Journal articles: 'Morning after pill'

1

McMillan, John, and Tony Hope. "The morning after the morning-after pill." Lancet 363, no. 9417 (April 2004): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16021-2.

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León, Fernando. "Morning-After Decisions: Legal Mobilization Against Emergency Contraception in Chile." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 21.1 (2014): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.21.1.morning-after.

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In Chile, the Criminal Code bans all forms of abortion. Furthermore, the Constitution—drafted and enacted by the Military Junta led by General Augusto Pinochet—was inspired by a conservative version of Catholic natural law championed by prominent Chilean constitutional law scholars. This Article traces the emergence, development, and ultimately the defeat of a persistent legal mobilization driven by natural law-inspired litigants, politicians, and scholars against levonorgestrel-based emergency contraception, also known as the morning-after pill. In their decade-long efforts at legal mobilization, these natural law litigants used every tool of the Chilean legal system to challenge the legality and the constitutionality of the morning-after pill. This case of legal mobilization demonstrates both the strengths and the weaknesses of conservative political and religious networks in Latin America, and it demonstrates both the potential and limitations of litigation-led policymaking in civil law countries.

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Williams, Anne. "The Morning-After Pill." Human Reproduction & Genetic Ethics 13, no. 1 (August 5, 2007): 8–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/hrge.v13i1.8.

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Abell, Sue, and John L. Ey. "The Morning-After Pill." Clinical Pediatrics 48, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922808316665.

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Riga, Peter J. "Plan B morning after Pill." Linacre Quarterly 81, no. 2 (May 2014): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0024363913z.00000000057.

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Grou, Fabienne, and Isabel Rodrigues. "The morning-after pill — How long after?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 171, no. 6 (December 1994): 1529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(94)90396-4.

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Keown, John. "‘Morning after’ pills, ‘miscarriage’ and muddle." Legal Studies 25, no. 2 (July 2005): 296–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2005.tb00616.x.

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Section 58 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861 prohibits the use of means with intent to procure ‘miscarriage’. In Smeaton Munby J held that the administration of the ‘morning after’ pill with intent to prevent the implantation in the uterus of any embryo conceived as a result of sexual intercourse does not contravene s 58. This article respectfully questions the learned judge's decision.'[Albortion techniques have changed since we legislated in 1967 ... Nowadays they can be carried out by injection or what is euphemistically called the morning after pill, which is an early abortifacient. There have always been legal doubts about whether the morning after pill can be prescribed within the present abortion law ... [Tlhe drug ... works in the early period of pregnancy.'

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Seppa, Nathan. "Non-Estrogen Morning-after Pill Works Best." Science News 154, no. 7 (August 15, 1998): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4010786.

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Vogel, Lauren. "Rethink weight limits on morning-after pill." Canadian Medical Association Journal 187, no. 10 (June 15, 2015): 719–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-5098.

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Ashraf, Haroon, and Michael McCarthy. "UK improves access to “morning after pill”." Lancet 356, no. 9247 (December 2000): 2071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03410-3.

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11

DEL BÒ, CORRADO. "Conscientious Objection and the Morning-After Pill." Journal of Applied Philosophy 29, no. 2 (March 29, 2012): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5930.2012.00559.x.

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12

Pyett, Priscilla M. "Postcoital Contraception: Who Uses the ‘Morning After Pill’?" Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 36, no. 3 (August 1996): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.1996.tb02726.x.

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Wadman, Meredith. "US watchdog finds bias against morning-after pill." Nature 438, no. 7067 (November 23, 2005): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/438401a.

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de Pinho, Helen. "Healthwatch: Post-Coital Contraception and the 'Morning-after' Pill." Agenda, no. 17 (1993): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4065522.

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Paraskevaides, E. C., and E. Daw. "Pulsatile Ovarian Fossa Ectopic and the ‘Morning After’ Pill." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 29, no. 1 (February 1989): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.1989.tb02885.x.

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Kincaide, Gail G. "FDA Should Approve “Morning After” Pill for OTC Access." AWHONN Lifelines 8, no. 4 (August 2004): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6356.2004.tb00597.x.

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Wentz, Anne Colston. "Waking Up the U.S. to the "Morning-After" Pill." Journal of Women's Health 3, no. 2 (April 1994): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1994.3.81.

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Kachroo, Sumesh. "Morning-after pill as a nonprescription medication: Benefits and concerns." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 64, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp060481.

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19

Tanne, J. H. "FDA is told to ease restrictions on morning after pill." BMJ 338, mar27 2 (March 27, 2009): b1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b1313.

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Hope, H., L. Dye, P. Knapp, J. Sowter, and D. K. Raynor. "Clare wants the morning-after pill: what do practitioners think?" International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 10, S1 (September 2002): R71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2002.tb00677.x.

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Fenton, Elizabeth, and Loren Lomasky. "Dispensing with Liberty: Conscientious Refusal and the "Morning-After Pill"." Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 579–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03605310500421389.

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David, M., A. M. Radke, and K. Pietzner. "The Prescription of the Morning-After Pill in a Berlin Emergency Department Over a Four-Year Period – User Profiles and Reasons for Use." Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 72, no. 05 (May 2012): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1298446.

