Academic literature on the topic 'MORPHOMETRIC DETAIL'

Preextrusion larvae of the ovoviviparous scorpaenid fishes, Sebastes mentella and Sebastes fasciatus, identified by the gas-bladder musculature characteristics of the parent, are described. Morphometrics, meristics, and pigmentation characteristics were recorded for late-stage preextrusion larvae taken from adult females on St. Pierre Bank, an area immediately south of and adjacent to the island of Newfoundland, Canada. The morphology of preextrusion larvae of S. mentella, in comparison with S. fasciatus, is described in detail for the first time. Univariate statistics were calculated and the utility of each of several morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation variables as a potential species identification criterion was evaluated. Discriminant analysis correctly classified up to 95% of larvae examined. The potential of the discriminant function in species identification for planktonic larvae is discussed.

Morphometric analysis is used to understand the hydrological process and assessment of hydrological characteristics of surface water basin. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to study the detail morphometric characteristics of Kulbera and Daurighara river basin, which are tributaries of Subarnarekha River in Purulia district, West Bengal. For detailed study, SRTM data has been used for preparing digital elevation model (DEM), and Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used for the analysis of linear, areal, and relief aspects of the basins. Watershed boundary, flow accumulation, flow length, stream ordering have been prepared by using ILWIS 3.0. Different thematic maps i.e. elevation, geology, drainage density, slope and longitudinal profiles of river channels have been prepared by using QGIS 3.0 and MapInfo 10.0 GIS software. More than 58 morphometric parameters of all aspects of the basins have been computed. On the basis of morphometric analysis it has been argued that the erosional development has progressed well beyond maturity and that the drainage development is controlled by lithology. Besides,it can be concluded that this study will also be very useful for rain water harvesting planning and watershed management.

A new blind false scorpion, Microchthonius kasteli n. sp., from the Micoletova Jama Pit, Rudine, nr. Kastel, Dalmatia, has been described. The new pseudoscorpion is different from all other congeners. It is probable that this new taxon is the remain of an old tropical soil fauna, which now inhabits the subtropical area of the Mediterranean seaside. Morphometric ratios, figures, and linear measurements of the new species are presented in detail.

Fragilaria candidagilae Almeida, C. Delgado, Novais & S. Blanco is a new araphid diatom species, described from samples collected in central and southern Portugal (SW Europe). Fragilaria candidagilae has linear-lanceolate valves with strongly capitate apices, without spines, and alternate punctate striae. This taxon presents siliceous plaques on the valve mantle edge, two apical pore fields in the poles and siliceous depositions on the outer areolar openings in the form of rounded floating disks. The morphology of the new diatom species is documented by light and scanning electron micrographs and discussed in detail, including a morphological comparison with the type material of similar taxa such as Fragilaria recapitellata, F. capucina, F. intermedia, F. neointermedia and F. perminuta to confirm it as a new species. Statistical comparison of morphometric characters and valve shape analysis were based on at least 20 valves. Ecological notes were also included. Considering morphology and morphometry, together F. candidagilae is clearly different from other species.

Introduction: Though human beings look similar in their general anatomical appearances but during the investigation of a particular structure in detail, it is surprising how frequently we meet one sort or another type of variation. Literature reports that accurate dimensions of CBD are debatable. Therefore, determination of a spontaneous abnormality or atypical variation is important and reference range plays a significant role to classify the normal or abnormal duct. Materials and Methods: A total of thirty (30) cadavers were dissected at MGM Medical College Mumbai, India from Jan 2012 to March 2013 for anatomical features of the common bile duct-like their size, variations in the course and termination. Results: The length of the common bile duct varies 35.19 mm to 62.43 mm with Mean ± SD 46.92 ± 7.91 mm and diameter varied between 3.65 mm to 10.31 mm with mean value 6.50 ± 1.77. The correlation between length and diameter of common bile duct is statistically insignificant (p = 0.243) Conclusion: We established a reference range for the CBD length and diameter. Thus, the exact knowledge of the anatomy of the common bile duct is significant for successful hepato-biliary surgery and biliary pathology.

A new eyeless pseudoscorpion, Microchthonius tragurion n. sp., from a cave in Blizna Donja (near Trogir), from the Jama kod Gomilje Pit, Dalmatia, is described. This new false scorpion differs from all other congeners. There exists a probability that this new taxon is a relict of a tropical fauna incorporating the once northern and tropical area, now representing the subtropical part of the Mediterranean. Morphometric ratios, figures and linear measurements of the new taxon are presented in detail.

The leptocephali of the Taiwanese duckbill conger are described in detail for the first time based on specimens collected from near the type locality. Morphological and molecular features are employed to compare the leptocephali, juveniles and adults. The morphology of leptocephali can be divided into three stages, with clear metamorphosis of the jaw structure and morphometric proportions. Detailed description and comparison of each leptocephalic stage, juveniles and adults, and the ontogenetic changes of leptocephali are provided.

