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Journal articles on the topic 'Morphing composites'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rivera-Tarazona, L. K., V. D. Bhat, H. Kim, Z. T. Campbell, and T. H. Ware. "Shape-morphing living composites." Science Advances 6, no. 3 (January 2020): eaax8582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax8582.

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This work establishes a means to exploit genetic networks to create living synthetic composites that change shape in response to specific biochemical or physical stimuli. Baker’s yeast embedded in a hydrogel forms a responsive material where cellular proliferation leads to a controllable increase in the composite volume of up to 400%. Genetic manipulation of the yeast enables composites where volume change on exposure to l-histidine is 14× higher than volume change when exposed to d-histidine or other amino acids. By encoding an optogenetic switch into the yeast, spatiotemporally controlled shape change is induced with pulses of dim blue light (2.7 mW/cm2). These living, shape-changing materials may enable sensors or medical devices that respond to highly specific cues found within a biological milieu.

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2

Arrieta, Andres F., Onur Bilgen, Michael I. Friswell, and Peter Hagedorn. "Dynamic control for morphing of bi-stable composites." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 3 (June 27, 2012): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12449918.

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Adaptive structures have been the focus of much research due to performance gains not possible to achieve using conventional designs. Within this context, the idea of morphing promises augmented capabilities in terms of manoeuvrability, fuel efficiency and the ability to perform dissimilar tasks in an optimal manner. To achieve morphing, materials capable of changing shape requiring minimum actuation are necessary. Bi-stable composites are a type of composite structures which have two statically stable configurations. This bi-stability property, resulting from locked in-plane residual stresses, has attracted considerable attention from the adaptive structure community for morphing structures as actuation is no required to hold each stable configuration. The change between stable states is physically realised as a jump phenomenon or snap-through, which is strongly non-linear in nature. Morphing strategies exploiting snap-through have been studied showing encouraging preliminary results. This article exploits the dynamic response of bi-stable composites as a means of augmenting the actuation for morphing control. A morphing strategy targeting modal frequencies leading to snap-through of the structure is successfully developed. This results in a full-state configuration control by inducing and reversing snap-through as desired. The strategy is tested on a specimen using Macro Fiber Composites as smart actuators validating the proposed concept.

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3

Chillara, Venkata Siva C., Leon M. Headings, Ryohei Tsuruta, Eiji Itakura, Umesh Gandhi, and Marcelo J. Dapino. "Shape memory alloy–actuated prestressed composites with application to morphing automotive fender skirts." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 3 (November 23, 2018): 479–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18812702.

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This work presents smart laminated composites that enable morphing vehicle structures. Morphing panels can be effective for drag reduction, for example, adaptive fender skirts. Mechanical prestress provides tailored curvature in composites without the drawbacks of thermally induced residual stress. When driven by smart materials such as shape memory alloys, mechanically-prestressed composites can serve as building blocks for morphing structures. An analytical energy-based model is presented to calculate the curved shape of a composite as a function of force applied by an embedded actuator. Shape transition is modeled by providing the actuation force as an input to a one-dimensional thermomechanical constitutive model of a shape memory alloy wire. A design procedure, based on the analytical model, is presented for morphing fender skirts comprising radially configured smart composite elements. A half-scale fender skirt for a compact passenger car is designed, fabricated, and tested. The demonstrator has a domed unactuated shape and morphs to a flat shape when actuated using shape memory alloys. Rapid actuation is demonstrated by coupling shape memory alloys with integrated quick-release latches; the latches reduce actuation time by 95%. The demonstrator is 62% lighter than an equivalent dome-shaped steel fender skirt.

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4

Kwon, O.-Hyun, and Jin-Ho Roh. "Origami-inspired shape memory dual-matrix composite structures." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 30, no. 17 (September 18, 2019): 2639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x19873429.

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A sandwiched morphing structure is developed using an Origami-inspired shape memory dual-matrix composite core and shape memory polymer composite skins. The geometric parameters of the morphing structure are designed to have a zero Poisson’s ratio. In addition, an analytical model is developed to analyze the three-dimensional morphing structure easily. The shape memory dual-matrix composites are fabricated with woven fabrics based on the shape memory polymers, and an epoxy matrix is used to ensure a flexible and shape-recoverable structure. The shape recoverability of the shape memory polymer composite skins is verified by measuring the shape recovery ratio at various temperatures. Based on the tensile tests for the shape memory polymer composite skins and shape memory polymer hinges, it is found that the morphing structure can be highly flexible depending on temperature. Finally, the bending and shape recovery behaviors of the morphing structure are demonstrated.

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5

Elsheikh, Ammar. "Bistable Morphing Composites for Energy-Harvesting Applications." Polymers 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091893.

