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1
Bolaji, Olawale, Oluwafisayo Owolabi, Elijah Falayi, Emmanuel Jimoh, Afolabi Kotoye, Olumide Odeyemi, Babatunde Rabiu, et al. "Observations of equatorial ionization anomaly over Africa and Middle East during a year of deep minimum." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-123-2017.
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Abstract. In this work, we investigated the veracity of an ion continuity equation in controlling equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) morphology using total electron content (TEC) of 22 GPS receivers and three ground-based magnetometers (Magnetic Data Acquisition System, MAGDAS) over Africa and the Middle East (Africa–Middle East) during the quietest periods. Apart from further confirmation of the roles of equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and integrated equatorial electrojet (IEEJ) in determining hemispheric extent of EIA crest over higher latitudes, we found some additional roles played by thermospheric meridional neutral wind. Interestingly, the simultaneous observations of EIA crests in both hemispheres of Africa–Middle East showed different morphology compared to that reported over Asia. We also observed interesting latitudinal twin EIA crests domiciled at the low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Our results further showed that weak EEJ strength associated with counter electrojet (CEJ) during sunrise hours could also trigger twin EIA crests over higher latitudes.
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López, Ericson, Franklin Aldás, and Akimasa Yoshikawa. "Analysis of Magnetic Field Variations Produced by Equatorial Electro-Jets." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S335 (July 2017): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921318000662.
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AbstractThe Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) is a narrow band of electrons flowing from east to west at daytime at low latitudes. The electron current produces a magnetic field variation that can be measured at different latitudes. In this work, we have used the data analysis in order to quantify the solar and lunar contributions to those variations and study the morphology of the EEJ current.
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Partamies, Noora, Daniel Whiter, Kirsti Kauristie, and Stefano Massetti. "Magnetic local time (MLT) dependence of auroral peak emission height and morphology." Annales Geophysicae 40, no. 5 (October 12, 2022): 605–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-605-2022.
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Abstract. We investigate the bulk behaviour of auroral structures and peak emission height as a function of magnetic local time (MLT). These data are collected from the Fennoscandian Lapland and Svalbard latitudes from seven identical auroral all-sky cameras (ASC) over about one solar cycle. The analysis focusses on green auroral emission, which is where the morphology is most clearly visible and the number of images is the highest. The typical peak emission height of the green and blue aurora varies from 110 km on the nightside to about 118 km in the morning MLT over the Lapland region. It stays systematically higher (at 118–120 km) at high latitudes (Svalbard) during the nighttime and reaches 140 km at around magnetic noon. During high solar wind speed (above 500 km s−1), nightside emission heights appear about 5 km lower than during slow solar wind speed (below 400 km s−1). The sign of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) has nearly no effect on the emission heights in the night sector, but the northward IMF causes lower emission heights at dawn over Lapland and during the noon hours over Svalbard. While the former is interpreted as a change in the particle population within the field-of-view (FoV), the latter is rather due to the movement of the cusp location due to the IMF orientation. The morning sector heights also show a pronounced difference when previously detected pulsating aurora (PsA) events have been excluded/included in the dataset, suggesting that this type of aurora is a dominant phenomenon in the morning and an important dissipation mechanism. An increase of complex auroral structures in the midnight hours agrees with the average substorm occurrence. This increase is amplified during stronger solar wind driving and during higher geomagnetic activity (as measured by auroral electrojet index, AL). During high solar wind speed, the high latitude auroral evolution shows particularly complex morphology, which is not limited to the nightside but rather only excludes the magnetic noon hours. An increase in the geomagnetic activity further enhances the structural complexity of the aurora in the morning sector.
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Mo, X. H., D. H. Zhang, L. P. Goncharenko, Y. Q. Hao, and Z. Xiao. "Quasi-16-day periodic meridional movement of the equatorial ionization anomaly." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 2 (February 18, 2014): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-121-2014.
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Abstract. Based on the daytime location of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest derived from GPS observations at low latitude over China during the 2005–2006 stratospheric sudden warming (SSW), a quasi-16-day periodic meridional movement of EIA crest with the maximum amplitude of about 2 degrees relative to the average location of EIA crest has been revealed. In addition, periodic variations that are in phase with the meridional EIA movement are also revealed in the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and F2 layer peak height (hmF2) over Chinese ionosonde stations Haikou and Chongqing. The quasi-16-day periodic component in Dst index is weak, and the 16-day periodic component does not exist in F10.7 index. Such large-scale periodic meridional movement of EIA crest is likely related to the globally enhanced stratospheric planetary waves coupled with anomalous stratospheric zonal wind connected with SSW. In addition, such large-scale periodic movement of EIA should be global, and can affect the ionospheric morphology around the low-latitude belt near the EIA region. Further case analysis, simulation and theoretical studies must proceed in order to understand the periodic movements of EIA connected with the different periodic atmospheric variations.
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Kannan, Bhuvaneswari, David E. Williams, and Jadranka Travas-Sejdic. "Effect of Morphology of Conducting Polymer on DNA Sensing." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.211.
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Electrochemical DNA sensors can be constructed by understanding basic interfacial electron transfer between solid surface-electrolyte-DNA interfaces. The kinetics of this heterogeneous process can be significantly affected by the microstructure and roughness of the electrode surface. By understanding this concept, in this paper; we compared the performance of micro electrodes containing poly(Py-co-PAA) with macro electrode containing same copolymer, showing that micro electrodes are more sensitive than the macro electrodes for biosensor applications. Sensors based on the copolymer electropolymerised on both micro and macro electrodes were evaluated across a range of oligonucleotide concentrations. The interfacial electron charge transfer resistance between the solution and electrode surface was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
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Pham Thi Thu, H., C. Amory-Mazaudier, and M. Le Huy. "Sq field characteristics at Phu Thuy, Vietnam, during solar cycle 23: comparisons with Sq field in other longitude sectors." Annales Geophysicae 29, no. 1 (January 4, 2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-29-1-2011.
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Abstract. Quiet days variations in the Earth's magnetic field (the Sq current system) are compared and contrasted for the Asian, African and American sectors using a new dataset from Vietnam. This is the first presentation of the variation of the Earth's magnetic field (Sq), during the solar cycle 23, at Phu Thuy, Vietnam (geographic latitudes 21.03° N and longitude: 105.95° E). Phu Thuy observatory is located below the crest of the equatorial fountain in the Asian longitude sector of the Northern Hemisphere. The morphology of the Sq daily variation is presented as a function of solar cycle and seasons. The diurnal variation of Phu Thuy is compared to those obtained in different magnetic observatories over the world to highlight the characteristics of the Phu Thuy observations. In other longitude sectors we find different patterns. At Phu Thuy the solar cycle variation of the amplitude of the daily variation of the X component is correlated to the F.10.7 cm solar radiation (~0.74). This correlation factor is greater than the correlation factor obtained in two observatories located at the same magnetic latitudes in other longitude sectors: at Tamanrasset in the African sector (~0.42, geographic latitude ~22.79) and San Juan in the American sector (~0.03, geographic latitude ~18.38). At Phu Thuy, the Sq field exhibits an equinoctial and a diurnal asymmetry: – The seasonal variation of the monthly mean of X component exhibits the well known semiannual pattern with 2 equinox maxima, but the X component is larger in spring than in autumn. Depending of the phase of the sunspot cycle, the maximum amplitude of the X component varies in spring from 30 nT to 75 nT and in autumn from 20 nT to 60 nT. The maximum amplitude of the X component exhibits roughly the same variation in both solstices, varying from about ~20 nT to 50 nT, depending on the position into the solar cycle. – In all seasons, the mean equinoctial diurnal Y component has a morning maximum Larger than the afternoon minimum i.e. the equivalent current flow over a day is more southward than northward. During winter, the asymmetry is maximum, it erases the afternoon minimum. At the Gnangara observatory, in Asian Southern Hemisphere, the diurnal Y pattern is opposite and the current flow is more northward. It seems that in the Asian sector, the northern and southern Sq current cells both contribute strongly to the equatorial electrojet. The pattern is different in the African and American sectors where the northern Sq current cell contribution to the equatorial electrojet is smaller than the southern one. These observations can explain the unexpected maximum of amplitude of the equatorial electrojet observed in the Asian sector where the internal field is very large. During winter the Y component flow presents an anomaly, it is always southward during the whole day and there is no afternoon northward circulation.
