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Journal articles on the topic 'Morelia viridis'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Natusch, Daniel J. D., and Jessica A. Lyons. "Geographic frequency and ecological correlates of juvenile colour polymorphism in green pythons (Morelia azurea and Morelia viridis)." Australian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 2 (2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo21002.

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Colour polymorphisms are common in nature, but their evolutionary significance and the mechanisms maintaining them sometimes remain poorly understood. Polymorphic green pythons (Morelia azurea and Morelia viridis) are born either red or yellow. Several processes are proposed to maintain such polymorphisms, and the assumption that colour is adaptive predicts that it may be correlated with a series of life-history and/or ecological traits. We examined 1090 green pythons from northern Australia and New Guinea and reveal strong geographic variation in the frequency of juvenile polymorphism. Some variation is explained by known genetic structure among populations, while stochastic processes (e.g. bottlenecks, founder effects) likely explain remaining variation. The yellow juvenile morph occurs in all populations of M. azurea and M. viridis, whereas the red morph occurs only in some populations of M. azurea and at varying frequencies. Yellow and red juveniles did not differ in morph-specific survival, sex ratios, morphology (tail length, head shape and mass) or diet. We discuss our results in relation to several hypotheses relating to maintenance of colour polymorphisms in nature. Although inconclusive, we are reluctant to suggest that colour is non-adaptive, and encourage additional experimental field research on the significance of polymorphism in these taxa.

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2

Rawlings, Lesley H., and Stephen C. Donnellan. "Phylogeographic analysis of the green python, Morelia viridis, reveals cryptic diversity." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 27, no. 1 (April 2003): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00396-2.

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3

Finnegan, D. K., A. N. Cartoceti, A. M. Hauck, and E. E. B. LaDouceur. "Meningeal Granular Cell Tumour in a Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis)." Journal of Comparative Pathology 174 (January 2020): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.190.

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4

MORÉ, GASTÓN, NIKOLA PANTCHEV, DALAND C. HERRMANN, MAJDA GLOBOKAR VRHOVEC, SABINE ÖFNER, FRANZ J. CONRATHS, and GEREON SCHARES. "Molecular identification ofSarcocystisspp. helped to define the origin of green pythons (Morelia viridis) confiscated in Germany." Parasitology 141, no. 5 (December 5, 2013): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001960.

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SUMMARYSarcocystisspp. represent apicomplexan parasites. They usually have a heteroxenous life cycle. Around 200 species have been described, affecting a wide range of animals worldwide, including reptiles. In recent years, large numbers of reptiles have been imported into Europe as pets and, as a consequence, animal welfare and species protection issues emerged. A sample of pooled feces from four confiscated green pythons (Morelia viridis) containingSarcocystisspp. sporocysts was investigated. These snakes were imported for the pet trade and declared as being captive-bred. Full length 18S rRNA genes were amplified, cloned into plasmids and sequenced. Two differentSarcocystisspp. sequences were identified and registered asSarcocystissp. fromM. viridisin GenBank. Both showed a 95–97% sequence identity with the 18S rRNA gene ofSarcocystis singaporensis.Phylogenetic analysis positioned these sequences together with otherSarcocystisspp. from snakes and rodents as definitive and intermediate hosts (IH), respectively. Sequence data and also the results of clinical and parasitological examinations suggest that the snakes were definitive hosts forSarcocystisspp. that circulate in wild IH. Thus, it seems unlikely that the infected snakes had been legally bred. Our research shows that information on the infection of snakes withSarcocystisspp. may be used to assess compliance with regulations on the trade with wildlife species.

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5

Natusch, Daniel James Deans, and David Francis Stewart Natusch. "Distribution, abundance and demography of green pythons (Morelia viridis) in Cape York Peninsula, Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 59, no. 3 (2011): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo11031.

