conducted in China, to examine farmers’ demands for FMRMs and explore their heterogeneous preferences regarding the attributes of FMRMs. Results from the random parameters logit model suggest that farmers are interest-rate sensitive and willing to pay for FMRM products that use farmland management rights as the sole collateral, enabling amortization, and without insurance and guarantee requirements. Results from the latent class model further suggest that guarantee takers strongly prefer lump-sum repayments and are more inclined to select insurance and guarantees relative to their counterparts, while guarantee averters strongly prefer to pay off loans with amortization and have positive propensities to purchase insurance. Moreover, female farmers with high education levels, entity identities, and loan experiences are more willing to pay off their loans at once and purchase insurance. Our findings provide insight into the roles of financial product attributes and borrowers’ characteristics in their demand for FMRMs. It may facilitate the design of optimal portfolios and adoption incentives for land mortgage products.

In the General Explanation of Mortgage Law (UUHT) it is stated that there are two absolute elements of land rights that can be used as mortgage objects, one of which is that the right in accordance with applicable provisions shall be registered at the Land Office. Thus, every Mortgage Object shall be registered and have a land title certificate. Nevertheless, on land having not been certified, Mortgage Rights may also be charged as long as the grant is carried out at the same time as the application for registration of the land rights in question. The problem is how to carry out the registration of mortgage rights on uncertified land and what are the legal consequences of granting mortgage rights to uncertified land rights? This study uses a juridical-empirical research method. There are two types of data used, such as primary and secondary data. The encumbrance of Mortgage Rights on land having not been certified has never been carried out by banks by making a Deed of Encumbrance of Mortgage Rights (APHT) directly. Banks are only limited to making a Power of Attorney to Charge Mortgage (SKMHT) only. The consideration for not making APHT for land that has not been registered is because the ownership of the titles to the land is not yet clear. In practice, Notaries/Land Deed Officials always make SKMHT in accordance with Article 15 (4) UUHT to bind collateral for land that has not been certified. This is an obstacle because the certification process takes more than 3 months, even a year. In dealing with problems in the form of unpaid loans with uncertified land collateral, while the debtor has died and left an heir, then there are several ways of settling the bank, such as: if the credit is due, then the payment is taken over by credit insurance. If the credit has matured and the credit insurance has expired, it will be billed until it is paid off to the heirs in a family manner by offering interest relief on the loan, asking the heirs concerned to make an underhand sale of the object of the guarantee.

The process of granting credit with the guarantee of Mortgage Rights experienced many obstacles, one of which is the cancellation of credit agreement due to a lawsuit from a third party. Examples of problems that will researchers take is a case between PT PNM as creditor and Erlinawati as a debtor. Erlinawati applied for credit to PT PNM and pledged SHM No. 1716 without her husband's agreement, Bagus Satriya. As time went by, Erlinawati could not fulfill its obligations as stipulated in the credit agreement, and then PT PNM sent a warning letter to Erlinawati. Good people who know the land and buildings of his property are used as a direct guarantee to file a lawsuit to the Blora District Court. The Blora District Court ruled that credit agreements and Deed of Mortgage Rights (APHT) are invalid and null and void. So far the legal protection for debtors who have sued from the other party on the guarantee given by the creditor has not been regulated specially in the legislation. The law only regulates bad debts and debt repayment through the execution process stipulated in the Law on Banking and Insurance Rights Act. Legal protection that creditor can use when obtaining a lawsuit from a third party is by using the general guarantees provided for in Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code.

The growing number of distressed banks in Nigeria and the recognition of mortgage valuation as a measure of investment performance of collaterals to mitigate the risks of loan underwriting process necessitates this study. It examined whether open market valuations of mortgage properties were a good proxies for their sale prices. Pooled data, involving 121 open market sales during the period 1994 to 2002, on property transactions in the study area with their corresponding contemporaneous valuations were gathered from the estate surveying and valuation firms, the lending institutions and the Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation. The data emanating therefrom were analysed with the aid of multiple regression models. The study revealed, amongst other things, that open market valuation for mortgage is a good proxy for their transaction price in the study area; although, the accuracy is not as good as what obtains in U.K, U.S.A. and Australia.

AbstractReverse mortgages provide a mechanism for seniors to release the equity that has been built up in their home. At termination, the mortgagors are usually guaranteed to owe no more than the value of their property. The value of the reverse mortgage guarantee is heavily dependent on the maturity or termination date, which is uncertain. In this paper, we model reverse mortgage terminations using a semi-Markov multiple state model which incorporates three different modes of exit: death, entrance into a long-term care facility, and voluntary prepayment. We apply the proposed model specifically to develop the valuation formulas for roll-up mortgages in the UK and Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECMs) in the USA. We examine the significance of each mode of termination by valuing the contracts allowing progressively for each mode. On the basis of our model and assumptions, we find that both health related terminations and voluntary (non-health related) terminations significantly impact the contract value. In addition we analyze the premium structure for US reverse mortgage insurance, and demonstrate that premiums appear to be too high for some borrowers, and substantial cross-subsidies may result.