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Questions: There are no current health care studies from Germany regarding the “morning-after pill”. This paper will use routine data to analyse details regarding the usersʼ profiles, reasons for using it and the utilisation of hospital outpatient facilities. Patient Collective and Methods: Retrospective analysis of all triage sheets in the emergency department of the Virchow Hospital Campus/Charité University Hospital, Berlin, over a four-year period from 2007 to 2010 that were coded with the ICD diagnosis Z30 (= contraception advice) and statistical processing of the associated administrative data. Results: 860 triage sheets were included in the analysis. The emergency department is used most frequently for the prescription of the “morning-after pill” at the weekend. The average age of the users was 25.1 years. The most common reason cited for needing emergency contraception was unprotected sexual intercourse, with the second-most common being “condom failure”. Around half of the women attended the department within 12 hours of having unprotected sex. Less than 2 % (n = 14) of all women decided against a prescription of emergency contraceptive after counselling. Conclusions: The user profile and reasons for using emergency oral contraception correlate largely with the information contained in international literature. Although the “morning-after pill” is probably prescribed mainly in general practices in Germany, and despite the availability of new drugs with a permitted post-exposure interval of up to 120 hours after unprotected sex, there appears to still be a high demand for counselling and prescriptions of the “morning-after pill” in the context of the emergency department.

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Shiely, Frances. "The morning after pill as an ‘easy’ option: the implication for STIs." Sexually Transmitted Infections 89, no. 2 (October 8, 2012): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2012-050782.

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24

Shachar, Carmel. "Administrative Law v. Constitutional Law: The Correct Decision on FDA’s Treatment of Plan B." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 3 (2009): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00414.x.

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In order for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to receive the trust and deference it needs to accomplish its mission, it must be seen as relatively impervious to political manipulation. For most of the FDA’s history, it has been seen as an institution driven by scientific expertise, not by political maneuvering. However, the FDA was increasingly criticized during the Bush administration for politicizing decisions such as rejecting an application to grant the “morning after pill,” known as Plan B, over-the-counter (OTC) status for women of all ages. After an atypical approval process, the FDA approved OTC Plan B use only for women over the age of 18. Because some groups perceive the morning after pill as a form of abortion, the politically appointed leadership of the FDA was suspected of dramatically departing from normal FDA procedures in order to ensure that the application would not be approved.

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25

McCarthy, M. "US approves "morning after" pill without prescription for women 15 years or older." BMJ 346, may03 2 (May 3, 2013): f2909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2909.

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Bentancor, Andrea, and Damian Clarke. "Assessing Plan B: The Effect of the Morning After Pill on Children and Women." Economic Journal 127, no. 607 (April 20, 2017): 2525–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12390.

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Lee, Deborah. "The morning-after pill for under-16s: time to put the debate to bed." Prescriber 22, no. 13-14 (July 2011): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psb.787.

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Silva, Antônio Ferreira da, Maria Raynara Pereira Chaves, Severina dos Santos Mendes, Daniela Carla da Silva, Sara Santos Marinho, Miriam Maria Melo, Oséias Calebe Vidal de Negreiros, et al. "Morning-after pill: a brief report on the main public policies used in emergency contraception." IJS - International Journal of Sciences 4, no. 2 (2022): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/229003.4.2-3.

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29

Brushwood, David B. "Must a Catholic hospital inform a rape victim of the availability of the "morning-after pill"?" American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 47, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/47.2.395.

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Adachi, Wataru, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Kazuyuki Yazawa, Naohiko Koide, Shoichiro Koike, Jun Amano, and Chisato Tamai. "A Case of Pill-Induced Esophagitis With Mucosal Dissection." Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy 4, no. 3 (January 1, 1998): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/dte.4.149.

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With the advance of gastrointestinal endoscopy, pill-induced esophagitis has been detected more frequently, but the association of mucosal dissection is rare. We reported a case of pill-induced esophagitis associated with mucosal dissection.A 66-year-old male with combined valvular heart disease was admitted for cardiac surgery. Cefotiam hydrochloride tablet was administered for postoperative wound infection of cardiac surgery. Next morning severe odynophagia and retrosternal pain were occurred. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed 2 days after onset of the symptom showed detached mucosa at the upper thoracic esophagus and acute esophagitis at middle and lower thoracic esophagus. Histological examination of the mucosa revealed that the esophageal mucosa was detached from the lamina propria. After the treatment for esophagitis, almost normal esophageal mucosa covered the esophagus without scarring or stricture.The present case was diagnosed as cefotiam hydrochloride tablet induced esophagitis because of the onset of this disease. Mucosal dissection of the esophagus may be associated with both the esophagitis and bleeding tendencies caused by anticoagulant therapy.

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Malla, Bindu, Komal Malla, Madan Sigdel, Sanjeev Guragain, Rajesh Kumar Yadav, Sabita Paudel, and Bijay Aryal. "Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Emergency Contraceptive Pills among Medical and Paramedical Students." International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 31, 2017): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55530/ijmbiosnepal.v2i2.25.

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Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) is also called as morning after pill which is indicated after unprotected coitus, sexual abuse and nonuse of regular contraception to avoid unwanted pregnancy. The present study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and current use of emergency contraceptive pill among the medical and paramedical students. Institution based cross- sectional descriptive study was conducted at Gandaki medical college and The School of Health and Allied sciences from August 2015-Janawary 2016.Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using Microsoft excel 2007. Out of 181 respondents 40.9% were male and 59.1% were female students. 91.2% respondents were from urban area and 86.2% were Hindu. As compared to female students, male students have more knowledge about the ECPs. However, female students were more correct than male students regarding the proper administration time of ECP. Although recipients have positive attitude regarding ECPs, majority of them believed that ECPs have harmful effects to the body. Mainly due to the humiliation and lack of proper knowledge, male respondents and female respondents respectively felt challenges to use ECPs. It is concluded the misinformation regarding ECPs is high among the respondents. Therefore, effective awareness program should be lunched to educate them regarding the ECPs and to protect young females from the risk of unsafe abortion.

