Journal articles on the topic 'Mortality – United States – Sociological aspects'
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1
Davenport, Douglas. "Ectopic pregnancy mortality, United States, 1979 to 1980: Clinical aspects." Annals of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(85)80750-2.
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Gurpegui Palacios, José Antonio. "So Far So Close: Irish and Mexican Migrant Experience in the United States." Oceánide 13 (February 9, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.47.
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Irish and Mexicans conform two singular migratory groups in the United States. Nowadays it is possible to find important differences between both groups that could lead to think that in both cases the migratory experience responded to different patterns. However, as we empirically analyze the historical, sociological, and political roots of the arrival and settlement of Irish and Mexicans in the United States, it is possible to verify that the two models are not so different. In both cases similar reasons and behaviors are reproduced in aspects related to why they migrated, to settlement patterns, the complex relations with the hegemonic group, or self-protection systems.
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Figueira, Filipa. "Why the current Peak in Populism in the US and Europe? Populism as a Deviation in the Median Voter Theorem." European Journal of Government and Economics 7, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2018.7.2.4423.
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The current surge of populism in Europe and the United States calls for further analysis using public choice tools. In this article, populism is modelled as a deviation from the normal state of the median voter theorem. This study adds to the public choice literature by proposing a model of populism which is suited, not only to left-wing populism, but also to other forms of populism prevalent in Europe and the United States today. It is argued that, due to changes in the assumptions underpinning the median voter theorem, the operation of the model can be modified, and as a result surges of populism occur. Those assumptions concern: the political spectrum; the distribution of ideological preferences; sociological, psychological and historical factors; political party competition; and extreme political preferences. It is shown that the current peak of populism in Europe and the United States can be explained through a simultaneous change in all of these aspects, leading to a “perfect storm” of populism.
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Potterton, Amanda U., D. Brent Edwards, Ee-Seul Yoon, and Jeanne M. Powers. "Sociological Contributions to School Choice Policy and Politics Around the Globe: Introduction to the 2020 PEA Yearbook." Educational Policy 34, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904819881150.
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The introduction to the Yearbook provides an overview of the global context of school choice policies and practices, trends in research and reform, and extant knowledge about research on school choice that draw upon the sociology of education. The article also highlights the contributions of the papers included in the Yearbook. The co-editors explain how the studies engage, complement, and extend existing streams of literature by bringing together a collection of contemporary sociological studies from the United States and other countries that illuminate understudied aspects of school choice reform policies, practices, and politics from across the globe. The Yearbook aims to raise the international profile of sociological research on school choice, and document how school choice policies and programs can be understood through a sociological lens, with a focus on how stakeholders perceive, experience, and respond to these reforms in local settings. This Yearbook also offers directions for future studies.
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Mikhalskiy, Igor, and Bohdan Toroptsev. "Kissinger's „shuttle diplomacy” as an active implementation of S. Cohen's concept." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 9 (347) (2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-9(347)-157-168.
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Foreign policy of the USA is one of the topical areas in contemporary historical and geopolitical research. The interest of scientists in this topic is due to the fact that the United States is the leader of the world community at the present stage, both in economic and geopolitical aspects. The state continues to actively develop economically and technologically, increases its military potential, actively spreads its culture all over the world, that determines its global role. The phenomenon of the world leadership of the USA, as well as the historical factors that have determined this status, are the subject of research of scientists in the historical, geopolitical, politological, sociological, cultural, and other scientific fields. A particularly topical issue in the history of the United States in the second half of the twentieth century is the concept and specificity of American „shuttle diplomacy” and its effectiveness in the foreign policy of the state. The purpose of the study is to analyze the concept of the American geographer S. Cohen, as well as the peculiarities of its implementation in the political activities of R. Nixon and H. Kissinger. It has been proved that S. Cohen's geostrategic concept played an important role in the foreign policy of the United States in the 1970s. Its principles were implemented in the policy of H. Kissinger and R. Nixon, the important results of which were the establishment of United States-China relations and the softening of relations with the Soviet Union.
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Adiluhung, Johan Wahyudi. "Sosiologi Pedesaan di Era Corona Virus 19." Madani Jurnal Politik dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 12, no. 2 (August 3, 2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/madani.v12i2.2007.
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Rural sociology is one branch of sociology itself. Historically, it developed after the humanitarian aspects of agriculture gained attention in the United States, namely in 1908. The study began with the writings of a Christian priest who was in the socio-economic conditions of rural communities in northern America. Through this article, they solved the problems that arose in rural areas as a result of the birth of industry, which caused some rural areas to be abandoned. In addition, the end of the exploration of new areas to the West end of the 19th century. In the 1920s, courses on the subject of rural life began to be studied at various universities, especially at The American Sociological Society.
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Barton, Benjamin K., Jiabin Shen, Despina Stavrinos, and Shane Davis. "Developmental Aspects of Unintentional Injury Prevention Among Youth: Implications for Practice." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 13, no. 6 (December 5, 2017): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827617745057.
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Unintentional injuries, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among youth in the United States, are burdensome and costly to society. Continued prevention efforts to reduce rates of unintentional injury remain imperative. We emphasized the role of practitioner influence across a linear concept of injury prevention comprising delivery, practice, and application/generalization and within the context of child developmental factors. Specific strategies for injury prevention tailored to the cognitive development stage of the patient are provided. This information may be useful to health care practitioners, who have significant interaction with youth and their families.
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Fazyl, F., D. Begimbetova, K. Batyrbekov, Z. Spataev, Sh Aitbaev, and D. Sarbassov. "MAIN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PANCREATIC CANCER IN KAZAKHSTAN." Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11134/btp.3.2022.9.
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According to GLOBOCAN (2020), pancreatic cancer (PC) is in 12th place among oncopathology in terms of incidence - 4.9 cases per 100,000 population. Most cases of pancreatic cancer are registered in China, the USA, Japan, and Germany. In the structure of mortality among oncological diseases, pancreatic cancer occupies 9th place - 4.5 cases per 100 thousand of the population. According to epidemiological studies, by 2040, a 79.9% increase in mortality from pancreatic cancer is predicted. According to statistics, in the United States, there is an increase in the incidence of cancer in the distal pancreas. In addition, early stages of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed more often and less often - the 4th. One of the trends in the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer is an increase in the incidence of this pathology among young people. Factors contributing to the development of pancreatic cancer in people under 50 years of age are genetic mutations, smoking, and obesity. A retrospective statistical analysis of the epidemiological state of pancreatic cancer in Kazakhstan over 3 years was carried out (standardized WHO World indicators per 100,000 population and intensive indicators of morbidity, mortality, distribution by stage, age, and sex), and regional features of pancreatic cancer were studied.
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Higo, Masa. "Surviving Death-Anxieties in Liquid Modern Times: Examining Zygmunt Bauman'S Cultural Theory of Death and Dying." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 65, no. 3 (November 2012): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.65.3.e.