This study aims to find out the accounting system and procedure of providing mortgage loans for Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and to know how to prevent the occurrence of bad loans at PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Cikijing Sharia Service Unit. This research uses descriptive research type, using qualitative research method. The data used in this research are primary data and secondary data. With data collection techniques through field studies (field research) is done by way of documentation and interviews with the Head of Branch Office PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Cikijing Sharia Service Unit. The data obtained through documentation and interviews first processed using software application program that is Microsoft Office then presented in the form of description and data table. The results showed that the accounting system and procedure of receiving mortgage loans for MSMEs or Ar-rum in PT. Pegadaian (Persero) Cikijing Sharia Service Unit has been run well. Starting from the application stage by the prospective customer, the completeness check phase of the requirements, the stage of assessment, approval or termination stage, and the contract stage and fund disbursement. To prevent the occurrence of bad credit using 4C analysis method Character (character), Capacity (capability), Capital (capital), and Collateral (guarantee). Efforts and management of non-performing loans are conducted by way of Somasi, insurance claims against problem loans, withdrawal of guarantee goods and the execution of collateral goods.

ABSTRACTFiduciary security is legal security over on moving objects both tangible and intangible, and building or a house on the land belong to someone else, either registered or not, which cannot be burdened with mortgage rights that keep in control of the fiduciary as collateral of debt repayment. If debtor as Fiduciary giver to be insolvent, so the creditor is entitled to have the fiduciary mentioned. For repayment of the debtor and the creditor in this case is called the right separatists. There are many direct execution in banking practice about the object credit that are not perfect bound of guarantees or not through the insurance agency. Execution is doing by creditors, which debtor accompanied or not, or the object credit guarantees owner. Execution is done by regular sales or through creditor takeover. Protection of creditors interest doing by giving legal aspects of registration precedes rights while providing executorial title for the fiduciary receivers benefit, on the other hand, the registration arrangements for certain objects that are not listed cause haziness opportunities of law implementation if it isnot done by carefully and clearly. To protect creditors interests, at the time of the debtor defaults, so that creditors as apreferential rights receiver in debt collection and as legal evidence, so warehouse receipts guarantee that the debtor should be given the imposition of bail.Key: Execution, Fiduciary, Creditors, Debtors

Of all the sub‐sectors of the national economy, the banking industry and the property market have arguably been most severely affected by the current recession. Thus, the prevailing credit crunch in real estate finance and market conditions have implication for disposal and valuations of real estate for mortgage purposes. The study examined whether forced sale valuations of mortgage properties were a good proxy for their auction sale prices. Relevant data involving 67 auction sales of foreclosed residential property transactions together with their contemporaneous forced sale valuations were pooled together in Lagos Metropolis during the period 1994 to 2003 from sample of estate surveying and valuation/auctioneering firms, the lending institutions and the Nigeria Deport Insurance Corporation. The data obtained were analyzed with the aid of frequency distributions and multiple regression models. The study revealed, amongst others, that forced sale values are not good proxies for auction sale prices as against the conclusions of previous studies on accuracy of open market valuations either in Nigeria or other countries like UK, USA and Australia. The implications of the foregoing conclusions on the lending decisions and valuation profession in the country were further examined in the paper.

The Indonesian nation is located along equator, a a very strategic potential that crosses between two ocean big, that is Ocean Indian and Ocean Pacific, and between two continent that is Asia and Australia continents. Beside that the Indonesian people have riches diverse nature variety, both on land as well as at sea. Study this aim for get description how Overview Juridical Implementation of Marine Cargo Insurance in the Agreement Freight Sea at PT. Insurance Sinar Mas for interpreted to in a the description presented in form of words. Study this aim for get description how Overview Juridical Implementation of Marine Cargo Insurance in the Agreement Freight Sea at PT. Insurance Sinar Mas for interpreted to in a the description presented in form of words. because of that, research this use approach qualitative descriptive. Condition coverage in Marine Cargo Insurance guaranteed by PT. Insurance Sinar Mas serves 3 (three) conditions coverage. Election condition by the insured influence quantity premium must paid as well as breadth guarantee the danger posed by the insurer. So that the consequences is condition of the policy purchased in accordance the dangers that can guaranteed that 's what can submitted accompanied completeness document claim.