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Bistable morphing composites have shown promising applications in energy harvesting due to their capabilities to change their shape and maintain two different states without any external loading. In this review article, the application of these composites in energy harvesting is discussed. Actuating techniques used to change the shape of a composite structure from one state to another is discussed. Mathematical modeling of the dynamic behavior of these composite structures is explained. Finally, the applications of artificial-intelligence techniques to optimize the design of bistable structures and to predict their response under different actuating schemes are discussed.

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6

Nguyen, Vinh Quang, Anansa S. Ahmed, and Raju V. Ramanujan. "Morphing Soft Magnetic Composites." Advanced Materials 24, no. 30 (July 3, 2012): 4041–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104994.

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7

Bishay, Peter L., and Christian Aguilar. "Parametric Study of a Composite Skin for a Twist-Morphing Wing." Aerospace 8, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8090259.

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Although the benefits of morphing wings have been proven in many studies in the last few decades, the wing skin design remains one of the challenges to advancing and implementing the morphing technology. This is due to the conflicting design requirements of high out-of-plane stiffness to withstand aerodynamic loads and low in-plane stiffness to allow morphing with the available actuation forces. Advancements in the design of hybrid and flexible composites might allow for design solutions that feature this balance in stiffness required for this application. These composites offer new design parameters, such as the number of plies, the fiber-orientation angle of each ply in the skin laminate, and the spatial distribution of the plies on the skin surface. This paper presents a parametric study of a composite skin for a twist-morphing wing. The skin is made of periodic laminated composite sections, called “Twistkins”, integrated in an elastomeric outer skin. The twisting deformation is localized in the elastomeric sections between the Twistkins. The design parameters considered are the number of plies in the composite Twistkins, the fiber-orientation angle of the plies, the torsional rigidity of the elastomer, the width ratio, and the number of elastomeric sections. The computational analysis results showed that the torsional compliance can be increased by increasing the width ratio, decreasing the number of elastomeric sections, number of composite plies and the elastomer’s torsional rigidity. However, this would also lead to a decrease in the out-of-plane stiffness. The nonlinearity and rates at which these parameters affect the skin’s behavior are highlighted, including the effect of the fiber-orientation angle of the laminate plies. Hence, the study guides the design process of this twist-morphing skin.

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8

Li, Ting, Jian Sun, Jinsong Leng, and Yanju Liu. "An electrical heating shape memory polymer composite incorporated with conductive elastic fabric." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 11 (March 27, 2022): 1725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983221085630.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials with large deformation performance and variable stiffness characteristics, and have exhibited great potential in morphing skins. The thermal stimulation of SMPs is one of the hotspots in recent years. Shape memory polymer composites (SMPC) filled with conductive materials are activated by Joule heating without external heating facilities. The existing electro-induced SMPCs filled with conductive materials would limit large tension deformation, cannot be heated in a large area, or damage the heating circuit under cyclic loading. These aspects restrict the application of SMPC for morphing skins. In this work, an electro-induced SMP composite was fabricated by the styrene-based SMP incorporated with conductive elastic fabric (CEF) to remove the limiting factors as much as possible. The thermos-mechanical properties and electro-active characteristics of CEF/SMP composite were systematically investigated. The maximum strain at break of CEF/SMP composites reached 206% at 80°C, exhibiting excellent deformation performance. The resistance remained relatively stable after 50 cycles under 40% tensile strain. Furthermore, the CEF/SMP composite with a dimension of 160×160×3 mm3 was successfully heated above the glass transition temperature, demonstrating the actuating ability with a relatively large region. In general, the CEF/SMP composite is promising for the application of morphing skins.

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Karthik, R., S. Guru Prasath, and K. R. Swathi. "Surface Morphing using Macro Fiber Composites." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 5 (2018): 12863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.271.

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10

Arrieta, A. F., D. J. Wagg, and S. A. Neild. "Dynamic Snap-through for Morphing of Bi-stable Composite Plates." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 22, no. 2 (January 2011): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x10390248.

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Composite laminate plates designed to have two statically stable configurations have been the focus of recent research, with a particular emphasis on morphing applications. In this article, we consider how external vibration energy can be used to assist with the actuation between stable states. This is of interest in the case when surface bonded macro-fiber composites (MFC) actuators are employed as the actuation system. Typically, these type of actuators have been found to require considerably high voltage inputs to achieve significant levels of actuation authority. Therefore, assisting the actuation process will allow lower voltages and/or stiffer plates to be actuated. Two bi-stable plates with different thickness, [04 - 904]T and [02 - 902]T, are tested. The results show a significant reduction in the force required to change state for the case where dynamic excitation provided by an MFC actuator is used to assist the process. This strategy demonstrates the potential of dynamically assisting actuation as a mechanism for morphing of bi-stable composites.

