Academic literature on the topic 'Mortality South Australia Tables'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mortality South Australia Tables"
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Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Thomas A. A. Prowse, Michael Drew, Bronwyn M. Gillanders, Steven C. Donnellan, and Charlie Huveneers. "Predicting sustainable shark harvests when stock assessments are lacking." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 1591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy031.
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Abstract Effective fisheries management generally requires reliable data describing the target species’ life-history characteristics, the size of its harvested populations, and overall catch estimates, to set sustainable quotas and management regulations. However, stock assessments are often not available for long-lived marine species such as sharks, making predictions of the long-term population impacts of variable catch rates difficult. Fortunately, stage- or age-structured population models can assist if sufficient information exists to estimate survival and fertility rates. Using data collected from the bronze whaler (Carcharhinus brachyurus) fishery in South Australia as a case study, we estimated survival probabilities from life tables of harvested individuals, as well as calculated natural mortalities based on allometric predictions. Fertility data (litter size, proportion mature) from previous studies allowed us to build a fertility vector. Deterministic matrices built using estimates of life-table data or natural mortality (i.e. harvested-augmented and natural mortality) produced instantaneous rates of change of 0.006 and 0.025, respectively. Assuming an incrementing total catch at multiples of current rates, stochastic simulations suggest the relative rate of population decline starts to become precipitous around 25% beyond current harvest rates. This is supported by a sharp increase in weighted mean age of the population around 25% increase on current catches. If the catch is assumed to be proportional (i.e. a constant proportion of the previous year’s population size), the relative r declines approximately linearly with incrementing harvest beyond the current rate. A global sensitivity analysis based on a Latin-hypercube sampling design of seven parameters revealed that variation in the survival estimates derived from the life tables was by far the dominant (boosted-regression tree relative influence score = 91.14%) determinant of model performance (measured as variation in the long-term average rate of population change r). While current harvest rates therefore appear to be sustainable, we recommend that fisheries-management authorities attempt to sample a broader size range of individuals (especially older animals) and pursue stock assessments. Our models provide a framework for assessing the relative susceptibility of long-lived fishes to harvest pressure when detailed stock data are missing.
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Li, Bo-Liao, Mei-Mei Li, Tian-Tian Li, Jun-Xiang Wu, and Xiang-Li Xu. "Demography of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at outdoor fluctuating temperatures." Bulletin of Entomological Research 111, no. 4 (May 14, 2021): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485321000110.
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AbstractThe oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major migratory pest of cereal crops in East Asia, South Asia and Australia. To comprehensively understand the ecological tolerance of M. separata, we collected life table data of individuals from four consecutive generations reared under outdoor natural fluctuating temperatures from 15 April to 17 October 2018 in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. The results showed that the immature stage in early summer and summer were shorter than in spring and autumn. High mortality in late larval instar and pupal stages was observed in the summer generation. The adult pre-oviposition period in autumn was longer than the other seasons. The population in the earlier two seasons had heavier pupae and higher fecundity than the population in the latter two seasons. The intrinsic rate of increase and the finite rate of increase was the highest in early summer (r = 0.1292 day−1, λ = 1.1391 day−1), followed by spring (r = 0.1102 day−1, λ = 1.1165 day−1), and was the lowest in summer (r = 0.0281 day−1, λ = 1.0293 day−1). The results of this study would be useful to predict the population dynamics of M. separata and deepen our standing of the adaptiveness of this migratory pest in natural fluctuating ambient environments.
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Saredakis, Dimitrios, Hannah A. D. Keage, Megan Corlis, and Tobias Loetscher. "Virtual reality intervention to improve apathy in residential aged care: protocol for a multisite non-randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 11, no. 2 (February 2021): e046030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046030.