ABSTRAKPenelitian dengan judul “Pengalihan Hak Tanggungan Pada Perbankan di Kabupaten Banjarnegara” bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjelaskan terjadi pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan di Banjarnegara, peran Notaris dan PPAT dalam proses pengalihan Hak Tanggungan di Kabupaten Banjarnegara dan hambatan-hambatan dalam pelaksanaan pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan dan bagaimanakah solusinya di Kabupaten Banjarnegara. Penelitian ini penelitian kualitatif dengan metode pendekatan secara yuridis empiris. Spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analistis, data yang digunakan data primer dan data sekunder, teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara pengumpulan data akan dilakukan melalui : studi kepustakaan , wawancara. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, artinya dalam penulisan hanya berisi uraian uraian dan tidak menggunakan data statistik.Informasi narasumber yang berhubungan dengan pokok permasalahan dipilih yang berkualitas, yang kemudian disajikan secara deskriptif yang berhubungan dengan masalah yang diteliti.Berdasarkan penelitian dan pembahasan dapat disimpulkan sebab Terjadi pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan di Banjarnegara, karena karena penambahan modal dengan kenaikan plafond karena Peralihan pemegang hak tanggungan, Terjadi karena undang-undang, karena peralihan pemberi hak tanggungan. Peran Notaris dan PPAT terkait dengan proses pengalihan Hak Tanggungan di Kabupaten Banjarnegara adalah, membuat akta otentik, Akta otentik dalam pelaksanaan peralihan jaminan Hak Tanggungan adalah Akta Pemberian Hak Tanggungan (APHT). Pembuatan akta APHT harus dibuat oleh Notaris dan PPAT. Hal ini sebagai bentuk dari asas spesialitas dari Hak Tanggungan, Melakukan legalisasi perjanjian kredit, melakukan pengikatan perjanjian, membuat surat kuasa, melakukan pengarsipan untuk menjaga kerahasiaan klien, membantu para pihak dalam melakukan perbuatan hukum dan membantu pemerintah dalam mewujudkan tertib administrasi pendaftaran tanah.Hambatan-hambatan dalam pelaksanaan pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan dan solusinya di Kabupaten Banjarnegara adalah hambatan sebelum terjadinya pengikatan, hambatan yang dihadapi Notaris saat terjadinya pengikatan, hambatan yang dihadapai Notaris setelah terjadinya pengikatan, hambatan yang ditemui dalam pelaksanaan peralihan jaminan Hak Tanggungan dari kreditur lama kepada kreditur baru adalah da hambatan terjadi BPN. Adapun solusi yang memungkinkan dilakukan terhadap hambatan-hambatan tersebut adalah; memberikan pemahaman kepada pihak bank agar berkas yang sudah diserahkan kepada notaris benar-benar telah disetujui oleh pihak calon debitur baik bunga maupun biaya administrasi dan asuransi. Solusi terhadap hambatan yang dihadapi notaris setelah terjadinya pengikatan yaitu : mengantisipasi pengingkaran dari debitur terhadap tanda tangan yang pernah dilakukan dihadapan notaris, maka arsip atau berkas yang asli harus dicek dan ditunjukan kepada notaris dan dibawah foto copy KTP debitur, ditandatangani oleh yang bersangkutan. Pihak notaris harus berperan aktif untuk konfirmasi ke BPN tidak hanya menunggu konfirmasi balik dari BPN. Solusi terhadap hambatan yang dihadapi BPN dalam dalam pelaksanaan pengalihan Hak Tanggungan pada perbankan ini masih sangat terbatas SDM dengan cara meningkatkat SDM yang ada di BPH melalui Work shop, seminar-seminar, meningkatkan sarana dan prasarana.Kata kunci : pengalihan hak tanggungan, perbankan, notaris/PPAT ABSTRACTThe study entitled "Transfer of Distribution Right to Banking in Kabupaten Banjarnegara" aims to know and explain the transfer of dependency on banks in Banjarnegara, the role of Notary and PPAT in the process of transferring Mortgage Rights in Kabupaten Banjarnegara and obstacles in the implementation of the transfer of Mortgage to the banking and how is the solution in Kabupaten Banjarnegara. This research is qualitative research with empirical juridical approach method. Descriptive analytical research specifications, data used primary data and secondary data, data collection techniques by means of data collection will be done through: library study, interview. Data analysis used in this research is descriptive qualitative, meaning in writing only contains description of description and do not use statistical data. Informant resource that related to subject matter selected quality, which then presented descriptively related to problem studied.Based on the research and discussion, it can be concluded because there is a transfer of dependency on banking in Banjarnegara because of the increase of capital with the increase of ceiling due to the transfer of the dependent, due to the law, due to the transfer of the dependent giver. The role of Notary and PPAT in relation to the transfer of rights process in Banjarnegara Regency is to make an authentic deed, authentic deed in the implementation of the transfer of guarantee of Mortgage right is the Deed of Assignment Rights (APHT). The making of APHT deed must be made by Notary and PPAT. This is a form of the special principle of Mortgage Rights, Conducting legalization of credit agreements, contracting agreements, creating power of attorney, filing to maintain client confidentiality, assisting parties in performing legal actions and assisting the government in realizing the orderly administration of land registration.Constraints in the execution of transfer of Mortgage Rights to the banking and its solutions in Banjarnegara Regency are obstacles prior to the occurrence of bonding, barriers faced by Notary during the occurrence of bonding, barriers faced by Notary after the occurrence of binding, obstacles encountered in the implementation of the transfer of guarantee of Mortgage Rights from the old creditor to the new creditor is the obstacle occurs BPN. The possible solutions to these obstacles are; provide understanding to the bank that the file that has been submitted to the notary has actually been approved by the prospective debtor both interest and administrative and insurance fees. The solution to the obstacles faced by the notary after the bonding is: to anticipate the denial of the debtor against the signature that has been made before the notary, the original file or file must be checked and displayed to the notary and under the copy of the debtor's ID card, signed by the person concerned. Notary parties must play an active role to confirm to the BPN not only waiting for confirmation back from BPN. The solution to the obstacles faced by BPN in the implementation of the transfer of Mortgage Rights to banks is still very limited by increasing human resources in BPH through Work Shop, seminars, improving facilities and infrastructure.Keywords: transfer of mortgage, banking, notary / PPAT

Research background: The housing and construction markets are one of the main segments of the economy of any country. Solving several social and economic problems of the state, it is required to ensure the efficient operation of these markets. The leading economy in the world is the US economy. The tools and mechanisms used in the American market have been adapted in other countries as well. The main questions facing market participants are securing funding. Moreover, financing should be so efficiently established that the maximum number of entities will be able to use it to implement their tasks. Purpose of the article: Within the framework of this study, a list of instruments for financing the construction of residential real estate was identified, which can be successfully adapted in the Russian economy in the context of globalization and taking into account the consequences that occur as a result of various crises. Methods: The research used methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis, modeling, logical analogy and generalization of results. Findings & Value added: The results of the study showed that the American system of financing the construction of residential real estate is differentiated. The subject composition of markets allows us to solve every problem that appears in the process of functioning of the markets. The insurance system is well-functioning. The presence of a system of guarantees further protects the rights of market participants. Thus, analyzing the possibilities of adapting the American experience in Russian practice, it was determined that the development of the mortgage segment and the introduction of a guarantee system would be effective.