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YUSUF, FARHAT, and STEFANIA SIEDLECKY. "PATTERNS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN AUSTRALIA: ANALYSIS OF THE 2001 NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 5 (November 23, 2006): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001738.

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SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to review the patterns of contraceptive use in Australia, using data from a nationally representative sample of 5872 women aged 18 to 49. This survey was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2001 as part of the National Health Survey. Results of the analysis indicate that the oral contraceptive pill and condom were the two most frequently used methods. More than 76% of the respondents reported having ever used the pill. Over 23% of women were currently using condoms; of these 80% of the condom users used them for contraception – this included 36% who used condoms for both protection against infection and for contraception – and the remainder used them only for protection. Withdrawal was the third most popular non-surgical method up to age 40. Few women used IUDs, injections or diaphragms. Just over 3% of the respondents were using natural methods with the highest rate reported among those in their 30s. The ‘morning-after pill’ was reported mostly by women aged 18–24; however, there was no evidence to suggest that it was being used as a primary method of birth control. Contraceptive use declined in older women who turned to sterilization for themselves and/or their partners. Use of the contraceptive pill was somewhat higher among better-educated women, but lower among less-educated women and those from non-English-speaking backgrounds.

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Jaspal, Rusi, and Brigitte Nerlich. "A ‘morning-after’ pill for HIV? Social representations of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in the British print media." Health, Risk & Society 18, no. 5-6 (August 17, 2016): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2016.1222354.

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Hageman, Lindsey, Wendy Landier, Yanjun Chen, Heeyoung Kim, Nancy Kornegay, William E. Evans, Bruce C. Bostrom, et al. "Impact of 6 Mercaptopurine (6MP) Pill-Taking Habits on Adherence, Thioguanine Nucleotide (TGN) Levels and Relapse Risk in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Results from a Children’s Oncology Group (COG) Study (AALL03N1)." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.369.369.

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Abstract Background: Exposure to oral 6MP for ~2 years is critical for durable remissions in children with ALL. We have previously shown that poor 6MP adherence (rates <95%) is prevalent and increases relapse risk (JCO 30[17]:2094-101). 6MP is supplied in 50 mg tablets that may be swallowed, crushed, or chewed; patients are generally instructed to take 6MP with non-dairy liquid, in the evening on an empty stomach (~1-2h after a meal). These restrictive instructions could impose challenges in 6MP ingestion; the need for such restrictions with respect to clinical outcomes has not been examined systematically. This study examines the pill-taking habits of children with ALL and their association with adherence, risk of relapse and red cell TGN levels. Methods: Participants included 441 patients with ALL in first remission receiving oral 6MP (75 mg/m2/d) during maintenance. Adherence was measured using Medication Event Management System (MEMS) that recorded dates/times of each 6MP bottle opening for 6 mo/pt (58,086 patient-days of MEMS data). Average adherence rate (days MEMS bottle opened/days 6MP prescribed) over the 6m study period was computed to define non-adherence (adherence rate <95%). A 37-item questionnaire elicited pill-taking habits: i) 6MP never with food vs. with food; ii) 6MP never with dairy vs. with dairy; iii) 6MP pill swallowing (whole, crushed, chewed); iv) time of day 6MP always taken (evening, night, morning, midday, varying times); v) use of a routine: established routine vs. no routine. Monthly TGN levels (~6/pt) yielded 1,395 measurements. 6MP dose intensity [DI] was defined as dose prescribed/ protocol dose, and inherited capacity to metabolize 6MP was characterized by thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) genotype. Only TPMT wild-type patients were included in this analysis. 38 relapses occurred after a median follow-up of 6.1 years from start of maintenance (cumulative incidence of relapse: 8.9±1.4% at 6 years). Results: Median age at diagnosis was 6y (2-20); 67% were males; 40.3% had high-risk disease. 43.8% of the patients were non-adherent. Pill-taking habits and non-adherence: Time-varying generalized estimating equations (adjusted for age at study, ethnicity/race, income, and parental education) identified the following predictors of non-adherence: i) Taking 6MP with dairy (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.9, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.3-2.9, p=0.003); ii) Taking 6MP at varying times vs. non-varying times (OR=2.4, 95%CI=1.2-4.7, p=0.008); iii) No routine (OR=1.7, 95%CI=1.1-2.7, p=0.02). Crushing the pill vs. swallowing whole was less likely to be associated with non-adherence (OR=0.7, 95%CI=0.4-0.99, p=0.05) [Fig 1A].Pill-taking habits and relapse: A proportional sub-distribution hazards model (adjusted for time from start of maintenance, NCI risk group, cytogenetics, race/ethnicity, age at study, and adherence) demonstrated no association between pill-taking habits and relapse risk: i) 6MP with food (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.7, 95%CI=0.3-1.9, p=0.5); ii) 6MP with dairy (HR=0.3, 95%CI=0.07-1.5, p=0.2); iii) Swallowing tablet whole vs. crushing/chewing (HR=0.8, 95%CI=0.3-2.1, p=0.7); iv) 6MP in the evening/night vs. morning/mid-day (HR=1.1, 95%CI=0.2-7.5, p=0.9); v) 6MP at varying times vs. non-varying times (HR=1.0, 95%CI=0.2-4.5, p=0.9) [Fig 1B].Pill-taking habits and DI-adjusted TGN levels: Among adherent patients, there was no association between DI- and age-adjusted TGN levels and: i) 6MP with food (p=0.5); ii) 6MP with dairy (p=0.7); iii) Swallowing 6MP whole vs. chewing/crushing (p=0.4); iv) 6MP in the morning/midday vs. evening/night (p=0.5); v) 6MP at varying times vs. non-varying times (p=0.5) [Fig 1C]. Conclusions: The association between non-adherence and certain pill-taking habits identifies a subgroup of patients that either did not receive appropriate instructions or did not adhere to them; our study was not designed to discern between the two scenarios. However, pill-taking habits were not associated with either relapse risk or TGN levels. These findings suggest that the commonly-practiced restrictions surrounding 6MP ingestion (i.e., taking only in the evening without food/dairy) might not influence outcome. Figure 1A Figure 1A. Figure 1B Figure 1B. Figure 1C Figure 1C. Disclosures Evans: St. Jude: In accordance with institutional policy (St. Jude), I and/or my spouse have in the past received a portion of the income St. Jude receives from licensing patent rights related to TPMT polymorphisms as clinical diagnostics. Patents & Royalties. Relling:St. Jude: In accordance with institutional policy (St. Jude), I and/or my spouse have in the past received a portion of the income St. Jude receives from licensing patent rights related to TPMT polymorphisms as clinical diagnostics. Patents & Royalties.