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IntroductionApathy is a prevalent neuropsychiatric symptom for older adults residing in aged care. Left untreated, apathy has been associated with accelerated cognitive decline and increased risk of mortality. Reminiscence therapy is commonly used in aged care and has demonstrated to reduce apathy. Traditional methods of reminiscence use physical objects and more recently technology including tablets and laptop computers have demonstrated potential. Virtual reality (VR) has successfully been used to treat psychological disorders; however, there is little evidence on using VR for behavioural symptoms such as apathy in older adults. Using VR to deliver reminiscence therapy provides an immersive experience, and readily available applications provide access to a large range of content allowing easier delivery of therapy over traditional forms of therapy. This study aims to identify changes in apathy after a reminiscence therapy intervention using head-mounted displays (HMDs).Methods and analysisParticipants will be allocated to one of three groups; reminiscence therapy using VR; an active control using a laptop computer or physical items and a passive control. A total of 45 participants will be recruited from residential aged care (15 in each group). The three groups will be compared at baseline and follow-up. The primary outcome is apathy, and secondary outcomes include cognition and depression. Side effects from using HMDs will also be examined in the VR group. Primary and secondary outcomes at baseline and follow-up will be analysed using linear mixed modelling.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the University of South Australia Human Research Ethics Committee. The results from this study will be disseminated through manuscript publications and national/international conferences.Trial registration numberACTRN12619001510134.
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Partkin, Andrew. "Erratum: Tables - South Australia Political Chronicles, July to December 1997." Australian Journal of Politics and History 45, no. 2 (June 1999): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00066.
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Williams, Susan, Kamalesh Venugopal, Monika Nitschke, John Nairn, Robert Fawcett, Chris Beattie, Graeme Wynwood, and Peng Bi. "Regional morbidity and mortality during heatwaves in South Australia." International Journal of Biometeorology 62, no. 10 (August 16, 2018): 1911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1593-4.
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Ballard, G., P. J. S. Fleming, P. D. Meek, and S. Doak. "Aerial baiting and wild dog mortality in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 47, no. 2 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18188.
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Abstract ContextWild dogs, including dingoes and dingo cross-breeds, are vertebrate pests when they cause financial losses and emotional costs by harming livestock or pets, threaten human safety or endanger native fauna. Tools for lethal management of these animals currently include aerial baiting with poisoned baits. In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, aerial baiting was previously permitted at a rate of 40 baits km−1 but a maximum rate of 10 baits km−1 was subsequently prescribed by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. The efficacy of these baiting rates has not been quantified in eastern Australia, undermining the value of the policy and rendering adaptive management efforts difficult, at best. AimTo quantify the mortality rate of wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at historic and currently approved rates, i.e. 40 baits per kilometre and 10 baits per kilometre, respectively. MethodsWild dog mortality rates were measured at sites in mesic north-eastern NSW, where aerial baiting was applied to control wild dogs and contrasted with sites and individuals where no baiting was undertaken. In total, 132 wild dogs were trapped and fitted with GPS-VHF telemetry collars before annual aerial baiting programs. Collars were used to locate animals after aerial baiting and to determine the fates of individuals. Key results90.6% of collared wild dogs exposed to aerial baiting at 40 baits km−1 died, whereas only 55.3% of those exposed to 10 baits km−1 died (Welsh’s t=4.478, P=0.004, v=6.95). All wild dogs that were not exposed to toxic baits survived during the same periods. ConclusionManagers using aerial baiting to maximise wild dog mortality in mesic south-eastern Australia should use 40 baits km−1 rather than 10 baits km−1. ImplicationsWild dog population reduction for mitigation of livestock and faunal predation requires the application of efficacious control. The currently prescribed maximum aerial baiting rate of 10 baits km−1 is inadequate for controlling wild dog populations in mesic forest environments in NSW.
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Taylor, Richard, Stephen Morrell, Jane Estoesta, and Ann Brassil. "Mammography Screening and Breast Cancer Mortality in New South Wales, Australia." Cancer Causes & Control 15, no. 6 (August 2004): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:caco.0000036153.95908.f2.