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Despite his prominence as a leading contemporary social theorist, Zygmunt Bauman's long-term writing on the cultural theory of death and dying has largely been overlooked in the sociological literature of death and dying, particularly in the United States. Bauman uniquely theorizes how we survive death-anxieties today: Contemporary, liquid modern culture has engaged us in ceaseless pursuit of the unattainable consumer sensation of bodily fitness as a way to suppress and thus survive our death-anxieties. Bauman also argues that the prevalence of this cultural formula to survive death-anxieties has simultaneously increased, more than ever before in social history, the volume of individual responsibility for restlessly coping with existential anxieties in the societies of consumers. While unique and insightful, his theoretical argument has a limitation; largely succeeding Freud's classic view of mortality, Bauman's contemporary theory may lead us to neglect potentially important social, cultural, and historical variations in how mortality has been understood.
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Gall, Alana, Kate Anderson, Kirsten Howard, Abbey Diaz, Alexandra King, Esther Willing, Michele Connolly, Daniel Lindsay, and Gail Garvey. "Wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, Aotearoa (New Zealand) and the United States: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 5832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115832.
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Despite the health improvements afforded to non-Indigenous peoples in Canada, Aotearoa (New Zealand) and the United States, the Indigenous peoples in these countries continue to endure disproportionately high rates of mortality and morbidity. Indigenous peoples’ concepts and understanding of health and wellbeing are holistic; however, due to their diverse social, political, cultural, environmental and economic contexts within and across countries, wellbeing is not experienced uniformly across all Indigenous populations. We aim to identify aspects of wellbeing important to the Indigenous people in Canada, Aotearoa and the United States. We searched CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and PubMed databases for papers that included key Indigenous and wellbeing search terms from database inception to April 2020. Papers that included a focus on Indigenous adults residing in Canada, Aotearoa and the United States, and that included empirical qualitative data that described at least one aspect of wellbeing were eligible. Data were analysed using the stages of thematic development recommended by Thomas and Harden for thematic synthesis of qualitative research. Our search resulted in 2669 papers being screened for eligibility. Following full-text screening, 100 papers were deemed eligible for inclusion (Aotearoa (New Zealand) n = 16, Canada n = 43, United States n = 41). Themes varied across countries; however, identity, connection, balance and self-determination were common aspects of wellbeing. Having this broader understanding of wellbeing across these cultures can inform decisions made about public health actions and resources.
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Horowitz, Irving Louis. "Between the Charybdis of Capitalism and the Scylla of Communism: The Emigration of German Social Scientists, 1933-1945." Social Science History 11, no. 2 (1987): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015753.
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I would like to examine two aspects of German scholarly emigration to the Western democracies, especially the United States and Great Britain. I do not necessarily seek to offer a full explanation of this complex historical and ideological issue, but rather an analysis that attempts to avoid the maze of sociological generalizing that has grown up around the politically inspired migration of scholars.Let me state quite frankly that I am neither a devotee of the history of ideas approach nor an apologist for any particular group of exiles or their ideology. Rather, I seek to understand the common denominators, or better, the root elements that recently led René König (1984) to locate the source of the German sociological exodus in the virulent nationalism of the 1920s, and to argue that the fusion of conservative and radical elements in post-1933 rational socialism was a culmination rather than a cause of social scientific breakdown. As Otto Neurath put this plight: “We are like sailors who must rebuild their ships on the open sea without benefit of a dock, or an opportunity to select the best replacement parts” (Blum, 1985).
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Tucker-Seeley, Reginald, Ryan DoyLoo, and Leora Steinberg. "A Scoping Review of How Financial Hardship Is Measured Among Older Adults in the United States." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.348.
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Abstract The association between socioeconomic status and health/healthcare related outcomes across the life course is well established; however, the specific mechanisms that underlie this complex association are not well understood. There have been calls in the health disparities literature for greater explication of the socioeconomic factors associated with differential outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities and socioeconomic groups. Recent research offers an expanded notion of socioeconomic circumstances by including indicators of financial hardship; however, there has been little conceptual and measurement clarity for gerontology research. To fill this gap, we conducted a scoping review of how financial hardship has been defined and measured in research with older adults. Using an adapted version of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, N=25 articles were identified through the following indexes: PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Sociological Abstracts, and Embase. Articles were included if they were published after January 1, 2000, published in the United States, and conducted with adults aged 50 and older. Our study found neither a consistently used term for nor a definition of the financial hardship experience; however, two key domains were consistently measured across studies with older adults: food insecurity and medical expenses were measured in N=9 and N=13 studies, respectively. Greater conceptual and measurement clarity in research on financial hardship among older adults helps to unpack the complex ways in which socioeconomic circumstance are experienced, make comparisons across studies measuring the financial hardship experience, and to identify the specific aspects of financial hardship for intervention.
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Prawat, Richard S. "The Two Faces of Deweyan Pragmatism: Inductionism versus Social Constructivism." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 102, no. 4 (August 2000): 805–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810010200401.
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Dewey is widely acknowledged as the intellectual force behind the progressive movement in the United States. With justification, he is viewed as a staunch advocate of what has been variously termed an activity-based, problem-centered, or hands-on approach to education. Recently, however, some scholars have pointed out that there is a discipline-centered, social constructivist side to Dewey—both as an educator and a philosopher. This paper deals with this divergence of views, building a case for the fact that Dewey underwent a major shift in thinking at mid-career. Around 1915, I demonstrate, Dewey finally and firmly rejected James's extreme subjectivism in favor of Peirce's brand of pragmatism, which Dewey recognized integrates the biological and sociological aspects of knowledge and mind in a way that is unique and powerful. The educational implications of Dewey's Peircean shift are discussed.
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Koumoutzis, Athena, and Nader Mehri. "The Impact of Caregiving Intensity and Religiosity on Spouse Caregivers’ Health and Mortality in the United States (2004–2014)." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1658.
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Abstract Prior research has indicated that religiosity may buffer against the deleterious effects of caregiving. However, research is lacking in examining the role of religiosity and caregiving intensity in the context of caregiver wellbeing and mortality. Data come from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2014 waves) and consisted of spousal caregivers and noncaregivers (n= 49,638 person-spells). Pearlin’s Stress Process Model (1990) informed this study to analyze how religiosity impacts caregiver self-rated health and mortality by comparing the intensity of provided care among spousal caregivers and spousal noncaregivers. This study used two indicators to measure religiosity: 1) the importance of religion in life and 2) frequency of attending religious services. Bivariate probit model was used to model the impact of caregiving intensity and religiosity on self-rated health and all-cause mortality. After controlling for sociodemographic and health covariates, results showed that only the importance of religion in life predicted a better self-rated health among high intense spouse caregivers defined by providing >=14 hours of care per week. Findings suggest religiosity may buffer the adverse effect of caregiving stress on health for high intense spousal caregivers. Development and maintenance of religiosity may enhance positive aspects of caregiving and decrease caregiver burden.
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Кубанцев, Сергей, and Sergey Kubantsev. "PUBLIC LAW MEANS AGAINST THE UNFAIR COMPETITION: ASPECTS OF RUSSIA AND THE USA." Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law 3, no. 4 (August 23, 2017): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_598063fb57bee8.78143508.
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The issues of the legal regulation of social relations in the sphere of counteraction of unfair competition are raised in present article. The author outlines the legislative tools which are used in Russia and the United States for the regulation of liability for such acts. Also the author identifies the similar and different ways of legal regulation of these social relations. In this context the most relevant fact is the fact that the legal regulation of these issues in the United States started in the beginning of XX century, and the Russian legislator started to learn them only in the end of XX century.
