Academic literature on the topic 'Mortality – United States – Sociological aspects'

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Journal articles on the topic "Mortality – United States – Sociological aspects"

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Davenport, Douglas. "Ectopic pregnancy mortality, United States, 1979 to 1980: Clinical aspects." Annals of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 1 (January 1985): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(85)80750-2.

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Gurpegui Palacios, José Antonio. "So Far So Close: Irish and Mexican Migrant Experience in the United States." Oceánide 13 (February 9, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.47.

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Irish and Mexicans conform two singular migratory groups in the United States. Nowadays it is possible to find important differences between both groups that could lead to think that in both cases the migratory experience responded to different patterns. However, as we empirically analyze the historical, sociological, and political roots of the arrival and settlement of Irish and Mexicans in the United States, it is possible to verify that the two models are not so different. In both cases similar reasons and behaviors are reproduced in aspects related to why they migrated, to settlement patterns, the complex relations with the hegemonic group, or self-protection systems.
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Figueira, Filipa. "Why the current Peak in Populism in the US and Europe? Populism as a Deviation in the Median Voter Theorem." European Journal of Government and Economics 7, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 154–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/ejge.2018.7.2.4423.

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The current surge of populism in Europe and the United States calls for further analysis using public choice tools. In this article, populism is modelled as a deviation from the normal state of the median voter theorem. This study adds to the public choice literature by proposing a model of populism which is suited, not only to left-wing populism, but also to other forms of populism prevalent in Europe and the United States today. It is argued that, due to changes in the assumptions underpinning the median voter theorem, the operation of the model can be modified, and as a result surges of populism occur. Those assumptions concern: the political spectrum; the distribution of ideological preferences; sociological, psychological and historical factors; political party competition; and extreme political preferences. It is shown that the current peak of populism in Europe and the United States can be explained through a simultaneous change in all of these aspects, leading to a “perfect storm” of populism.
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Potterton, Amanda U., D. Brent Edwards, Ee-Seul Yoon, and Jeanne M. Powers. "Sociological Contributions to School Choice Policy and Politics Around the Globe: Introduction to the 2020 PEA Yearbook." Educational Policy 34, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904819881150.

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The introduction to the Yearbook provides an overview of the global context of school choice policies and practices, trends in research and reform, and extant knowledge about research on school choice that draw upon the sociology of education. The article also highlights the contributions of the papers included in the Yearbook. The co-editors explain how the studies engage, complement, and extend existing streams of literature by bringing together a collection of contemporary sociological studies from the United States and other countries that illuminate understudied aspects of school choice reform policies, practices, and politics from across the globe. The Yearbook aims to raise the international profile of sociological research on school choice, and document how school choice policies and programs can be understood through a sociological lens, with a focus on how stakeholders perceive, experience, and respond to these reforms in local settings. This Yearbook also offers directions for future studies.
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Mikhalskiy, Igor, and Bohdan Toroptsev. "Kissinger's „shuttle diplomacy” as an active implementation of S. Cohen's concept." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 9 (347) (2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2021-9(347)-157-168.

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Foreign policy of the USA is one of the topical areas in contemporary historical and geopolitical research. The interest of scientists in this topic is due to the fact that the United States is the leader of the world community at the present stage, both in economic and geopolitical aspects. The state continues to actively develop economically and technologically, increases its military potential, actively spreads its culture all over the world, that determines its global role. The phenomenon of the world leadership of the USA, as well as the historical factors that have determined this status, are the subject of research of scientists in the historical, geopolitical, politological, sociological, cultural, and other scientific fields. A particularly topical issue in the history of the United States in the second half of the twentieth century is the concept and specificity of American „shuttle diplomacy” and its effectiveness in the foreign policy of the state. The purpose of the study is to analyze the concept of the American geographer S. Cohen, as well as the peculiarities of its implementation in the political activities of R. Nixon and H. Kissinger. It has been proved that S. Cohen's geostrategic concept played an important role in the foreign policy of the United States in the 1970s. Its principles were implemented in the policy of H. Kissinger and R. Nixon, the important results of which were the establishment of United States-China relations and the softening of relations with the Soviet Union.
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Adiluhung, Johan Wahyudi. "Sosiologi Pedesaan di Era Corona Virus 19." Madani Jurnal Politik dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 12, no. 2 (August 3, 2020): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52166/madani.v12i2.2007.