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Weon, Byung Mook. "Stretched Exponential Survival Analysis for South Korean Females." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (October 10, 2019): 4230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204230.
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South Korea has recently exhibited a remarkable rapid increase in female lifespan. Here, a mathematical analysis is suggested for a clear interpretation of current trends in female lifespan in South Korea. To mathematically analyze life tables, a modified stretched exponential function is employed and demonstrated to estimate current trends of female lifespan in South Korea based on reliable life tables from 1987 to 2016 taken from the Korean Statistical Information Service. This methodology enables us to perform quantitative and comparative analyses of female lifespan in South Korea with representative industrialized countries such as Japan, France, Australia, Switzerland, UK, Sweden, and USA. This analysis provides quantitative and comparative evidence that South Korea has the highest increase rate of female lifespan over the past three decades. Further application would be feasible for a better estimation of human aging statistics.
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Cameron, Alexander S., David M. Roder, Adrian J. Esterman, and Brian W. Moore. "Mortality from influenza and allied infections in South Australia during 1968‐1981." Medical Journal of Australia 142, no. 1 (January 1985): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113275.x.
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Supramaniam, Rajah, Hari Grindley, and Lisa Jackson Pulver. "Cancer mortality in Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia, 1994-2002." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 30, no. 5 (October 2006): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00463.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Mortality South Australia Tables"
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Leppard, P. "An analysis of population lifetime data of South Australia 1841-1996." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09sml598.pdf.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Adelaide, School of Applied Mathematics, 2003.Accompanying CD-ROM is part of the appendix. It includes computer programs, data files and output tables. Bibliography: leaves 166-170. Also available in an electronic version via the Internet (ADT).
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Forshaw, Timothy James. "An investigation into the validity of life tables used for the calculation of personal injury damages." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008371.
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Currently in South Africa when an individual is injured due to the acts of another they may claim damages for the losses which they may incur. These can be claimed from a variety of institutions, such as the Road Accident Fund, Workmen's compensation or an individual's private insurance. In all the afore-mentioned cases the calculation of damages are along the same lines, whereby the damages are quantified first, and thereafter reduced to reflect future possibilities that may occur. Traditionally future losses are reduced to reflect the possibility that the claimant may die at an age prior to the loss being incurred. To account for this risk awards for future losses are reduced using standard South African mortality tables. The set of tables currently being used were calculated from the 1985 South African census, and as such encapsulate the mortality of the population at that period. When the tables were calculated no reliable statistics were available for the Black population the result is that the tables currently being used do not contain a sample of the majority of the population. The thesis first examines, in detail, the calculation methods used to arrive at the value for damages to be awarded using the current set of life tables. Thereafter an analysis is conducted looking at differences between racial groups in the country and geographic locations, in order to uncover the mortality differences between groups to confirm or disprove the proposition that the exclusion of the Black population results in lower levels of mortality being reflected in the South African 1984-1986 life tables. This is accompanied by a review of mortality trenps in South African since 1986. Following from the findings of the expected increase in mortality since 1986, alternative life tables shall be used to show what impact these would have on the calculation of damages. Due to the fact that none of the alternatives return satisfactory results, structured settlements shall be reviewed to illustrate how the shortcomings of the lump sum approach can be circumvented, and altogether avoid the problems of out dated life tables being used as a basis for damage calculations.KMBT_363
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McKenzie, Jane, and janemckenzie@malpage com. "Population demographics of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri)." La Trobe University. Zoology Department, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080509.121141.
