Academic literature on the topic 'Morphological essence'

For many decades, polymorphism and its consequences have only been studied from the taxonomic point of view. Presently, interest has switched to the environmental causes of morphological variation and its consequences in the form and essence of the species. This study aimed at evaluating desmids morphological modifications of Staurastrum rotula Nordstedt during inter-annual succession patterns in two warm monomitic tropical lakes: Dom Helvécio (19°45′- 19°48′45″S, 42°33′45″W) and Carioca (19°45′20″S, 42°37′12″W). The effect of thermal stability and light and nutrients availability was based on samples collected monthly from January 2002 to December 2006 compared the morphological modifications. Results indicated that morphological variation, asexual reproduction, theratological forms, mucilaginous envelope and fungal infection were highest in Lake Dom Helvécio and coincided with the biomass increase of species with complex morphology between September and March (stratification period). The Zmix oscillation, wind and rainfall occurring at the end of the mixing period and beginning of the stratification were suggested as autochthonous and allochthonous disturbance agents, respectively, identified as inducers of asexual reproduction and consequently of the morphological variation. It was suggested that incidence of parasitism may act as a potential controlling agent for the Staurastrum rotula population size. It was concluded that morphological variation represents accidents in the original form, i.e. in the desmid species essence, promoting the existence of ecoforms, not of new infraspecific taxa.

In the poem “Dead Souls” Gogol reproduced the archaic polycentral structure of the space from the first cycle “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, where the way into the distance was transformed in its culmination into the way into deep. The radial- ray axis “Empire center - province” in “Revisor” and in “Petersburg’s novels” comes out as the intermediate space model between “Evenings…” and “Dead Souls”. But in the same works it was exposed because of the daemonic meanings of Petersburg, that came from “Evenings…”. In “Dead Souls”, however, the poles of the terrestrial-underground vertical were not the ancestor and the descendant, but the ideal essence of the world and its material shell.

The Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic radiations of crinoids present an opportunity to explore genomic and ecological explanations for patterns of morphologic diversification. Analysis of discrete-character data that cover the principal features of the crinoid skeleton shows that both Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic increases in morphological disparity were abrupt; this is consistent with rapid exploitation of open ecological opportunities in both cases. For the post-Paleozoic, this result is sensitive to some aspects of data analysis and sampling, so it cannot be regarded as unequivocal. The deceleration in morphological diversification within each radiation is consistent with an observed decline in rates of taxonomic origination as well as with the attainment of functional or structural limits. Despite these similarities in the two radiations, Paleozoic crinoids exploited a wider range of morphological designs than did their post-Paleozoic successors. Post-Paleozoic crinoids exploited a wide range of ecological strategies despite being stereotyped in many aspects of form. This difference between the radiations is consistent with an increase in the rigidity of genetic and developmental systems. The range of post-Paleozoic designs is not in essence a subset of the Paleozoic spectrum. The two radiations resulted in morphological distributions that are largely nonoverlapping, perhaps reflecting a different range of ecological strategies.

The research presents linguistic aspects of the process of French borrowing, its main extralinguistic reasons and key stages, and other French borrowings that were adopted into the English language in the course of its development. Particular attention is paid to the definitions of borrowing as a lexicological phenomenon offered on account of various scholars and based on several lexicographic resources. The article also focuses on numerous French borrowings in contemporary English, their grammatical and structural nature. The suggested classification of the distinguished linguistic units is given after a Spanish linguist Capuz. The article includes the general outline on the subject of borrowings, various aspects of loan classifications. The core part of the research was the typology of linguistic borrowings, like formal, morphological, semantic, lexical, syntactic, phraseological, and pragmatic borrowings. The authors analyzed the most important periods in history, like Old English, Middle English, and Modern English. All periods can be characterized through means of typical for them words. In the course of analysis, the following types of French borrowings have been established: formal, morphological, semantic, lexical, syntactic, and phraseological. The English vocabulary stock was compiled from different semantic fields and historical periods, starting from the Old up to Present Day English.