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Rural sociology is one branch of sociology itself. Historically, it developed after the humanitarian aspects of agriculture gained attention in the United States, namely in 1908. The study began with the writings of a Christian priest who was in the socio-economic conditions of rural communities in northern America. Through this article, they solved the problems that arose in rural areas as a result of the birth of industry, which caused some rural areas to be abandoned. In addition, the end of the exploration of new areas to the West end of the 19th century. In the 1920s, courses on the subject of rural life began to be studied at various universities, especially at The American Sociological Society.
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Barton, Benjamin K., Jiabin Shen, Despina Stavrinos, and Shane Davis. "Developmental Aspects of Unintentional Injury Prevention Among Youth: Implications for Practice." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 13, no. 6 (December 5, 2017): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827617745057.

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Unintentional injuries, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among youth in the United States, are burdensome and costly to society. Continued prevention efforts to reduce rates of unintentional injury remain imperative. We emphasized the role of practitioner influence across a linear concept of injury prevention comprising delivery, practice, and application/generalization and within the context of child developmental factors. Specific strategies for injury prevention tailored to the cognitive development stage of the patient are provided. This information may be useful to health care practitioners, who have significant interaction with youth and their families.
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Fazyl, F., D. Begimbetova, K. Batyrbekov, Z. Spataev, Sh Aitbaev, and D. Sarbassov. "MAIN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PANCREATIC CANCER IN KAZAKHSTAN." Eurasian Journal of Applied Biotechnology, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11134/btp.3.2022.9.

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According to GLOBOCAN (2020), pancreatic cancer (PC) is in 12th place among oncopathology in terms of incidence - 4.9 cases per 100,000 population. Most cases of pancreatic cancer are registered in China, the USA, Japan, and Germany. In the structure of mortality among oncological diseases, pancreatic cancer occupies 9th place - 4.5 cases per 100 thousand of the population. According to epidemiological studies, by 2040, a 79.9% increase in mortality from pancreatic cancer is predicted. According to statistics, in the United States, there is an increase in the incidence of cancer in the distal pancreas. In addition, early stages of pancreatic cancer were diagnosed more often and less often - the 4th. One of the trends in the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer is an increase in the incidence of this pathology among young people. Factors contributing to the development of pancreatic cancer in people under 50 years of age are genetic mutations, smoking, and obesity. A retrospective statistical analysis of the epidemiological state of pancreatic cancer in Kazakhstan over 3 years was carried out (standardized WHO World indicators per 100,000 population and intensive indicators of morbidity, mortality, distribution by stage, age, and sex), and regional features of pancreatic cancer were studied.
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Higo, Masa. "Surviving Death-Anxieties in Liquid Modern Times: Examining Zygmunt Bauman'S Cultural Theory of Death and Dying." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 65, no. 3 (November 2012): 221–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.65.3.e.

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Despite his prominence as a leading contemporary social theorist, Zygmunt Bauman's long-term writing on the cultural theory of death and dying has largely been overlooked in the sociological literature of death and dying, particularly in the United States. Bauman uniquely theorizes how we survive death-anxieties today: Contemporary, liquid modern culture has engaged us in ceaseless pursuit of the unattainable consumer sensation of bodily fitness as a way to suppress and thus survive our death-anxieties. Bauman also argues that the prevalence of this cultural formula to survive death-anxieties has simultaneously increased, more than ever before in social history, the volume of individual responsibility for restlessly coping with existential anxieties in the societies of consumers. While unique and insightful, his theoretical argument has a limitation; largely succeeding Freud's classic view of mortality, Bauman's contemporary theory may lead us to neglect potentially important social, cultural, and historical variations in how mortality has been understood.
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Gall, Alana, Kate Anderson, Kirsten Howard, Abbey Diaz, Alexandra King, Esther Willing, Michele Connolly, Daniel Lindsay, and Gail Garvey. "Wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples in Canada, Aotearoa (New Zealand) and the United States: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 5832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115832.