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Morozov, Oleg S., Anna V. Ivanchenko, Sergey S. Nechausov, and Boris A. Bulgakov. "Effect of Electrode Morphology on Performance of Ionic Actuators Based on Vat Photopolymerized Membranes." Membranes 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12111110.
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Bucky gel electrodes are composed of morphology-determining polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT). The electrodes are commonly fabricated via the casting of a CNT dispersion containing PVDF and ionic liquid. In this study, several pore-forming additives such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and the common ionic liquid BMIMBF4 were used to control the morphology of the bucky gel electrodes. The crystalline phase type and content of PVDF in the electrodes were determined by FT-IR and DSC, respectively. SEM revealed a sponge-like structure in the case of the use of BMIMBF4 and a spherulite structure if PEG and DBP were used as additives. A strong influence of morphology on the anisotropic increase in the volume of electrodes upon impregnation with electrolyte was observed. The PEG-based electrode elongated more than the others, while the BMIMBF4-based electrode thickened to a greater extent. Ionic actuators were fabricated to experimentally reveal the effect of electrode morphology on their electromechanical efficiency. A high-precision vat photopolymerization technique was used to fabricate identical ionic membranes and minimize their influence on the properties of the actuators. The electrodes were characterized by the same porosity and electrical capacitance, while the actuators differ significantly in performance. As a result, a simple method of using pore-forming additives made it possible to increase the maximum deformation of bucky gel ionic actuators by 1.5 times by changing the morphology of the electrodes.
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Payer, Gizem, and Özgenç Ebil. "Zinc Electrode Morphology Evolution in High Energy Density Nickel-Zinc Batteries." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1280236.
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Prismatic Nickel-Zinc (NiZn) batteries with energy densities higher than 100 Wh kg−1were prepared using Zn electrodes with different initial morphologies. The effect of initial morphology of zinc electrode on battery capacity was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveal that initial morphology of zinc electrode changes drastically after a few charge/discharge cycles regardless of initial ZnO powder used. ZnO electrodes prepared using ZnO powders synthesized from ZnCl2and Zn(NO3)2lead to average battery energy densities ranging between 92 Wh kg−1and 109 Wh kg−1while using conventional ZnO powder leads to a higher energy density, 118 Wh kg−1. Average discharge capacities of zinc electrodes vary between 270 and 345 mA g−1, much lower than reported values for nano ZnO powders in literature. Higher electrode surface area or higher electrode discharge capacity does not necessarily translate to higher battery energy density.
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Mungufeni, Patrick, John Bosco Habarulema, Yenca Migoya-Orué, and Edward Jurua. "Statistical analysis of the correlation between the equatorial electrojet and the occurrence of the equatorial ionisation anomaly over the East African sector." Annales Geophysicae 36, no. 3 (June 13, 2018): 841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-36-841-2018.
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Abstract. This study presents statistical quantification of the correlation between the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) and the occurrence of the equatorial ionisation anomaly (EIA) over the East African sector. The data used were for quiet geomagnetic conditions (Kp ≤ 3) during the period 2011–2013. The horizontal components, H, of geomagnetic fields measured by magnetometers located at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (dip lat. ∼1∘ N), and Adigrat, Ethiopia (dip lat. ∼6∘ N), were used to determine the EEJ using differential techniques. The total electron content (TEC) derived from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals using 19 receivers located along the 30–40∘ longitude sector was used to determine the EIA strengths over the region. This was done by determining the ratio of TEC over the crest to that over the trough, denoted as the CT : TEC ratio. This technique necessitated characterisation of the morphology of the EIA over the region. We found that the trough lies slightly south of the magnetic equator (0–4∘ S). This slight southward shift of the EIA trough might be due to the fact that over the East African region, the general centre of the EEJ is also shifted slightly south of the magnetic equator. For the first time over the East African sector, we determined a threshold daytime EEJ strength of ∼ 40 nT that is mostly associated with prominent EIA occurrence during a high solar activity period. The study also revealed that there is a positive correlation between daytime EEJ and EIA strengths, with a strong positive correlation occurring during the period 13:00–15:00 LT. Keywords. Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere)
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Jaffe, Debra M., Nancy P. Solomon, Robert A. Robinson, Henry T. Hoffman, and Erich S. Luschei. "Comparison of Concentric Needle Versus Hooked-Wire Electrodes in the Canine Larynx." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, no. 5 (May 1998): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989811800515.
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BACKGROUND: The use of a specific electrode type in laryngeal electromyography has not been standardized. Laryngeal electromyography is usually performed with hooked-wire electrodes or concentric needle electrodes. Hooked-wire electrodes have the advantage of allowing laryngeal movement with ease and comfort, whereas the concentric needle electrodes have benefits from a technical aspect and may be advanced, withdrawn, or redirected during attempts to appropriately place the electrode. OBJECTIVES: This study examines whether hooked-wire electrodes permit more stable recordings than standard concentric needle electrodes at rest and after large-scale movements of the larynx and surrounding structures. A histologic comparison of tissue injury resulting from placement and removal of the two electrode types is also made by evaluation of the vocal folds. METHODS: Electrodes were percutaneously placed into the thyroarytenoid muscles of 10 adult canines. Amplitude of electromyographic activity was measured and compared during vagal stimulation before and after large-scale laryngeal movements. Signal consistency over time was examined. Animals were killed and vocal fold injury was graded and compared histologically. RESULTS: Waveform morphology did not consistently differ between electrode types. The variability of electromyographic amplitude was greater for the hooked-wire electrode ( p < 0.05), whereas the mean amplitude measures before and after large-scale laryngeal movements did not differ ( p > 0.05). Inflammatory responses and hematoma formation were also similar. CONCLUSIONS: Waveform morphology of electromyographic signals registered from both electrode types show similar complex action potentials. There is no difference between the hooked-wire electrode and the concentric needle electrode in terms of electrode stability or vocal fold injury in the thyroarytenoid muscle after large-scale laryngeal movements. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:655–62.)
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Zhang, Zhaocheng, Haoyuan Chen, Zicong Lin, Xiongcong Guan, Jiong Zhang, Xiufeng Tang, Yunfeng Zhan, and Jianyi Luo. "Pivotal Role of the Granularity Uniformity of the WO3 Film Electrode upon the Cyclic Stability during Cation Insertion/Extraction." Nanomaterials 13, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13060973.
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Delicate design and precise manipulation of electrode morphology has always been crucial in electrochemistry. Generally, porous morphology has been preferred due to the fast kinetic transport characteristics of cations. Nevertheless, more refined design details such as the granularity uniformity that usually goes along with the porosity regulation of film electrodes should be taken into consideration, especially in long-term cation insertion and extraction. Here, inorganic electrochromism as a special member of the electrochemical family and WO3 films as the most mature electrochromic electrode material were chosen as the research background. Two kinds of WO3 films were prepared by magnetron sputtering, one with a relatively loose morphology accompanied by nonuniform granularity and one with a compact morphology along with uniform particle size distribution, respectively. Electrochemical performances and cyclic stability of the two film electrodes were then traced and systematically compared. In the beginning, except for faster kinetic transport characters of the 50 W-deposited WO3 film, the two electrodes showed equivalent optical and electrochemical performances. However, after 5000 CV cycles, the 50 W-deposited WO3 film electrode cracked seriously. Strong stress distribution centered among boundaries of the nonuniform particle clusters together with the weak bonding among particles induced the mechanical damage. This discovery provides a more solid background for further delicate film electrode design.
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Zhang, Y., K. Y. Li, C. Jin, Y. T. Wang, L. Geng, Y. J. Sun, H. C. Tian, J. Q. Liu, and X. J. Jin. "Comparative studies on the implantation of nano platinum black and pure platinum electrodes in the rabbit orbicularis oculi muscle." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 128, no. 8 (August 2014): 679–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215114001558.