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Assessment of trophic interactions between increasing populations of New Zealand fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) and fisheries in southern Australia is limited due to a lack of species specific demographic data and an understanding of the factors influencing population growth. To establish species specific demographic parameters a cross-sectional sample of New Zealand fur seal females (330) and males (100) were caught and individually-marked on Kangaroo Island, South Australia between 2000 and 2003. The seals were aged through examination of a postcanine tooth, which was removed from each animal to investigate age-specific life-history parameters. Annual formation of cementum layers was confirmed and accuracy in age estimation was determined by examination of teeth removed from individuals of known-age. Indirect methods of assessing reproductive maturity based on mammary teat characteristics indicated that females first gave birth between 4-8 years of age, with an average age at reproductive maturity of 5 years. Among reproductively mature females, age-specific reproductive rates increased rapidly between 4-7 years of age, reaching maximum rates of 70-81% between 8-13 years, and gradually decreased in older females. No females older than 22 years were recorded to pup. Age of first territory tenure in males ranged from 8-10 years. The oldest female and male were 25 and 19 years old, respectively. Post-weaning growth in females was monophasic, characterised by high growth rates in length and mass during the juvenile growth stage, followed by a gradual decline in growth rates after reproductive maturity. In contrast, growth in males was biphasic and displayed a secondary growth spurt in both length and mass, which coincided with sexual and social maturation, followed by a rapid decline in growth rates. Age-specific survival rates were high (0.823-0.953) among prime-age females (8-13 yrs of age) and declined in older females. Relative change in annual pup production was strongly correlated with reproductive rates of prime-age females and adult female survival between breeding seasons.
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Kariminia, Azar Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Death among a cohort of prisoners in New South Wales Australia ??? a data linkage study." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32476.
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This thesis examines mortality rates among adults who experienced full-time imprisonment in New South Wales between January 1988 and December 2002, by record linkage to the Australian National Death Index. The cohort included 76383 men and 8820 women. Over a mean follow-up of 7.7 years, 5137 deaths (4724 men, 423 women) were identified. Three hundred and three deaths (295 men, eight women) occurred in custody. The median age at death was 36.6 years for men and 32.7 years for women. The prominent causes of death were drug overdose, suicide, accidental and cardiovascular disease. The crude mortality rate was 797 per 100000 person-years for men and 685 per 100000 person-years for women. Risk of mortality was 3.7 times greater in male and 7.8 times greater in female prisoners than the standard population. The excess mortality was substantially raised following release from prison in both men (standardised mortality ratio 4.0 vs 1.7) and women (standardised mortality ratio 8.2 vs 2.1). The period of highest risk of death was the first two weeks after release. Drug overdose was the main cause of death, responsible for 68% of the deaths in the first two weeks for men and for 90% of the deaths in this period for women. In men, there was also a clustering of suicide directly after release. Prisoners admitted to prison psychiatric hospital, repeat offenders and those in the early stage of followup were at increased risk of mortality. Violent offenders were overrepresented in suicide figures and property offenders in death from overdose. Minority groups, in particular men, had a lower risk of death than white people. The above findings reinforce how disadvantaged prisoners are, measured by mortality as the most fundamental scale of human wellbeing. Prison represents a potential opportunity for treatment and public health intervention to address some of the health problems underlying the high mortality found in this study. The key challenge is, however, to provide a continuum of care between the prison and community.
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Hatami, Bijan. "Seasonal occurrence and abundance of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and its major parasitoids on brassicaceous plants in South Australia /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh361.pdf.
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Leppard, P. (Phillip I. ). "An analysis of population lifetime data of South Australia 1841-1996." 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SM/09sml598.pdf.
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Accompanying CD-ROM is part of the appendix. It includes computer programs, data files and output tables. Bibliography: leaves 166-170. The average length of life from birth until death in a human population is a single statistic that is often used to characterise the prevailing health status of the population. It is one of many statistics calculated from an analysis that, for each age, combines the number of deaths with the size of the population in which these deaths occur. This analysis is generally known as life table analysis. Life tables have only occasionally been produced specifically for South Australia, although the necessary data has been routinely collected since 1842. In this thesis, the mortality pattern of South Australia over the period of 150 years of European settlement is quantified by using life table analyses and estimates of average length of life. System requirements for accompanying CD-ROM: IBM compatible computer. Other requirements: Winzip. Adobe Acrobat Reader is required to view or print the PDF files.