The purpose of the work was to analyze the current literature data on the morphology and thanatogenesis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, as well as to determine further prospects for research on this issue. Domestic and foreign literary sources devoted to sudden death, pathomorphology of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods of its diagnosis were studied. As a result of the analysis, the essence of thanatogenesis in alcoholic cardiomyopathy is revealed, the prospect of immunohistochemical and morphometric methods is outlined. According to the literature data, based on the results of the studies, an approximate scheme of thanatogenesis and subsequent scientific directions for the study of investigative deaths in alcoholic cardiomyopathy, in search of other diseases, can be built. In the Australian literature, the benefits of immunohistochemical are used to elucidate the antecedent pathochemical consequences. Also, in relation to the diagnosis of death from alcoholic cardiomyopathy, thanatogenetic analysis can be provided, since the sequence of development of fatally significant events in the form of various sudden deaths is not the same. In the interpretation of the processes occurring at the end of thanatogenesis in the myocardium, polarization microscopic examination is indispensable. I would like to note a number of biochemical changes in alcoholic cardiomyopathy, which demonstrate some features of the course of metabolic processes in this pathology, especially since this method and the immunohistochemical study are more in line with the modern requirements of evidence-based medicine. As a result of the literature analysis, the essence of thanatogenesis in alcoholic cardiomyopathy was revealed, the prospect of immunohistochemical and morphometric methods was outlined.

Melanomas presenting in primary or metastatic sites with a poorly differentiated histology comprise dedifferentiated (DM) and undifferentiated melanomas (UM), the latter consisting purely of undifferentiated cells and totally lacking immunophenotypic features of melanoma. These entities have a wide morphological spectrum including round cell sarcoma-like features which pose a significant diagnostic challenge. Here we present a case of UM with morphological and immunohistochemical features resembling undifferentiated round cell sarcoma, whose diagnosis could only be established after proper integration of clinical and molecular data. This diagnostically challenging case, fulfilling the previously proposed diagnostic criteria by Agaimy et al, expands the clinicopathological spectrum of DM/UM, highlights the essence of molecular signature, and further emphasizes the importance of patient’s history in any morphological setting.

A metamorphic mechanism can be considered as a mechanism set composed by multiple kinematic chains which have the ability to be transformed sequentially from one to another following specific rules in order to meet different requirements of tasks. The process of its configuration transformation results from the variation of constraints. A special classification approach of constraints is proposed based on its characteristic of multi-configuration. The basic modes to achieve configuration transformation of metamorphic mechanisms and the design principle of metamorphic kinematic pairs are further presented. Finally, a configuration synthesis methodology of the metamorphic mechanism is proposed based on a morphological matrix. The essence of this methodology is to realize variation and coupling of mechanisms in adjacent configurations by applying metamorphic kinematic joints according to the functions, constraints, and configuration sequence. The approach is verified by developing a vehicle that can convey materials with a metamorphic driving mechanism. This study provides a fundamental theory for the design of new metamorphic mechanisms.

Abstract. The article considers the actual problem of preserving the traditional environment for the historical city in the conditions of active development of urban infrastructure. Based on the analytical study of previous research and morphological analysis of components, it proposes to define the historic environment as a monument protection category, which determines the space of a historical city, organized in a characteristic landscape by inherited historic planning and system of buildings and structures, characterized by historical and cultural content. The article proves that the material basis of the city's historic environment is a historically inherited spatial framework formed by traditional buildings. Accordingly, to protect the environment of the ancient city means to preserve the inherited historic spatial framework in a state that does not change its spatial structure and does not lead to identity loss. The article also raises issues of practical solutions to the protection of the historic environment of ancient cities.