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11

Bowen, C. R., R. Butler, R. Jervis, H. A. Kim, and A. I. T. Salo. "Morphing and Shape Control using Unsymmetrical Composites." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 18, no. 1 (October 10, 2006): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x07064459.

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12

Pezzulla, Matteo, Steven A. Shillig, Paola Nardinocchi, and Douglas P. Holmes. "Morphing of geometric composites via residual swelling." Soft Matter 11, no. 29 (2015): 5812–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sm00863h.

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13

Kumagai, Keisuke, Akira Todoroki, and Ryosuke Matsuzaki. "OS17-2-3 Foldable CFRP structure using Partially-flexible composites for Morphing wing." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2007.6 (2007): _OS17–2–3——_OS17–2–3—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2007.6._os17-2-3-.

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14

Deng, Xiaobo, Guokang Chen, Yifan Liao, Xi Lu, Shuangyan Hu, Tiansheng Gan, Stephan Handschuh-Wang, and Xueli Zhang. "Self-Healable and Recyclable Dual-Shape Memory Liquid Metal–Elastomer Composites." Polymers 14, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112259.

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Liquid metal (LM)–polymer composites that combine the thermal and electrical conductivity of LMs with the shape-morphing capability of polymers are attracting a great deal of attention in the fields of reconfigurable electronics and soft robotics. However, investigation of the synergetic effect between the shape-changing properties of LMs and polymer matrices is lacking. Herein, a self-healable and recyclable dual-shape memory composite, comprising an LM (gallium) and a Diels–Alder (DA) crosslinked crystalline polyurethane (PU) elastomer, is reported. The composite exhibits a bilayer structure and achieves excellent shape programming abilities, due to the phase transitions of the LM and the crystalline PU elastomers. To demonstrate these shape-morphing abilities, a heat-triggered soft gripper, which can grasp and release objects according to the environmental temperature, is designed and built. Similarly, combining the electrical conductivity and the dual-shape memory effect of the composite, a light-controlled reconfigurable switch for a circuit is produced. In addition, due to the reversible nature of DA bonds, the composite is self-healable and recyclable. Both the LM and PU elastomer are recyclable, demonstrating the extremely high recycling efficiency (up to 96.7%) of the LM, as well as similar mechanical properties between the reprocessed elastomers and the pristine ones.

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15

Iyer, Sanesh, and Pascal Hubert. "Thermomechanical characterization of functionally stabilized nickel-titanium-copper shape memory alloy." Engineering Research Express 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 015031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac2bf1.

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Abstract Shape memory alloy hybrid composites have promise in realizing the 21st century goal of morphing structures. There is considerable work to be done in the development of characterization and modeling techniques for these materials. The proposed characterization methodology adapts existing standards to include previously omitted factors required for the numerical modelling of shape memory alloys and their integration into end-use applications. A nickel-titanium-copper (NiTiCu) shape memory alloy is characterized using these methods and then numerically modelled. Samples’ mechanical behaviour is shown to stabilize after 43 cycles of mechanical loading. Thermomechanical properties measured before and after stabilization are shown to vary inconsistently by up to 72%, demonstrating the need for stabilization for accurate thermomechanical characterizations and consistency in end-use applications. Physical experiments are numerically replicated in Abaqus\Standard using the measured properties. Sufficient correlation is shown for the design of shape memory alloy hybrid composites. The result of this work is a comprehensive thermomechanical characterization approach for shape memory alloys which can be used to develop morphing SMA hybrid composite structures.

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16

Lyu, Shida, Fei Zheng, Julio Adrian Aguilar-Tadeo, Fei Lin, Rui Wu, Brian Derby, Ian A. Kinloch, Constantinos Soutis, Matthieu Gresil, and Jonny J. Blaker. "Patterned, morphing composites via maskless photo-click lithography." Soft Matter 16, no. 5 (2020): 1270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm02056j.

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17

Ge, Ruijun, Bangfeng Wang, Changwei Mou, and Yong Zhou. "Deformation characteristics of corrugated composites for morphing wings." Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering in China 5, no. 1 (November 7, 2009): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11465-009-0063-4.

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18

Seon, Guillaume, Yuri Nikishkov, Andrew Makeev, and Brian Shonkwiler. "Mesh morphing methodology for strength predictions in composites." Composite Structures 140 (April 2016): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.12.021.

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19

Murugan, Senthil, and M. I. Friswell. "Morphing wing flexible skins with curvilinear fiber composites." Composite Structures 99 (May 2013): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.11.026.