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AbstractObjective:To study the interactive influence of implanted nano platinum black electrodes (as compared with pure platinum electrodes) on rabbit orbicularis oculi muscle morphology and function.Methods:The influence of the two types of electrode on the orbicularis oculi muscle was monitored in a rabbit model of facial paralysis. Biological electric current and exciting current were administered to biological tissue, and morphological and functional changes were identified. Changes in orbicularis oculi muscle contraction, electrode configuration and performance associated with long-term electrical stimulation were observed over 28 days of implantation.Results:The nano platinum black electrode was superior to the pure platinum electrode in the following aspects: morphology and functionality, electrical excitation function of the orbicularis oculi muscle (as assessed by electromyography), muscle contraction function and biological tissue changes. Furthermore, the nano platinum black electrode features had good stability.Conclusion:Microelectrode surface modification with nano platinum black can effectively increase the microelectrode surface area and improve electrode performance, and is associated with good tissue compatibility.
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Kaur, Milanpreet, Ravinder Singh Sawhney, and Derick Engles. "Morphology pursuance in C20 fullerene molecular junction: ab initio implementation." Journal of Micromechanics and Molecular Physics 02, no. 02 (June 2017): 1750007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424913017500072.
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In this paper, we implement the [Formula: see text] fullerene-based molecular junction formed with two different types of geometric electrodes employing Keldysh’s non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism combined with density functional theory. The geometric electrodes with a knife and flat edges are stringed to the fullerene molecule to determine the impact of morphology in the electrode–molecule interface region. We investigate the density of states, transmission spectrum, molecular orbitals, current and differential conductance characteristics at discrete bias voltages to get the insight about various transport phenomena in these morphed fullerene junctions. The results show that current and conduction are higher in magnitude in the [Formula: see text] fullerene when sandwiched between the pair of flat-edged electrodes. Thus, the flat-edged electrodes are acting as the supporting electrodes in the quantum conduction process, not overshadowing the role of molecule within a device configuration, unlike the knife-edged electrodes. Hence, the ideas and results pursued in this research paved another step in the field of “Geometronics”.
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Kwon, Hae-Jun, Sang-Wook Woo, Yong-Ju Lee, Je-Young Kim, and Sung-Man Lee. "Achieving High-Performance Spherical Natural Graphite Anode through a Modified Carbon Coating for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071946.
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The electrochemical performance of modified natural graphite (MNG) and artificial graphite (AG) was investigated as a function of electrode density ranging from 1.55 to 1.7 g∙cm−3. The best performance was obtained at 1.55 g∙cm−3 and 1.60 g∙cm−3 for the AG and MNG electrodes, respectively. Both AG, at a density of 1.55 g∙cm−3, and MNG, at a density of 1.60 g∙cm−3, showed quite similar performance with regard to cycling stability and coulombic efficiency during cycling at 30 and 45 °C, while the MNG electrodes at a density of 1.60 g∙cm−3 and 1.7 g∙cm−3 showed better rate performance than the AG electrodes at a density of 1.55 g∙cm−3. The superior rate capability of MNG electrodes can be explained by the following effects: first, their spherical morphology and higher electrode density led to enhanced electrical conductivity. Second, for the MNG sample, favorable electrode tortuosity was retained and thus Li+ transport in the electrode pore was not significantly affected, even at high electrode densities of 1.60 g∙cm−3 and 1.7 g∙cm−3. MNG electrodes also exhibited a similar electrochemical swelling behavior to the AG electrodes.
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Hamzah, Hairul Hisham, Nur Hidayah Saleh, Bhavik Anil Patel, Mohd Muzamir Mahat, Saiful Arifin Shafiee, and Turgut Sönmez. "Recycling Chocolate Aluminum Wrapping Foil as to Create Electrochemical Metal Strip Electrodes." Molecules 26, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010021.
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The development of low-cost electrode devices from conductive materials has recently attracted considerable attention as a sustainable means to replace the existing commercially available electrodes. In this study, two different electrode surfaces (surfaces 1 and 2, denoted as S1 and S2) were fabricated from chocolate wrapping aluminum foils. Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to investigate the elemental composition and surface morphology of the prepared electrodes. Meanwhile, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to assess the electrical conductivities and the electrochemical activities of the prepared electrodes. It was found that the fabricated electrode strips, particularly the S1 electrode, showed good electrochemical responses and conductivity properties in phosphate buffer (PB) solutions. Interestingly, both of the electrodes can respond to the ruthenium hexamine (Ruhex) redox species. The fundamental results presented from this study indicate that this electrode material can be an inexpensive alternative for the electrode substrate. Overall, our findings indicate that electrodes made from chocolate wrapping materials have promise as electrochemical sensors and can be utilized in various applications.
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Liu, Sheng, Lin Gui, Ruichao Peng, and Ping Yu. "A Novel Porous Ni, Ce-Doped PbO2 Electrode for Efficient Treatment of Chloride Ion in Wastewater." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040466.
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The porous Ti/Sb-SnO2/Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrode was prepared by using a porous Ti plate as a substrate, an Sb-doped SnO2 as an intermediate, and a PbO2 doped with Ni and Ce as an active layer. The surface morphology and crystal structure of the electrode were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS), and X-Ray diffraction(XRD). The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was tested by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electrode life test. The results show that the novel porous Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrodes with larger active surface area have better electrochemical activity and longer electrode life than porous undoped PbO2 electrodes and flat Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrodes. In this work, the removal of Cl− in simulated wastewater on three electrodes was also studied. The results show that the removal effect of the porous Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrode is obviously better than the other two electrodes, and the removal rate is 87.4%, while the removal rates of the other two electrodes were 72.90% and 80.20%, respectively. In addition, the mechanism of electrochemical dechlorinating was also studied. With the progress of electrolysis, we find that the increase of OH- inhibits the degradation of Cl−, however, the porous Ni-Ce-PbO2 electrode can effectively improve the removal of Cl−.
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Yang, Yu, Jian Hao, Junying Xue, Shikun Liu, Caixia Chi, Jiupeng Zhao, Yongjun Xu, and Yao Li. "Morphology regulation of Ga particles from ionic liquids and their lithium storage properties." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 9 (2021): 4408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj05491g.
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Ga particle electrodes were electrodeposited from electrolytes with and without AlCl3. The electrochemical cycling stability of the Ga particle electrode was improved by regulating its morphology.
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Gaire, Madhu, Najma Khatoon, and Douglas Chrisey. "Preparation of Cobalt Oxide–Reduced Graphitic Oxide Supercapacitor Electrode by Photothermal Processing." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030717.
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We report a photonic technique to instantaneously synthesize cobalt oxide reduced graphitic oxide (CoOx-rGO) supercapacitor electrodes. The electrode processing is achieved through rapidly heating the precursor material by irradiation of high-energy pulsed mostly visible light from a xenon lamp. Due to the short duration of the light pulse, we prepared the electrodes at room temperature instantaneously (ms), thus eliminating the several hours of processing times of the conventional techniques. The as-prepared electrodes exhibited a highly porous morphology, allowing for enhanced ionic transport during electrochemical interactions. The electrochemical properties of the CoOx-rGO electrodes were studied in 1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The non-rectangular cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves with characteristic redox peaks indicated the pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism of the electrodes. From the discharge curves at 0.4 mA/cm2 and 1.6 A/g constant current densities, the electrode showed areal specific capacitance of 17 mF/cm2 and specific capacitance of 69 F/g, respectively. Cyclic stability was tested by performing 30,000 galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) cycles and the electrode exhibited 65% capacitance retention, showing its excellent electrochemical performance and ultra-long cycle life. The excellent electrochemical electrode properties are attributed to the unique processing technique, optimum processing parameters, improved conductivity due to the presence of rGO, and highly porous morphology which offers a high specific surface area. The novel photonic processing we report allows for high-temperature heating of the precursor films achieved via non-radiative recombination of photogenerated electron holes pairs during irradiation. Such extremely quick (ms) heating followed by instantaneous cooling results in the formation of a dense and robust bottom layer of the electrode, resulting in a long cycle life.