AbstractThe present paper describes the taxonomy of two new monogeneans, namely, Thaparocleidus longiphallus sp. n. and T. siloniansis sp. n., based on morphological, morphometric and molecular biological analysis, collected from the fish Wallago attu (Bloch & Schn.) and Silonia silondia (Ham.), respectively, at Meerut, UP, India. Genetic characterization of the two new species is based on sequence analyses of the rDNA 28S gene using neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony techniques. These methods are congruent in depicting T. longiphallus sp. n. and T. siloniansis sp. n. as closely related species, but distinct from each other and forming a subclade with other species of the genus Thaparocleidus Jain, 1952. Secondary-structure models of the large subunit rDNA of the two species were also predicted using a combined comparative and thermodynamic approach. Molecular morphometric and phylogenetic relationships of the isolates of the Thaparocleidus species are discussed in detail.

In recent decades, the Amur sleeper (Perccottus glenii) is one of the most impressive east-to-west invaders of European inland waters, but there are insufficient data on its biology in the countries it has entered. Specimens of two sets of samples from November 2015 (n=25) and October 2016 (n=39) were caught in the Danube River channel near Veliko Gradiste (Serbia) by electrofishing. Thirty morphometric and eight meristic characteristics of the collected fish were measured with the aim of describing the general body shape in more detail using the ?point-topoint? method. This is the first attempt to obtain morphometric and meristic characteristics of Amur sleeper caught in Serbia. The results revealed a relatively low variability in the morphometric and meristic characters of the studied population. When compared to other studies, there was a great variability of the studied characteristics between geographically distant European populations that inhabit different water body types. Female fish had more robust bodies compared to males of the same length, while males had longer pectoral, anal and dorsal fins. Additionally, 2+ individuals had more robust heads and jaws, as well as longer anterior parts of the body compared to 1+ individuals of the same size.

At the first level of detail of description of a thin section, qualitative information about the occurrence of the fabric zones (regions of distinct morphology) and their basic morphologic units (the various components) were recorded with symbols in a fabric description symbol. At a second level of detail of description, Level II, additional quantitative and qualitative micromorphological information can be included with coding into the fabric description symbol according to the following. general format:[Formula: see text]At Level II description, quantitative information on the areal proportions of the fabric zones and basic morphologic units are recorded with indices in the fabric unit; qualitative data on the kind of boundary relationships between adjacent fabric zones, and quantitative data on the areal occurrence of the fabric zones are recorded with the modifier expression; and both quantitative and qualitative information on the occurrence, morphology, and arrangement of specific features observed in the fabric zones are recorded with the fabric unit descriptor. Depending on the requirements of a study, more than one fabric unit descriptor can be written for each fabric zone that is delineated in a thin section. The procedure for writing fabric description symbols at a Level II detail of description of a thin section is presented and applied to the characterization of the micromorphology of an organic layer from a Typic Mesisol. Key words: Micromorphology, descriptive method, organic soils, characterization

Mestrado em Engenharia Geológica
Dados de batimetria multifeixe e de sísmica de alta resolução, adquiridos na plataforma continental da Antártida, região Este, permitiram o reconhecimento de aspetos geomorfológicos derivados da dinâmica glaciar associada a um manto de gelo mais extenso no passado. No âmbito do projeto científico Norte-americano, Vulnerability of East Antarctic ice shelves da NSF (National Science Foundation), e do projeto EAIS-MARGINS do Programa Polar português (PROPOLAR), foi realizada a interpretação e análise quantitativa dos diversos aspetos morfológicos através da morfometria e análise estatística, com o objetivo de melhor entender a dinâmica do manto de gelo no passado. A área de estudo inclui um segmento da plataforma continental compreendida entre os glaciares Frost e Dibble (128ºE e 134ºE). Os dados foram adquiridos na campanha de investigação NBP1503 em Abril de 2015, a bordo do navio RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer dos Estados Unidos da América. Os resultados revelam uma plataforma continental situada entre os 300 e 990 m de profundidade. A zona proximal e intermédia é caracterizada por um aspeto irregular, onde é possível constatar a presença de meltwater channels com mais de 230 m de profundidade e formas semelhantes a drumlins, identificadas entre os 800 e 900 m de profundidade. Sulcos deixados pela deriva de icebergs são esporadicamente observados na zona distal da plataforma continental entre os 380-410 m de profundidade. No limite da plataforma continental encontra-se presente um sistema de gullies que se desenvolvem ao longo do talude. Além disso a análise quantitativa dos aspetos morfológicos associados às formas de drumlin e gullies permitiu uma descrição morfológica mais detalhada, e encontrar padrões que permitiram obter mais informações sobre os fatores de controlo envolvidos durante a sua formação. A distribuição observada das diferentes morfologias identificadas é coerente com estudos anteriormente realizados e constituem uma forte evidência de que o manto de gelo teve uma extensão até ao limite da plataforma continental e que a sua dinâmica foi mais ativa do que se tem constatado.
Swath bathymetric and sub-bottom CHIRP data collected on the East Antarctica continental shelf and seaward allowed detailed mapping of the geomorphic features formed during past times of extended grounded ice from an expanded East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). Under the umbrella of the American National Science Project 'Vulnerability of East Antarctic ice shelves' and the Portuguese PROPOLAR project EAST-MARGINS, the seafloor morphology was interpreted and submitted to quantitative analyses, through morphometry and statistical analysis, to better understand the EAIS dynamic in the past. The study area included a segment of the continental shelf, slope and rise between the Frost and Dibble Glaciers (128ºE and 134ºE). The data were collected during the cruise NBP1503 in April 2015, on board the U.S. RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer. The results revealed a continental shelf with depths varying between 300 m and 990 m. The inner and mid shelf area is characterised by a crudely streamlined landscape where subglacial meltwater channels up to 230 m deep and drumlin-like bedforms at 800-900 m water depth have been identified. Sporadic iceberg scours occur in the outer continental shelf between 380-410 m of water depth. The shelf break is defined by a gully system which extends along the continental slope, followed by sediment mounds observed on the continental rise. Moreover, quantitative analyses on drumlin-like bedforms and gullies allowed a further morphological description to better delineate patterns, and provided more details related to the controlling factors involved during their formation. The distribution of identified glacial features is coherent with other previous studies and constitutes a strong evidence that the grounded ice reached the continental shelf break in the past and was more dynamic than previously thought.