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20

Jung, Beom-Seok, Jung-Pyo Kong, NingXue Li, Yoon-Mi Kim, Min-Saeng Kim, Sung-Hoon Ahn, and Maenghyo Cho. "Numerical simulation and verification of a curved morphing composite structure with embedded shape memory alloy wire actuators." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, no. 1 (September 21, 2012): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x12459588.

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Shape memory alloys have been actively studied in various fields in an attempt to utilize their high energy density. In particular, shape memory alloy wire-embedded composites can be used as load-bearing smart actuators without any additional manipulation, in which they act like a hinge joint. A shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite is able to generate various deformation behaviors via the combination of its shape memory alloy and matrix materials. Accordingly, a study of the various design parameters of shape memory alloy wire-embedded composites is required to facilitate the practical application of smart structures. In this research, a numerical simulation of a shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite is used to investigate the deformation behavior of a composite panel as a function of the composite width per shape memory alloy wire, composite thickness, and the eccentricity of the shape memory alloy wire. A curved morphing composite structure is fabricated to confirm the results of the numerical simulation. The deformation of the shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite panel is determined by measuring its radius of curvature. The simulated deformation behaviors are verified with the experimental results. In addition, an analysis of the deformation and internal stress of the composites is carried out. It can be used to obtain guidelines for the mechanical design of shape memory alloy wire-embedded composite panels.

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21

Ozair, Huma, Aqeel Ahmed Khurram, Abrar Ul Haq Baluch, Abdul Wadood, and Ibrahim Qazi. "Shape Memory Hybrid Composites for Aerospace Applications." Materials Science Forum 1068 (August 19, 2022): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-vd83mm.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are smart materials that have the ability to recover large strain. The shape memory and superelasticity in these alloys is due to stress induced martensitic transformation that strongly depends upon the phase transformation temperatures. These alloys are being investigated for a number of applications due to their remarkable properties such as improved impact and damage resistance, vibration damping, seismic damping, shape morphing and crack closure properties. In this work, these alloys were integrated in fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) to develop hybrid composite structures that can benefit from both fiber strength and intrinsic properties of SMAs resulting in weight efficient smart materials with better mechanical properties. The experimental investigation on impact performance of nitinol SMAs wire reinforced glass fiber composites (GFRP) showed 18% increase in toughness, as compared to steel wire reinforced glass fiber composites. In this paper, the effect of shape memory alloys wires in composite materials and their targeted applications especially for aerospace industry is presented.

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Davis, Josh P., Stacie Simmons, Lucy Sulley, Chris Solomon, and Stuart Gibson. "An evaluation of post-production facial composite enhancement techniques." Journal of Forensic Practice 17, no. 4 (November 9, 2015): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-08-2015-0042.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe four experiments evaluating post-production enhancement techniques with facial composites mainly created using the EFIT-V holistic system. Design/methodology/approach – Experiments 1-4 were conducted in two stages. In Stage 1, constructors created between one and four individual composites of unfamiliar targets. These were merged to create morphs. Additionally in Experiment 3, composites were vertically stretched. In Stage 2, participants familiar with the targets named or provided target-similarity ratings to the images. Findings – In Experiments 1-3, correct naming rates were significantly higher to between-witness 4-morphs, within-witness 4-morphs and vertically stretched composites than to individual composites. In Experiment 4, there was a positive relationship between composite-target similarity ratings and between-witness morph-size (2-, 4-, 8-, 16-morphs). Practical implications – The likelihood of a facial composite being recognised can be improved by morphing and vertical stretch. Originality/value – This paper improves knowledge of the theoretical underpinnings of these facial composite post-production enhancement techniques. This should encourage acceptance by the criminal justice system, and lead to better detection outcomes.

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23

Jodin, Gurvan, Johannes Scheller, Eric Duhayon, Jean François Rouchon, and Marianna Braza. "Implementation of a Hybrid Electro-Active Actuated Morphing Wing in Wind Tunnel." Solid State Phenomena 260 (July 2017): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.260.85.

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Amongst current aircraft research topics, morphing wing is of great interest for improving the aerodynamic performance. A morphing wing prototype has been designed for wind tunnel experiments. The rear part of the wing - corresponding to the retracted flap - is actuated via a hybrid actuation system using both low frequency camber control and a high frequency vibrating trailing edge. The camber is modified via surface embedded shape memory alloys. The trailing edge vibrates thanks to piezoelectric macro-fiber composites. The actuated camber, amplitude and frequency ranges are characterized. To accurately control the camber, six independent shape memory alloy wires are controlled through nested closed-loops. A significant reduction in power consumption is possible via this control strategy. The effects on flow via morphing have been measured during wind tunnel experiments. This low scale mock-up aims to demonstrate the hybrid morphing concept, according to actuator capabilities point of view as well as aerodynamic performance.