On Friday morning, September 12, 2008, the New York investment bank Lehman Brothers was on the brink of bankruptcy. Over the course of the next four days, this situation would precipitate a rapid series of crisis meetings between American and British government officials, central-bank leaders, major international banks, and private investors. Already in March of the same year, the investment bank Bear Stearns had been forced to accept a merger with JPMorgan Chase, supported by a $29 billion government guarantee, and after the mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac received a $140 billion bailout during the summer, the US secretary of the Treasury, Henry Paulsen, refused to consider the use of additional taxpayer dollars to save Lehman. By Friday evening, then, it had become clear to the American and European bank representatives that a private-sector solution was necessary. Various investors would take part; risk would be spread out. Bank of America and Barclays, based in London, were interested. Meanwhile, the insurance firm American International Group (AIG) also announced liquidity problems, and by Saturday morning it was obvious that the “well-being of the global financial system” was in danger, as one of the participating bank managers put it. At the same time, the investment bank Merrill Lynch, also hard hit, was looking for additional capital investment, concerned that, following the Lehman bailout, the crisis would seek out the next weakest link in the system. And indeed, after hasty and secret negotiations, Merrill was taken over by Bank of America, which hoped the acquisition would give it better access to the international investment business. But Bank of America was no longer interested in saving Lehman Brothers.

The article examines the factors influencing the functioning of the residential real estate sector, the real estate market situation, the competitive situation, and the investment attractiveness of the sector. It is emphasized that the role of residential real estate performs several functions in society, in particular, it satisfies the need for housing, is an object of economic activity, and acts as a mechanism in the implementation of the social policy of the State. The main stages of the formation of the strategy for the development of the residential real estate segment are allocated, it is worth taking into account the behavior patterns and requests of potential customers, in particular: the segmentation of the primary residential real estate market; identification of factors affecting consumer behavior; modeling the process of making a purchase decision: awareness of needs; assessment of financial opportunities; collection and analysis of information; assessment and selection of real estate options; the decision to purchase property; conclusion of an agreement. It is determined that it is expedient to introduce civilized relations between real estate market participants, which is possible by promoting the implementation of legislative initiatives aimed at introducing a housing construction financing model using escrow accounts and ensuring the guarantee of investors' rights regarding real estate objects, which are under construction. The own structure of the residential real estate market and participants in the market process are proposed, according to which the activity of regional markets, which are divided into primary and secondary markets, are indicators of the activity of national residential real estate markets. The subjects of the primary market are investors, creditors, designers, builders, developers, project organizations, construction companies or organizations; concerning the secondary market - realtors, brokers, appraisers, sellers, tenants. In addition, groups of market participants are allocated, in particular group 1 – professional participants working on a commercial basis; group 2 – analysts on the residential real estate market; group 3 – insurance companies, notary offices, law firms, mortgage banks, land resources fund, property rights registration bodies, real estate assessment agencies, technical inventory bodies, judicial bodies.

A combination of the economic significance of international tourism, the increased mobility of individuals, and their greater willingness and desire to manage their own movements has significant implications for insurers which currently remain under-appreciated. International visitors to Australia are more likely to die or suffer injury as the result of a motor vehicle accident than in any other way. While attention has been focused on the complex jurisdictional issues that may arise, other equally important problems such as the potential for action in double recovery have gone largely unnoticed. The need is particularly acute because, as many studies attest, the prospect of death and injury in motor vehicle accidents involving foreign licensees is only likely to increase. Injured third parties returning to home jurisdictions with national health systems will rightly draw on the resources of the state, public welfare, and sometimes private insurance to meet their health care needs. To complicate matters further, European countries typically view the state as a guarantor of individual and collective social rights, and, to varying extents, constitutionally guarantee health care and other relevant benefits such as unemployment payments. In effect, an injured third party receiving a payout for the cost of those injuries from an Australian insurer returns home as a citizen or resident of a state in which she or he draws on publicly funded health care and benefits. In Italy, for example, the needs of the injured third party are met by a devolved health care system which places the greatest burden of responsibility for the delivery and funding of services on regionally governed public enterprises, and to a lesser extent on other entities. Some of those providers have mounted actions in recovery for money spent and goods supplied for the treatment of the same injuries that are the subject of the insurance. The aim of this article is to address the theoretical basis and practical implications of actions taken against the insured injured party in the context of foreign constitutional and personal injuries law (or constitutionalised personal injuries law).