The purpose of the present article is to study the antitrust laws of Russia and the USA; to identify the features of the historical development of legal provisions in this field; to make a comparison of the administrative and penal sanctions on persons violating the rules of fair competition, but not only in a view of the responsibility, but in context of the prevention of such offences; to make a comparative analysis of definitions and levels of responsibility for violations in this sphere.
The set of general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition were used during preparing of this article: the dialectical method, the method of analysis and synthesis, logical method, method of comparative law, sociological, historical, formal-logical and other scientific methods. The study was made not only on the basis of the standard manual but also the case law of the higher judiciary.
At the end of the study the author comes to the conclusion on necessity of the improvement of legislation in the field of counteraction of unfair competition, in particular in the direction of the creation of the criminal liability institute for legal persons in Russian legislation and the development of the concept of penetration under the corporate veil in the public legal sectors.
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Prakash, Suma. "An International Perspective on Peritoneal Dialysis among Indigenous Patients." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 31, no. 4 (July 2011): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2010.00228.
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ObjectiveTo review utilization rates, outcomes, and barriers to peritoneal dialysis (PD) in indigenous peoples from an international perspective.MethodsArticles were obtained from Medline and EMBASE and from author name and reference searches. Data from census bureaus and renal registries in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States were used. Studies were included if they contained information on utilization of, outcomes of, or barriers to PD in indigenous populations.ResultsIn 2007, of all prevalent PD patients, 7.0%, 5.1%, 28.2%, and 1.3% in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States respectively were of indigenous background. The proportions of prevalent renal replacement therapy patients on PD reflected the national rates—New Zealand being the highest at 0.29, and the United States the lowest at 0.05. Mortality was generally higher in indigenous than in non-indigenous PD patients. Variations in mortality study results likely reflect differences in the definitions of explanatory variables such as rurality and in the availability of local specialty care services. Technique failure and peritonitis rates were higher among indigenous than among non-indigenous patients.ConclusionsThe less favorable outcomes in indigenous PD patients across countries may, in part, be a manifestation of reduced access to resources. Understanding the effects of socio-economic, geographic, cultural, and language issues, and of health literacy discrepancies on various aspects of PD education, training, and outcomes can potentially identify ways in which outcomes might be improved among indigenous patients on PD.
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Acevedo-Moreno, Lou-Anne, and Federico Aucejo. "Surgical Management of Liver Metastases from Colorectal Carcinoma." Digestive Disease Interventions 01, no. 03 (September 2017): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606827.
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AbstractColorectal carcinoma continues to be a leading cause in cancer-related mortality with more than 130,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States. About 50% of patients will develop colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). Liver resection continues to be the mainstay therapy in the management of CRLM and is associated with 25 to 60% 5-year survival. Alternative nonsurgical therapies offer modest survival when CRLM is unresectable. Herein, we provide an overview of key aspects of surgical approaches to the treatment of CRLM.
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Jarvis, William R. "Selected Aspects of the Socioeconomic Impact of Nosocomial Infections: Morbidity, Mortality, Cost, and Prevention." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 17, no. 8 (August 1996): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170000480x.
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AbstractApproximately 2 million nosocomial infections occur annually in the United States. These infections result in substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost. The excess duration of hospitalization secondary to nosocomial infections has been estimated to be 1 to 4 days for urinary tract infections, 7 to 8.2 days for surgical site infections, 7 to 21 days for bloodstream infections, and 6.8 to 30 days for pneumonia. The estimated mortalities associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections and pneumonia are 23.8% to 50% and 14.8% to 71% (overall), or 16.3% to 35% and 6.8% to 30% (attributable), respectively. The estimated average costs of these infections are $558 to $593 for each urinary tract infection, $2,734 for each surgical site infection, $3,061 to $40,000 for each bloodstream infection, and $4,947 for each pneumonia. Even minimally effective infection control programs are cost-effective. In countries with prospective payment systems based on diagnosis-related groups, hospitals lose from $583 to $4,886 for each nosocomial infection. As administrators focus on cost containment, increased support should be given to infection control programs so that preventable nosocomial infections and their associated expenditures can be averted.
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Smirnov, Alexey. "Analysis of mortality from the coronavirus infection in Russia." Population 24, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.7.
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The coronavirus epidemic has had a significant impact on various aspects of socioeconomic relations in the Russian Federation. In the field of demography, the negative impact of the epidemic was twofold: the decline in fertility was accompanied by an increase in mortality. However, the real picture of mortality from COVID-19 is very difficult to draw. Different sources of 1information contain different numbers. The purpose of the study, based on a comparative analysis, is to determine the total mortality rate from coronavirus infection in Russia in 2020.To do this, it is necessary to compare the available data for individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as compare them with data from other countries similar to Russia in terms of the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic. As a result of a comparative analysis of regional data, as well as a comparison of Russian mortality rates with those of the United States and England, the article concludes that: data on mortality associated with COVID-19 differ significantly in different constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which at least indicates about significant and difficult to explain differences in the methodology used; the largest share of deaths associated with COVID-19 in excess mortality in December 2020 falls on Moscow, where it reaches 98.4%; mortality data in Moscow are close to similar data in the United States for December 2020; extrapolation of Moscow data for the whole of Russia and for the entire period of the epidemic makes it possible to estimate the total mortality associated with coronavirus infection in the Russian Federation, at the end of2020, at 337 thousand people, which is more than 6 times morethan according to the data of the Operational Headquarters.
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Gruzdev, Vladimir Sergeevich. "Genesis, nature, and specificity of application of realistic approach in the history of American legal thought." Юридические исследования, no. 2 (February 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-7136.2021.2.35019.
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The subject of the study is the American legal thought of the period of its establishment and theoretical conceptualization, which was closely related to such characteristic as the realistic approach towards law that stood apart in the sociological and realistic directions. The attempts of interpreting the views of this regional intellectual group of legal experts as the classical version of legal realism are subjected to critical reevaluation. For assessing the specificity and content of the direction of legal thought referred to as “American legal realism”, the author explores the philosophical-methodological grounds of the cognition of law and interpretation of its concepts in the context of the aforementioned trend, separate substantial aspects of the genesis of realistic approach towards legal problematic in the history of American legal thought, as well as specificity of such characteristics of the court function as “judicial legislation” in through the prism of “legal realism”. The novelty of this research consists in detailed clarification of certain essential aspects of the genesis and evolution of American legal thought. Emphasis is placed on the poorly studied aspects of the criticism of legal realism in American literature. The latter is used rarely or fragmentally in the Russian research dedicated to the application of realistic approach towards law in the United States, including correlations with some European direction of “realistic” jurisprudence. Examination of philosophical-methodological framework of American legal realism allows revealing significant inaccuracies and distortions in classification of this trend as realistic, which in fact is rather of nominalistic nature. Realistic in relation to this trend of American legal thought is applicable only to separate characteristics of the sociological study of justice.
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Murtha, Jacqueline, Vinit Khanna, Talia Sasson, and Devang Butani. "Identification and Management of Sepsis in the Interventional Radiology Patient." American Journal of Interventional Radiology 1 (August 19, 2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ajir-1-2017.