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Despite the health improvements afforded to non-Indigenous peoples in Canada, Aotearoa (New Zealand) and the United States, the Indigenous peoples in these countries continue to endure disproportionately high rates of mortality and morbidity. Indigenous peoples’ concepts and understanding of health and wellbeing are holistic; however, due to their diverse social, political, cultural, environmental and economic contexts within and across countries, wellbeing is not experienced uniformly across all Indigenous populations. We aim to identify aspects of wellbeing important to the Indigenous people in Canada, Aotearoa and the United States. We searched CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO and PubMed databases for papers that included key Indigenous and wellbeing search terms from database inception to April 2020. Papers that included a focus on Indigenous adults residing in Canada, Aotearoa and the United States, and that included empirical qualitative data that described at least one aspect of wellbeing were eligible. Data were analysed using the stages of thematic development recommended by Thomas and Harden for thematic synthesis of qualitative research. Our search resulted in 2669 papers being screened for eligibility. Following full-text screening, 100 papers were deemed eligible for inclusion (Aotearoa (New Zealand) n = 16, Canada n = 43, United States n = 41). Themes varied across countries; however, identity, connection, balance and self-determination were common aspects of wellbeing. Having this broader understanding of wellbeing across these cultures can inform decisions made about public health actions and resources.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mortality – United States – Sociological aspects"

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Jesmin, Syeda Sarah. "Income Inequality and Racial/Ethnic Infant Mortality in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9770/.

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The objective of this study was to examine if intra-racial income inequality contributes to higher infant mortality rates (IMRs) for African-Americans. The conceptual framework for this study is derived from Richard Wilkinson's psychosocial environment interpretation of the income inequality and health link. The hypotheses examined were that race/ethnicity-specific IMRs are influenced by intra-race/ethnicity income inequality, and that these effects of income inequality on health are mediated by level of social mistrust and/or risk profile of the mother. Using state-level data from several sources, the 2000 National Center for Health Statistics Linked Birth Infant Death database, 2000 U.S. Census, and 2000 General Social Survey, a number of regression equations were estimated. Results indicated that the level of intra-racial/ethnic income inequality is a significant predictor of non-Hispanic Black IMRs, but not the IMRs of non-Hispanic Whites or Hispanics. Additionally, among Blacks, the effect of their intra-racial income inequality on their IMRs was found to be mediated by the risk profile of the mother, namely, the increased likelihood of smoking and/or drinking and/or less prenatal care by Black women during pregnancy. Implications of the findings are discussed.
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Venable, Carol Frances. "An analysis of auditor independence and its determinants." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184416.

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This study analyzes the concept of auditor independence and develops a theoretical model for examining an auditor's independence and the methods that can be used to assess, instill and maintain independence. In addition, this research reports the results of an empirical test of a portion of the model. In this work, independence is described as a multifaceted concept that includes both independence in appearance and independence in fact. By incorporating literatures from economics and sociology, relationships between these two forms of independence are developed to show that the observable structures and behaviors of the profession (independence in appearance) form the basis for implying the level of an individual auditor's independence (independence in fact). In this context, independence is operationally defined as: an auditor's perceived right to make audit judgments free from client and firm influences. The model further suggests that the observable structures of the profession form the socialization contexts for an individual's professional development. A survey of newly hired employees from five national accounting firms was conducted to examine the multidimensional aspects of auditor independence and the link between educational socialization processes and professional development. The results provide some support for the theoretical model and provide a basis for refining the linkages between educational socialization and professional development.
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Riley, Christopher S. "The verdict in retrospect: An anlysis of the sociological and jurisprudential paradigms of jury decision-making." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1571.