The purpose of this article is to analyze the experience of pension insurance systems in Europe, Asia, North and South America, Australia. The defining feature is that the existing pension insurance system in Ukraine does not perform its main task properly, since the rate of pension, for the most part, does not make it possible to maintain a decent standard of living for current pensioners. After analyzing the implementation of the pension reform in Ukraine, it should be emphasized that during the twelve-year period after the pension reform in the country there remain a number of unresolved issues regarding the pension provision of citizens, namely: aging of the population, which is one of the main factors that prompt the government to a new stage of reforming the pension system; the presence of arrears on contributions to compulsory state pension insurance; lack of proper differentiation of pension payments; shadow wages; lack of sound financial instruments for investing pension assets; unsatisfactory level of legal and financial awareness of the population in matters of pension provision; lack of interest of employers in financing non-state pension programs for employees, lack of confidence in the pension system of non-state pension funds. Methods. In most countries of the world, the problems of the pension system, same to what we have in our country, arose. But due to pension reform, they achieved successful results. Each country chose its own way of building a pension system based on its own demographic and socioeconomic features. However, despite this, the main task of any pension system is to secure from poverty and provide a pension that could guarantee a decent standard of living for a pensioner. Results. Ukraine is trying to build the pension insurance system, drawing on the best practice of the countries studied. Practical implications. It is found that the most effective and successful model of the pension system is considered to be Chilean, since the country has been using cumulative and voluntary pension systems for a long time, which are priority and allow to resolve the pension of their citizens financially, prudent and efficient investing of pension funds with lower rates of public investment income. The same model was taken as the basis in Peru, Argentina, Colombia and Kazakhstan. Value/originality. Analyzing the pension reforms implemented in Eastern Europe, it should be noted that part of the changes was due to the need to protect pensioners from poverty in the context of a sharp decrease in the rate of pensions because of the reduction of total pension contributions and the inability of the state to finance previous pension obligations. The real way to reduce the financial burden on employers and the state in the context of a solidarity pension system was to develop levels II and III of the pension system. It is noteworthy to study the foreign experience of the Eastern European country, such as Poland, which was one of the first to introduce a compulsory funded pension system.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.本文討論香港醫療制度的融資安排與改革，並探討進行改革所帶來的社會公義問題。本文認為一個符合社會公義的公共醫療制度要保證市民得到一個得體而又最基本（decent minimum）的服務，這個服務水平要由一個公開和有廣泛公眾參加的醫療配給制度。本文建議香港確立一個這樣的配給制度監按公共醫療服務的增長，並且透過改革收費制度或輕微地增加稅收，便可以在符合社會公義的大前提下解決融資安排問題。本文反對採用強制性儲蓄計劃、保險計劃或保健組織（HMO） 制度對香港的醫療制度進行改革，因為這些供款計劃會帶來不少道德危險問題，有違社會公義。This paper discusses the financial arrangement of the healthcare system and the issues of justice arising from healthcare reform in Hong Kong. The current Hong Kong public healthcare system is quite efficient. The population of Hong Kong has higher life expectancy and lower infant and maternity mortality rates than that of many developed countries, such as the United States. However, the public expenditure in healthcare in Hong Kong only amounts to 2.18% of GDP. This is much lower than most of the developed countries although the per capita income of Hong Kong has surpassed that many industrialized nations, including Canada and Australia. But more than 90% of the hospital services is provided by public hospitals. Moreover, the all-inclusive per diem hospital charge is HK$68 (roughly US$8.5), which only covers 2% of the average cost of a patient day, and so the system is almost universally accessible as well. In fact, since 1974, the government has adopted the policy that no one should be denied adequate medical treatment through lack of means.However, the current system has been under stress mainly for three reasons: (1) aging population, (2) increasing medical expenditure arising from the advancement of medical technology, and (3) rising expectation from the community triggered by the rapid economic development over the past one to two decades. Various proposals have been put forward to reform the healthcare system in Hong Kong so as to make it more financially sustainable in the long term. These proposals include: increase in personal and corporate income tax;increase in the per diem charge of public health care services;mandatory savings scheme;coordinated voluntary or mandatory insurance scheme;health maintenance organization scheme.This paper concedes that healthcare reform is not only a technical issue in financial management, but will have long term impact on the distribution of healthcare benefits and burdens in Hong Kong society. So the problem of justice must be addressed before launching any healthcare reform plan.This paper discusses the major approaches to the justice problem in healthcare financing. The libertarian approach is rejected because the free market mechanism advocated by the approach, such as voluntary insurance schemes, will put the worse off in a vulnerable position. The paper on the one hand agrees with the egalitarian approach that the claims of healthcare needs have their moral force, but on the other hand maintains that the egalitarian approach may overburden the public healthcare system. Based on the ideas of public choice theory and socialized care, it is argued that a just healthcare system needs only to guarantee a decent minimum level of healthcare services for all that is regarded as affordable by the general public.The paper maintains that what constitutes such a level of services should be determined by a rationing system. Various utilitarian approaches to rationing are critically examined. It is found that although these approaches provide useful indices for decision-making in healthcare rationing, none of them could provide a mechanical procedure that could substitute for a fair deliberative process. The paper argues that the decent minimal level of healthcare services guaranteed for all should be determined by an open and a democratic process, and recommends that such a rationing system be set up in Hong Kong.Since various performance indices have shown that the healthcare system in Hong Kong is quite efficient, the claim that the existing system is "on the verge of reaching a crisis situation" is likely to be an exaggeration. Those who uphold this claim tend to support the more radical proposal of introducing various contributory schemes, including proposals (3) - (5), to reform the financial arrangement of the existing healthcare system. The paper rejects this approach, because social justice could be undermined by the moral hazard problems created by these contributory schemes and the government would consequently not be able to uphold the policy already adopted in 1974, which guarantees that no one will be denied adequate medical treatment because of inability to pay.It is believed that the stress of the public healthcare system in Hong Kong can be alleviated to a large extent by setting up an open and a democratic rationing system to monitor the increase of medical costs, a modest increase in service charges, a further improvement in the efficiency of the existing system, and perhaps a small increase in tax rates too. For the sake of justice, as the paper maintains, the government must be very cautious in adopting any more radical reform initiative.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 159 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

AbstractHouse price indices are needed to assess house price risk in households’ portfolio allocation decisions and in many housing-related financial products such as reverse mortgages, mortgage insurance and real estate derivatives. This paper first introduces nine widely-used house price models to the insurance, risk management and actuarial literature and provides new evidence on the relative performance of these models. We then show how portfolio-level house price indices for properties with specific physical and locational characteristics can be constructed for these different models. All analyses are based on a large dataset of individual property transactions in Sydney, Australia, for the period 1971-2011. The unrestricted hedonic model and a hybrid hedonic repeat-sales model provide a good model fit and reliable portfolio-level house price indices. Our results are important for banks, insurers and investors that have exposure to house price risks.