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Sepsis is frequently encountered in the hospital setting and can be community-acquired, health-care-associated, or hospital-acquired. The annual incidence of sepsis in the United States population ranges from 300 to 1031 per 100,000 and is increasing by 13% annually. There is an associated inhospital mortality of 10% for sepsis and >40% for septic shock. Interventional radiology is frequently called on to treat patients with sepsis, and in rarer circumstances, interventional radiologists themselves may cause sepsis. Thus, it is essential for interventional radiologists to be able to identify and manage septic patients to reduce sepsis-related morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to outline procedures most likely to cause sepsis and delineate important clinical aspects of identifying and managing septic patients.
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Podleśko, Paweł. "Amerykańskie plemiona – wpływ koncepcji neotrybalizmu na funkcjonowanie współczesnego systemu politycznego USA." Studia Polityczne 50, no. 1 (July 13, 2022): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2022.50.1.03.
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The aim of the article is to describe the influence of the sociological concept of neotribalism on the theoretical and practical aspects of the contemporary political community of the United States of America (USA). The article presents the essence of neotribalism, its characteristic features, and also indicates why its elements occur in contemporary democratic political systems. The elements of neotribalism noticed in the USA are also described. At the same time, examples of US political rules are cited, proving that the US political order has generally developed on anti-tribal principles. Moreover, based on one of the political science analyses that deals with the subject of contemporary American tribalism, it has been indicated where the contemporary sociopolitical divisions are observed in the USA and what neo-tribes are identified. The influence of this phenomenon on American political theory and practice is outlined. The article also suggests alternative proposals, compared to the analysed ones, for solving the problem of the limited representativeness of political institutions in the USA.
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Rahmatian, Andreas. "The property theory of Lord Kames (Henry Home)." International Journal of Law in Context 2, no. 2 (June 2006): 177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552306002047.
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Lord Kames (Henry Home) (1696–1782) was a well-known jurist, philosopher and judge in the Scottish Enlightenment, whose writings on aesthetics and literary criticism, especially, were very significant in the eighteenth century and later, not only in Britain and the United States, but also in France and Germany. His works on law and legal history were important mainly during his lifetime, but at least one aspect of his legal writings deserves special attention today: his concept of property, which he never stated as one comprehensive theory. Nevertheless, it pervades most of his work. This article seeks to extract and piece together, from a number of his legal and non-legal works, the elements of this quite original property theory which comprises legal-doctrinal, philosophical-theoretical, historical, sociological and psychological, aesthetic-moral and economic aspects. Together these elements can be restated as a surprisingly coherent property system, which may enrich discussions in modern property theory.
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Elster, Nanette R., and M. Gabriela Alcalde. "Child Fatality Review: Recommendations for State Coordination and Cooperation." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, no. 2 (June 2003): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00091.x.
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Preventable childhood injuries and deaths are a major public health problem in the United States. In 2000, the most recent year for which mortality data are available, over 10,000 children from birth to age 18 died from unintentional injuries in the United States and nearly 3,000 from the same age group died from homicide or suicide. According to the Childhood Injury Fact Sheet produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children one to 21 years of age.”Preventing child fatalities requires further understanding of the causes and circumstances surrounding child deaths. One mechanism for doing this is multidisciplinary child fatality review teams. These teams exist at the state and local level and perform the functions of identifying, reviewing, and recommending preventive measures to reduce the number of preventable child deaths and life-threatening injuries.
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Clark, Peter A. "Prejudice and the Medical Profession: A Five-Year Update." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 1 (2009): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00356.x.
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Over the past decades the mortality rate in the United States has decreased and life expectancy has increased. Yet a number of recent studies have drawn Americans attention to the fact that racial and ethnic disparities persist in health care. It is clear that the U.S. health care system is not only flawed for many reasons including basic injustices, but may be the cause of both injury and death for members of racial and ethnic minorities.In 2002, an Institute of Medicine (IOM) report requested by Congress listed more than 100 studies documenting a wide range of disparities in the United States health care system. This report found that people belonging to racial and ethnic minorities often receive lower quality of health care than do people of European descent, even when their medical insurance coverage and income levels are the same as that of the latter.
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Durkin, Allison, Christopher Schenck, Yamini Narayan, Kate Nyhan, Kaveh Khoshnood, and Sten H. Vermund. "Prevention of Firearm Injury through Policy and Law: The Social Ecological Model." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, S4 (2020): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520979422.
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Rates of firearm injury and mortality are far higher in the United States compared to other high-income nations. Patterns of firearm injury have complex causal pathways; different social contexts may be differentially affected by firearm legislation. In the context of the diversity of social, political, and legal approaches at the state level, we suggest the application of the social ecological model as a conceptual public health framework to guide future policy interventions in the U.S.
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Kanter, Julie, Wally R. Smith, Payal C. Desai, Marsha Treadwell, Biree Andemariam, Jane Little, Diane Nugent, et al. "Building access to care in adult sickle cell disease: defining models of care, essential components, and economic aspects." Blood Advances 4, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 3804–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001743.
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Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States. It is a medically and socially complex, multisystem illness that affects individuals throughout the lifespan. Given improvements in care, most children with SCD survive into adulthood. However, access to adult sickle cell care is poor in many parts of the United States, resulting in increased acute care utilization, disjointed care delivery, and early mortality for patients. A dearth of nonmalignant hematology providers, the lack of a national SCD registry, and the absence of a centralized infrastructure to facilitate comparative quality assessment compounds these issues. As part of a workshop designed to train health care professionals in the skills necessary to establish clinical centers focused on the management of adults living with SCD, we defined an SCD center, elucidated required elements of a comprehensive adult SCD center, and discussed different models of care. There are also important economic impacts of these centers at an institutional and health system level. As more clinicians are trained in providing adult-focused SCD care, center designation will enhance the ability to undertake quality improvement and compare outcomes between SCD centers. Activities will include an assessment of the clinical effectiveness of expanded access to care, the implementation of SCD guidelines, and the efficacy of newly approved targeted medications. Details of this effort are provided.
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Espiritu, Yen Le. "About Ghost Stories: The Vietnam War and “Rememoration”." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 123, no. 5 (October 2008): 1700–1702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2008.123.5.1700.
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In her book Ghostly matters: Haunting and the sociological imagination, avery gordon writes that “to study social life one must confront the ghostly aspects of it”—the experiential realities of social and political life that have been systematically hidden or erased. To confront the ghostly aspects of social life is to tell ghost stories: to pay attention to what modern history has rendered ghostly and to write into being the seething presence of the things that appear to be not there (Gordon 7–8). By most accounts, Vietnam was the site of one of the most brutal and destructive of the wars between Western imperial powers and the people of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Yet public discussions and commemorations of the Vietnam War in the United States often skip over this devastating history, thereby ignoring the war's costs borne by the Vietnamese—the lifelong costs that turn the 1975 “fall of Saigon” and the exodus from Vietnam into “the endings that are not over” (Gordon 195). Without creating an opening for a Vietnamese perspective of the war, these public deliberations refuse to remember Vietnam as a historical site, Vietnamese people as genuine subjects, and the Vietnam War as having any kind of integrity of its own (Desser).