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Grech, Carol Margaret. "Coronial inquiries into fatal adverse events in South Australian hospitals : from inquest to practice / Carol Grech." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22153.
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"October 2004"Includes bibliographical references (leaves 313-337)
x, 337 leaves : ill. (col.), maps (col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Public Health, 2004
Books on the topic "Mortality South Australia Tables"
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Keig, Gael. An atlas of mortality for South Australia, 1969-1978. [Melbourne]: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, 1985.
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Phillips, Andrew. Rural, regional and remote health: A study on mortality. 2nd ed. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2007.
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Suid-Afrikaanse lewenstabelle, 1979-81 =: South African life tables, 1979-81. Pretoria: Sentrale Statistiekdiens, 1985.
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Alan, Gray, and National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (Australia), eds. A Matter of life and death: Contemporary aboriginal mortality : proceedings of a workshop of the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health held at Kioloa, New South Wales, 10-12 July 1989. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 1990.
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Behera, Swadhin, and Toshio Yamagata. Climate Dynamics of ENSO Modoki Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.612.
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The El Niño Modoki/La Niña Modoki (ENSO Modoki) is a newly acknowledged face of ocean-atmosphere coupled variability in the tropical Pacific Ocean. The oceanic and atmospheric conditions associated with the El Niño Modoki are different from that of canonical El Niño, which is extensively studied for its dynamics and worldwide impacts. A typical El Niño event is marked by a warm anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial eastern Pacific. Because of the associated changes in the surface winds and the weakening of coastal upwelling, the coasts of South America suffer from widespread fish mortality during the event. Quite opposite of this characteristic change in the ocean condition, cold SST anomalies prevail in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the El Niño Modoki events, but with the warm anomalies intensified in the central Pacific. The boreal winter condition of 2004 is a typical example of such an event, when a tripole pattern is noticed in the SST anomalies; warm central Pacific flanked by cold eastern and western regions. The SST anomalies are coupled to a double cell in anomalous Walker circulation with rising motion in the central parts and sinking motion on both sides of the basin. This is again a different feature compared to the well-known single-cell anomalous Walker circulation during El Niños. La Niña Modoki is the opposite phase of the El Niño Modoki, when a cold central Pacific is flanked by warm anomalies on both sides.The Modoki events are seen to peak in both boreal summer and winter and hence are not seasonally phase-locked to a single seasonal cycle like El Niño/La Niña events. Because of this distinction in the seasonality, the teleconnection arising from these events will vary between the seasons as teleconnection path will vary depending on the prevailing seasonal mean conditions in the atmosphere. Moreover, the Modoki El Niño/La Niña impacts over regions such as the western coast of the United States, the Far East including Japan, Australia, and southern Africa, etc., are opposite to those of the canonical El Niño/La Niña. For example, the western coasts of the United States suffer from severe droughts during El Niño Modoki, whereas those regions are quite wet during El Niño. The influences of Modoki events are also seen in tropical cyclogenesis, stratosphere warming of the Southern Hemisphere, ocean primary productivity, river discharges, sea level variations, etc. A remarkable feature associated with Modoki events is the decadal flattening of the equatorial thermocline and weakening of zonal thermal gradient. The associated ocean-atmosphere conditions have caused frequent and persistent developments of Modoki events in recent decades.
Book chapters on the topic "Mortality South Australia Tables"
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Mackenbach, Johan P. "Patterns of health inequalities." In Health inequalities, 13–47. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831419.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 (‘Patterns of health inequalities’) sets the scene for the rest of the book, by explaining the measurement of health inequalities and by providing a profusely illustrated overview of inequalities in morbidity and mortality by education and occupational class in 30 European countries. It shows that health inequalities are a generalized phenomenon affecting young and old, men and women, and all aspects of health, but with important differences by age, gender, and type of health problem. It shows that health inequalities are present in all European countries, but with striking variations between countries, suggesting that there is great scope for reducing health inequalities. It also shows that although health inequalities are persistent, they are also highly dynamic, with relative inequalities often increasing and absolute inequalities sometimes declining over time. This chapter includes a comparison with other high-income countries (United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea).