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Kwong, Caputo Jolina Jade. "Undergraduate Research and Metropolitan Commuter University Student Involvement: Exploring the Narratives of Five Female Undergraduate Students." PDXScholar, 2013. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1006.

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This study sought to explore the lived experiences of five female, first-generation, low-income students who attend a metropolitan commuter university, and investigate how a structured undergraduate research experience exerts influence on the women's academic and social involvement. A qualitative case study with a narrative and grounded theory analysis was selected as the most appropriate approach for exploring this topic and addressing the guiding research questions. Interview and journal data were collected and analyzed to identify significant themes. The importance of finding an academic home, the significance of interacting with faculty and peers, and the validation of a metropolitan commuter university education through a scholar development process emerged as significant findings. Implications and recommendations on programmatic and institutional levels are included, as well as suggestions for future research.
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Haynes-Clark, Jennifer Lynn. "American Belly Dance and the Invention of the New Exotic: Orientalism, Feminism, and Popular Culture." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/20.

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Belly dance classes have become increasingly popular in recent decades in the United States. Many of the predominantly white, middle-class American women who belly dance proclaim that it is a source of feminist identity and empowerment that brings deeper meaning to their lives. American practitioners of this art form commonly explain that it originated from ritual-based dances of ancient Middle Eastern cultures and regard their participation as a link in a continuous lineage of female dancers. In contrast to the stigmatization and marginalization of public dance performers in the Middle East today, the favorable meaning that American dancers attribute to belly dance may indicate an imagined history of this dance. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted on the West Coast of the United States and Morocco in 2008-2009, I explore American belly dance utilizing theoretical contributions from feminism, Foucauldian discourse analysis, and postmodernism. I argue that an anthropological investigation of American belly dance reveals that its imagery and concepts draw from a larger discourse of Orientalism, connected to a colonial legacy that defines West against East, a process of othering that continues to inform global politics and perpetuates cultural imperialism. But the creative identity construction that American women explore through belly dance is a multi-layered and complex process. I disrupt the binary assumptions of Orientalist thinking, highlighting the heterogeneity and dynamic quality of this dance community and exploring emergent types of American belly dance. Rather than pretending to be the exotic Other, American belly dancers are inventing a new exotic Self. This cultural anthropological study contributes to a greater understanding of identity and society by demonstrating ways that American belly dancers act as agents, creatively and strategically utilizing discursive motifs to accomplish social and personal goals.
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Seim, Joshua David. "Erosion and Adjustment: A Bourdieuian-Inspired Analysis of Imprisonment and Release." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/295.

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Sociologists of punishment generally agree that the American prison exacerbates social inequality, but the mechanisms by which it does so remain somewhat fuzzy. This thesis pulls from the tradition of Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002), a canonical theorist of power and inequality, and specifically his three "thinking tools" of field, capital, and habitus, to unveil these mechanisms. Empirically, I turn to ethnographic data I collected in a minimum-security men's prison that is generally reserved for convicts who will be released to one of the three most populated counties in Oregon. I explore how soon-to-be-released prisoners (i.e., prisoners who will be released within six months) understand and prepare for their exit. Data suggest most prisoners approaching release want to adopt an honest working class style of living, and that many take proactive steps they perceive as likely to increase their chances of accessing this lifestyle (sometimes called the "straight life"). However, I argue that any (re)integrative potential emerging from these conscious and interest-oriented strategies are at risk of being trumped by two processes I title "capital erosion" and "habitus adjustment." I frame these as unintended, but nevertheless strong, consequences of imprisonment. Ultimately, I suggest imprisonment worsens existing patterns of inequality by means of draining power from the nearly powerless and disintegrating the poorly integrated.
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Helvie-Mason, Lora B. "A phenomenological examination of tenure-track female faculty members' socialization into the culture of higher education." Virtual Press, 2007. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1369917.