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Seol, Jaehoon, Yuya Fujii, Insung Park, Yoko Suzuki, Fusae Kawana, Katsuhiko Yajima, Shoji Fukusumi, et al. "Distinct effects of orexin receptor antagonist and GABAA agonist on sleep and physical/cognitive functions after forced awakening." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 48 (November 11, 2019): 24353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907354116.

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The majority of patients with insomnia are treated with hypnotic agents. In the present study, we evaluated the side-effect profile of an orexin receptor antagonist and γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor agonist on physical/cognitive functions upon forced awakening. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was conducted on 30 healthy male subjects. Fifteen minutes before bedtime, the subjects took a pill of suvorexant (20 mg), brotizolam (0.25 mg), or placebo and were forced awake 90 min thereafter. Physical- and cognitive-function tests were performed before taking the pill, after forced awakening, and the next morning. Polysomnographic recordings revealed that the efficacies of the hypnotic agents in prolonging total sleep time (∼30 min) and increasing sleep efficiency (∼6%) were comparable. When the subjects were allowed to go back to sleep after the forced awakening, the sleep latency was shorter under the influence of hypnotic agents (∼2 min) compared to the placebo trial (24 min), and the rapid eye movement latency was significantly shorter under suvorexant (98.8, 81.7, and 48.8 min for placebo, brotizolam, and suvorexant, respectively). Although brotizolam significantly impaired the overall physical/cognitive performance (sum of z score) compared with placebo upon forced awakening, there was no significant difference in the total z score of performance between suvorexant and placebo. Notably, the score for static balance with the eyes open was higher under suvorexant compared to brotizolam administration. The energy expenditure was lower under suvorexant and brotizolam compared with the placebo. The effect size of brotizolam (d = 0.24) to reduce the energy expenditure was larger than that of suvorexant (d < 0.01).

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Langer, Bernhard, Sophia Grimm, Gwenda Lungfiel, Franca Mandlmeier, and Vanessa Wenig. "The Quality of Counselling for Oral Emergency Contraceptive Pills—A Simulated Patient Study in German Community Pharmacies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 6720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186720.

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Background: In Germany, there are two different active substances, levonorgestrel (LNG) and ulipristal acetate (UPA), available as emergency contraception (the “morning after pill”) with UPA still effective even 72 to 120 h after unprotected sexual intercourse, unlike LNG. Emergency contraceptive pills have been available without a medical prescription since March 2015 but are still only dispensed by community pharmacies. The aim of this study was to determine the counselling and dispensing behaviour of pharmacy staff and the factors that may influence this behaviour in a scenario that intends that only the emergency contraceptive pill containing the active substance UPA is dispensed (appropriate outcome). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the form of a covert simulated patient study in a random sample of community pharmacies stratified by location in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and reported in accordance with the STROBE statement. Each pharmacy was visited once at random by one of four trained test buyers. They simulated a product-based request for an emergency contraceptive pill, stating contraceptive failure 3.5 days prior as the reason. The test scenario and the evaluation forms are based on the recommended actions, including the checklist from the Federal Chamber of Pharmacies. Results: All 199 planned pharmacy visits were carried out. The appropriate outcome (dispensing of UPA) was achieved in 78.9% of the test purchases (157/199). A significant correlation was identified between the use of the counselling room and the use of a checklist (p < 0.001). The use of a checklist led to a significantly higher questioning score (p < 0.001). In a multivariate binary logistic regression analysis, a higher questioning score (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.22–1.63; p < 0.001) and a time between 12:01 and 4:00 p.m. (AOR = 2.54; 95% CI = 1.13–5.73; p = 0.024) compared to 8:00 to 12:00 a.m. were significantly associated with achieving the appropriate outcome. Conclusions: In a little over one-fifth of all test purchases, the required dispensing of UPA did not occur. The use of a counselling room and a checklist, the use of a checklist and the questioning score as well as the questioning score and achieving the appropriate outcome are all significantly correlated. A target regulation for the use of a counselling room, an explicit guideline recommendation about the use of a checklist, an obligation for keeping UPA in stock and appropriate mandatory continuing education programmes should be considered.