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Saini, Sunaina, Aman Joshi, and Prakash Chand. "Binder-Free MnO2 Electrodes for Supercapacitor Applications." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 11847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.11847ecst.
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The binder-free MnO2 electrodes are fabricated using the electro-deposition method. X-ray diffraction spectra of the obtained electrodes verified the generation of a pure tetragonal phase of MnO2 without any impurity peak. Further, the morphology of the fabricated electrode is explored by Scanning Electron Microscope, which confirmed the formation of platelets when the deposition time is small, while the flakes are formed as the deposition time is increased. Electrochemical performances for all three fabricated MnO2 electrodes are also conducted in the three-electrode system using the techniques like Cyclic Voltammetry, Galvanostatic Charge Discharge, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The maximum specific capacitance of 531.6 F/g at 0.5 A/g is achieved in the KNO3 electrolyte for the electrode with 15 minutes of deposition time, while the high rate capability is maintained for the electrode with a deposition time of 10 minutes. Therefore, based on the electrochemical performance, fabricated MnO2 electrodes are suitable for supercapacitor applications.
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Widiatmoko, Pramujo, Hary Devianto, Isdiriayani Nurdin, Adriaan Adriaan, and Henry Natanail Purwito. "THE EFFECT OF COUNTER ELECTRODE PREPARATION METHODS TOWARD DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL PERFORMANCE." Jurnal Teknologi Bahan dan Barang Teknik 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37209/jtbbt.v8i1.112.
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Carbon-coated electrodes is superior substitution for platinum electrodes of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). This paper describes effect of electrode coating methods as well as carbon types on the performance of DSSC. The electrodes were prepared using 3 methods, i.e. doctor blade, metering rod and bubble deposition. Commercial industrial-grade and medical-grade activated carbon were used in this research. The DSSC performance was measured from I-V curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, meanwhile the morphology of coated carbon electrode was studied from Scanning Electron Microscope and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. It was found that efficiency of DSSC was higher when the counter electrodes were prepared using doctor blade and bubble deposition methods with medical-grade activated carbon. The highest achievement on light-to-electricity conversion was 3.76%.Keywords: carbon-based electrode, coating methods, performances of DSSC
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Kim, Hyelim, Soohyeon Rho, Sora Han, Daeyoung Lim, and Wonyoung Jeong. "Fabrication of Textile-Based Dry Electrode and Analysis of Its Surface EMG Signal for Applying Smart Wear." Polymers 14, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 3641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173641.
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Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes, which are wet electrodes, are generally used to acquire bio-signals non-invasively. Research concerning dry electrodes is ongoing due to the following limitations of wet electrodes: (1) skin irritation and disease when attached for a long time; (2) poor adhesion due to sweat; and (3) considerable cost due to disposable use. Accordingly, electrodes in film, embroidery, and knit forms were manufactured from conductive sheets and conductive yarns, which are typical textile-type dry electrode materials, using different manufacturing methods and conditions. The prepared electrodes were conducted to measure the morphology, surface resistance, skin-electrode impedance, EMG signal acquisition, and analysis. The conductive sheet type electrode exhibited a similar skin-impedance, noise, and muscle activation signal amplitude to the Ag/AgCl gel electrode due to the excellent adhesion and shape stabilization. Embroidery electrodes were manufactured based on two-dimension lock stitch (Em_LS) and three-dimension moss-stitch (Em_MS). More stable EMG signal acquisition than Em_LS was possible when manufactured with Em_MS. The knit electrode was manufactured with the typical structures of plain, purl, and interlock. Although it was possible to acquire EMG signals, considerable noise was generated as the shape and size of the electrodes were changed due to the stretch characteristics of the knit structure. Finally, the applicability of the textile-type dry electrode was confirmed by combining it with a wearable device. More stable and accurate EMG signal acquirement will be possible through more precise parameter control in the future.
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Macedo, A. G., C. E. Cava, C. D. Canestraro, L. Contini, and L. S. Roman. "Morphology Dependence on Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide Film Thickness Studied with Atomic Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 11, S03 (December 2005): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927605051032.
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Tin oxide (TO) or fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) has been frequently used as a transparent electrode in our organic opto-electronic devices [1-3]. In general, these devices are fabricated in a sandwich structure where an organic thin layer (approx. 100nm thick) stays between two conducting electrodes, TO or FTO and Al. Due to higher conductivity FTO is normally our choice. The morphology of the electrodes influences the morphology of the organic layer, mainly when the deposition of the organic layer is done electrochemically.
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Wroblewski, Grzegorz, Konrad Kielbasinski, Tomasz Stapinski, Janusz Jaglarz, Konstanty Marszalek, Barbara Swatowska, Lucja Dybowska-Sarapuk, and Malgorzata Jakubowska. "Graphene Platelets as Morphology Tailoring Additive in Carbon Nanotube Transparent and Flexible Electrodes for Heating Applications." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/316315.
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Flexible and transparent electrodes were fabricated with spray coating technique from paints based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes with the addition of graphene platelets. The work presents the influence of graphene platelets on the paints rheology and layers morphology, which has a strong connection to the electrooptical parameters of the electrodes. The paints rheology affects the atomization during spray coating and later the leveling of the coating on the substrate. Both technological aspects shape the morphology of the electrode and the distribution of nanoparticles in the coating. All these factors influence the sheet resistance and roughness, which is linked to the optical transmission and absorbance. In our research the electrode was applied as a transparent and elastic heating element with 68% optical transmission at 550 nm wavelength and 8.4 kΩ/□ sheet resistance. The elastic heating element was tested with a thermal camera at the 3 diverse supply voltages −20, 30, and 60 VDC. The test successfully confirmed and supported our proposed uses of elaborated electrodes.
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Zhao, Wei, Dan Xu, Yanli Chen, Jiaen Cheng, Cun You, Xin Wang, Shushan Dong, Qiang Tao, and Pinwen Zhu. "Surface Modification towards Integral Bulk Catalysts of Transition Metal Borides for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction." Catalysts 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12020222.
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Transition metal borides (TMBs) are promising catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). While the commercially available TMBs indicate poor HER performance due to powder electrode and low activity sites density, optimizing commercial TMBs for better HER performance is urgent. To break through the challenge, a new strategy is proposed to compose integral bulk electrodes with needle surfaces in TMBs. The integral bulk electrodes in TiB2, ZrB2, and HfB2 are formed under high pressure and high temperature (HPHT), and the nanoneedle morphology is constructed by chemical etching. In the three materials, the smallest overpotential is 346 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in the HCl etched bulk TiB2 electrode, which is about 61.9% higher than commercial TiB2 powder. Better performance arises from better conductivity of the integral bulk electrode, and the nano morphology exposes the edge sides of the structure which have high activity site density. This work is significant for developing new kinds of bulk TMBs catalysts.
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Berhe, Mulugeta Gebrekiros, and Dongkyoung Lee. "A Comparative Study on the Wettability of Unstructured and Structured LiFePO4 with Nanosecond Pulsed Fiber Laser." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050582.
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The wettability of electrodes increases the power and energy densities of the cells of lithium-ion batteries, which is vital to improving their electrochemical performance. Numerous studies in the past have attempted to explain the effect of electrolyte and calendering on wettability. In this work, the wettability behavior of structured and unstructured LiFePO4 electrodes was studied. Firstly, the wettability morphology of the structured electrode was analyzed, and the electrode geometry was quantified in terms of ablation top and bottom width, ablation depth, and aspect ratio. From the result of the geometry analysis, the minimum measured values of aspect ratio and ablation depth were used as structured electrodes. Laser structuring with pitch distances of 112 μm, 224 μm, and 448 μm was applied. Secondly, the wettability of the electrodes was measured mainly by total wetting time and electrolyte spreading area. This study demonstrates that the laser-based structuring of the electrode increases the electrochemically active surface area of the electrode. The electrode structured with 112 μm pitch distance exhibited the fastest wetting at a time of 13.5 s. However, the unstructured electrode exhibited full wetting at a time of 84 s.