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Sui, Yuan, Caicong Li, Shiyu Feng, Yao Ling, Cong Li, Xiaosong Wu, Jinghui Shen, Jian Song, Hailong Peng, and Weiguo Huang. "Patterning, morphing, and coding of gel composites by direct ink writing." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 13 (2021): 8586–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta12275k.

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An efficient method named direct ink writing (DIW) for constructing versatile functional patterns on gels is developed by using alkylamines as the ink and a capillary as the pen, achieving shape morphing, data encryption and anti-counterfeiting.

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25

Ren, Luquan, Zhuoshi Li, Qingping Liu, Lei Ren, Qian Wu, Bingqian Li, Guiwei Li, Zhengyi Song, and Xueli Zhou. "Programmable 4D Printing of Bioinspired Solvent‐Driven Morphing Composites." Advanced Materials Technologies 6, no. 8 (June 19, 2021): 2001289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/admt.202001289.

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Gamble, Lawren L., and Daniel J. Inman. "Yaw Control of a Smart Morphing Tailless Aircraft Concept." Advances in Science and Technology 101 (October 2016): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.101.127.

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Aircraft morphing with regard to UAVs has recently gained incredible momentum; however, only a limited amount of research has been conducted on its effect on tailless aircraft. This is partly due to aerodynamic compromises such as directional instabilities that arise in the absence of a vertical stabilizer. Yet birds readily adapt to adverse flight conditions without vertical stabilizers and are unhindered with respect to stability and maneuvering due to their smooth continuous shape change and rapid muscle response. This research, motivated by the discrepancy between manmade and natural flight designs, investigates the aerodynamic effects of a smart morphing horizontal tail exhibiting bending-twisting coupling for yaw control on a bio-inspired aircraft. The structural response due to actuation was determined using Abaqus and coupled with a Reynolds-averaged-Navier-Stokes turbulence model for a low-Reynolds-number fluid analysis of the deformed shape. The morphing tail was simulated as piezoelectric Macro Fiber Composites with oriented PZT rods. Directional moment and stability derivative are presented to gain insight into the effect of the morphing horizontal tail on yaw control.

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Lee, Andrew J., and Daniel J. Inman. "A multifunctional bistable laminate: Snap-through morphing enabled by broadband energy harvesting." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 11 (May 7, 2018): 2528–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18770895.

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The elastic instabilities associated with buckling in bistable structures have been harnessed toward energy-based and motion-based applications, with significant research toward energy harvesting and morphing. Often combined with smart materials, structural prototypes are designed with a single application in mind. Recently, a novel method of inducing bistability was proposed by bonding two piezoelectrically actuated macro fiber composites in a [Formula: see text] layup and releasing the voltage post cure to yield two cylindrically stable configurations. Since the macro fiber composites are simultaneously the actuator and host structure, the resulting efficiencies enable this bistable laminate to be multifunctional, with both broadband energy harvesting and snap-through morphing capabilities. This article experimentally characterizes the vibration-based energy harvesting performance of the laminate to enable morphing. Through frequency sweeps across the first two modes of both states, the laminate exhibits broadband cross-well dynamics that are exploited for improved power generation over linear resonant harvesters. Besides single-well oscillations, snap-throughs are observed in intermittencies and subharmonic, chaotic, and limit cycle oscillations. The maximum power output of each regime and their charge durations of an energy harvesting module are assessed. The laminate’s capabilities are then bridged by utilizing harvested energy in the charged module to initiate snap-through actuation.

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Tawfik, Samer A., D. Stefan Dancila, and Erian Armanios. "Unsymmetric composite laminates morphing via piezoelectric actuators." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 42, no. 7 (July 2011): 748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.03.001.

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Gandhi, Yogesh, Alessandro Pirondi, and Luca Collini. "Optimal Design of Shape Memory Alloy Composite under Deflection Constraint." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111733.

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Shape-adaptive or morphing capability in both aerospace structures and wind turbine blade design is regarded as significant to increase aerodynamic performance and simplify mechanisms by reducing the number of moving parts. The underlying bistable behavior of asymmetric cross-ply composites makes them a suitable candidate for morphing applications. To date, various theoretical and experiential studies have been carried out to understand and predict the bistable behavior of asymmetric laminates and especially the curvature obtained in their stable configurations. However, when the bi-stable composite plate is integrated with shape memory alloy wires to control the curvature and to snap from a stable configuration to the other (shape memory alloy composite, SMAC), the identification of the design parameters, namely laminate edge length, ply thickness and ply orientation, is not straightforward. The aim of this article is to present the formulation of an optimization problem for the parameters of an asymmetric composite laminate integrated with pre-stressed shape memory alloys (SMA) wires under bi-stability and a minimum deflection requirement. Wires are modeled as an additional ply placed at the mid-plane of the composite host plate. The optimization problem is solved numerically in MATLAB and optimal design variables are then used to model the SMAC in ABAQUS™. Finite element results are compared against numerical results for validation.