Il tema centrale della tesi di dottorato è relativo alla realizzazione e all’utilizzo di modelli parametrici per la descrizione del patrimonio costruito. Negli ultimi anni l’aderenza geometrica di questi elaborati ha raggiunto livelli di approssimazione molto bassi rispetto al reale, sia grazie alla precisione e all’accuratezza degli strumenti di acquisizione che allo sviluppo di pacchetti integrati di programmi che consentono di operare all’interno di uno stesso framework. In particolare questa ricerca affronta il tema del texturing nei modelli parametrici del patrimonio architettonico realizzati a partire da dati morfometrici e cromatici desunti mediante operazioni di rilevamento digitale. Vengono affrontate la questione della semplificazione del dettaglio geometrico, tipica delle procedure di modellazione parametrica, e quella relativa alla gestione del colore apparente attraverso l’uso delle Bitmap Maps. Il tema, seppure largamente trattato nell’ambito della documentazione del patrimonio culturale, è stato relegato ad un secondo piano nei software per HBIM. Nell’ottica di facilitare il management dell’intero processo che va dalla documentazione del bene ai piani-programma di manutenzione per mezzo di un unico modello tridimensionale e, possibilmente, tramite un solo software o pacchetto di programmi facenti parte di una stessa piattaforma (con evidenti vantaggi sia in termini di tempo che economici), è necessario predisporre dei modelli ad hoc che consentano di visualizzare l’intera mole delle informazioni morfometriche e cromatiche acquisite mediante le odierne metodologie di rilevamento digitale. Nei modelli parametrici, ad esempio, non è comune restituire le variazioni nella forma e/o nel colore dei materiali a seguito di fenomeni di degrado quali la decoesione, l’alveolizzazione o le alterazioni cromatiche. Non risulta conveniente, infatti, né modellare tutte le necessarie discontinuità in grado di descrivere i suddetti fenomeni direttamente in ambiente parametrico, né ricorrere ad altri software per generare delle superfici NURBS o mesh da integrare successivamente al modello parametrico principale. È plausibile invece visualizzare tali informazioni attraverso l’utilizzo di Bitmap Maps e, in particolare, delle Normal Maps, in grado di simulare l’andamento delle superfici che definiscono la frontiera degli elementi. Il ricorso alle Bitmap Maps consente a sua volta di rappresentare il colore apparente con la necessaria affidabilità. Una parte rilevante della tesi è finalizzata, pertanto, a sottolineare il ruolo fondamentale che le Bitmap Maps rivestono per i modelli parametrici in ambito HBIM. In particolare, viene mostrato come sia preferibile generare le Normal Maps a partire dai modelli high-poly, attraverso procedure di baking, piuttosto che derivarle dalle Diffuse Color Maps e utilizzare le mappe del colore apparente desunte attraverso operazioni Structure from Motion (SfM) nel descrivere an-che gli aspetti legati alla riflettanza (reflectance), alla ruvidità (roughness), alla traslucidità (translucency) e all’emissività (emissivity). Lo studio accurato dello stato dell’arte ha rappresentato un imprescindibile punto di partenza per definire la direzione che avrebbe dovuto prendere la tesi. Il caso studio ha influenzato in larga parte questa decisione perché ha messo in evidenza la necessità di approfondire le modalità di descrizione del colore apparente nei modelli parametrici costruiti per la gestione del cantiere di restauro. La messa a punto di una serie di procedure per ottenere risultati soddisfacenti nella realizzazione degli elaborati che rappresentano la superficie esterna (in tutte le sue declinazioni) dei vari elementi che compongono un fabbricato consente ad altri studiosi di valutare l’efficacia delle pipeline proposte, garantendo al contempo la necessaria trasparenza richiesta dagli odierni metodi di ricerca. La riproduzione quanto più esatta possibile del dato morfometrico e di quello cromatico della struttura superficiale può garantire la trasmissione di dati (raccolti al momento dell’acquisizione) che altrimenti andrebbero persi nella semplificazione introdotta dalla parametrizzazione, oltre che fornire informazioni utili nel momento della realizzazione del progetto di restauro. La tesi è divisa in quattro sezioni, ciascuna delle quali ha lo scopo di approfondire uno degli ambiti che concorrono alla definizione del tema centrale della tesi. Nella Sezione 1 vengono riassunte le principali prerogative del rilievo digitale e descritto il flusso di lavoro ritenuto più idoneo affinché i dati acquisiti con sensori attivi e passivi possano essere efficacemente utilizzati e integrati per la realizzazione di modelli tridimensionali all’interno di software parametrici. La Sezione 2 affronta lo stato dell’arte relativo alla realizzazione e gestione dei modelli 3D, al texturing e all’HBIM. Viene inoltre descritta la modalità di creazione e applicazione dei materiali all’interno del software Autodesk Revit, uno dei più usati in Europa, che dal 2019 consente la generazione di materiali PBR (Physically Based Rendering). Nella Sezione 3 viene presentato il caso studio sul quale è stata verificata la bontà del procedimento elaborato e descritto nella sezione successiva. Tra le finalità del Progetto di Cooperazione Internazionale Italia-Cuba ¡Que no baje el telón!, del quale il Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università di Firenze (DIDA) è uno degli attori principali, vi è quello di realizzare uno strumento informatico basato sull’utilizzo dei processi BIM per la gestione del progetto di restauro, consolidamento e successiva manutenzione del complesso di fabbricati che compone la Facultad de Arte Teatral (FAT) dell’Universidad de las Artes de La Habana (ISA). Viene pertanto presentato il contesto entro il quale si collocano i manufatti, le loro caratteristiche morfometriche e materiche, gli strumenti e le procedure utilizzate per l’acquisizione dei dati metrici e cromatici, mettendo in evidenza le problematiche riscontrate e le soluzioni adottate. La Sezione 4, infine, descrive la procedura proposta in relazione al caso studio, analizzandone criticamente i vantaggi e gli svantaggi e riassumendone tutti i