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Luján Espinoza, Gladys Margarita. "Legal status of the cryopreserved human embryo in peruvian civil law." Revista Ciencia y Tecnología 18, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rev.cyt.2022.04.06.

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The present investigation is focused on determining the legal situation of the cryopreserved human embryo in Peruvian civil law from the ruling of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the "Case of Artavia Murillo et al. (In vitro fertilization) Vs. Costa Rica", beginning the study of file No. 02005-2009-PA/TC (case of the “Morning After Pill”) and Exp. 30541-2014-0-1801-JR-CI-01 (Amparo that authorizes the free distribution of levonorgestrel), within the framework of legislation and jurisprudence foreign, having as hermeneutical guideline the principle pro homine and pro debilis. It is concluded that the national legal system recognizes the legal status of the cryopreserved human embryo as a person, which contradicts the standard established by the Inter-American Court which excludes it from the scope of Article 4.1 of the Convention.

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Wang, Hui, Yao Huang, Pan Shen, Yu Wang, Kai Qin, Ying Huang, Xin Ba, Weiji Lin, Zhe Chen, and Shenghao Tu. "Modified Si-Miao Pill for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (May 22, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7672152.

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Objective. The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects and safety of modified Si-Miao pill (mSMP) in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Design. A systematic literature search was carried out in eight databases from their available dates of inception to April 2020. After screening, fifteen randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects and safety of mSMP in combination with western medicine (including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)) in treating rheumatoid arthritis patients were included after screening. Results. In comparison with DMARDs, or coadministration of DMARDs and NSAIDs, mSMP in combination with western medicine significantly lowered erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mean difference (MD) = -10.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−12.19, −9.03]), C-reactive protein (MD = −6.50, 95% CI [−8.43, −4.56]), rheumatoid factors (MD = −17.31, 95% CI [−24.34, −10.27]), swollen joint count (MD = −1.63, 95% CI [−2.29, −0.97]), tender joint count (MD = −1.98, 95% CI [−2.34, −1.62]), and morning stiffness time (MD = −24.37, 95% CI [−29.41, 19.33]) and ameliorated the condition of patients (odds ratio (OR) = 3.69, 95% CI [2.64, 5.14]). Additionally, mSMP in combination with western medicine seemed safer (OR = 0.49, 95% CI [0.30, 0.81]). Conclusion. The results of the meta-analysis study have shown that mSMP in combination with western medicine therapies appears to be more effective and safer than western medicine alone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis including reducing inflammatory markers and adverse events and improving symptoms. Howbeit, more high-grade, large-scale RCTs of mSMP in various countries and regions are still needed.

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Anderson, M. "Endocrine function and emergency contraception: physiology and society." Advances in Physiology Education 274, no. 6 (June 1998): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1998.274.6.s46.

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Relating emergency contraception, commonly referred to as "the morning-after pill," to the menstrual cycle can be used both to teach endocrine function and to show how physiology relates to the world outside the undergraduate classroom. The menstrual cycle is an excellent topic for teaching many features of the physiology of the human endocrine system. Relating emergency contraception to the menstrual cycle makes this topic relevant to both male and female students, provides opportunities for discussions that require the students' understanding of endocrine functions, and illustrates how physiology is connected to social economic, and political issues. The overview of emergency contraception and literature survey provided here are meant to be adapted for use in a variety of teaching contexts. The depth of coverage and the extent of consideration of issues beyond physiology would depend on many factors including the level fo the course and the size of enrollment.

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Coogan, Leigh Argentieri. "A FEW FOR-PROFIT BUSINESSES’ BATTLE OVER THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT’S PREVENTATIVE SERVICES MANDATE." Journal of Law and Commerce 32, no. 2 (July 18, 2014): 381–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jlc.2014.64.

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Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), employers are required to provide employees with health plans, which must include FDA, approved contraceptives with no cost sharing. While Health and Humans Services (HHS) revised the regulation to allow for a compromise among religious organizations and non-profits run by religious organizations, private for profit businesses must comply with the ACA even if the business asserts to be founded on religious principles. Several for profit business have sued in district court for an injunction against the requirements. However, a circuit split exists among courts granting preliminary injunctions against the ACA pending a granting of appeal. This note will focus on whether the federal government can compel secular, for profit organizations to provide employee health plans that include contraceptives, the morning after pill and sterilization under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act. Unless the statute or regulation changes, the Supreme Court will likely need to grant certiorari to resolve the issue.

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Maurer, Max M., Marius Ibach, Julius Plewe, Axel Winter, Paul Ritschl, Brigitta Globke, Robert Öllinger, et al. "Reducing the Pill Burden: Immunosuppressant Adherence and Safety after Conversion from a Twice-Daily (IR-Tac) to a Novel Once-Daily (LCP-Tac) Tacrolimus Formulation in 161 Liver Transplant Patients." Biomedicines 10, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020272.