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Liu, Weidong, Honglin Li, Jiong Zhang, and Hongda Li. "Theoretical analysis on the elasticity of a novel accordion cellular honeycomb core with in-plane curved beams." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 22, no. 3 (April 11, 2018): 702–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636218768174.

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Flexible skin is an essential component for morphing wind turbine blade to maintain a smooth profile and bear aerodynamic loads during morphing. Cellular honeycomb cores with low in-plane and high out-of-plane stiffness are potential candidates for support structures of flexible skin. Honeycomb structure also requires zero Poisson’s ratio to avoid unnecessary stress and strain during one-dimensional morphing. A novel accordion cellular honeycomb core of close-to-zero Poisson’s ratio with in-plane corrugated U-type beams was proposed as a solution for these problems. The elastic properties of the structure are illustrated through a combination of theoretical analysis and finite element analysis. Results show that better in-plane morphing and out-of-plane load-bearing capabilities can be obtained with parameters of larger height-to-length ratio, spacing-to-length ratio and vertical beam to U-type beam thickness ratio as well as smaller thickness-to-length ratio. Results of comparisons on properties of the proposed honeycomb with two existing accordion honeycombs reveal that the in-plane elastic modulus of the proposed structure is as low as about 56% of that of the accordion honeycomb with V-type beams and 79% of that of the accordion honeycomb with cosine beams, showing better in-plane property but weaker out-of-plane load-bearing capability. Nevertheless, the out-of-plane load-bearing capability can be reinforced by increasing the vertical beam to U-type beam thickness ratio. Smaller driving force and less energy consumption are required by the proposed honeycomb core than conventional structures during morphing. The methods and results could be used for predictions of elasticity in design of sandwich morphing skin with similar cellular honeycomb cores.

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Carey, Seán, Ciarán McHale, and Paul M. Weaver. "A variable-topology morphing composite cylindrical lattice." Composite Structures 276 (November 2021): 114542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114542.

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Anilkumar, P. M., A. Haldar, S. Scheffler, E. L. Jansen, B. N. Rao, and R. Rolfes. "Morphing of bistable variable stiffness composites using distributed MFC actuators." Composite Structures 289 (June 2022): 115396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.115396.

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Wang, Qingrui, Xiaoyong Tian, Lan Huang, Dichen Li, Andrei V. Malakhov, and Alexander N. Polilov. "Programmable morphing composites with embedded continuous fibers by 4D printing." Materials & Design 155 (October 2018): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.06.027.

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Nicassio, F., G. Scarselli, F. Pinto, F. Ciampa, O. Iervolino, and M. Meo. "Low energy actuation technique of bistable composites for aircraft morphing." Aerospace Science and Technology 75 (April 2018): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2017.12.040.

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Barcala-Montejano, Miguel A., Ángel A. Rodríguez-Sevillano, Rafael Bardera-Mora, Jaime García-Ramírez, Joaquín de Nova-Trigueros, Iñigo Urcelay-Oca, and Israel Morillas-Castellano. "Smart materials applied in a micro remotely piloted aircraft system with morphing wing." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 16 (July 5, 2018): 3317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18783893.

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The article presents a research in the field of morphing wings (adaptive wing geometry) developed over a prototype of micro-unmanned air vehicle based on smart materials technology. This morphing wing will optimize the aircraft performance features. Modifying the curvature of the wing, the micro-unmanned air vehicles will adjust its performance in an optimum mode to cruise flight condition as well as in the phases of takeoff and landing. The installation of mechanical elements for control surfaces in small size aircraft means, on some occasions, an extra complexity. In addition, it takes into account an increase in aircraft weight. In this research, the adaptive wing geometry is based on macro-fiber composites, so that its position on the inner surfaces of the wing allows the appropriate modification of the curvature, adapting them to the flight profile. This research will present the conceptual design of the vehicle, computational calculations, experimental results of the wind tunnel testing, validations using non-intrusive techniques (particle image velocimetry) and a theoretical–experimental analysis of the macro-fiber composite effects over the wing. An Arduino board will perform the control parameters of the macro-fiber composite deformation. With these analytical, computational, and experimental results, the most relevant conclusions are presented.

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Costen, N. P., T. Kato, I. G. Craw, and S. Akamatsu. "Horizontal and Vertical Composite Effects in Novel Faces." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970296.