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The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand how pre-tenure female faculty members perceived their socialization experiences into the culture of higher education. This study viewed higher education as a distinct culture where members underwent socialization processes such as enculturation and acculturation throughout the pre-tenure years. Participants were eight pre-tenure female faculty members from Midwestern land grant institutions. Women were interviewed for 90-120 minutes on one occasion. Data was analyzed using the Constant Comparative Method (CCM).The women's perceptions resulted in four emergent themes: Balance, Place, Support, and Trust. Balance contained the themes of Workload, including promotion and tenure and time, and Roles, including sub-themes of personal and professional roles. Place described women's feelings of fit regarding age, sex, their student response and their personal response to their culture. Support highlighted people, groups and mentoring perceived as influential in their socialization. Lastly, the theme of Trust emerged as a key element of their cultural understanding regarding higher education. These pre-tenure female faculty members perceived socialization as filled with incongruency, uncertainty and rejection, and political astuteness. The women felt incongruence in terms of their personal values and those values rewarded professionally. The women's socialization was shaped by uncertainty in the promotion and tenure process and in where to put their time and energy. In addition, the women described the need for political astuteness in their professional communications and actions during their pre-tenure years. These perceptions werefurther examined through post-colonial feminist theory. The emphasis post-colonial feminist theory places on power and voice in the historically male-dominated system of higher education informed the analysis. This led to the argument for Boyer's (1990) reconstruction of scholarship as an opportunity for women to become co-creators of an environment which better promotes congruency between their personal values with elements evaluated for professional success.Embracing Boyer's (1990) concepts for re-conceptualizing scholarship may offer a potential solution which would allow the women to experience more integrated lives instead of disparate circles of personal and professional activity. Integrated lives would ease their adjustment in these pivotal pre-tenure years.
Department of Educational Studies
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Pokross, Amy Elizabeth. "The American Community College's Obligation to Democracy." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5129/.

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In this thesis, I address the dichotomy between liberal arts education and terminal vocational training in the American community college. The need is for reform in the community college in relation to philosophical instruction in order to empower citizens, support justice and create more sustainable communities. My call for reform involves a multicultural integration of philosophy into terminal/vocational programs as well as evolving the traditional liberal arts course to exist in a multicultural setting. Special attention is focused on liberating the oppressed, social and economic justice and philosophy of education.
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Withers, Elizabeth Melissa. "Black/White Health Disparities in the U.S. The Effect of Education over the Life-Course." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/42.

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In the United States there exists a clear and disconcerting racial disparity in the distribution of good health, which can be seen in differential levels of morbidity and mortality affecting blacks and whites. Previous research has examined the role of SES in shaping racial health disparities and recent studies have looked specifically at the effect of education on health to explain the racial disparity in health. Higher levels of education are robustly associated with good overall health for both blacks and whites and this association has been examined over the life-course. This research explores racial differences in the effect of education on health in general as well as over the life-course. Specifically, this paper examines race differences in the effects of education on health over the life-course. Pooled data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to estimate the effects of race, education and age on health. The results of these analyses indicate that blacks receive lower education returns on their health than whites. The effect of education on health was shown to grow in the beginning of the life-course and diminish at the end of the life course in accordance with the mortality-as-leveler hypothesis. The black white health disparity was shown to grow over the life-course among the highly educated, whereas the disparity was consistent over the life-course for the poorly educated.
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Laurikkala, Minna. "DIFFERENT TIME, SAME PLACE, SAME STORY? A SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION PERSPECTIVE TO EXAMINING JUVENILE HOMICIDES." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4405.