passaggi, anche quelli che riproducono procedure note di rilevamento e restituzione digitale, attraverso uno schema. Si traggono inoltre le conclusioni e si delineano i possibili sviluppi futuri. Conclude la tesi un glossario dei termini tecnici utilizzati, che consente anche ad un pubblico di non specialisti di comprendere quanto trattato in questo volume. The central theme of the doctoral thesis is related to creation and use of parametric models for the description of the built heritage. In the lasts years the geometric adherence of these works has reached very low approximation levels compared to the real, thanks both to precision and accuracy of the acquisition tools and the development of integrated packages of software allowing to operate within the same framework. In particular, this research deals with the texturing in parametric models of architectural heritage made from morphometric and chromatics data derived from digital survey operations. The question of the simplification of geometric detail, typical of parametric modelling procedures, and that on apparent colour management through the use of Bitmap Maps are addressed. The theme, albeit broadly treated in the context of heritage documentation cultural, has been relegated to a second level in software for HBIM. In order to facilitate the management of the entire process that goes from the documentation of the artifact to the plan maintenance through a single three-dimensional model and, possibly, through an only software or package of programs that are part of of the same platform (with obvious advantages both in time and economic), it is necessary to prepare ad hoc models to display the entire volume of morphometric and chromatic information acquired through digital technologies. In parametric models, for example, it is not common show changes in the shape and/or colour of the materials following degradation phenomena such as decohesion, alveolization or chromatic alterations. It is not convenient, in fact, neither to model all necessary gaps that can describe the above phenomena directly in a parametric environment, or use other software to generate NURBS or mesh surfaces to be integrated to the main parametric model. It is plausible instead view that information through the use of Bitmap Maps and, in particular, of the Normal Maps, able to simulate the trend of surfaces that define the boundary of the elements. The use of Bitmap Maps allows represent the apparent color with the necessary reliability. A relevant part of the thesis is aimed, therefore, to underline the fundamental role that Bitmaps Maps cover for parametric HBIM models. In particular, it is shown how it is preferable generate the Normal Maps from the mesh high-poly, through baking procedures, rather than derive them from Diffuse Color Maps, and use the apparent color maps derived through Structure from Motion (SfM) in describing also aspects related to reflectance, to roughness, translucency and emissivity. The careful study of the state of the art represented an essential starting point to define the direction that the thesis should have taken. The case study largely influenced this decision because it highlighted the necessity to learn more about how to describe apparent color in parametric models built for management of the restoration site. The development of a series of procedures to obtain satisfactory results in the realization of the drawings representing the external surface (in all its declinations) of the various elements that make up a building allows other scholars to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed pipelines, guaranteeing at the same time the necessary transparency required by the modern research methods. The reproduction of the morphometric and chromatic data as exact as possible of the superficial structure can guarantee the transmission of data (collected at the time of acquisition), that otherwise would be lost in the simplification introduced by the parameterization, as well as providing information useful in the moment of the realization of the restoration project. The thesis is divided into four sections, each of which aims to deepen one of the competing areas to the definition of the central theme of the thesis. Section 1 summarizes the main prerogatives of the digital survey and described the workflow deemed more suitable so that the data acquired with active and passive sensors can be effectively used and integrated for the creation of three-dimensional models within parametric software. Section 2 deals with the state of the art relating to creation and management of 3D models, texturing and to HBIM. It also describes how to create and applicate materials within the Autodesk Revit software, one of the most used in Europe, which since 2019 allows the generation of materials PBR (Physically Based Rendering). Section 3 presents the case study on which the correctness of the procedure was verified elaborated and described in the next section. Between the aims of the International Cooperation Project Italy-Cuba ¡Que no baje el telón! of which the Department of Architecture of the University of Florence (DIDA) is one of the main actors, there is to create a computer tool based on the use of BIM processes for management, restoration, consolidation and subsequent maintenance project of the complex of buildings that makes up the Facultad de Arte Teatral (FAT) of the Universidad de las Artes de La Habana (ISA). It is therefore presented the context within which the artifacts are placed, their morphometric and material characteristics, the tools and procedures used for the acquisition of the metric and chromatic data, highlighting the problems encountered and the solutions adopted. Finally, Section 4 describes the proposed procedure in relation to the case study, critically analyzing it the advantages and disadvantages and summarizing all the passages, even those that reproduce digital survey acquisition and restitution procedures, through a scheme. In addition, conclusions are drawn and possible future developments are outlined. The thesis concludes with a glossary of the technical terms used, which also allows a non-specialist public to understand what is treated in this volume.