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Chu, C. Y. Cyrus. "Demographic Transition and Economic Development." In Population Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121582.003.0016.
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Demographic transition refers to a shift in reproductive behavior from a state of high birth and death rates to a state of low birth and death rates. This transition takes place because of advances in agricultural technology and medical science or improvement in hygiene environment, all of which result in corresponding declines in the mortality rate. In this first phase of the demographic transition, population growth rises because the decline in mortality rate has not been coupled with any significant change in parents’ fertility decisions. Then, in the second phase of the transition, parents begin to reduce their fertility as they realize that their ideal number of children can be more easily achieved with fewer births. The widespread use of contraceptive techniques facilitates parents’ attempts to reduce fertility, which in turn causes a decline in the population growth rate. Eventually, the population growth rate converges to a new level, which may be higher or lower than in the pretransitional stage. To facilitate comparison, we can use figure 11.1 to characterize the time and process of the transition. In figure 11.1, Tα marks the apparent starting point of a continuous decline in mortality. Tβ, which normally occurs later than Tα, refers to the time at which the fertility rate begins to decline. Tγ, is the point of lasting return, with an average rate of natural increase equal to or less than that of the period preceding the date of Tα. The convention is to define D = Tγ - Tα as the duration of the transition period. Chesnais (1992) separated the observations of world demographic transition into several types. The first type includes developed countries in Europe and Japan; the second type consists of countries with immigrant European populations, such as the United States, Australia, and Argentina; late-developing countries, such as India. South Korea, and Jamaica, belong to the third type. For countries of the first type, the mortality decline process is closely related to the development of medical technology, which was gradual and spread out over time; hence, the demographic transition is also long. Late-developing countries and those with large immigrant populations were able to adopt the already-developed medical technology from the advanced countries at one time.
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Cliff, A. D., M. R. Smallman-Raynor, P. Haggett, D. F. Stroup, and S. B. Thacker. "Temporal Trends in Disease Emergence and Re-emergence: World Regions, 1850–2006." In Infectious Diseases: A Geographical Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199244737.003.0019.
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In Chapters 4–8, we have examined a series of processes that, often working in combination, have served to precipitate the emergence and re-emergence of infectious and parasitic disease agents in the human population. In this chapter, we conclude our survey with an analysis of temporal trends in disease emergence and re-emergence since 1850. The discussion is informed by long-term shifts in the underlying causes of mortality encapsulated in Omran’s model of epidemiological transition (Section 1.4.1), paying particular attention to the manner in which sample infectious and parasitic diseases have waxed and waned at a variety of geographical scales from the global to the local over the last ∼150 years. Our choice of examples strikes a balance between coverage of geographical regions and epidemiological environments, and coverage of important diseases that we have not so far examined in detail. Our consideration is structured by geographical scale: (1) At the global level, we discuss three major human diseases that have undergone phases of rapid global expansion since 1850—plague, cholera, and HIV/AIDS (Section 9.2). (2) At the regional level, we examine twentieth-century trends in general infectious disease mortality in the advanced economies of Europe, North America, and the South Pacific, 1901–75, before looking at time sequences for sample emerging (Ebola–Marburg) and cyclically re-emerging (meningococcal) diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (Section 9.3). (3) At the national level, we use Hall’s (1993) data to establish the main trends in morbidity due to infectious diseases in Australia, 1917–91 (Section 9.4). (4) At the local level, we extend our examination of long-term disease trends in London, described for the pre-1850 period in Section 2.4, into the late twentieth century (Section 9.5). The chapter is concluded in Section 9.6. In this section, we examine long-term trends in three major human infectious diseases that have undergone phases of global expansion in the last 150 years: plague (Section 9.2.1); cholera (Section 9.2.2); and HIV/AIDS (Section 9.2.3).