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Smolnikov, Sergey N. "A SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL JUSTICE AS THE RULE OF LAW." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 1 (2019): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2019-1-116-123.
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The article considers the place of social justice in modern law. Various aspects are noted: its relationship with the social state, legal state, civilizational particularities, historical features. The question of the significance of choice between the legality and legitimacy of power as a factor in the establishment of social justice is considered. The article raises the issue of the subject-object essence of social justice. It provides a comparison of two approaches to social justice in modern Russia — liberal and conservative, and notes the contradictory nature of both. Attention is drawn to the role of elites, the intelligentsia and the people in the embodiment of the liberal project. The author reveals the historical and civilizational prerequisites for the conservative project domination, its being in demand on the part of both the authorities and significant segments of the population, and its correspondence to the historical moment. The similarity of the conservative response to the challenges facing the society in the United States, Japan, Britain and Russia is substantiated. A sociological comparison of positions on the issues of law as social justice in the West and in Russia is given. There is an increasing divergence in understanding social justice both in the countries of the West (destruction of the social contract, welfare state) and between the West and the rest of the world. The theme of justice is increasingly playing a role in causing mutual claims rather than in stabilizing and maintaining international and civil peace. The paper considers attempts to create domestic models of a just society. Social justice is regarded as a projective concept and presupposes the existence of models of the expected and ideal future of society. The world trend towards change in the ideas of the subject of law and of the paradigm shift from liberalism to transhumanism is noted. It is argued that it is impossible to identify law with social justice.
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Naumova, Elena A., and Polina I. Ananchenkova. "Representation of Socio-Political Transformation in the Contemporary Vocabulary of Japanese." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 12, no. 3 (October 3, 2021): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2021-12-3-735-742.
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The article is devoted to the study of some social aspects of the socio-political changes impact in Japan in 2010-2020 and their contribution to the emergence of neologisms in the Japanese language. The active invasion of the English language into the vocabulary of the Japanese language is associated with social processes in Japan caused by its defeat in World War II, the period of American occupation, as well as the aggressive international policy of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump. The aim of the work is to show the connection between the social processes in Japan and their international reflection under the pressure of US policy, and the appearance of neologisms of foreign origin in the Japanese language. Materials and methods of research: a method of structural-semantic modeling based on a detailed comparison of Japanese vocabulary. We also used a comparative method of studying socio-political processes. A sociological method was used to select the most common neologisms of foreign origin. Results of the work: we studied the neologisms of foreign origin that appeared in the last decade and have become quite densely included in the vocabulary of the Japanese language under the pressure of the countrys socio-political discourse against the background of US international policy, and, in particular, the aggressive political course of the 45th President of the United States Donald Trump in relation to Japan. In total, about 100 such neologisms were selected. We identified the most common neologisms of foreign origin through a sociological survey and studied in detail the history of the emergence of ten of them. These are lexical units that can be characterized not only as neologisms of exclusively foreign origin, but also as words of a mixed type, which are a combination of kango, words formed from roots of Chinese origin, and borrowings, as well as abbreviations of both types of new words. The work reflects the relationship between social processes in the country against the background of the international Japanese-American confrontation and the emergence of neologisms that entered the Japanese language.
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McMillian-Bohler, Jacquelyn, and Angela Richard-Eaglin. "Uprooting Racism: The Role of Nurses in Cultivating Improved Maternal Outcomes for Black and African American Women." Creative Nursing 27, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/crnr-d-20-00066.
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After controlling for education, socioeconomic status, and genetic factors, Black and African American patients in the United States are three to four times more likely to die in childbirth than are White patients. The literature is replete with strategies to improve maternal outcomes for Black and African American patients. Existing strategies focus on addressing poverty and individual risk factors to reduce maternal mortality, yet maternal outcomes are not improving for these patients in the United States. Recent literature suggests that a nuanced approach that considers the effects of individual and structural racism could improve maternal outcomes, especially for Black and African American patients. As nurses comprise the largest component of the health-care system, their collective power and influence can provide a powerful tool for dismantling structural racism. Some important concepts to consider regarding the care of the Black and African American population are cultural intelligence (CQ), allostatic load, and humanitarian ethos. By developing CQ and consistently including the four CQ capabilities (drive/motivation, knowledge/cognition, strategy/metacognition, and behavior/action) in all aspects of practice, nurses can help to uproot racism and cultivate experience to improve maternal health outcomes for Black and African American patients.
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Dy, Grace K., and Alex A. Adjei. "Novel Targets for Lung Cancer Therapy: Part II." Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, no. 13 (July 1, 2002): 3016–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2002.02.112.
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ABSTRACT: Lung cancer is the second most common form of cancer in the United States, and although it accounts for 15% of all cancers, it is the most lethal, accounting for approximately 28% of cancer deaths. In 2002, it is estimated that 177,000 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed in the United States, and an estimated 160,000 men and women will die from the disease. This mortality rate is greater than that attributable to colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer combined. Systemic treatments for lung cancer with standard chemotherapy agents are still relatively ineffective. Agents targeting novel proliferative and survival pathways in lung cancer are needed to improve treatment outcomes. In recent years, numerous agents inhibiting aberrant processes in tumor cells have undergone clinical evaluation. This review is the second of a two-part series that summarizes pertinent preclinical and clinical information on novel drugs that target critical abnormalities in lung cancer. In this article, agents that were developed to inhibit various aspects of tumor protein trafficking and protein degradation, cell cycle regulation, angiogenesis, and antigenicity are described. Future approaches to treatment are suggested.
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Milovanovic, Ivana, and Sandra Radenovic. "Contemporary tendencies in the sociology of sport: From constitution to „fragmented“ discipline." Sociologija 62, no. 2 (2020): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc2002237m.
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In the paper, the authors point to the elements of the development of the sociology of sport, through the process of ?extrication? of sport from play and leisure to the transformation of discipline conditioned by a pragmatic consumerist approach to sport, and therefore by the sociology of sport. First, they provide an overview of the emergence and constitution of the sociology of sport in Europe and the United States, with a focus on the development of that discipline in Serbia. Emphasizing that contemporary sport is largely shaped by market relations in mass society, the authors point to the importance of sociological research on the mutual influence of sport on society and society on sport, with a critical reaffirmation of the issues of contextual cognitive possibilities and social conditionality of sport. In particular, they emphasize the need for reaffirmation of the sociology of physical culture, which in its cognitive oeuvre is closer to the sociology of culture and general sociology, as opposed to the contemporary pragmatically conditioned tendencies to ?fragment? the sociology of sport towards new related sub-disciplines. Therefore, the authors argue that the existence of a number of sub-disciplines that have arisen from the sociology of sport is one of the evident indicators that in the domain of sociological knowledge, it is difficult to overcome the influences of pragmatic-new-positivist approaches, which narrow not only the critical-cognitive aspects, but also the practical needs of society for a true understanding and the humane development of the sport and activities related to it.
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Gilbert, Jess. "Rural Sociology and Democratic Planning in the Third New Deal." Agricultural History 82, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 421–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.4.421.