AbstractThe chapter summarizes the new results of the Bàsura Revisited Interdisciplinary Research Project. The integrated interpretation of recent archaeological data and palaeosurface laser scans, along with geoarchaeological, sedimentological, geochemical and archaeobotanical analyses, geometric morphometrics and digital photogrammetry, enabled us to reconstruct some activities that an Upper Palaeolithic human group led inside a deep cave in northern Italy within a single exploration event about 14 ka calBP. A complex and diverse track records of humans and other animals shed light on individual- and group-level behaviour, social relationship and mode of exploration of the uneven terrain. Five individuals, composed of two adults, an adolescent and two children, entered the cave barefoot lightening the way with a bunch of wooden sticks (Pinus t. sylvestris/mugo bundles). While proceeding, humans were forced to move on all fours, and the traces they left represent the first report of crawling locomotion in the global human ichnological record. Anatomical details recognizable in the crawling traces show that no clothing was present between limbs and the trampled sediments. Our study demonstrates that very young children (the youngest about 3 years old) were active members of the human groups, even in apparently dangerous and social activities, shedding light on behavioural habits of Upper Palaeolithic populations.

The Dulung River flows across West Bengal and Jharkhand in India. The geographical variables present within the basin area are categorised into groups like Physiographic, Morphometric and Land Use-Land Cover (LULC) attributes. These facets are mapped and overlain in a GIS environment and correlations drawn between them. Factor Scores obtained through Principal Component Analysis are further compared and correlated. The different variables are fused to obtain a comprehensive grouping of the above three facets that is reflective of the overall terrain attributes and its overlying LULC classes. Through this, within the Dulung River Basin, three broad Physiographic-Soil-Land Use Units (PSLUs) are identified, which comprise of the structural ridges and residual hills, piedmont plains and floodplains. For further insight into existing LULC-landform relations, select villages across the basin landscape are examined in detail. The relations derived help in suggesting possible land management practices in this region.

The Dulung River flows across West Bengal and Jharkhand in India. The geographical variables present within the basin area are categorised into groups like Physiographic, Morphometric and Land Use-Land Cover (LULC) attributes. These facets are mapped and overlain in a GIS environment and correlations drawn between them. Factor Scores obtained through Principal Component Analysis are further compared and correlated. The different variables are fused to obtain a comprehensive grouping of the above three facets that is reflective of the overall terrain attributes and its overlying LULC classes. Through this, within the Dulung River Basin, three broad Physiographic-Soil-Land Use Units (PSLUs) are identified, which comprise of the structural ridges and residual hills, piedmont plains and floodplains. For further insight into existing LULC-landform relations, select villages across the basin landscape are examined in detail. The relations derived help in suggesting possible land management practices in this region.