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Ma, Guofu, Fengting Hua, Kanjun Sun, Enke Fenga, Hui Peng, Zhiguo Zhang, and Ziqiang Lei. "Nanostructure selenium compounds as pseudocapacitive electrodes for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 171186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171186.
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The electrochemical performance of an energy conversion and storage device like the supercapacitor mainly depends on the microstructure and morphology of the electrodes. In this paper, to improve the capacitance performance of the supercapacitor, the all-pseudocapacitive electrodes of lamella-like Bi 18 SeO 29 /BiSe as the negative electrode and flower-like Co 0.85 Se nanosheets as the positive electrode are synthesized by using a facile low-temperature one-step hydrothermal method. The microstructures and morphology of the electrode materials are carefully characterized, and the capacitance performances are also tested. The Bi 18 SeO 29 /BiSe and Co 0.85 Se have high specific capacitance (471.3 F g –1 and 255 F g –1 at 0.5 A g –1 ), high conductivity, outstanding cycling stability, as well as good rate capability. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor completely based on the pseudocapacitive electrodes exhibits outstanding cycling stability (about 93% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles). Moreover, the devices exhibit high energy density of 24.2 Wh kg –1 at a power density of 871.2 W kg –1 in the voltage window of 0–1.6 V with 2 M KOH solution.
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Bickel, Karen, Thorsten Lewalter, Johannes Fischer, Christine Baumgartner, Petra Hoppmann, Klaus Tiemann, and Clemens Jilek. "Value of Mini Electrodes for Mapping Myocardial Arrhythmogenic Substrate—The Influence of Tip-to-Tissue Angulation and Irrigation Flow on Signal Quality." Journal of Vascular Diseases 1, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jvd1010002.
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Background: The use of mini electrodes with a small surface and narrow electrode-to-electrode spacing is believed to lead to a higher electrical resolution. Until now, the effects of tip-to-tissue contact, angulation, and irrigation on signal quality and morphology are unknown. Methods: The beating heart of an open-chest pig was examined while controlling the angulation and contact between the catheter tip and myocardial tissue, as well as the irrigation of the catheter tip. The mini electrodes were mounted onto commercially available 8 mm non-irrigated and 4 mm irrigated tip catheters. Different electrode interconnections, angulations, contact forces, and irrigation flow were analyzed and compared to signals recorded from conventional electrodes. Results: A total of 63 electrode samples of 21 defined, stable settings, each lasting 30 s, were analyzed. (1) Tissue contact of mini electrodes was given as soon as the conventional tip electrode showed tissue contact. (2) Angulation of the tip-to-tissue contact showed a trend towards changes in the integral of signals derived from mini electrodes, and no significant changes were seen in signals derived from conventional or mini electrodes. (3) Irrigation flow surrounding the mini electrodes did not influence signals derived from mini electrodes, whereas conventional electrodes showed signals with a longer duration under higher irrigation. Conclusion: Mini electrodes are robust to contact force and irrigation flow regarding signal quality, whereas signals of conventional electrodes are affected by irrigation flow, leading to substantial changes in signal duration and kurtosis. Signals of mini electrodes are sensitive to local electrical changes because of a high local resolution.
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Qin, G., Ya Xiong Liu, Z. X. Bai, H. Y. Wang, and R. K. Du. "Surface Modification on Polyurethane of Bio-Electrodes Implanted for Deep Brain." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.450.
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For bio-electrodes implanted in deep brain, electrode materials will affect the fibrous encapsulation formed on the interface of bio-electrodes and brain tissue which would reduce the operating effect of the bio-electrodes. To reduce or eliminate the fibrous encapsulation layer, N2/H2 plasma treatment process is used to modify the polyurethane which is the most materials of the bio-electrode. The amino groups are produced on the polyurethane surface. After these amino groups have a polymerization reaction with the polypeptide molecule, a layer of the polypeptide molecule is formed on the polyurethane surface of the bio-electrode. These modified bio-electrodes are implanted in the deep brain of the rats for two weeks to observe the immune response and the morphology of the cells on the interface of the bio-electrodes. The results of the experiments indicate that the polypeptide molecules on the polyurethane can improve the immune response of the cells and affect the growth of the fibrous encapsulation on the interface of the bio-electrodes.
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Alfaifi, Bandar Y., Hossein Bayahia, and Asif Ali Tahir. "Highly Efficient Nanostructured Bi2WO6 Thin Film Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical and Environment Remediation." Nanomaterials 9, no. 5 (May 17, 2019): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050755.
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Nanostructured Bi2WO6 thin film electrodes with enhanced solar energy conversion and photocatalytic properties have been fabricated using Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD). By conveniently controlling the deposition process parameters, Bi2WO6 electrodes were fabricated with nanoplates and hierarchical buckyball-shaped microsphere structures morphology. A detailed study has been conducted to correlate the structure and morphology with the photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic dye degradation performance. The PEC investigations revealed that the hierarchical buckyball-shaped microsphere structured Bi2WO6 electrodes have shown the photocurrent density of 220 μAcm−2 while nanoplates have a photocurrent density of 170 μAcm−2 at 0.23 V (vs. Ag/AgCl/3M KCl) under AM1.5 illumination. The PEC characterization of Bi2WO6 electrodes also reveals that the photocurrent density and photocurrent onset potential is strongly dependent on the orientation and morphology, hence the deposition parameters. Similarly, the methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) photodegradation performance of Bi2WO6 electrodes also show a strong correlation with morphology. This finding provides an appropriate route to engineer the energetic and interfacial properties of Bi2WO6 electrode to enhance solar energy conversion and the photocatalytic performance of semiconductor materials.
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Grunder, Yvonne, Jack Beane, Adam Kolodziej, Christopher Lucas, and Paramaconi Rodriguez. "Potential Dependent Structure and Stability of Cu(111) in Neutral Phosphate Electrolyte." Surfaces 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2019): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces2010012.
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Copper and copper oxide electrode surfaces are suitable for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 and produce a range of products, with the product selectivity being strongly influenced by the surface structure of the copper electrode. In this paper, we present in-situ surface X-ray diffraction studies on Cu(111) electrodes in neutral phosphate buffered electrolyte solution. The underlying mechanism of the phosphate adsorption and deprotonation of the (di)-hydrogen phosphate is accompanied by a roughening of the copper surface. A change in morphology of the copper surface induced by a roughening process caused by the formation of a mixed copper–oxygen layer could also be observed. The stability of the Cu(111) surface and the change of morphology upon potential cycling strongly depends on the preparation method and history of the electrode. The presence of copper islands on the surface of the Cu(111) electrode leads to irreversible changes in surface morphology via a 3D Cu growth mechanism.
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Yang, Lingfang, Zhou Shi, and Wenhao Yang. "Characterization of air plasma-activated carbon nanotube electrodes for the removal of lead ion." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 11 (March 24, 2014): 2272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.157.
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Carbon nanotube electrodes were prepared by pressing a mixture of carbon nanotubes and polytetrafluoroethylene (which acted as a binder) on a stainless steel net collector, and the electrodes were subsequently activated in our self-designed plasma apparatus, using air plasma. The morphology and surface functional groups of the electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that the electrodes activated by air plasma possessed a rougher surface and more oxygen-containing groups than the raw electrodes, properties that were beneficial for their electrosorption performance. After 5 min of air plasma activation, the lead ion electrosorption capacity of the activated electrodes (measured at 450 mV) increased to 3.40 mg/g, which was 73% higher than the capacity of the non-activated, raw electrode, and 5.76 times the adsorption capacity of the raw electrode at 0 mV. The results of this study indicate that air plasma activation can be used to effectively enhance the electrosorption capacity of carbon nanotube electrodes.
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Wang, Gui, Jin Yong Xu, Yan Tang, Cheng Gao, and Xiao Chao Shi. "Optimization of Micro-Arc Oxidation Electrode Structure by Finite Element Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 683 (April 2013): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.293.