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Abstract In the early 1940s, the agricultural New Deal was broader and more democratic than those aspects of it that survived World War II. Carl C. Taylor, who led the sociological research unit in the USDA’s Bureau of Agricultural Economics, and other rural sociologists shared a two-handed commitment to democracy. They merged social science with local knowledge and integrated federal action with citizen participation. These activist principles were best exemplified in a Third New Deal program called county land-use planning, within which sociologists played two roles. First, they "delineated" the boundaries of rural neighborhoods and communities so that the best representation of citizens on the local planning committees was obtained. With local citizen-researchers, Taylor’s sociologists delineated eleven thousand rural neighborhoods and nearly two thousand communities in thirty-two states. Second, they evaluated the planning program in a few select counties. The richest assessment was Arthur F. Raper’s study of Greene County, Georgia, "Tenants of the Almighty." He found that, despite racism, the program made tremendous physical, economic, and psychological gains among the county’s poor blacks and whites. However, a conservative Congress aborted the federal democratic-planning program in 1942; soon thereafter these anti-New Dealers banished critical social science from the USDA. The likes of which have not been seen since, at least not in the United States.
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Ward, Geoff, David Cunningham, Hedwig Lee, and Sarah Gaby. "(Dis)Continuities in Racialized Legal Violence." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 694, no. 1 (March 2021): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027162211023354.
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Amid growing research on the history and legacies of racist violence in the United States, there has been limited development of theory and measurement pertaining to racist violence as a sociological process. Social science research has centered on lynching and, to a lesser extent, slavery and broader Jim Crow laws and customs, and rarely have these and other forms been engaged together and in relation to contemporary outcomes. We focus on racialized “legal violence”—uses of law in ways that are harmful to populations defined by race—and use the case of South Carolina “slave courts” to explore modes of racialized violence that are expansive and intertwined. Contrary to a more sequential and linear reading of successive and discreet modes of repression (e.g., “slavery ended. . .”), our analysis shows recursive, multidimensional, and cascading aspects of injurious legal action and inaction that accumulate and repeat over time. Continuities of racialized legal violence, which are contested and thus dynamic, modify and maintain age-old structural constraints. Rather than unfolding in sequence—from settler colonialism to enslavement, Jim Crow, and mass incarceration—“peculiar institutions” are more fluid, sharing repertoires and networks of racialized legal violence that recombine over time.
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Nixdorf-Miller, Allison, Donna M. Hunsaker, and John C. Hunsaker III. "Hypothermia and Hyperthermia Medicolegal Investigation of Morbidity and Mortality From Exposure to Environmental Temperature Extremes." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 1297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-1297-hahmio.
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Abstract Context.—The determination of the cause of death from exposure to extreme temperatures is a diagnosis of exclusion. Because both clinical and autopsy findings are nonspecific, a thorough investigation of the background and scene, evaluation of temporally relevant environmental conditions, and assessment of the victim's underlying state of health with appropriate laboratory studies, which frequently include autopsy, are essential to establish the cause of injury and/or death with reasonable medical probability. Individuals may encounter environmental extremes in many settings during any season. Both constitutional and external factors exacerbate the stress brought about by extreme temperature. Objective.—This article reviews guidelines for forensic investigation into environmental temperature extremes that contribute to an important seasonal grouping of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Data Sources.—Articles on clinical and pathologic aspects of hyperthermia and hypothermia were collected and reviewed. Conclusions.—Recognition of multiple risk factors predisposing humans to both cold-related and heat-related morbidity and mortality enhances prevention. Awareness of the susceptibility of these exposed at-risk individuals is crucial to investigations by both clinicians and medicolegal death investigators.
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Siebert, Ursula, Frances Gulland, Timm Harder, Thierry Jauniaux, Henrike Seibel, Peter Wohlsein, and Wolfgang Baumgärtner. "Epizootics in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): clinical aspects." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 8 (September 1, 2010): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2689.
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Epizootic diseases causing considerable mortality in harbour seal populations have mainly been reported from the waters of the United States and Europe. Such die-offs were largely attributable to viral infections. Several hundred individuals died from respiratory infections caused by Influenza A viruses at the coast of New England, USA, in 1979, 1980 and 1982. More than 53,000 harbour seals were killed in European waters by Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV), a morbillivirus,in two outbreaks in 1988 and 2002. For several other epizootics of smaller scale in the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific coast of the USA and, most recently, in Danish and Swedish waters in 2007 the causes remain unclear, although characteristic respiratory symptoms and interstitial pneumonia suspicious of viral etiology were detected as well as occasionally bacterial infections caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mass mortalities caused by biotoxins, direct human interactions or changes in oceanographic conditions have so far not been described for harbour seals. However, high organochlorine loads detected in European harbour seal populations and suspected to impede immune functions, were considered an aggravating factor in the 1988 morbillivirus epizootic. Establishing supranational stranding networks is a key prerequisite for the detection of future unusual die-offs in marine mammals. Detailed post-mortem investigations of all organ systems are essential for targeted etiological studies towards the causes of mass mortalities in seals.
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Nash, Woods, Sandra J. Mixer, Polly M. McArthur, and Annette Mendola. "The moral courage of nursing students who complete advance directives with homeless persons." Nursing Ethics 23, no. 7 (August 3, 2016): 743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733015583926.
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Background: Homeless persons in the United States have disproportionately high rates of illness, injury, and mortality and tend to believe that the quality of their end-of-life care will be poor. No studies were found as to whether nurses or nursing students require moral courage to help homeless persons or members of any other demographic complete advance directives. Research hypothesis: We hypothesized that baccalaureate nursing students require moral courage to help homeless persons complete advance directives. Moral courage was defined as a trait of a person or an action that overcomes fears or other challenges to achieve something of great moral worth. Research design: The hypothesis was investigated through a qualitative descriptive study. Aside from the pre-selection of a single variable to study (i.e. moral courage), our investigation was a naturalistic inquiry with narrative hues insofar as it attended to specific words and phrases in the data that were associated with that variable. Participants and research context: A total of 15 baccalaureate nursing students at a public university in the United States responded to questionnaires that sought to elicit fears and other challenges that they both expected to experience and actually experienced while helping homeless persons complete advance directives at a local, non-profit service agency. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Internal Review Board of the authors’ university, and each participant signed an informed consent form, which stated that the study involved no reasonably foreseeable risks and that participation was voluntary. Findings: Before meeting with homeless persons, participants reported that they expected to experience two fears and a challenge: fear of behaving in ways that a homeless person would deem inappropriate, fear of discussing a homeless person’s dying and death, and the challenge of adequately conveying the advance directive’s meaning and accurately recording a homeless person’s end-of-life wishes. In contrast, after their meetings with homeless persons, relatively few participants reported having encountered those obstacles. So, while participants required moral courage to assist homeless persons with advance directives, they required greater moral courage as they anticipated their meetings than during those meetings. Discussion: Our study breaks new ground at the intersection of nursing, moral courage, and advance directives. It might also have important implications for how to improve the training that US nursing students receive before they provide this service. Conclusion: Our results cannot be generalized, but portions of our approach are likely to be transferable to similar social contexts. For example, because homeless persons are misunderstood and marginalized throughout the United States, our design for training nursing students to provide this service is also likely to be useful across the United States. Internationally, however, it is not yet known whether our participants’ fears and the challenge they faced are also experienced by those who assist homeless persons or members of other vulnerable populations in documenting healthcare wishes.