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In 2007, juveniles were involved in a minimum of 1,063 murders in the United States (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2008), and a concern over juvenile homicide offenders remains. While increasingly more macrolevel research on juvenile homicide offending has been accumulated, particularly since the 1980s, research focusing on macrolevel correlates of juvenile homicides is still relatively scarce (MacDonald & Gover, 2005; Ousey & Campbell Augustine, 2001). In the first part of this study, several variables relating to the offender, victim, setting, and precursors to the homicide by race and gender were examined in order to provide details on the context of youth homicides between 1965 and 1995 in Chicago. The Homicides in Chicago, 1965-1995 data set and Census data for 1970, 1980, and 1990 were used in this study. The results indicate that changes in youth homicides over the 31-year time period involved increases in lethal gang altercations, particularly among Latinos, and increases in the use of automatic weapons. Young females had very little impact on homicide rates in Chicago. The second part of the study examined whether measures of social disorganization can aid in the prediction of homicides committed by youths, and a total of ten negative binomial models were run. The results of the analyses in the three time periods indicate that racial/ethnic heterogeneity, educational deprivation, unemployment, and family disruption are significantly and positively related to homicides. Foreign-born population and median household income were found to be significantly and negatively related to homicides. The significant indicators of social disorganization varied in the seven models for the disaggregated groups. Overall, the results reflect support for social disorganization theory. Limitations, suggestion for future research, and policy implications are also addressed.
Ph.D.
Department of Sociology
Sciences
Sociology
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Books on the topic "Mortality – United States – Sociological aspects"

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Insolence of office: Socio-politics, socio-economics and the American republic. Valencia, CA: 512k Entertainment, LLC, 2011.

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Doolittle, Larry. Timber harvesting in the Southern United States: A sociological analysis and research proposal. [Mississippi State]: Dept. of Information Services, Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine, 1990.

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Gurdin, J. Barry. Amitié/friendship: An investigation into cross-cultural styles in Canada and the United States. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield, 1996.

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Amitié/friendship: An investigation into cross-cultural styles in Canada and the United States. San Francisco: Austin & Winfield, 1996.

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Wilson, George B. Where do we belong?: United States Jesuits and their memberships. St. Louis, Mo: The Seminar on Jesuit Spirituality, 1989.

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Crime as structured action: Gender, race, class, and crime in the making. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1997.

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A sociological perspective of sport. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1993.

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Leonard, Wilbert Marcellus. A sociological perspective of sport. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1998.

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B, Kirsch George, Harris Othello, and Nolte Claire Elaine, eds. Encyclopedia of ethnicity and sports in the United States. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2000.

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Groth, Paul. Living downtown: The history of residential hotels in the United States. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mortality – United States – Sociological aspects"

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Buttel, Frederick H., Gilbert W. Gillespie, and Alison Power. "Sociological Aspects of Agricultural Sustainability in the United States: A New York State Case Study." In Sustainable Agricultural Systems, 515–32. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003070474-35.

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Cheng, Susan, and Marc S. Sabatine. "Acute Coronary Syndromes." In The Brigham Intensive Review of Internal Medicine, 806–18. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199358274.003.0078.

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In total, ACS presentations account for over 2 million annual hospital admissions in the United States. Almost 1.4 million people suffer an ACS each year, of which 55% are new events, 31% are recurrent events, and 14% are silent events. Of all diagnosed MIs, approximately 30% are STEMI and 70% are NSTE-ACS events. Despite recent declines in associated mortality, coronary artery disease causes one out of every five deaths in the United States. Notably, half of MI-related deaths occur within the first hour, primarily due to ventricular dysrhythmias. Therefore, the presentation of ACS challenges the clinician to rapidly integrate key aspects of the history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests in order to diagnose correctly and manage effectively this potentially life-threatening condition.
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"Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals." In Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals, edited by David H. Secor and John R. Waldman. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569155.ch16.