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Non-adherence to immunosuppressant therapy reduces long-term graft and patient survival after solid organ transplantation. The objective of this 24-month prospective study was to determine adherence, efficacy and safety after conversion of stable liver transplant (LT) recipients from a standard twice-daily immediate release Tacrolimus (IR-Tac) to a novel once-daily life cycle pharma Tacrolimus (LCP-Tac) formulation. We converted a total of 161 LT patients at baseline, collecting Tacrolimus trough levels, laboratories, physical examination data and the BAASIS© questionnaire for self-reported adherence to immunosuppression at regular intervals. With 134 participants completing the study period (17% dropouts), the overall adherence to the BAASIS© increased by 57% until month 24 compared to baseline (51% vs. 80%). Patients who required only a morning dose of their concomitant medications reported the largest improvement in adherence after conversion. The intra-patient variability (IPV) of consecutive Tacrolimus trough levels after conversion did not change significantly compared to pre-conversion levels. Despite reducing the daily dose by 30% at baseline as recommended by the manufacturer, Tac-trough levels remained stable, reflected by an increase in the concentration-dose (C/D) ratio. No episodes of graft rejection or loss occurred. Our data suggest that the use of LCP-Tac in liver transplant patients is safe and can increase adherence to immunosuppression compared to conventional IR-Tac.

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Correia, Luciano Lima, Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha, Álvaro Jorge Madeiro Leite, Jocileide Sales Campos, Anamaria Cavalcante e. Silva, Márcia Maria Tavares Machado, Sabrina Gabriele Maia Oliveira Rocha, Thales Nogueira Gomes, and Antônio José Ledo Alves da Cunha. "Spontaneous and induced abortion trends and determinants in the Northeast semiarid region of Brazil: a transversal series." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 18, no. 1 (March 2018): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042018000100006.

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Abstract Objectives: this study intends to estimate the rates, associated factors and trends of selfreported abortion rates in the northeast of Brazil. Methods: series of population-based surveys realized in Ceará, northeast of Brazil, one of the poorest states in the country. A sample of about 27,000 women of reproductive age was used. Abortion was assessed according to women´s information and rates were calculated using official population estimates. The trends and the association among socioeconomic and reproductive factors were studied using regressive models. Results: a trend for reduction in rates was identified. For induced abortion, the determinants were: not having a partner, condom in the last sexual intercourse, first child up to 25years old (AOR= 5.21; ACI: 2.9 – 9.34) and having less than 13years old at first sexual intercourse (AOR= 5.88; ACI: 3.29 – 10.51). For spontaneous abortion were: having studied less than 8 years, knowledge and use of morning-after pill (AOR= 26.44; ACI: 17.9 – 39.05) and not having any children (AOR= 3.43). Conclusions: rates may have been low due to self-reporting. Young age and knowledge about contraceptive methods were associated to both kinds of abortion, while education level along with spontaneous and marital status with induced. Programs to reduce abortion rates should focus on single younger women with low education.

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Johnston, Carol S., Paniz Jasbi, Yan Jin, Shayna Bauer, Susanna Williams, Samantha N. Fessler, and Haiwei Gu. "Daily Vinegar Ingestion Improves Depression Scores and Alters the Metabolome in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Nutrients 13, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 4020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13114020.

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Daily vinegar ingestion has been linked to improved glycemic control, but recent data suggest a separate unexplored role for vinegar in mental health. Utilizing a placebo-controlled, parallel arm study design, this 4-week trial examined the impact of daily vinegar ingestion on mood states and urinary metabolites in healthy college students. Participants were randomized to the vinegar group (VIN: n = 14; 1.5 g acetic acid/day as liquid vinegar) or the control group (CON: n = 11; 0.015 g acetic acid/day as a pill) with no change to customary diet or physical activity. At baseline and at study week four, participants completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) questionnaires and provided a first-morning urine sample for targeted metabolomics analyses. The change in both POMS depression scores and CES-D scores differed significantly between groups favoring improved affect in the VIN versus CON participants after four weeks. Metabolomics analyses pre and post-intervention suggested metabolite alterations associated with vinegar ingestion that are consistent for improved mood, including enzymatic dysfunction in the hexosamine pathway as well as significant increases in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. These data warrant continued investigation of vinegar as a possible agent to improve mood state.

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Jarvis, Gavin E. "Misjudging early embryo mortality in natural human reproduction." F1000Research 9 (July 14, 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22655.1.

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In 2002, in a judgment relating to the use of the morning-after pill, Mr Justice Munby held that pregnancy begins with the implantation of an embryo into the uterus of a woman. The case involved a large body of expert witness evidence including medical and physiological details of human reproduction. Munby J. emphasised one particular aspect of this evidence: namely, the developmental failure rate of human embryos after fertilisation. Under natural conditions, embryo loss is approximately 10-40% before implantation, and total loss from fertilisation to birth is 40-60% (Jarvis, 2016). By contrast, and based on expert witness testimony, Munby J. stated that not much more than 25% of successfully fertilised eggs reach the implantation stage, and that fewer than 15% of fertilised eggs result in a birth, figures that do not accurately represent scientific knowledge regarding human embryo mortality and pregnancy loss under natural conditions. Rather, these figures were derived from experimental laboratory data and clinical outcomes from in vitro fertilisation treatment. Testimony provided by other expert witnesses directly contradicted these specific numerical claims. In emphasising these figures, Munby J. gave the impression that human embryo mortality is substantially higher than available scientific evidence indicated. In this critique, all the scientific expert witness evidence is presented and reviewed, and an explanation provided for why the emphasised figures are wrong. Whether there are implications of Munby J.’s scientific misjudgment on the legal outcome is for others to consider.

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Askin, Debbie Fraser. "What’s Happening in the Bigger World of Publishing: A “Heads-Up”." Neonatal Network 25, no. 4 (July 2006): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.25.4.227.