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Inglis, Antoinette DeBois, and Diane K. Kjervik. "Empowerment of Advanced Practice Nurses: Regulation Reform Needed to Increase Access to Care." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 21, no. 2 (1993): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1993.tb01242.x.
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As the millennium approaches, the United States is on the verge of major health care reform. While swallowing scarce national resources, our health care system produces unenviable results and major inconsistencies. In 1992, $838.5 billion were spent on health care, biting more than 14 percent out of our gross national product. From 35 to 37 million Americans, or approximately 14 percent of the populationn, are uninsured. Our health care system is inherently inconsistent: We have the highest birthweight-specific survival rate of any country in the world, yet we rank 19th worldwide in infant mortality rate, i.e., state-of-the-art medical technology allows us to save a 500-gram infant, yet the mother of that infant may not have had access to basic, minimal prenatal care.
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Linder, Kathleen A., Carol A. Kauffman, and Marisa H. Miceli. "Blastomycosis: A Review of Mycological and Clinical Aspects." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010117.
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Blastomycosis is caused by a thermally dimorphic fungus that thrives in moist acidic soil. Blastomyces dermatitidis is the species responsible for most infections in North America and is especially common in areas around the Great Lakes, the St. Lawrence Seaway, and in several south-central and southeastern United States. Other Blastomyces species have more recently been discovered to cause disease in distinct geographic regions around the world. Infection almost always occurs following inhalation of conidia produced in the mold phase. Acute pulmonary infection ranges from asymptomatic to typical community-acquired pneumonia; more chronic forms of pulmonary infection can present as mass-like lesions or cavitary pneumonia. Infrequently, pulmonary infection can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome that is associated with a high mortality rate. After initial pulmonary infection, hematogenous dissemination of the yeast form of Blastomyces is common. Most often this is manifested by cutaneous lesions, but osteoarticular, genitourinary, and central nervous system (CNS) involvement also occurs. The diagnosis of blastomycosis can be made by growth of the mold phase of Blastomyces spp. in culture or by histopathological identification of the distinctive features of the yeast form in tissues. Detection of cell wall antigens of Blastomyces in urine or serum provides a rapid method for a probable diagnosis of blastomycosis, but cross-reactivity with other endemic mycoses commonly occurs. Treatment of severe pulmonary or disseminated blastomycosis and CNS blastomycosis initially is with a lipid formulation of amphotericin B. After improvement, therapy can be changed to an oral azole, almost always itraconazole. With mild to moderate pulmonary or disseminated blastomycosis, oral itraconazole treatment is recommended.
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Sidana, Abhinav, Fernando Blank, Hannah Wang, Nilesh Patil, Arvin K. George, and Hasan Abbas. "Schema and cancer detection rates for transperineal prostate biopsy templates: a review." Therapeutic Advances in Urology 14 (January 2022): 175628722211050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17562872221105019.
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Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in men and is the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in the United States. Current practice requires histopathological confirmation of cancer achieved through biopsy for diagnosis. The transrectal approach for prostate biopsy has been the standard for several decades. However, the risks and limitations of transrectal biopsies have led to a recent resurgence of transperineal prostatic biopsies. Recent studies have demonstrated the transperineal approach for prostate biopsies to be effective, associated with minimal complications and superior in several aspects to traditional transrectal biopsies. While sextant and extended sextant templates are widely accepted templates for transrectal biopsy, there are a diverse set of transperineal biopsy templates available for use, without consensus on the optimal sampling strategy. We aim to critically appraise the salient features of established transperineal biopsy templates.
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Lavingia, Richa, Rajeev Raghavan, and Stephanie R. Morain. "Emergency-Only Hemodialysis Policies." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 3 (2020): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958877.
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An estimated 6,500 undocumented immigrants in the United States have been diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). These individuals are ineligible for the federal insurance program that covers dialysis and/or transplantation for citizens, and consequently are subject to local or state policies regarding the provision of healthcare. In 76% of states, undocumented immigrants are ineligible to receive scheduled outpatient dialysis treatments, and typically receive dialysis only when presenting to the emergency center with severe life-threatening symptoms. ‘Emergency-only hemodialysis’ (EOHD) is associated with higher healthcare costs, higher mortality, and longer hospitalizations. In this paper, we present an ethical critique of existing federal policy. We argue that EOHD represents a failure of fiduciary and professional obligations, contributes to moral distress, and undermines physician obligations to be good stewards of medical resources. We then explore potential avenues for reform based upon policies introduced at the state level. We argue that, while reform at the federal level would ultimately be a more sustainable longterm solution, state-based policy reforms can help mitigate the ethical shortcomings of EOHD.
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Pudilová, Linda, and Kamila Veselá. "Global Position of the US Economy and Its Impact on the Economy of the Czech Republic." SHS Web of Conferences 92 (2021): 09012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219209012.
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Research background: The economy with the strongest influence on world affairs, international politics and world economy is undoubtedly the economy of the United States of America. In the Czech Republic, after the revolution, the USA quickly came to the forefront of interest and mutual foreign trade grew significantly. However, their global influence was significantly reflected not only in economic aspects, but also in sociological aspects. In recent years, the so-called “Americanization” has been taking place in the Czech Republic. American terms were often adopted in the commonly used Czech language, and the demand for American goods increased significantly. Purpose of the article: The objective of the presented text is to evaluate development of the influence of the USA on the economy of the Czech Republic by analysing the development of key macroeconomic quantities, in particular gross domestic product, gross national product, balance of payments and foreign trade. Based on the results of this analysis, the future development of the Czech economy, more precisely opportunities and impacts arising from mutual trade relations between the American and Czech economies, is predicated. Methods: Descriptive statistic. Findings & Value added: The results of the research showed a gradual expansion of the influence of the American economy in the Czech Republic, which began after 1989 and continues to this day. This influence manifested itself in several aspects. It was reflected in the structure of mutual foreign trade, and also in the Czech culture and the Czech language (adoption of English terms into the Czech language). The further potential of mutual trade is highlighted out by comparing the structure of export and import from the USA in total and export and import from the USA to the Czech Republic.
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Barry, Michael J., Pamela H. Wescott, Ellen J. Reifler, Yuchaio Chang, and Benjamin W. Moulton. "Reactions of Potential Jurors to a Hypothetical Malpractice Suit Alleging Failure to Perform a Prostate-Specific Antigen Test." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 2 (2008): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00283.x.
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Screening for prostate cancer with the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is controversial, as evidence to date has not demonstrated such screening does more good than harm. While the potential benefit of PSA screening on reducing prostate cancer mortality has not been documented in randomized trials, many risks of PSA screening have been well documented. These risks include a substantially higher risk of a prostate cancer diagnosis over a screenee’s lifetime, false-positive and false-negative test results, possible complications from biopsies done in response to suspicious test results, and substantial risks of side effects from subsequent prostate cancer treatments. Nevertheless, PSA screening is widespread in the United States, and many physicians in a national survey reported supporting routine PSA screening as well as getting PSA tests themselves, despite the lack of evidence.