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In order to realize the application of finite element analysis in structural optimization of micro-arc oxidation electrode, effects of two kinds of electrode mode (one and two cathodes) on thickness and surface morphology of ceramic coatings prepared by micro-arc oxidation on aluminum alloy were researched by experiment. Meanwhile, Ansoft Maxwell finite element software was used to analysis the main influence factor (electric field intensity). We contrasted the analysis conclusion above with the forecast results in experiment. Effect of electric field intensity on thickness and surface morphology of ceramic coatings were explained from micro level, the correctness of the finite element analysis software was verified. The results show that three electrodes mode is better than two electrodes mode, the former can not only make the thickness of ceramic coatings thicker, but also make sure the size and quantity of discharge channel bigger and more, and growth power enough.
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Luo, Gang, Shi Chao Zhang, and Hua Fang. "Facile Synthesis of New Nanocomposite Based on Cobalt Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes with Excellent Electrochemical Capacitive Behavior." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 1451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1451.
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A new two-step synthesis of composite electrode based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and cobalt oxide (Co3O4) by electrophoretic deposition of CNTs on Ni foam followed by electrodeposition of cobalt hydroxide on CNTs electrode and heat treatment to form Co3O4/CNTs composite electrode was developed. The structure and morphology of the electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their electrochemical performances were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Experimental results indicated that the nanocomposite electrodes exhibitd excellent pseudocapacitive behavior. In the potential range of 0.1- 0.45 V(vs SCE), the nanocomposite electrode showed a high specific capacitance of 867 F•g-1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte and a capacity retention of 90% after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A•g-1.
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Kausar, Ayesha, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, Malik Maaza, and Patrizia Bocchetta. "Green Nanocomposite Electrodes/Electrolytes for Microbial Fuel Cells—Cutting-Edge Technology." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7040166.
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Fuel cell efficiency can be improved by using progressive electrodes and electrolytes. Green nanomaterials and green technologies have been explored for the manufacturing of high-performance electrode and electrolyte materials for fuel cells. Platinum-based electrodes have been replaced with green materials and nanocomposites using green fabrication approaches to attain environmentally friendly fuel cells. In this regard, ecological and sustainable electrode- and electrolyte-based membrane electrode assemblies have also been designed. Moreover, green nanocomposites have been applied to form the fuel cell electrolyte membranes. Among fuel cells, microbial fuel cells have gained research attention for the incorporation of green and sustainable materials. Hence, this review essentially focuses on the potential of green nanocomposites as fuel cell electrode and electrolyte materials and application of green synthesis techniques to attain these materials. The design of and interactions with nanocomposites have led to synergistic effects on the morphology, impedance, resistance, power density, current density, electrochemical features, proton conductivity, and overall efficiency. Moreover, we deliberate the future significance and challenges of the application of green nanocomposites in electrodes and electrolytes to attain efficient fuel cells.
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Wang, Chenyang, Tianyi Ma, Xingge Liu, Zhi Liu, Zenghua Chang, and Jing Pang. "Effect of Graphite Morphology on the Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of SiOx/Graphite Composite Anode." Batteries 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020078.
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Mixing SiOx materials with graphite materials has become a key technology to improve their performance, but it is still unclear what kind of graphite materials help to construct a stable electrode structure. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of graphite morphology on the structure and performance of SiOx/C composite electrodes (850 mAh g−1). For the SiOx/C59 composite electrode constructed by the lamellar graphite (C59) with a big aspect ratio and SiOx particles, the SiOx particles agglomerate in the pores of C59 particles. This uneven electrode structure could lead to excessive stress and strain of the electrode during cycling, which causes the anode electrode structure failure and cycling performance deterioration. While the small-size lamellar graphite (SFG15) with random orientation helps to construct stable electrode structure with uniform particle distribution and pore structure, which could reduce the stress and strain change of the electrode during cycling. Thus, the composite electrode (SiOx/SFG15) exhibits better cycling performance compared with SiOx/C59 composite electrode. This work reveals the structure-activity relationship of graphite morphology, electrode structure and the mechanical and electrochemical performance of the electrode, and provides a guide to the design and development of the high capacity SiOx/C composite electrode structure.
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Ghosh, Souvik, Aparna Paul, Prakas Samanta, Bhau Landge, Sanjib Kumar Mandal, Sangam Sinha, Gour Gopal Dutta, Naresh Chandra Murmu, and Tapas Kuila. "Influence of Transition Metals (Cu and Co) on the Carbon-Coated Nickel Sulfide Used as Positive Electrode Material in Hybrid Supercapacitor Device." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (July 8, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070180.
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Herein, a facile, environment-friendly and cost-effective approach was followed for the preparation of metal sulfide-based supercapacitor electrodes. The effect of transition metal interrogation on the morphology and electrochemical performance of carbon-coated nickel sulfide composite electrode was investigated. Physicochemical characterization showed that the enhancement in electrical conductivity and electrochemical reaction sites with the introduction of copper (Cu) and cobalt (Co) was due to the variation in morphology. Fast ionic transformation and improvement in the number of redox active sites might improve the supercapacitor performance. The electrochemical experiment showed that the NCoSC electrode exhibited the highest capacitance value of ~760 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 current density as compared to the NCuSC and NSC electrodes. Therefore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device was fabricated by using NCoSC as the positive electrode and thermally reduced graphene oxide (TRGO) as the negative electrode. The fabricated device demonstrated maximum energy density of ~38.8 Wh Kg−1 and power density of 9.8 kW Kg−1. The HSC device also showed ~89.5% retention in specific capacitance after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles at 12 A g−1 current density. So, the tuning of electronic and physical properties by the introduction of Cu and Co on nickel sulfide improved the supercapacitor performance.
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Zhang, Zhen, Qian Qian Sun, and Yin Ping Si. "Degradation Properties of Ti/Sb-SnO2 Electrodes Containing Different Intermediate Layers for Phenol." Materials Science Forum 743-744 (January 2013): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.743-744.420.
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The electrocatalytic degradation performances of the Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes with Ni, Co and Mn intermediate layers prepared by thermal oxidation for phenol were studied. The microstructure and morphology of the intermediate layers and the outer active layers were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. The content of phenol and intermediate material degraded with different electrodes in the phenol solution was compared by UV-Vis spectrophotometer and measuring COD. In the meantime, the influence of different intermediate layers on the service life of anode was investigated by the accelerated life test. The experimental results showed that, after 10h, the phenol degradation efficiency with Ti/Ni/Sb-SnO2 electrode almost reached 100% and the COD was 18mg/L, but the electrode was irreversibly damaged within 20min under the accelerated life test. Comparing with Ti/Ni/Sb-SnO2, the degradation efficiency of phenol in Ti/Co/Sb-SnO2 electrode was worse because the COD was 43mg/L, but the accelerated life was 20.8h. For Ti/Mn/Sb-SnO2 electrode, the COD was only 50mg/L, but the accelerated life reached to 289h. Therefore it may be concluded that the different intermediate layers have a notable effect on the structure, morphology, service life and the electrocatalytic activity of anode.
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Amirhoseiny, Maryam, Majid Zandi, Abolghasem Mosayyebi, and Mehrzad Khademian. "Carbon nanotube-based supercapacitors using low cost collectors." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 02 (January 20, 2016): 1550272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984915502723.
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In this work, electrochemical double layer supercapacitors were fabricated using multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite microfilm as electrode. To improve the electrochemical properties, MWCNTs were functionalized with −COOH by acid treatments. CNT/PVA films have been deposited on different current collectors by spin coating to drastically enhance the electrode performance. Electrode fabrication involved various stages preparing of the CNT composite, and coating of the CNT/PVA paste on different substrates which also served as current collector. Al, Ni and graphite were used and compared as current collectors. The surface morphology of the fabricated electrodes was investigated with scanning electrode microscopy (SEM). Overall cell performance was evaluated with a multi-channel potentiostat/galvanostat analyzer. Each supercapacitor cell was subjected to charge–discharge cycling study at different current rates from 0.2[Formula: see text]Ag[Formula: see text] to 1[Formula: see text]Ag[Formula: see text]. The results showed that graphite-based electrodes offer advantages of significantly higher conductivity and superior capacitive behavior compared to thin film electrodes formed on Ni and Al current collectors. The specific capacitance of graphite based electrode is found to be 29[Formula: see text]Fg[Formula: see text].