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The composite effect, where the recognition of the upper half of a face is disrupted by a discrepant lower half relative to an isolated half-face, without a corresponding effect for vertical half-faces, provides a ready method of investigating configural information in face recognition. In previous studies purely photographic techniques have been used for composite construction. We investigated the effects of more face-like stimuli, constructed by morphing techniques. Subjects were trained to identify frontal Japanese faces, and tested on recognition on marked upper, lower, left, and right halves, both as half-faces and with distractors. While response accuracy for the upper and lower composites was lower than those for the relevant halves, there was no such effect for the right - left composites. A familiarity design was used in the second experiment to replicate this result. In the third experiment quarter-faces (top left - bottom right facial quadrants) were used to control for the information present. We found a strong composite effect for the right - left composites, and weaker ones for the top - bottom and quarter composites. In the fourth experiment we examined whether this effect was dependent on the presence of the quarter-composites by presenting them in a second block but found no effect of this manipulation. It thus appears that although there is a composite effect with faces composed in a shape-free manner, this effect is unstable. Under certain circumstances subjects may convert from a top - bottom relational processing strategy to a right - left strategy. The information used, even with a constant task, is dependent upon the variability of the images involved.

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Chillara, V. S. C., L. M. Headings, and M. J. Dapino. "Multifunctional composites with intrinsic pressure actuation and prestress for morphing structures." Composite Structures 157 (December 2016): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.08.044.

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Murugan, Senthil, Erick I. Saavedra Flores, Sondipon Adhikari, and M. I. Friswell. "Optimal design of variable fiber spacing composites for morphing aircraft skins." Composite Structures 94, no. 5 (April 2012): 1626–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.12.023.

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McHale, Ciarán, Demetra A. Hadjiloizi, and Paul M. Weaver. "Toroidal deployment of morphing cylindrical lattices." Composite Structures 276 (November 2021): 114577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114577.

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Farrokhabadi, Amin, Mohammad Mahdi Ashrafian, and Mohammad Fotouhi. "Design and characterization of an orthotropic accordion cellular honeycomb as one-dimensional morphing structures with enhanced properties." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 24, no. 3 (February 10, 2022): 1726–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10996362211070249.

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This study develops the governing equations and characterizes the mechanical properties of a new orthotropic accordion morphing honeycomb structure containing periodic arrays of U-type beams reinforced with glass fibers. Castigliano’s second theorem is modified to develop the analytical equations to predict the deformation behavior of a single orthotropic ply under a combined axial, bending, and shear loadings. Accordingly, the elastic properties of the orthotropic structure including elastic stiffness, shear stiffness, and in-plane Poisson’s ratios are calculated by the developed equations. The honeycomb structure is manufactured by 3D printing, and the samples are subjected to tensile tests to experimentally validate the analytical solutions. Multiple finite element simulations are also used to validate the results. A good agreement is observed between the analytical solution, the experiments, and simulations, confirming the robustness of the analytical solution to predict the full elastic properties of the composite cellular. The results show that the periodic arrays of U-type and vertical beams can generate low in-plane stiffness in the morphing direction and high in-plane stiffness in the transverse direction, respectively. A zero Poisson’s ratio feature is achieved by employing straight beams which result in a high stiffness in the perpendicular direction. The proposed accordion cellular honeycomb structure exhibits the flexible response along the accordion shape direction, with a significant stiffness in its transverse direction. Moreover, the new orthotropic structure has considerably greater strain to failure in the morphing direction compared with a conventional isotropic configuration. These features prove that this type of structure can be applied for the aerospace morphing structures such as wings.

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Leng, Jin Song. "Active Moving Polymers and Multifunctional Composites: Shape the Future Structures." Advanced Materials Research 745 (August 2013): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.745.129.

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Smart materials can be defined as the materials that have the capability of sensing and reacting to environmental conditions or stimuli. In recent years, a wide range of novel smart materials have been developed, the applications of which now cover various important fields including aerospace, automobile, telecommunications, and so forth. This talk mainly focuses on recent progresses of Active Moving Polymer (i.e. Shape Memory Polymer, SMP), and SMP based composite structures, as well as their applications including aerospace, astronautics and biomedical engineering. This presented work summarizes the recent advances in novel SMP including epoxy-based SMP, styrene-based SMP, cyanate ester-based SMP, polyurethane-based SMP, multiple SMP, design and characterization of SMP composites (SMPCs) filled with nickel chains, short carbon fiber, carbon nanotube chains, carbon nanopaper, and so on. The SMP stimulus methods, including heat, electric, light, magnetic field, and solvent have been introduced. The application of SMPCs used in aircraft morphing and space deployable structures is also investigated.