The Islamic economic sector has grown rapidly in Malaysia and Islamic businesses can be found in a wide range of sectors including culinary, Islamic finance, Islamic takaful (insurance and mortgage) industries, fashion, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, entertainment, and tourism industries. Islamic tourism, in particular, offers a new means of developing the tourism industry in Malaysia whilst maintaining the ethics, culture and values of Islam. Islamic tourism is not defined as a visit to the mosque alone, but the visit is closely related to nature, culture, or creativity that integrates with Islamic values. Currently, the concept of adherence to Islam (which has been called as Shariah-compliant) has gained traction across the globe. In response to this new lifestyle trend, many countries (including those such as Korea, Japan, Australia, Thailand, and New Zealand which do not have a domestic Muslim majority) are beginning to introduce tourism products related to the halal concept or Islamic orientation. The definition of Islamic tourism is still unclear and encompasses various terms such as Halal Tourism, Halal Friendly Travel Destinations, Halal Travel, Islamic Travel Destinations, and Halal Lifestyle. Even in Malaysia, a leader in this sector, the concept of Islamic tourism is still liminal. However it offers huge potential, both for the country’s tourism sector and the country’s Islamic population, contributing to the preservation and appreciation of Islamic culture in Malaysia. Islamic tourism is not only related to religious values ​​but also must be in line with every way of life that is not contrary to Islam. Not many companies and agencies organize halal tourism packages because they think it is not a necessity and a profit. Many companies are more focused on routine Islamic tourism such as Umrah and Hajj. This paper considers in detail the characteristics, concept and principles of Islamic tourism.