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Sabli, Nordin, Zainal Abidin Talib, Mat Yunus Wan Mahmood, Zulkarnain Zainal, Hikmat S. Hilal, and Masatoshi Fujii. "CuZnSnSe Thin Film Electrodes Prepared by Vacuum Evaporation: Enhancement of Surface Morphology and Photoelectrochemical Characteristics by Argon Gas." Materials Science Forum 756 (May 2013): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.756.273.
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CuZnSnSe thin films were deposited by thermal vacuum evaporation with and without argon gas stream at room temperature. Effect of argon gas on surface morphology and on photoelectrochemical (PEC) characteristics of the films was studied. The electrodes prepared under argon gas showed better enhanced characteristics, due to slower nucleation and growth due to dilution effect of the inert gas. While both electrodes showed soundly good PEC behaviors in a hexacyanoferrate(III)/hexacyanoferrate(II) redox couple, the electrode with argon gas showed 20 fold enhancement in photoactivity, compared to the one without argon gas. The results manifested thin film electrode performance can be enhanced simply by inclusion of argon inert gas inside the preparation chamber, with no need for other procedures such as annealing.
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Li, Rong Bin, and Bin Yuan Zhao. "Electrocatalytic Behaviour of Diamond Electrode for Organic Compound." Advances in Science and Technology 48 (October 2006): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.48.169.
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The electrochemical behavior of a boron-doped diamond film electrode prepared by chemical vapor deposition was studied. The surface microstructure of the electrode was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and AC Impedance. The diamond films exhibited a “cauliflower-like” morphology and contained microcrystallites. The results showed the electrode having a very wide potential window and very low background current. The potential windows in acidic, neutral or alkaline medium were respectively 4.4[V], 4.0[V] and 3.0[V]. The background current was as low as -8×10-6～5×10-7[A]. In the electrolyte including Ferri/Ferrocyanide, the electrode surface kept good activity, and the electrochemical reaction occurring on the surface was a diffusion-controlled reaction, with good quasi- reversibility. Compared with Pt and graphite electrodes, diamond electrodes can oxidize compounds like phenol effectively, and the process of oxidization was very simple and complete.
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Tong, Linyue, Laura A. Sonnenberg, Wei Wu, Steven M. Boyer, Maggie T. Fox, Boxiao Li, William E. Bernier, and Wayne E. Jones. "Fabrication of High-Performance Flexible Supercapacitor Electrodes with Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Grown on Carbon-Deposited Polyurethane Sponge." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 7393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217393.
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Composite porous supercapacitor electrodes were prepared by growing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) on graphite nanoplatelet- or graphene nanoplatelet-deposited open-cell polyurethane (PU) sponges via a vapor phase polymerization (VPP) method. The resulting composite supercapacitor electrodes exhibited great capacitive performance, with PEDOT acting as both the conductive binder and the active material. The chemical composition was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and the surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge-discharge (CD) tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were utilized to study the electrical performance of the composite electrodes produced in symmetrically configured supercapacitor cells. The carbon material deposited on PU substrates and the polymerization temperature of PEDOT affected significantly the PEDOT morphology and the electrical properties of the resulting composite sponges. The highest areal specific capacitance 798.2 mF cm−2 was obtained with the composite sponge fabricated by VPP of PEDOT at 110 °C with graphene nanoplatelet-deposited PU sponge substrate. The capacitance retention of this composite electrode was 101.0% after 10,000 charging–discharging cycles. The high flexibility, high areal specific capacitance, excellent long-term cycling stability and low cost make these composite sponges promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.
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González-Quijano, D., W. J. Pech-Rodríguez, L. E. Verduzco, J. I. Escalante-García, G. Vargas-Gutiérrez, and F. J. Rodríguez-Varela. "Application of the Electrophoretic Deposition Technique for the Development of Electrodes Containing a Catalyst Layer of Nanostructured Pt-Sn/C for DAFCs." MRS Advances 5, no. 57-58 (2020): 2991–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.379.
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AbstractA catalyst layer of Pt-Sn/C (Pt:Sn 1:1 atomic ratio) was deposited on commercial carbon cloth electrodes by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The Pt-Sn/C nanocatalyst was synthesized by the polyol method. Three current signals were applied: i) continuous direct current (CDC); ii) positive pulsed current (PPC); and iii) asymmetric alternating current (AAC). The chemical composition analysis showed the effect of the applied signal on species transferred onto the carbon cloth to form the catalyst layers. Evaluation by SEM confirmed the effect of deposition-signal on the morphology of the catalyst layer. The CDC signal formed spherical agglomerates with irregular distribution along with carbon fibers over the electrode, showing some cracks. A cross-cut view of the electrode showed that the catalyst penetrated the carbon cloth. Meanwhile, the PPC signal promoted a better deposition of the catalyst layer over the carbon cloth surface, with a thicker and more homogeneous rough layer than CDC. In contrast, the layer developed by the AAC signal showed a morphology similar to that by CDC, suggesting the formation of a layer with low metal loading. The cross-cut view of the AAC electrode showed the formation of a highly rough layer having large areas with limited contact with the carbon cloth fibers. The electro-catalytic activity of the electrodes for the Ethanol Oxidation Reaction (EOR) was studied in acid media. The CDC electrode showed an enhanced performance for the EOR by delivering the highest current density (272 mA mg-1Pt) with the more negative onset potential (341 mV) relative to the PPC and AAC electrodes.
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Huang, Feifei, Qingrui Wang, Weipeng Wang, Jiangshun Wu, Shuqiang Wang, Yang Zou, Peng Bi, Lei Wen, and Ying Jin. "A Comparative Study of Fabricating IrOx Electrodes by High Temperature Carbonate Oxidation and Cyclic Thermal Oxidation and Quenching Process." Coatings 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101202.
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IrOx electrodes were fabricated by cyclic thermal heating and water quenching (CHQ) process and high temperature carbonate oxidation (HCO), respectively. By examining the E-pH relationship, response rate, potential drift behavior of the fabricated electrodes, the electrodes prepared by CHQ process seemed to show better comprehensive performance. Characterization tests such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to characterize the fabricated IrOx electrodes and find out the reason for the better performance of the electrodes prepared by CHQ process. Morphology tests indicate that the CHQ electrode shows a multi-layer structure with more ion channels, which could provide larger surface area for the H+ response process. Furthermore, combining the XPS, Raman and EIS tests etc., more effective response composition, better crystal quality, and smaller response reaction resistance of surface IrOx film could account for the better performance of the CHQ-fabricated IrOx electrode. The film formation process, H+ response mechanism, as well as the response behavior difference between the two kinds of the electrodes are further elaborated.
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Eliseeva, Svetlana N., Mikhail A. Kamenskii, Elena G. Tolstopyatova, and Veniamin V. Kondratiev. "Effect of Combined Conductive Polymer Binder on the Electrochemical Performance of Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092163.
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The electrodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are multicomponent systems and their electrochemical properties are influenced by each component, therefore the composition of electrodes should be properly balanced. At the beginning of lithium-ion battery research, most attention was paid to the nature, size, and morphology peculiarities of inorganic active components as the main components which determine the functional properties of electrode materials. Over the past decade, considerable attention has been paid to development of new binders, as the binders have shown great effect on the electrochemical performance of electrodes in LIBs. The study of new conductive binders, in particular water-based binders with enhanced electronic and ionic conductivity, has become a trend in the development of new electrode materials, especially the conversion/alloying-type anodes. This mini-review provides a summary on the progress of current research of the effects of binders on the electrochemical properties of intercalation electrodes, with particular attention to the mechanisms of binder effects. The comparative analysis of effects of three different binders (PEDOT:PSS/CMC, CMC, and PVDF) for a number of oxide-based and phosphate-based positive and negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries was performed based on literature and our own published research data. It reveals that the combined PEDOT:PSS/CMC binder can be considered as a versatile component of lithium-ion battery electrode materials (for both positive and negative electrodes), effective in the wide range of electrode potentials.