The article aims at developing the essence of the concept of reengineering and highlighting its characteristics. Various approaches to the interpretation of this concept have been considered from a historical viewpoint. It has been found out that modern scientists consider this concept from different positions, e.g. as a conceptual and methodological approach, as philosophy of activity, as skills, as a method of business management, as a concept of change, as a method of restructuring, as a tool for business efficiency, as a process, as a type and sphere of professional activity, etc. At the same time, taking into account the instruments of morphological analysis; identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each of the approaches to understand the meaning of "reengineering"; as well as studying practical experience; and finally, drawing general conclusions from scientific research on this issue have allowed the author to substantiate the expediency of interpreting reengineering as a direction of management activities aimed at restructuring business processes at an enterprise radically to achieve the established efficiency criteria. The main business components have been identified and characterized, in relation to and in the context of which the need to use reengineering instruments can be considered. The prevailing components of reengineering in the activity of enterprises have been analyzed. To specify the essence of the "reengineering" concept, its characteristic features are highlighted, namely: the individual nature of work and services performed (provided) within it; dependence of the content and nature of reengineering on the features of business entity; significant influence of the competence of business entities responsible for reengineering on its effectiveness; coverage by reengineering of both traditional and innovative business processes; an opportunity for business entities to solve a wide range of problems through using reengineering; the difficulty of establishing clear and unambiguous criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of reengineering in the initial stages of its implementation; the temporary nature of the relationship between the parties involved in the reengineering project implementation; relative separation of reengineering from the current production and economic activities of a company; the possibility of applying reengineering to various business processes at an enterprise; the necessity to make initial investments in the performance of work (services) within an reengineering project.

The article investigates the essence of investment policy, morphological analysis of the definition of "public investment policy". The study determined that the state's investment policy should be considered from the standpoint of a systematic approach. Following the position of the system approach, it was proposed to apply an improved model of investment policy concept formation and the place of investment policy in the economic policy of the state was determined. Also, based on the application of the methodological approach, the components of the mechanism of formation and implementation of investment policy were identified and presented in the form of a diagram.

The present work focuses on the mathematical and philosophical works of Hermann Weyl (1885-1955). Weyl was a leading mathematician at the beginning of the twentieth century and his major contributions have concerned several fields of research, both within pure mathematics and theoretical physics. Many of them were pioneering works at that time and, most of all, they were carried out in the light of his peculiar philosophical view. As few mathematicians of his time, Weyl was able to manage both scientific and philosophical issues with an impressive competence. For this reason he represented a very peculiar figure among scientists and mathematicians of his time. This dissertation aims to clarify these works both from a philosophical and a mathematical perspective. Specifically, I will focus on those works developed through the years 1917-1927. The first chapter aims to shed some light on the philosophical reasons that underlie Weyl's foundational studies during this period. I will explore these works especially with respect his attempt to establish a connection between a descriptive analysis of phenomena and their exact determination. I will focus both on his mathematical formulation of Euclidean space and on his analysis of phenomenal continuum pointing out the main features of these studies. Weyl's investigations on the relations between what is intuitively given and the mathematical concepts through which we seek to construct the given in geometry and physics do not seem to be carried out by chance. These investigations indeed could be better understood within the phenomenological framework of Husserl's philosophy. Husserl's distinction between descriptive and exact concepts delineates the difference between a descriptive analysis of a field of inquiry and its exact determination. Clarifying how they are related is not an easy task. Nevertheless, Husserl points out that a connection might be possible if we were able to establish a connection by means of some idealizing procedure intuitively ascertained. Within this phenomenological framework we should interpret Weyl's investigations on the relation between phenomenal knowledge and theoretical construction. In the second chapter I will focus on Weyl's mathematical account of the continuum within the framework of his pure infinitesimal geometry developed mainly in \emph{Raum-Zeit-Materie}. It deserves a special attention. Weyl indeed seems to make use of infinitesimal quantities and this fact appears to be rather odd at that time. The literature on this issue is rather poor. For this reason I've tried to clarify Weyl's use of infinitesimal quantities considering also Weyl's historical context. I will show that Weyl's approach has not to be understood in the light of modern differential geometry. It has instead to be understood as a sort of algebraic reasoning with infinitesimal quantities. This approach was not so unusual at that time. Many mathematicians, well-known to Weyl, were dealing with kind of mathematics although many of these studies were works in progress. In agreement with that, Weyl's analysis of the continuum has to be understood as a work in progress as well. In the following Weyl's studies in combinatorial topology are proposed. I will then suggest that both these approaches should be understood within the phenomenological framework outlined in the first chapter. The latter, however, attempts to establish a more faithful connection between a descriptive analysis of the continuum and its exact determination and for this reason it can be regarded as an improvement with respect to the former from a phenomenological point of view. Finally, in the third chapter I will attempt a phenomenological clarification of Weyl's view. In the first and second chapter Weyl's studies are clarified showing how they are related with the phenomenological framework of Husserl's philosophy. Despite this, the theoretical proposal revealed by them is not so easy to understand. That issue seems to be shared by many other contemporary studies. The relevant literature on this author dealing with a phenomenological interpretation seems often to be hardly understandable. I'm going to outline the main problems involved in this field of research and how they are related with the peculiarity of Husserl's framework. I will then suggest a way to improve these studies. Specifically, I will attempt a phenomenological clarification of Weyl's writings. To this aim, I will argue for an approach that makes use of Husserl's writings as a sort of ``analytic tools'' so that a sort of phenomenologically-informed reconstruction of Weyl's thought can be achieved. I will finally consider Weyl's notion of surface as a case study to show a concrete example of this kind of reconstruction.