The term “coffee palace” was primarily used in Australia to describe the temperance hotels that were built in the last decades of the 19th century, although there are references to the term also being used to a lesser extent in the United Kingdom (Denby 174). Built in response to the worldwide temperance movement, which reached its pinnacle in the 1880s in Australia, coffee palaces were hotels that did not serve alcohol. This was a unique time in Australia’s architectural development as the economic boom fuelled by the gold rush in the 1850s, and the demand for ostentatious display that gathered momentum during the following years, afforded the use of richly ornamental High Victorian architecture and resulted in very majestic structures; hence the term “palace” (Freeland 121). The often multi-storied coffee palaces were found in every capital city as well as regional areas such as Geelong and Broken Hill, and locales as remote as Maria Island on the east coast of Tasmania. Presented as upholding family values and discouraging drunkenness, the coffee palaces were most popular in seaside resorts such as Barwon Heads in Victoria, where they catered to families. Coffee palaces were also constructed on a grand scale to provide accommodation for international and interstate visitors attending the international exhibitions held in Sydney (1879) and Melbourne (1880 and 1888). While the temperance movement lasted well over 100 years, the life of coffee palaces was relatively short-lived. Nevertheless, coffee palaces were very much part of Australia’s cultural landscape. In this article, I examine the rise and demise of coffee palaces associated with the temperance movement and argue that coffee palaces established in the name of abstinence were modelled on the coffee houses that spread throughout Europe and North America in the 17th and 18th centuries during the Enlightenment—a time when the human mind could be said to have been liberated from inebriation and the dogmatic state of ignorance. The Temperance Movement At a time when newspapers are full of lurid stories about binge-drinking and the alleged ill-effects of the liberalisation of licensing laws, as well as concerns over the growing trend of marketing easy-to-drink products (such as the so-called “alcopops”) to teenagers, it is difficult to think of a period when the total suppression of the alcohol trade was seriously debated in Australia. The cause of temperance has almost completely vanished from view, yet for well over a century—from 1830 to the outbreak of the Second World War—the control or even total abolition of the liquor trade was a major political issue—one that split the country, brought thousands onto the streets in demonstrations, and influenced the outcome of elections. Between 1911 and 1925 referenda to either limit or prohibit the sale of alcohol were held in most States. While moves to bring about abolition failed, Fitzgerald notes that almost one in three Australian voters expressed their support for prohibition of alcohol in their State (145). Today, the temperance movement’s platform has largely been forgotten, killed off by the practical example of the United States, where prohibition of the legal sale of alcohol served only to hand control of the liquor traffic to organised crime. Coffee Houses and the Enlightenment Although tea has long been considered the beverage of sobriety, it was coffee that came to be regarded as the very antithesis of alcohol. When the first coffee house opened in London in the early 1650s, customers were bewildered by this strange new drink from the Middle East—hot, bitter, and black as soot. But those who tried coffee were, reports Ellis, soon won over, and coffee houses were opened across London, Oxford, and Cambridge and, in the following decades, Europe and North America. Tea, equally exotic, entered the English market slightly later than coffee (in 1664), but was more expensive and remained a rarity long after coffee had become ubiquitous in London (Ellis 123-24). The impact of the introduction of coffee into Europe during the seventeenth century was particularly noticeable since the most common beverages of the time, even at breakfast, were weak “small beer” and wine. Both were safer to drink than water, which was liable to be contaminated. Coffee, like beer, was made using boiled water and, therefore, provided a new and safe alternative to alcoholic drinks. There was also the added benefit that those who drank coffee instead of alcohol began the day alert rather than mildly inebriated (Standage 135). It was also thought that coffee had a stimulating effect upon the “nervous system,” so much so that the French called coffee une boisson intellectuelle (an intellectual beverage), because of its stimulating effect on the brain (Muskett 71). In Oxford, the British called their coffee houses “penny universities,” a penny then being the price of a cup of coffee (Standage 158). Coffee houses were, moreover, more than places that sold coffee. Unlike other institutions of the period, rank and birth had no place (Ellis 59). The coffee house became the centre of urban life, creating a distinctive social culture by treating all customers as equals. Egalitarianism, however, did not extend to women—at least not in London. Around its egalitarian (but male) tables, merchants discussed and conducted business, writers and poets held discussions, scientists demonstrated experiments, and philosophers deliberated ideas and reforms. For the price of a cup (or “dish” as it was then known) of coffee, a man could read the latest pamphlets and newsletters, chat with other patrons, strike business deals, keep up with the latest political gossip, find out what other people thought of a new book, or take part in literary or philosophical discussions. Like today’s Internet, Twitter, and Facebook, Europe’s coffee houses functioned as an information network where ideas circulated and spread from coffee house to coffee house. In this way, drinking coffee in the coffee house became a metaphor for people getting together to share ideas in a sober environment, a concept that remains today. According to Standage, this information network fuelled the Enlightenment (133), prompting an explosion of creativity. Coffee houses provided an entirely new environment for political, financial, scientific, and literary change, as people gathered, discussed, and debated issues within their walls. Entrepreneurs and scientists teamed up to form companies to exploit new inventions and discoveries in manufacturing and mining, paving the way for the Industrial Revolution (Standage 163). The stock market and insurance companies also had their birth in the coffee house. As a result, coffee was seen to be the epitome of modernity and progress and, as such, was the ideal beverage for the Age of Reason. By the 19th century, however, the era of coffee houses had passed. Most of them had evolved into exclusive men’s clubs, each geared towards a certain segment of society. Tea was now more affordable and fashionable, and teahouses, which drew clientele from both sexes, began to grow in popularity. Tea, however, had always been Australia’s most popular non-alcoholic drink. Tea (and coffee) along with other alien plants had been part of the cargo unloaded onto Australian shores with the First Fleet in 1788. Coffee, mainly from Brazil and Jamaica, remained a constant import but was taxed more heavily than tea and was, therefore, more expensive. Furthermore, tea was much easier to make than coffee. To brew tea, all that is needed is to add boiling water, coffee, in contrast, required roasting, grinding and brewing. According to Symons, until the 1930s, Australians were the largest consumers of tea in the world (19). In spite of this, and as coffee, since its introduction into Europe, was regarded as the antidote to alcohol, the temperance movement established coffee palaces. In the early 1870s in Britain, the temperance movement had revived the coffee house to provide an alternative to the gin taverns that were so attractive to the working classes of the Industrial Age (Clarke 5). Unlike the earlier coffee house, this revived incarnation provided accommodation and was open to men, women and children. “Cheap and wholesome food,” was available as well as reading rooms supplied with newspapers and periodicals, and games and smoking rooms (Clarke 20). In Australia, coffee palaces did not seek the working classes, as clientele: at least in the cities they were largely for the nouveau riche. Coffee Palaces The discovery of gold in 1851 changed the direction of the Australian economy. An investment boom followed, with an influx of foreign funds and English banks lending freely to colonial speculators. By the 1880s, the manufacturing and construction sectors of the economy boomed and land prices were highly inflated. Governments shared in the wealth and ploughed money into urban