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THE BUSINESS OF PUTTING TOGETHER A JOURNAL THAT is relevant, interesting, and scholarly has become increasingly more challenging and complex. Pressure from funding agencies to make government-sponsored research results freely accessible, the increasing movement towards online access to articles, and a general need to attend to the bottom line in a shrinking market for print journals, has resulted in two troubling events that I would like to share with you. The details of the first, the severing of ties between the American Journal of Nursing (AJN) and the American Nurses Association (ANA), are outlined in the accompanying letter that was sent to ANA by members of the International Association of Nurse Editors. In the second case, the editor-in-chief and the senior deputy editor of the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), the journal of the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) were fired in February of this year. The reason for the firing—editorial freedom. The editors of the CMAJ commissioned a story on women’s experiences in obtaining the morning-after pill from pharmacies in Canada. When the Canadian Pharmacists Association heard about the story, they complained to the publisher of CMAJ who asked the editors to withhold the story.1 The editors chose to publish a negotiated revision but were fired for irreconcilable differences.2

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Henin, Emilie, Aurelie Bourmaud, Olivier Colomban, Vérane Schwiertz, Veronique Regnier, Benoit You, Florence Ranchon, et al. "Patient compliance to oral anticancer chemotherapy evaluated in breast and colorectal cancer patients receiving capecitabine: The OCTO study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e13594-e13594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e13594.

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e13594 Background: Given the expanding use of oral chemotherapies, optimal compliance to treatment is critical to achieve the best clinical outcome in terms of efficacy and safety. The aim of the OCTO clinical study was to measure patient compliance, either electronically or by self-assessment, to capecitabine-based treatment. Methods: A cohort of patients with either locally advanced or metastatic, breast or colorectal, cancer were monitored for 6 cycles, and ambulatory treated with monotherapy of capecitabine (Xeloda). Treatment was prescribed at 1250 mg/m² as a combination of 500 and 150 mg pills, taken twice daily for 14 days every 3-week cycle. Tumor response was evaluated after 3 and 6 cycles using the RECIST criteria. Toxicity was evaluated using the NCI CTC scale. Compliance was assessed in all patients by self-completed questionnaires on disease, treatment and ambulatory management of side effects; and in half of the cohort by electronic medication event monitoring systems (MEMS) recording the opening times of the pill bottle. Results: Forty patients were enrolled between November 2008 and September 2011 and treated by capecitabine for an average of 4.75 cycles (range: 1-6). 63% patients completed 6 cycles, 22% and 15% patients discontinued due to respectively disease progression and adverse events. Best tumor response was evaluable in 35 patients: 23% had partial response, 54% stable disease and 23% progressed. Hand-foot syndrome was the most reported toxicity (77% patients), and to a lesser extent diarrhea (45%), nausea (30%) and vomiting (30%). In the MEMS cohort, 20 patients were included. Patient compliance was excellent with very few missing occasions (23/2272 records). Timing of morning doses was less variable (p=0.03) than timing of evening ones. Thirty-eight questionnaires were returned. Autonomy of ambulatory oral treatment was appreciated by 54% patients, while resulting in anxiety in 6%. Only 39% patients were concerned by the potential impact of non-compliance while 45% declined answering the question. Conclusions: Compliance to oral anticancer chemotherapy was found excellent in this population, with few deviations from prescription.

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Oliveira, Maria Clara Santos de, and Omero Martins Rodrigues Junior. "Acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico do uso racional de contraceptivo de emergência: pílula do dia seguinte." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 15 (November 26, 2021): e522101523274. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.23274.

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Introdução: No Brasil, muitas mulheres usam um método anticoncepcional pós-coito em situações de emergência. Este método foi tão eficaz na prevenção da gravidez quanto o tratamento original com alta dosagem de estrogênio. Objetivo: demonstrar os aspectos farmacoterapêutico no que se refere a automedicação por anticoncepcionais oral de emergência. Métodos: refere-se a uma pesquisa bibliográfica de caráter exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, sobre a importância da atuação farmacêutica na prevenção da automedicação entre consumidoras de pílula do dia seguinte. As buscas foram realizadas nos meses de agosto a novembro de 2021, nas bases de dados, LILACS, SCIELO e PUBMED por meio dos descritores, controlados disponíveis no DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde) e seu correspondente MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), nos idiomas português e inglês: “contraceptivos de emergência”, “efeitos adversos”, “automedicação” e “pílula do dia seguinte”, foram utilizados como operador booleano a palavra inglesa AND, correspondente a conjunção E, para ligação dos descritores, para a ocorrência simultânea de assunto: “emergency contraceptives”, “adverse effects”, “self-medication” and “morning-after pill”. Resultados: Identificou-se que a contracepção de emergência é um método de apoio para prevenir a gravidez e não é para uso rotineiro. Podendo trazer reações indesejáveis, cabendo ao farmacêutico ações voltadas a educação dessas usuárias afim de evitar a automedicação. Conclusão: o uso de contraceptivos de emergência no Brasil, embora envolto em questões sociais, políticas e religiosas, é de extrema importância no controle da natalidade e o farmacêutico tem um papel importante no combate a automedicação e no uso consciente do contraceptivo de emergência.

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Jones, Stephanie, Sue Barker, Eugene Athan, and Stephen Graves. "The tip of the iceberg: opportunistic screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic patients attending a young people's health clinic reveals a high prevalence — a pilot study." Sexual Health 1, no. 2 (2004): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh03007.