For centuries, crop improvement has served as the basis of food security of ever increasing human population. Though vast germplasm collections are available; their exploitation for crop improvement still depends upon efficient assessment of genetic diversity. Genetic variability is the key element in adaptation of plants to varying climates. While crops with narrow genetic diversity are vulnerable to stresses. The estimation of extent and pattern of genetic variability is a prerequisite for generating superior varieties. Genetic diversity analysis generates key information to dissect genetic variations in crop germplasm with the help of morphometrical, biochemical and molecular tools. Among these, DNA markers provide a reliable and detailed insight into the similarities and differences among crops. In this chapter, we discuss the applications of phenotypic and molecular markers to probe genetic divergence in crops and present case studies that describe the significance of these tools to characterize sorghum germplasm. Furthermore, we spotlight sorghum biodiversity exploration efforts worldwide and propose future directions.

The spleen is a vital lymphoid soft organ located in the left hypochondrium region. It is a multi-dimensional organ that enlarges in all dimensions during some disease conditions. Recently, splenomegaly prevalence has been increasing throughout the world. Due to the lack of attention in clinical practice, splenomegaly has become quite a common problem in all parts of the world. The detection of the spleen by palpation is not approval of enlarged spleen because normal spleen may be palpable. A detailed knowledge of morphometric variations of the spleen is of great value in diagnosing splenomegaly clinically, radiologically, and for surgical procedures. Measurement of spleen size by sonography is important as it gives true result than splenic palpation and for identification of disorders present with enlargement or reduction of the spleen. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the anatomy, sonography, and dimensional variation of spleen among individuals with different sociodemographic and anthropometric measurements. The current study reviews different types of literature conducted on spleen all over the world. The result from overall spleen dimensions review shows measurements vary: spleen length (7–14 cm), spleen width (2–7.5 cm), spleen thickness (2–7 cm), and spleen volume (20–350 cm3). The literature revealed that spleen dimensions are affected by geographical differences, races, nutritional status, physical exercise, and anthropometric measurements. The result from reviews shows that spleen dimensions are larger in males than females. As age increases, spleen dimensions significantly decrease. Spleen dimensions positively correlate with height, weight, body mass index, and body surface of individuals. The spleen dimensions were higher in males than in females and have significant positive correlation with height, weight, body mass index, and body surface area. Clinicians, radiologists, and surgeons should confirm splenomegaly by both palpation and sonography. Spleen dimensions variation due to geographical sex, age, and other anthropometric measurements should be taken into consideration during their clinical investigation. Radiologists should measure all dimensions of spleen rather than the length to rule out splenomegaly correctly.

The preceding chapters provide extensive information on the context, mortuary rituals, skeletal and dental morphology and morphometrics, dental wear, functional anatomy, paleopathology, and paleochemistry of the human remains from the northern Russian site of Sunghir. The three associated skeletons from Graves 1 and 2 provide the overwhelming volume of data and inferences on the Pleistocene people of Sunghir. Yet the other elements help to fill out a few aspects of the sample. It would be possible, if arduous, to summarize here the various aspects of these human remains that are detailed in the preceding chapters. However, many of the aspects relate to the interpretation of a specific anatomical unit or functional complex. As such, they provide insight into the evolution of these complexes through the Late Pleistocene, as well as inferences regarding their configurations at Sunghir and other Early/Mid Upper Paleolithic (E/MUP) sites. To review each one here would be unnecessarily redundant. Of more interest at this point is to try to fit these people into their Mid Upper Paleolithic (MUP) context and to assess degrees to which the Sunghir human remains might contribute to some of the more general issues relating to last interpleniglacial human populations. In this context, there are aspects of population dynamics, for which the Sunghir humans have some bearing. These aspects involve, in particular, issues of consanguinity and population stability. It has been suggested, based on shared unusual anatomical features, that several of the MUP human skeletal samples (particularly those from multiple burials) include closely related individuals. This has been suggested in particular for the samples from Barma Grande (Formicola 1990), Bausu da Ture (Villotte et al. 2011), Dolní Věstonice II (Vlček 1991; but see data in Fu et al. 2013), and Fanciulli (Grotte des Enfants; Vlček 1965), as well as the El Sidrón Neandertal site (Lalueza-Fox et al. 2011). Moreover, it seems likely that most of these contemporaneous groups of individuals were closely related, if one provides an even generous estimate of the human population densities on the European MUP landscape and the need for individuals to find appropriate mates for reproduction (cf. Wobst 1976).