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Bai, J. B., D. Chen, J. J. Xiong, and R. A. Shenoi. "A corrugated flexible composite skin for morphing applications." Composites Part B: Engineering 131 (December 2017): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.07.056.

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Kirn, Johannes, Thomas Lorkowski, and Horst Baier. "Development of flexible matrix composites (FMC) for fluidic actuators in morphing systems." International Journal of Structural Integrity 2, no. 4 (November 22, 2011): 458–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579861111183948.

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Han, Min-Woo, Min-Soo Kim, and Sung-Hoon Ahn. "Shape memory textile composites with multi-mode actuations for soft morphing skins." Composites Part B: Engineering 198 (October 2020): 108170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108170.

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Wang, Wei, Chenzhe Li, Maenghyo Cho, and Sung-Hoon Ahn. "Soft Tendril-Inspired Grippers: Shape Morphing of Programmable Polymer–Paper Bilayer Composites." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): 10419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b18079.

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Gude, M., and W. Hufenbach. "Design of novel morphing structures based on bistable composites with piezoceramic actuators." Mechanics of Composite Materials 42, no. 4 (July 2006): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11029-006-0043-2.

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Bowen, C. R., A. C. Dent, L. J. Nelson, R. Stevens, M. G. Cain, and M. Stewart. "Failure and volume fraction dependent mechanical properties of composite sensors and actuators." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 220, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes255.

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Composite actuators and sensors manufactured by combining a ferroelectric ceramic such as lead zirconate titanate and a passive phase such as a polymer are used in a variety of applications including SONAR, vibration damping, change of structural shape (morphing), and structural health monitoring. The composite route provides specific advantages, including tailored piezoelectric response, high strain, a degree of flexibility, and increased damage tolerance compared with conventional dense monolithic ceramic materials. For piezoelectric fibre composites, where fine-scale brittle ceramic fibres of 40–800 μm diameter are introduced into a ductile polymer matrix, the composite strength and failure mechanism ultimately depend on the mechanical properties of each phase and their volume fraction. This article examines the mechanical properties of piezoelectric fibres and the matrix phase and discusses the possible influence of fibre volume fraction on mechanical properties and failure mechanism of the composite. The data are of particular use in determining the failure stress, failure strain, and failure mechanism of composite actuators and sensors subjected to high levels of stress, for example, in applications where such devices are embedded into host structures.

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Jakubinek, Michael B., Yadienka Martinez-Rubi, Behnam Ashrafi, Nicholas Gumienny-Matsuo, Daesun Park, Hao Li, Stéphane Dénommée, and Benoit Simard. "Carbon Nanotube Fabric-Based Composites for Development of Multifunctional Structures." MRS Advances 4, no. 57-58 (2019): 3123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.386.

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ABSTRACTCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess impressive properties along with low density. Integration of CNTs in the form of fabrics or other preformed assemblies simplifies their handling and allows for the higher CNT content needed to better leverage their properties in multifunctional structures. Here we describe production of non-woven CNT-polyurethane fabrics made from industrial-grade CNTs via a one-step filtration method. Individual sheets were scaled to 30 cm x 30 cm size and subsequently used to fabricate thicker composites, including via lamination with itself to produce simple panels and with other materials to further tailor the nanocomposite properties and address several example applications including electrical heating, fire resistance, electromagnetic shielding, and a skin for stretchable morphing structures.

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Miles, Richard, Phillip Howard, Christopher Limbach, Syed Zaidi, Sergio Lucato, Brian Cox, David Marshall, Angel M. Espinosa, and Dan Driemeyer. "A Shape-Morphing Ceramic Composite for Variable Geometry Scramjet Inlets." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 94 (May 3, 2011): s35—s41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04561.x.

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van Tooren, M., C. Kasapoglou, and H. Bersee. "Composite materials, composite structures, composite systems." Aeronautical Journal 115, no. 1174 (December 2011): 779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000006527.

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Abstract The first part of the history of composites in aerospace emphasised materials with high specific strength and stiffness. This was followed by a quest for reliable manufacturing techniques that guaranteed sufficiently high fibre volume fractions in complex structural parts with reasonable cost. Further improvements are still possible leading, ultimately to an extension of the functionality of composite structures to non-mechanical functions. Reduction of material scatter and a more probability-based design approach, improved material properties, higher post buckling factors, improved crashworthiness concepts and improved NDI techniques are some of the evolutionary measures that could improve the performance of current composite structures. Modular design, increased co-curing, hybrid material structures, hybrid fabrication methods, innovative structural concepts and reduced development times are more revolutionary steps that could bring today’s solutions further. Manufacturing engineering is also important for achieving revolutionary change. Function integration such as embedded deicing, morphing,, and boundary-layer suction are among the next steps in weight and cost reduction, but now on the system level.

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