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Shen, Wanxin, Xiaotian Guo, and Huan Pang. "Effect of Solvothermal Temperature on Morphology and Supercapacitor Performance of Ni-MOF." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 8226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238226.
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A series of Ni-MOF materials were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method and can be employed as electrodes for supercapacitors (SCs). Different temperatures were selected to unveil the effect of temperature on the formation, structure, and electrochemical performance of Ni-MOF-x (x = 60, 80, 100, and 120). Ni-MOF-80 possessed a larger specific surface area with a cross-network structure formed on its surface. The synthesized Ni-MOF electrode delivered a specific capacity of 30.89 mA h g−1 when the current density reached 1 A g−1 in a three-electrode system. The as-fabricated Ni-MOF materials could be further designed and are expected to deliver satisfactory performance in practice.
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Wang, Chun Li, Yao Zhong, and Yan Jun Xin. "Preparation of Different Morphology TNT Film Electrodes and its Photocatalytic Degradation of Alachlor in Aqueous Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.362.
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Titanium dioxide(TiO2) nanotube film electrodes were fabricated by an anodic oxidation process at different preparing conditions. The morphology and structure of the TNT film electrodes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Photocatalytic activity of the TNT film electeodes was evaluated by the degradation of alachlor in aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. Results indicated TNT film electrode anodized at 20V had well-aligned and highly ordered nanotube arrays and possessed relatively higher photocatalytic activity. In addition, the TNT film electrodes calcined at 500°C for 2 h with the higher degree of crystallinity exhibited the higher photocatalytic activity than other samples calcined at 300°C and 800°C.
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L. Amorim, Fred, Armin Lohrengel, Volkmar Neubert, Camila F. Higa, and Tiago Czelusniak. "Selective laser sintering of Mo-CuNi composite to be used as EDM electrode." Rapid Prototyping Journal 20, no. 1 (January 14, 2014): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-04-2012-0035.
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Purpose – This work is focused on the investigation of direct production of electrical discharge machining (EDM) electrodes through the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique using a new metal-matrix composite material made of molybdenum and a copper-nickel alloy (Mo-CuNi). The influence and optimization of the main SLS parameters on the densification behavior and porosity is experimentally studied. Additionally, EDM experiments are performed to evaluate the electrodes performance under different machining conditions. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The new EDM electrode material used was a powder system composed of Mo and pre-alloyed CuNi. A systematic experimental methodology was designed to evaluate the effects of layer thickness, laser scan speed and hatch distance. The densification behavior, porosity and surface morphology of the samples were analyzed through microstructural and surface analysis. EDM experiments were conducted under three different regimes in order to observe the electrodes behavior and performance. The results were compared with copper powder electrodes manufactured by SLS and solid copper electrodes EDMachined under the same conditions. Findings – The experimental results showed that the direct SLS manufacturing of composite electrodes is feasible and an adequate combination of parameters can produce parts with good quality. The laser scan speed has a great effect on the densification behavior of the samples, while the effect of hatch distance on the porosity is more visible when the overlapping degree is considered. The overlapping also had a significant effect on the surface morphology. The EDM results showed that the Mo-CuNi electrodes had superior performance to the copper powder electrodes made by SLS for all the EDM regimes applied, but inferior to those achieved with solid copper electrodes. Originality/value – Significant results on the direct SLS manufacturing of a new material which has a great technological potential to be used as an EDM electrode material are presented. Valuable guidelines are given in regard to the SLS optimization of Mo-CuNi material and its performance as an EDM electrode. This work also provides a systematic methodology designed to be applied to the SLS process to produce EDM electrodes.
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Sui, Yanwei, Haihua Hu, Yuanming Zhang, Bin Tang, Jiqiu Qi, Yaojian Ren, Fuxiang Wei, Yezeng He, Qingkun Meng, and Zhi Sun. "The effect of temperature on morphology and electrochemical properties of NiCo2S4 by hydrothermal synthesis." Functional Materials Letters 11, no. 03 (June 2018): 1850063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604718500637.
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The hydrothermal method, using the template is a conspicuous way to change the morphology of the product, so it is used widely in many reports. The effect of temperature on morphology of NiCo2S4 by hydrothermal synthesis and its electrochemical properties is distinct as high-performance electrode materials for supercapacitors. With the help of the template (carbon sphere), different morphologies of NiCo2S4 under 90[Formula: see text]C, 120[Formula: see text]C and 180[Formula: see text]C were obtained. They have different properties after electrochemical analysis. In order to build a hierarchical multi-level structure, two-step vulcanization was carried out at each temperature, resulting in the difference in the morphology and performance of the six sample of electrodes. The obtained NiCo2S4 electrodes exhibit 1000[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at the current density of 1[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] in the second-step of the hydrothermal process under 120[Formula: see text]C, which is superior to the microblocks NiCo2S4 electrode (90[Formula: see text]C, 888[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at the current density of 1[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]) and microparticles NiCo2S4 electrode (180[Formula: see text]C, 574[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at the same current density) in the second-step hydrothermal, which shows a high-rate capability (640[Formula: see text]F[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] at 20[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text]). The obtained nanoparticles NiCo2S4 under 180[Formula: see text]C in the first-step hydrothermal electrode had an excellent cycle retention rate (89.7%), although its specific capacitance was lower. At the same time, the specific capacitance of these sample electrodes obtained in the second-step hydrothermal process is superior to those from the first-step. It was mainly attributed to the fact that temperature can influence the morphology by controlling ion exchange. And our experiment aims to use the hydrothermal method and the template method to find a more suitable temperature range to provide more ideas.
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Liang, Yue, Zhen Wei, Ruigang Wang, and Xinyu Zhang. "The Microwave Facile Synthesis of NiOx@graphene Nanocomposites for Application in Supercapacitors: Insights into the Formation and Storage Mechanisms." Coatings 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081060.
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Recently, the strategy of combining carbon-based materials with metal oxides to enhance the electrochemical performance of electrodes has been a topic of great interest, but research focusing on the growth and charge storage mechanisms of such hybrid electrodes has rarely been conducted. In this work, a simple, reproducible, low-cost, and fast microwave heating method was used to synthesize NiOx@graphene nanocomposites. NiOx@graphene nanocomposites were used as a model system for exploring the growth and charge storage mechanisms of the hybrid electrode materials due to their simple preparation process, good stability, low cost, and high specific capacitance. The effects of reaction conditions (the type of metal precursor and feeding ratio between the nickel precursor and graphene) on the formation mechanism of the electrodes were examined, and it was demonstrated that the microstructure and morphology of the electrode materials were metal precursor-dependent, which was directly related to the electrochemical performance of the electrodes. Our work provides a new affordable approach to the synthesis of, and experimental support for designing, hybrid electrode architectures with a high electrochemical performance for next-generation energy storage devices.
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Arshadi Rastabi, Shahrzad, Rasoul Sarraf-Mamoory, Ghadir Razaz, Nicklas Blomquist, Magnus Hummelgård, and Håkan Olin. "Treatment of NiMoO4/nanographite nanocomposite electrodes using flexible graphite substrate for aqueous hybrid supercapacitors." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): e0254023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254023.
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The cycling performance of supercapacitors sometimes becomes limited when electrode materials slough off during frequent charge–discharge cycles, due to weak bonding between the active material and the current collector. In this work, a flexible graphite foil substrate was successfully used as the current collector for supercapacitor electrodes. Graphite foil substrates were treated in different ways with different acid concentrations and temperatures before being coated with an active material (NiMoO4/nanographite). The electrode treated with HNO3 (65%) and H2SO4 (95%) in a 1:1 ratio at 24°C gave better electrochemical performance than did electrodes treated in other ways. This electrode had capacitances of 441 and 184 Fg–1 at current densities of 0.5 and 10 Ag-1, respectively, with a good rate capability over the current densities of the other treated electrodes. SEM observation of the electrodes revealed that NiMoO4 with a morphology of nanorods 100–120 nm long was properly accommodated on the graphite surface during the charge–discharge process. It also showed that treatment with high-concentration acid created an appropriately porous and rough surface on the graphite, enhancing the adhesion of NiMoO4/nanographite and boosting the electrochemical performance.