The geometrical morphometry represents a modern method of statistical analysis of objects’ morphology. The article is dedicated to discussion of opportunities and limitations of geometrical morphometry methods for study of earthenware shapes. The article deals with three examples of geometrical morphometry use for analysis of vessel shapes study in solving research problems of various complexity. Every of these examples differs in amount of known source data on objects of study. In the first example results of analysis of two types of early Byzantine amphorae forms are considered. By dint of geometrical morphometry it became possible to establish legitimacy of these types detachment and to explain that the principal differences between these types consist in the general proportionality of vessels. In the second example 252 shapes of vessels from the Balanovo burial ground of the Bronze Age are analyzed. An attempt is undertaken to detach peculiarities of shapes specific to two culturally different groups of population that left the burial ground. We succeeded in solving the task with the aid of geometrical morphometry in about a half of cases. In the third example an attempt is made to determine earthenware produced by different potters. For that purpose 30 vessels made by 6 professional potters of high skills and 15 vessels made by three potters who had no stable skills of earthenware production were used. In result of geometrical morphometry method application several conditional arrays of vessels have been detached. As it happens, vessels that have virtually nothing in common in their morphology, technology of production and skill level of potters who made the vessels allotted these arrays. Data considered allow making the conclusion that the biggest efficiency of geometrical morphometry application is achieved in search of peculiarities built in general proportionality of earthenware shapes. But an inefficiency of geometrical morphometry method is marked in solution of more complicated tasks related to analysis of detailed peculiarities of vessel outlines. The results obtained put in question possibilities to consider the geometrical morphometry as a sound method of archeological vessel shapes study.

The role of F.VII in haemostasis remains controversial, both in terms of the functional consequences of the deficiency state and the activation pathways to which it makes its principal contribution In vivo. We have developed a cuticle bleeding time (CBT) model in dogs and used this to investigate the functional consequence of both congenital and acquired F.VII deficiency (SD) (Blood 65:1197, 1985). There was no significant difference between the CBT of these animals when compared to controls. However, the CBT prolonged at a significantly lower Heparin level than that observed in controls. F.VIIa was also infused into F.VIII deficient and normal dogs and FPA measured as an indicator of thrombin generation. Significant change in FPA level occurred in the latter but not the former, suggesting that activation of F.IX rather than F.X was favoured. We have now performed detailed morphological studies of the evolving haemostatic plug (HP) in the injured cuticle of F.VII and normal animals by light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Quantification of the EM changes noted were performed by morphometric analysis. The tightness of the intravascular component of the HP was assessed by random measurement of intraplatelet distance. The degree of platelet activation was measured by comparing the area of the open canalicular system (OCS) in comparison to the total platelet area. The appearance of fibrin in the plug was also noted. Qualitative LM revealed little difference between the two sets of animals. The appearance of fibrin at the periphery of HP plug was delayed in SD and was reduced in quantity. However, by morphometry although the pattern was identical in both groups, there was a significant delay in the changes noted in SD. These results suggest that the extrinsic pathway may play an important role in triggering the intrinsic pathway, either by providing for activation of the cofactors V and VIII or pulse generation of F.IXa. This may play a critical role in haemostasis when the vessel injured is larger than those in the nail cuticle of the dog (50 - 150 μm) or when other components of haemostatic mechanism are compromised

In the paper, after presenting the terraces identification methodology (field research, drilling data, fauna remains, cartographic materials, satellite images, and bibliographic sources), describes rock type structure and morphometric parameters of terraces and rivers beds levels in the area of the biggest hydrographic basin located between the Prut and Nistru rivers – the Raut river basin. They identified and described five Pleistocene terraces and two levels of the upper Pliocene age in the river’s valleys. A detailed rivers terraces levels analysis showed that fault and folded formations found in the sedimentary cover of Moldovan plate, together with hydrologic characteristics and basic level oscillations were part of the fluvial morphogenesis during Neogene and Pleistocene age.

Detailed knowledge of the fate of aerosols in the lung is essential in understanding the effect of exposure to airborne particulate matter and infectious agents and in assessing the efficiency of inhaled drug therapy. Detailed, yet non-invasive, studies of peripheral aerosol deposition are almost impossible in humans. Thus, understanding the fate of aerosols in the lung requires the use of computational and/or animal models in which more invasive techniques can be used. In this study, using magnetic resonance (MR) images of rat lungs, we (1) built three dimensional (3D) models of the airway tree and (2) quantified lobar volumes. Flow simulations were then performed in one of the airway models. Flow conditions were set to be similar to that used in an experimental study where rats were exposed to aerosols [1]. Airflow boundary conditions at the outlets of the airways are unknown and therefore typically a zero pressure boundary condition is prescribed [2]. To test the validity of the zero pressure condition, two types of boundary conditions were described: (a) zero pressure at each of the outlets and (b) flow resistance at each outlet. Flow resistance allows for the flow rate distribution to be defined based on lung volume and airway cross sectional area. The flow results from the computational model may be used to solve the particle dynamics equation and therefore allow for future comparison with the ventilation experiments.

Detailed knowledge of the brain vascular architecture is important not only for gaining insight into a variety of vascular pathologies and brain diseases, but also when creating arterial tree models to be used for imposing boundary conditions in numerical simulations [1]. A variety of methods have been developed to build realistic arterial trees [2, 3]. Most of these techniques require the specification of a number of parameters and constraints related to the arterial branch geometry and bifurcation characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to provide estimations of these parameters as well as information about the regional distribution of the arterial trees of the brain that can be used to guide or test methods for constructing arterial tree models.