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Objectives: We implemented an opportunistic screening programme for Chlamydia trachomatis amongst patients presenting to a young peoples’ health service in the city of Geelong, Australia, to define the prevalence of infection and to identify specific risk factors. Methods: Over a 7-month period sexually active patients attending the young peoples’ clinic were offered C. trachomatis screening by nucleic acid amplification test. There was 100% acceptance rate among those offered the test. Patient demographics, reason for presentation at the clinic and reported symptoms were documented by the clinicians and correlated with laboratory findings. Results: 163 patients between the ages of 12–25 were tested, nine males and 154 females. The prevalence of chlamydia infection was 5.8% and was highest (16.0%) among patients presenting for the morning after pill. Inhibition of the nucleic acid amplification test occurred in 11.0% of urine samples. All patients with inhibited tests were asked to provide a repeat sample for retesting, but only 50% complied with this request. The majority of repeat samples (88.9%) had no inhibitors present and yielded a negative result. There was no correlation between symptoms and a positive chlamydia result. Conclusions: Chlamydia infection is common in young people engaging in unsafe sexual practice and cannot be predicted by the presence of symptoms. The high prevalence of infection in Geelong would make screening cost effective in this age group. Ongoing population screening of sexually active young people should be encouraged in community health centres. Inhibition of the nucleic acid amplification test was common but repeat testing of urine a few days later usually gave satisfactory results.

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Toro-Flores, Rafael, Pilar Bravo-Agüi, María Victoria Catalán-Gómez, Marisa González-Hernando, María Jesús Guijarro-Cenisergue, Margarita Moreno-Vázquez, Isabel Roch-Hamelin, and Tamara Raquel Velasco-Sanz. "Opinions of nurses regarding conscientious objection." Nursing Ethics 26, no. 4 (November 12, 2017): 1027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733017731915.

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Background: In the last decades, there have been important developments in the scientific and technological areas of healthcare. On certain occasions this provokes conflict between the patients' rights and the values of healthcare professionals which brings about, within this clinical relationship, the problem of conscientious objection. Aims: To learn the opinions that the Nurses of the Madrid Autonomous Community have regarding conscientious objection. Research design: Cross-cutting descriptive study. Participants and research context: The nurses of 9 hospitals and 12 Health Centers in the Madrid Autonomous Community. The study was done by means of an auto completed anonymous questionnaire. The variables studied were social-demographical and their opinions about conscientious objections. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Ethical Community of Clinical Research of the University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias. Participants were assured of maximum confidentiality and anonymity. Findings: A total of 421 nurses answered the questionnaire. In total, 55.6% of the nurses confirmed they were religious believers, and 64.3% declared having poor knowledge regarding conscientious objection. The matters that caused the greatest objections were voluntary abortions, genetic embryo selection, refusal of blood transfusions, and therapy refusal. Discussion: Different authors state that the most significant cases of conscientious objections for health professionals are those regarding carrying out or assisting in abortions, euthanasia, the practice of assisted reproduction and, finally, the prescription and dispensing of the morning-after pill. In our study, the most significant cases in which the nurses would declare conscientious objections would be the refusal to accept treatment, the selection of embryos after genetic diagnosis preimplantation, the patient’s refusal to receive blood transfusions due to religious reasons and pregnant women’s request for voluntary abortions within the first 14 weeks. Conclusion: Nurses’ religious beliefs influence their opinions regarding conscientious objection. The nurses who declare themselves as religious believers object in a higher percentage than those without religious beliefs.

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Sweetman, A., B. Lechat, S. Appleton, A. Reynolds, R. Adams, and Y. Melaku. "O052 Association of co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnoea (COMISA) symptoms with all-cause mortality: Analysis of the NHANES 2005-2008 data." SLEEP Advances 3, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2022): A21—A22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.051.

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Abstract Introduction Co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnoea (COMISA) is a highly prevalent condition associated with negative health outcomes. This population-based study aimed to investigate the association between COMISA and all-cause mortality. Methods Sleep data in 6,877 participants (Age median [IQR]=45 [33,57], 50.1% male) were drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2008). Insomnia was defined as difficulties initiating sleep, long awakenings, and/or early morning awakenings on ≥16 nights/month, with daytime impairment. The STOP-Bang questionnaire was used to identify participants at high risk of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). COMISA was defined if participants met criteria for insomnia and high risk of OSA. The median (IQR) follow-up for mortality was 8.6 (7.8, 9.8) years. Cox regression models were used to determine the association between COMISA and all-cause mortality, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, behavioural factors and chronic conditions. Results The prevalence of no insomnia/OSA, insomnia-alone, OSA-alone, and COMISA were 73.5, 3.0, 20.1, and 3.3%, respectively, and 6.7% of participants died by 11-year follow-up. Compared to participants with no insomnia/OSA, higher mortality risk was observed in participants with COMISA (HR=1.9; 95%CI=1.3-2.8) and insomnia alone (HR=1.5; 95%CI=1.0-2.3) after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics, and behavioural factors. The relationship between COMISA and mortality persisted after additionally controlling for chronic conditions, sleep duration and sleeping pill use (HR=1.6; 95%CI=1.1-2.3), but the relationship between insomnia-alone and mortality did not (HR=1.4; 95%CI=0.9-2.3). Discussion Co-morbid insomnia and high-risk OSA is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality. More research is needed to identify effective treatments for COMISA.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Morning after pill'

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