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<em>Abstract.</em> —Atlantic sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus </em> stocks are extremely depleted throughout their range in the United States. We examined two aspects of restoration of Atlantic sturgeon—what level of abundance should be recovered and how long might this level of recovery require? To provide perspective on restoration benchmarks, we estimated historical fishery records for Delaware Bay Atlantic sturgeon. During the period 1880–1900, the Delaware Bay supported the most abundant and commercially important population in the United States. The Leslie depletion method was used to estimate abundance in 1890, a year followed by a 9-yr period of constant depletion. Assumptions of this method were partially met by limited distribution points for the fishery (accuracy of reporting), similarity of fishing practices and fish size during the period of depletion (stable catchability over size-classes) and a 15–20 year lag between depletion of spawning stock and loss of new recruits. Predicted abundance of females, the principal target of the Delaware Bay fishery, was estimated at approximately 1.8 ×10<sup>5</sup>. Based upon a scenario of no directed fishery but continued bycatch of juveniles and constant low annual recruitment of yearlings, restoration to historical levels would require well over a century. Low natural mortality rate in Atlantic sturgeon indicates that additional external sources of mortality, for instance bycatch mortality, can have proportionately large effects on population growth rates.
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Garg, Pankaj, John H. Yazji, Emad Alamouti-Fard, Ishaq Wadiwala, Mohammad Alomari, Md Walid Akram Hussain, Mohamed Samir Hassan Elawady, Saqib Masroor, and Samuel Jacob. "Overview of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (VA-ECMO) Support for the Management of Cardiac Arrest and Cardiogenic Shock." In Management of Shock - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105838.

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In the United States, ~100,000 patients are hospitalized annually for cardiogenic shock with 27–51% mortality. Similarly, ~356,000 patients develop out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) annually with 90% mortality. In the last few decades, several acute mechanical circulatory support (AMCS) devices have been developed to provide hemodynamic support and to improve outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. Among all the devices, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is the only AMCS device that provides immediate and complete cardiopulmonary support. With an increase in clinical experience with VA-ECMO, use of VA-ECMO has expanded beyond post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock. In the last two decades, there has also been a rapid growth in the observational and randomized data describing the clinical and logistical considerations with successful clinical outcomes in patients with cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. In this review, we discuss the fundamental concepts and hemodynamic aspects of VA-ECMO, its indications, contraindications, and the complications that are encountered in the setting of VA-ECMO in patients with cardiac arrest and cardiogenic shock of various etiologies.
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5

Mackenbach, Johan P. "Patterns of health inequalities." In Health inequalities, 13–47. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831419.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 (‘Patterns of health inequalities’) sets the scene for the rest of the book, by explaining the measurement of health inequalities and by providing a profusely illustrated overview of inequalities in morbidity and mortality by education and occupational class in 30 European countries. It shows that health inequalities are a generalized phenomenon affecting young and old, men and women, and all aspects of health, but with important differences by age, gender, and type of health problem. It shows that health inequalities are present in all European countries, but with striking variations between countries, suggesting that there is great scope for reducing health inequalities. It also shows that although health inequalities are persistent, they are also highly dynamic, with relative inequalities often increasing and absolute inequalities sometimes declining over time. This chapter includes a comparison with other high-income countries (United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea).
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Tewari, Anurag, Mahmood Ghazanwy, and Eugenia Ayrian. "Obesity and anaesthesia for spine and neurosurgery." In Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia for the Obese Patient, edited by Ashish C. Sinha, 143–50. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757146.003.0014.

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Obesity has nearly doubled in the world since 1980. Obesity is a common, serious, and costly problem. More than 10% of the world’s adult population is suffering from obesity. In 2009–2010, more than one-third of adults in the United States (35.7%) were obese. The prevalence of obesity is continuously increasing and causing problems in all aspects of healthcare including anaesthesiology. Obesity is an energy imbalance and is linked with increased morbidity and mortality and associated with a wide spectrum of medical and surgical issues. Fat-containing intracranial tumours and developmental lesions such as lipomas, dermoid and epidermoid cysts, and teratomas are common. An increased prevalence of obesity in patients undergoing craniotomy for meningiomas suggests an increased incidence of meningiomas in obese men. In this chapter, physiological changes associated with obesity, pharmacology, and the anaesthetic considerations and challenges for spine and neurosurgery are addressed.
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7

Shim, Janet K., Jamie Suki Chang, and Leslie A. Dubbin. "Cultural Health Capital." In Understanding Health Inequalities and Justice. University of North Carolina Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630359.003.0010.