AbstractIn recent years, large-scale earthquakes such as the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in Japan and the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in Taiwan have caused rockslides on the back slopes of cuestas. These rockslides in cuestas appear not only in earthquakes but also during rainfalls. This study focuses on the rockslides on cuesta’s back slopes. From field surveys in Japan, Taiwan, Switzerland, and Nepal, we extracted geological, structural, and morphological features common to them. We examined the relationships between these features and triggers, such as pore pressure increases and earthquakes. The majority of landslides initially occur as primary landslides; the forms of these masses then change gradually over a long period. However, our results show that landslides on cuesta’s back slopes slide over and over along the same laminar rock joints and thus hardly change their landscape essence. We demonstrate that rockslides on cuesta’s back slopes play a vital role in the evolution of cuesta landscapes.

This chapter offers general background for the analysis of ‘phonological word’ and ‘grammatical word’ in a cross-linguistic perspective. It outlines the defining characteristics of phonological word (including segmental and suprasegmental features and phonological processes), formulates restrictions on the length of a minimal word, and places ‘word’ within a hierarchy of phonological units. Defining features of grammatical word are outlined next. In most instances phonological words and grammatical words coincide. In some cases a grammatical word can consist of a number of phonological words, and vice versa. Typical instances of mismatches involve reduplication, compounding, and complex predicates, including serial verbs. Clitics—morphological units which form a phonological unit with a word preceding or following them—account for further mismatches. The reality of word and the nature of its orthographic representation are discussed next. The chapter concludes with an overview of the volume, and an appendix containing points to be addressed by fieldworkers.

In the presented materials, a system of principles and approaches for studying processes of microwave-convective grain treatment is discussed. The essence of this research is described starting from the initial phase of designing structural diagrams of technological processes. Based on the explicitly-defined process target, a functional-physical analysis has been performed that made it possible to specify the most essential factors of process. The morphological analysis of the processes was carried out in several stages. At each stage, the specification of the goal and excluded variants of factors that at this stage, the development is impractical to implement. It is advisable to carry out a check of the effectiveness of the options selected from the morphological table using modeling. To this end, developed a mathematical and computer models of the process. The results of modeling the drying of grain in the microwave - convective zone confirmed the feasibility and efficiency of using the obtained model.

The chapter aims to show the dangers of transhumanist ideology in the context of the European politics of space. It is argued that the ideology of transhumanism not only threatens human subjectivity, fundamental liberty and equality as guaranteed to the citizens by the European Union, but also serves large financial entities to practice the politics of control and managing the societies without actual influence on their existence. The EU politics of space is one of those spheres where the ideology of transhumanism can be implemented, as it seems, in the most sensitive sphere, i.e. the self-evolution of man. Self-evolution in transhumanism aims to realise the morphological idea of freedom, in which interference in the human genome and biotechnical improvements to the human body are to serve the realisation of the idea of the superhuman (Übermensch). Diffusion of the subject’s essence and nature must lead to a social and political dystopia and, consequently, to the Hobbesian state of nature based on power understood here as excess of technology marginalizing most of the human population.