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Song, Shuxuan, Kelsey S. Johnson, Henry Lujan, Sahar H. Pradhan, Christie M. Sayes, and Joseph H. Taube. "Nanoliposomal Delivery of MicroRNA-203 Suppresses Migration of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer through Distinct Target Suppression." Non-Coding RNA 7, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ncrna7030045.
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Triple-negative breast cancers affect thousands of women in the United States and disproportionately drive mortality from breast cancer. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by inhibiting target mRNA translation or by promoting mRNA degradation. We have identified that miRNA-203, silenced by epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), is a tumor suppressor and can promote differentiation of breast cancer stem cells. In this study, we tested the ability of liposomal delivery of miR-203 to reverse aspects of breast cancer pathogenesis using breast cancer and EMT cell lines. We show that translationally relevant methods for increasing miR-203 abundance within a target tissue affects cellular properties associated with cancer progression. While stable miR-203 expression suppresses LASP1 and survivin, nanoliposomal delivery suppresses BMI1, indicating that suppression of distinct mRNA target profiles can lead to loss of cancer cell migration.
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Armstrong, Deborah K., Ronald D. Alvarez, Jamie N. Bakkum-Gamez, Lisa Barroilhet, Kian Behbakht, Andrew Berchuck, Lee-may Chen, et al. "Ovarian Cancer, Version 2.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology." Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 19, no. 2 (February 2021): 191–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2021.0007.
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Epithelial ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer in the United States and is the country’s fifth most common cause of cancer mortality in women. A major challenge in treating ovarian cancer is that most patients have advanced disease at initial diagnosis. These NCCN Guidelines discuss cancers originating in the ovary, fallopian tube, or peritoneum, as these are all managed in a similar manner. Most of the recommendations are based on data from patients with the most common subtypes─high-grade serous and grade 2/3 endometrioid. The NCCN Guidelines also include recommendations specifically for patients with less common ovarian cancers, which in the guidelines include the following: carcinosarcoma, clear cell carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, low-grade serous, grade 1 endometrioid, borderline epithelial, malignant sex cord-stromal, and malignant germ cell tumors. This manuscript focuses on certain aspects of primary treatment, including primary surgery, adjuvant therapy, and maintenance therapy options (including PARP inhibitors) after completion of first-line chemotherapy.
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TAUXE, ROBERT V. "Salmonella: A Postmodern Pathogen1." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.7.563.
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The reported incidence of Salmonella infections in the United States has increased substantially since reporting began in 1943. These infections cause important morbidity, mortality, and economic burden in this country and are particularly severe in the infant, elderly, or immunocompromised patient. Four recent trends suggest that salmonellosis will present an increasing challenge to public health in the future. Antimicrobial resistance is present in an increasing proportion of Salmonella isolates. Salmonella bacteremia has emerged as a serious complication of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Infections caused by the egg-associated serotype Salmonella enteritidis are steadily increasing in incidence and geographic scope, and these infections are now the most common form of salmonellosis in some parts of the country. Finally, contamination of food produced in centralized facilities has led to extremely large and widespread outbreaks. Better understanding of the biology of specific animal reservoirs and of the microbiologic aspects of food processing is needed to control salmonellosis in the future.
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Milano, Anthony F., and Gill P. Beck. "Medical Malpractice Defense: The Predictive and Protective Power of Mortality, Survival, and Life Expectancy." Journal of Insurance Medicine 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17849/insm-48-1-1-5.1.
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Introduction.—The defense of medical malpractice presents a significant challenge to Assistant United States Attorneys (AUSAs). A medical malpractice claim consists of proof of: (1) duty, (2) breach of the duty, (3) causation, and (4) damages. Often the breach of the duty and the causation elements present complex medical issues involving multiple specialties and subspecialties of medicine. A considerable amount of time is required to prepare the defense pertaining to the alleged breach of the duty and causation elements. The damages aspect of the medical malpractice case is often not given equal treatment and may not be fully developed. As a result, damage awards can be surprisingly high once the breach of the standard of care and the causation defenses fail. Purpose.—The purpose of this article is to underscore the importance of developing the damages aspect of the case. This article will demonstrate through a case study the power of using fact-based medical-actuarial risk statistics and life expectancy testimony to limit, by thousands if not millions of dollars, economic damages to impairment-specific “years of life lost” in medical-malpractice torts. The important points to remember are that from the moment a case is assigned to an AUSA, the AUSA must: (1) focus as much, if not more, attention on damages; (2) execute a discovery strategy that ensures all aspects of damages are thoroughly investigated; and (3) retain the appropriate experts, including, in appropriate cases, an expert on medical risk appraisal and life expectancy.
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SEGAL, Fábio, João Carlos PROLLA, Ismael MAGUILNIK, and Fernando H. WOLFF. "Clinical and endoscopic aspects in the evolution of patients with bleeding peptic ulcer: a cohort study." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 37, no. 3 (July 2000): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032000000300005.
Full textAbstract:
Background - Bleeding ulcers are a major problem in public health and represent approximately half of all the cases of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the United States. This study aims to determine the prognostic value of factors such as clinical history, laboratory and endoscopic findings in the occurrence of new episodes of bleeding in patients who have upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by gastric or duodenal peptic ulcer. Methods - A cohort study with 94 patients was designed to investigate prognostic factors to the occurrence of new episodes of bleeding. Results - From the 94 patients studied, 88 did not present a new bleeding episode in the 7 days following hospital admission. The incidence of rebleeding was significantly higher in those patients with hemoglobin <6 g/dL at the admission (P = 0.03, RR = 6.2). The localization of the ulcers in bulb was positively associated to rebleeding (P = 0.003).The rebleeding group needed a greater number of units transfunded (P = 0.03) and the time of hospitalization was longer than the time of the hemostasia group (P = 0.0349). Conclusions - The identification of patients with risk of death by bleeding peptic ulcer remains as a challenge, once few factors are capable of predicting the severity of the evolution. The identification of such factors will allow the choice of the better therapeutic conduct improving the diagnosis and decreasing the rate of rebleeding and the mortality.
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Nguyen, Danh V., Esra Kurum, and Damla Senturk. "The Use of Putative Dialysis Initiation Time in Comparative Outcomes of Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: Methodological Aspects." International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research 11 (November 18, 2022): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6029.2022.11.16.
Full textAbstract:
The latest data from the United States Renal Data Systems show over 134,000 individuals with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) starting dialysis in the year 2019. ESKD patients on dialysis, the default treatment strategy, have high mortality and hospitalization, especially in the first year of dialysis. An alternative treatment strategy is (non-dialysis) conservative management (CM). The relative effectiveness of CM with respect to various patient outcomes, including survival, hospitalization, and health-related quality of life among others, especially in elderly ESKD or advanced chronic kidney disease patients with serious comorbidities, is an active area of research. A technical challenge inherent in comparing patient outcomes between CM and dialysis patient groups is that the start of follow-up time is “not defined” for patients on CM because they do not initiate dialysis. One solution is the use of putative dialysis initiation (PDI) time. In this work, we examine the validity of the use of PDI time to determine the start of follow-up for longitudinal retrospective and prospective cohort studies involving CM. We propose and assess the efficacy of estimating PDI time using linear mixed effects model of kidney function decline over time via simulation studies. We also illustrate how the estimated PDI time can be used to effectively estimate the survival distribution.