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The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act promulgated a number of fundamental changes to the United States health-care system. Less visible and controversial aspects included the creation of institutions and strategies to reduce health disparities and enhance the quality and patient-centeredness of health care. In this chapter, we offer the concept of cultural health capital (CHC) as a sociological intervention for analyzing these changes aimed at making health care more patient-centered, particularly for historically underserved populations. In particular, we use the notion of CHC to illustrate how patient-centered care is accomplished or undone through complex interpersonal and interactional work that is highly dependent on access to stratified cultural resources that both patients and providers bring to health-care interactions. In so doing, we aim to contest that racism in health care is the primary source of health inequalities. Instead we argue that patients’ and providers’ cultural assets and interactional styles—themselves the product of complex social, cultural, historical, political, and economic contexts—influence their abilities to communicate with and understand one another.
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8

Turner Lee, Nicol. "Mitigating Algorithmic Biases through Incentive-Based Rating Systems." In The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance, C33.S1—C33.S16. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197579329.013.33.

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Abstract Increased use of machine-learning algorithms in all aspects of society has worsened the impact of online behavioral biases on historically disadvantaged populations, enabling discriminatory practices in hiring, loan approvals, child welfare determinations, access to public benefits, policing, and more. While companies have sought to self-regulate such problems, they have failed to enact concrete change. To address this problem, an incentive-based rating system, which is modeled, in part, after the United States federal government’s Energy Star program, is proposed to better identify and mitigate online biases. Rating systems can implore computer and data scientists, as well as the industries that license and disseminate algorithms, to improve their interrogation of algorithms’ sociological implications and incorporate non-technical actors and practices to inform their design and execution. Such incentives can differentiate the developers and companies who seek transparency and feedback around their concerns for more fair, inclusive, and ethical artificial intelligence systems. In addition to promoting the use of rating systems, this chapter offers a framework for them when applied to AI, including a set of questions that can be asked of internal and external stakeholders, like those assessing the diversity of the work team, data quality, transparency, and feedback from user groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion around the role of public policies and potential regulatory enforcements that can make AI rating systems more formidable, especially in use cases that have adverse impact on users.
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"Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis." In Environmental Toxicology, edited by Sigmund F. Zakrzewski. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.003.0010.

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Cancer is a common name for about 200 diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth. According to Kundson (1), the causes of cancer may be classified into the following groups: 1. genetic predisposition 2. environmental factors 3. environmental factors superimposed on genetic predisposition 4. unknown factors Typical examples of the first group are childhood cancers such as retinoblastoma (a genetically predisposed malignancy of the retina), neuroblastoma (a malignancy of the brain), and Wilms’ tumor (a malignancy of the kidney). In adults, an example is polyposis of the colon, a genetic condition that frequently leads to colon cancer. The third group is represented by xeroderma pigmentosum, a genetic condition characterized by a deficient DNA excision repair mechanism (see the discussion later in this chapter). Individuals so predisposed develop skin cancer when exposed to ultraviolet light. The variable susceptibility of the population to the carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoke may also reflect genetic predisposition. Very little can be said about the fourth group because the causes of this group of cancers are not known. Groups 2 and 3 combined (i.e., cancer attributable to environmental causes, with or without genetic predisposition) probably account for 60– 90% of all cancers (2). The environment, in this context, involves not only air, water, and soil, but also food, drink, living habits, occupational exposure, drugs, and practically all aspects of human interaction with the surroundings. This definition implies that a great majority of cancers could be prevented by avoiding exposure to potential carcinogens and by changing living habits. It is therefore not surprising that the study of chemical carcinogenesis represents a major aspect of environmental toxicology. Table 5.1 gives an overview of estimated environmentally associated cancer mortality or incidence in the United States. The data presented in this table have to be considered as rough estimates only. There are great variations in the estimates, depending on the investigators and their methods of collecting the pertinent statistics. The Office of Technology Assessment report on cancer risk offers a more in-depth treatment of this subject.
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