Background: Huntington-like (HL) syndrome represents a group of diseases clinically similar to Huntington disease (HD) with different genetic etiology. Here, we aimed to compare clinical and neuroimaging features between HL and HD. Methods: We assessed 12 patients with HL (6 men; 53.66±13.02 years old) and 12 with HD (genetically confirmed, 6 men; 52.58±11.64 years old). All patients were followed at UNICAMP and were matched to sex, age, age at onset and duration of disease. They underwent 3T MRI scans, detailed neurological examination, the unified Huntington’s disease rating scale (UHDRS), the Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and the scale for the evaluation of rating ataxia (SARA). We APPLIED voxel-based morphometry technique (SPM12/CAT12/MATLAB software) to assess differences in the gray and white matters between groups and matched controls. Results: Groups were clinically similar, but the VBM study revealed widespread cortical (bilateral) and subcortical atrophy in HD (bilateral globi pallidi, amygdala, hippocampi, caudate and putamen), with a more restricted cortical (left temporal lobe) subcortical atrophy in HL (bilateral thalami, putamen and left hippocampus). Cortical atrophy in HL concentrated in the bilateral putamen. The left hippocampus were atrophic in both groups. Conclusion: Despite similar clinical presentation, patients with HL and HD have distinctive patterns of atrophy subcortical structures, mainly in the thalami. These results may raise insights into the underlying disease mechanisms in HL and HD and could be useful as biomarkers of disease progression in future therapy trials.

The aim of this work is to simulate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) in a medium size Mediterranean city (Lecce, IT) and to analyze its consequences for thermal comfort. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (version 3.2), that accounts for the urban structure with a multilayer urban parameterization (BEP+BEM i.e. the Building Effect Parameterization (BEP) combined with the Building Energy Model (BEM)). Three hot and cloudless summer days have been simulated and results have been compared with field data collected during an experimental campaign performed over the whole summer in the city of Lecce, Italy. In the model, the structure and shape of the city are reproduced using detailed data related to different urban classes, urban fraction and building morphometry. For the residential urban classes, different thermal parameters that are representative of building materials in the oldest and the newer part of the city, are used. Results show that UHI reaches, on average, its maximum intensity (4–5 °C) just before sunrise, and its minimum (2 °C) occurs during the day. Model validation inferred through statistical analysis shows overall a better model performance for the historical city centre than for the suburban area. This suggests that further refinement of the building representation in the outskirts might still be required. Consequences of the increased urban temperature are evaluated in terms of thermal comfort. The maximum thermal stress occurs during the central hours of the day, while, the minimum thermal stress occurs during the twilight hours.

Abstract Steady divergent flow (inspiratory directed) is measured using Laser Doppler Velocimetry in large scale models carefully mimicing the morphometry of small human airways. We Evaluated the anatomical features which induced vorticity in the flow from a vorticity free entrance, under conditions of convective similitude (simultaneous Reynolds And Dean’s Numbers). Five symmetrical bifurcation models with different bifurcation angles and curvature ratios are tested. A flow separation (carina) in each model is shaped to anatomical measures and the conformation of the transition between parent and daughter branches representing the morphmetric mean shape defined from casts of human airways. The flow pattern in the daughter tubes is typical of laminar flow within the entrance (diameter/axial length < 5) to sharp bends (Dean number > 500), with rapid development of strong secondary flows (maximum secondary velocity is 40% of mean axial velocity) consisting of two main vortices, with two smaller and weaker secondary vortex activities towards the inner wall of curvature. These may be time dependent interrelation with these vortices causing warbling at specific flow conditions. The calculated vorticity transport along the flow axis showed interaction between the viscous forces at the new boundary layer development along the carinal wall and centrifugal forces of curvature, with a significant influence by the upstream flow prior to the entering the actual flow division. This interplay resulted in an overshoot of the calculated vorticity transport comparable to flow entering curved bends an a suppression for the tendency to separate at the inner wall of these tight bends. The maximum primary flow velocities are skewed towards the carinal side (outer wall of curvature) and development of a second peak occurred with convection of the higher velocity elements towards the inner wall of curvature by the strong secondary flow. The appearance of the second peak depends mainly on the curvature ratio of the daughter tubes. This study is the “baseline” observation for a airway structure to function analysis. The observed flow patterns have high influence on conductive mixing, particle deposition, volume flow distribution, gaseous scrubbing (absorption at the liquid wall surfaces), and conductive-diffusive axial dispersion mechanism; all critical features for respiration. Detailed velocity measurements are carried out in all models at different axial locations. The locations are chosen according to the expected rate of velocity alterations in the models. Figures 1 to 4 show some typical primary and secondary velocities in models 1 (1/7 curvature ration and 70° bifurcation angle) and 4 (1/14 curvature ratio and 70° bifurcation angle at Reynolds number of 1500 based on the parent tube diameter. As can be seen in Figures 1 and 2, the second peak is not observed in model 4 while it is clearly observed in model 1.