Neurons are the cells of the brain responsible for intracellular and intercellular information transfer, or signaling; they are asymmetrical cells with morphologically and functionally distinct regions that specialize them for signaling. This chapter focuses on the unique structural elements characteristic of neurons throughout the animal kingdom. These include the dendrite, among whose functions is the receipt of information from other neurons. The axon, in contrast, is specialized for the intracellular transfer of information over long distances. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the synapse, the highly specialized structure that mediates the transfer of information from one neuron to another. It is this intracellular and intercellular communication that is the essence of nervous system function, and that makes the brain so complex and difficult to study and yet at the same time so fascinating for students of cell and molecular biology.

This paper takes a starting point in the periodic division of the approximately 6000 petroglyphs made during the last 5000 years BC in a North Norwegian fjord area, the ethnography of changing the hunter-fishing- pastoral Sami population in Fennoscandia and the documentation of their traditional system of belief as documented during the 16th 18th hundreds. In addition, the study draws upon the ethnography of Siberian indigenous populations and their understanding and interaction with other than human life in the environment. The makers of the petroglyphs were hunter - fisher - gatherers. This paper focuses on the communication between humans and non-humans such as spirits, reindeer, European elk (Alces alces), bears, birds, sea mammals, halibut and boats depicted in the rock art, and the environments of which they were a part. The analysis shows distinct diachronic morphological and stylistic differences between figures as well as variation in frequencies, compositions and classes. Variations that illustrates both continuity and discontinuity in stories and beliefs within a relatively small geographic area through time. For example, compositions and morphological changes and differences in groups of figures such as animals might reflect changing beliefs, rituals and identities related to contacts with other populations through time. Likewise, some changes in boats reflect both techno-logical alterations and outside contacts. Boats facilitates coastal mobility, resources exploitations and settlement movements, and there was probably extensive social and trade networks. Sometimes influences came from afar, such as agricultural societies in southern Scandinavia, and/or from foragers further to the east in Fennoscandia, societies that might have influenced how people in the Alta fiord region understood the environment in which they lived. In essence, the paper focuses on changes and continuities in the rock art from perspectives of beliefs.

Keywords: military engineering, fortification, urban bastioned system, poliorcetics, city and territory Conference topics and scale: City transformations Abstract and referencesBetween the War of Nine Years and the Napoleonic invasion of 1808 Barcelona underwent a morphological transformation according to a progressive evolution that came along from a typical wall-constrained stronghold towards an urban structure where the primacy of the internal and external strategic control gave way to the socioeconomic, industrial and commercial detachment of the city. The warlike needs of the first quarter of the 18th century involved a series of explicit poliorcetic interventions that gradually made available other criteria related to the development of several infrastructures for peacetime and certain urban licenses. These improving processes that let transform the urban features later changed the sense of the vectors which settled the nexus between the intramural space and the territory beyond the bastioned perimeter. Starting from a predominantly centripetal structure where the city walls played a segregating role, they afterward tended to reinforce the creation of newborn civic spaces that appreciably reduced the strength of the suffocating perimeter and also established alternative centers of power. These procedures foreshadowed a further decline of the traditional values about the former city walls and allowed the take-off of the territory outside them as an expansion of the orthodox urban system essences and its outward projection. The confluence of both municipal government purposes and the Crown’s impositions eased the work of the military engineers who undertook the interventions directly dependent on their sphere of responsibility. Cortada i Colomer, L. (1998) Estructures territorials, urbanisme i arquitectura poliorcètics a la Catalunya preindustrial. 2 vol. (Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona). Fara, A. (1989) Il Sistema e la Città. Architettura fortificata dell’Europa moderna dai trattati alle realizzazioni 1464-1794 (Sagep, Genova). Galera, M., Tarragó S. and Roca F. (1982) Atlas de Barcelona (Col·legi Oficial d’Arquitectes de Catalunya, Barcelona). Història. Política, Societad y Cultura dels Països Catalans, vol. 5 ‘Desfeta política y embranzida econòmica. Segle XVIII’ (1995) (Enciclopèdia Catalana, Barcelona). López, M. and Grau R. (1971) ‘Barcelona entre el urbanismo barroco y la revolución industrial’, Cuadernos de arquitectura y urbanismo, 80, 28-40.