infrastructure, particularly railways. Spurred on by these positive economic conditions and the newly extended inter-colonial rail network, international exhibitions were held in both Sydney and Melbourne. To celebrate modern technology and design in an industrial age, international exhibitions were phenomena that had spread throughout Europe and much of the world from the mid-19th century. According to Davison, exhibitions were “integral to the culture of nineteenth century industrialising societies” (158). In particular, these exhibitions provided the colonies with an opportunity to demonstrate to the world their economic power and achievements in the sciences, the arts and education, as well as to promote their commerce and industry. Massive purpose-built buildings were constructed to house the exhibition halls. In Sydney, the Garden Palace was erected in the Botanic Gardens for the 1879 Exhibition (it burnt down in 1882). In Melbourne, the Royal Exhibition Building, now a World Heritage site, was built in the Carlton Gardens for the 1880 Exhibition and extended for the 1888 Centennial Exhibition. Accommodation was required for the some one million interstate and international visitors who were to pass through the gates of the Garden Palace in Sydney. To meet this need, the temperance movement, keen to provide alternative accommodation to licensed hotels, backed the establishment of Sydney’s coffee palaces. The Sydney Coffee Palace Hotel Company was formed in 1878 to operate and manage a number of coffee palaces constructed during the 1870s. These were designed to compete with hotels by “offering all the ordinary advantages of those establishments without the allurements of the drink” (Murdoch). Coffee palaces were much more than ordinary hotels—they were often multi-purpose or mixed-use buildings that included a large number of rooms for accommodation as well as ballrooms and other leisure facilities to attract people away from pubs. As the Australian Town and Country Journal reveals, their services included the supply of affordable, wholesome food, either in the form of regular meals or occasional refreshments, cooked in kitchens fitted with the latest in culinary accoutrements. These “culinary temples” also provided smoking rooms, chess and billiard rooms, and rooms where people could read books, periodicals and all the local and national papers for free (121). Similar to the coffee houses of the Enlightenment, the coffee palaces brought businessmen, artists, writers, engineers, and scientists attending the exhibitions together to eat and drink (non-alcoholic), socialise and conduct business. The Johnson’s Temperance Coffee Palace located in York Street in Sydney produced a practical guide for potential investors and businessmen titled International Exhibition Visitors Pocket Guide to Sydney. It included information on the location of government departments, educational institutions, hospitals, charitable organisations, and embassies, as well as a list of the tariffs on goods from food to opium (1–17). Women, particularly the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) were a formidable force in the temperance movement (intemperance was generally regarded as a male problem and, more specifically, a husband problem). Murdoch argues, however, that much of the success of the push to establish coffee palaces was due to male politicians with business interests, such as the one-time Victorian premiere James Munro. Considered a stern, moral church-going leader, Munro expanded the temperance movement into a fanatical force with extraordinary power, which is perhaps why the temperance movement had its greatest following in Victoria (Murdoch). Several prestigious hotels were constructed to provide accommodation for visitors to the international exhibitions in Melbourne. Munro was responsible for building many of the city’s coffee palaces, including the Victoria (1880) and the Federal Coffee Palace (1888) in Collins Street. After establishing the Grand Coffee Palace Company, Munro took over the Grand Hotel (now the Windsor) in 1886. Munro expanded the hotel to accommodate some of the two million visitors who were to attend the Centenary Exhibition, renamed it the Grand Coffee Palace, and ceremoniously burnt its liquor licence at the official opening (Murdoch). By 1888 there were more than 50 coffee palaces in the city of Melbourne alone and Munro held thousands of shares in coffee palaces, including those in Geelong and Broken Hill. With its opening planned to commemorate the centenary of the founding of Australia and the 1888 International Exhibition, the construction of the Federal Coffee Palace, one of the largest hotels in Australia, was perhaps the greatest monument to the temperance movement. Designed in the French Renaissance style, the façade was embellished with statues, griffins and Venus in a chariot drawn by four seahorses. The building was crowned with an iron-framed domed tower. New passenger elevators—first demonstrated at the Sydney Exhibition—allowed the building to soar to seven storeys. According to the Federal Coffee Palace Visitor’s Guide, which was presented to every visitor, there were three lifts for passengers and others for luggage. Bedrooms were located on the top five floors, while the stately ground and first floors contained majestic dining, lounge, sitting, smoking, writing, and billiard rooms. There were electric service bells, gaslights, and kitchens “fitted with the most approved inventions for aiding proficients [sic] in the culinary arts,” while the luxury brand Pears soap was used in the lavatories and bathrooms (16–17). In 1891, a spectacular financial crash brought the economic boom to an abrupt end. The British economy was in crisis and to meet the predicament, English banks withdrew their funds in Australia. There was a wholesale collapse of building companies, mortgage banks and other financial institutions during 1891 and 1892 and much of the banking system was halted during 1893 (Attard). Meanwhile, however, while the eastern States were in the economic doldrums, gold was discovered in 1892 at Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in Western Australia and, within two years, the west of the continent was transformed. As gold poured back to the capital city of Perth, the long dormant settlement hurriedly caught up and began to emulate the rest of Australia, including the construction of ornately detailed coffee palaces (Freeman 130). By 1904, Perth had 20 coffee palaces. When the No. 2 Coffee Palace opened in Pitt Street, Sydney, in 1880, the Australian Town and Country Journal reported that coffee palaces were “not only fashionable, but appear to have acquired a permanent footing in Sydney” (121). The coffee palace era, however, was relatively short-lived. Driven more by reformist and economic zeal than by good business sense, many were in financial trouble when the 1890’s Depression hit. Leading figures in the temperance movement were also involved in land speculation and building societies and when these schemes collapsed, many, including Munro, were financially ruined. Many of the palaces closed or were forced to apply for liquor licences in order to stay afloat. Others developed another life after the temperance movement’s influence waned and the coffee palace fad faded, and many were later demolished to make way for more modern buildings. The Federal was licensed in 1923 and traded as the Federal Hotel until its demolition in 1973. The Victoria, however, did not succumb to a liquor licence until 1967. The Sydney Coffee Palace in Woolloomooloo became the Sydney Eye Hospital and, more recently, smart apartments. Some fine examples still survive as reminders of Australia’s social and cultural heritage. The Windsor in Melbourne’s Spring Street and the Broken Hill Hotel, a massive three-story iconic pub in the outback now called simply “The Palace,” are some examples. Tea remained the beverage of choice in Australia until the 1950s when the lifting of government controls on the importation of coffee and the influence of American foodways coincided with the arrival of espresso-loving immigrants. As Australians were introduced to the espresso machine, the short black, the cappuccino, and the café latte and (reminiscent of the Enlightenment), the post-war malaise was shed in favour of the energy and vigour of modernist thought and creativity, fuelled in at least a small part by caffeine and the emergent café culture (Teffer). Although the temperance movement’s attempt to provide an alternative to the ubiquitous pubs failed, coffee has now outstripped the consumption of tea and today’s café culture ensures that wherever coffee is consumed, there is the possibility of a continuation of the Enlightenment’s lively discussions, exchange of news, and dissemination of ideas and information in a sober environment. 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