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The green python (Morelia viridis) is an iconic snake species highly sought after in the pet trade and is the target of illegal collection. Despite their popularity, some important ecological attributes of green pythons remain unknown, making their effective conservation management difficult. Detection-only surveys were conducted throughout the potential range of the green python in Australia, and intensive mark–recapture surveys were conducted in the areas where there have been previous records. In total, 298 green pythons were located in the Iron, McIlwraith and Kawadji–Ngaachi ranges of Cape York, distributed over an estimated area of 2289 km2, where they frequented rainforest habitats and adjacent vine thickets. They were not found in the Lockerbie Scrub or Jardine River Catchment, despite anecdotal records. Green python density was estimated to be 540 km–2 in the Iron Range and 200 km–2 in the McIlwraith Range, where the percentages of adults captured were 56% and 83%, respectively. The differences between abundance and population demographics in the Iron and McIlwraith ranges may be due to differences in prey abundance and the impacts of collection. The results of this study provide baseline data to conservation managers and policy makers for the future conservation management of this species in Australia.

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6

Wilson, D., R. Heinsohn, and J. Wood. "Life-history traits and ontogenetic colour change in an arboreal tropical python, Morelia viridis." Journal of Zoology 270, no. 3 (November 2006): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00190.x.

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7

Vetere, Alessandro, Chiara Simonini, Silvia Casali, Marco Masi, Paolo Selleri, and Giordano Nardini. "First report of oral squamous cell carcinoma in a green tree python (Morelia viridis)." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 35 (October 2020): 92–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2020.08.012.

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8

Meyer, Jean, Igor Loncaric, Barbara Richter, and Joachim Spergser. "Fatal Purpureocillium lilacinum pneumonia in a green tree python." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717750430.

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A 10-y-old female green tree python ( Morelia viridis) died of fungal pneumonia caused by Purpureocillium lilacinum, which was confirmed histologically and by PCR and subsequent DNA sequencing. The same fungal species was cultivated from a swab taken from the terrarium in which the snake was housed. Clinical and environmental P. lilacinum isolates were indistinguishable by the typing method applied, strongly suggesting clonal relatedness of both isolates. Because no other underlying predisposing respiratory infection could be detected by virus-specific PCR or histopathology, P. lilacinum was considered a primary pulmonary pathogen in this tree python.

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9

Natusch, Daniel J. D., Damien Esquerré, Jessica A. Lyons, Amir Hamidy, Alan R. Lemmon, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Awal Riyanto, J. Scott Keogh, and Stephen Donnellan. "Species delimitation and systematics of the green pythons (Morelia viridis complex) of melanesia and Australia." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 142 (January 2020): 106640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106640.

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10

Fehr, M., Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio, Marion Hewicker-Trautwein, and Karina Mathes. "Mit Einengung des Herzens und Ösophagus verbundene fibrinopurulente Pneumonie bei einem Grünen Baumpython (Morelia viridis)." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 32, no. 02 (2004): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622401.

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Zusammenfassung: Gegenstand und Ziel: Beschreibung des Falls eines Lungenabszesses bei einem Grünen Baumpython (Morelia viridis) mit Diskussion der Differenzialdiagnosen. Ergebnisse: Das seit drei Monaten inappetente Tier wies eine stetig zunehmende, mäßig elastische, nicht verschiebliche Umfangsvermehrung im Bereich des kranialen Körperdrittels auf. Röntgenologisch stellte sich diese etwa auf Herzhöhe gelegene Zubildung als inhomogene Verschattung dar. Nach Eingabe von Kontrastmittel in den Ösophagus per Sonde zeigte sich eine Verdrängung desselben auf Herzhöhe. Sonographisch war keine Flüssigkeitsansammlung nachweisbar, das Gewebe hatte eine inhomogene Textur. Das von einer Kapsel umgebene Gebilde konnte in toto exstirpiert werden und erwies sich als Abszess. Der histologische Befund lautete hochgradige fibrinopurulente Pneumonie. Die mikrobiologische Untersuchung ergab einen hochgradigen Gehalt an Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii und α-hämolysierenden Streptokokken. Entsprechend dem Antibiogramm erhielt die Schlange Enrofloxacin über acht Tage. Die Behandlung führte zur komplikationslosen Heilung. Schlussfolgerung: Wie auch in der Literatur mehrfach beschrieben wird für Reptilien mit Abszess die kombinierte Therapie aus chirurgischem Eingriff und antimikrobieller Therapie nach Antibiogramm empfohlen.

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11

Wilson, David, Robert Heinsohn, and John A. Endler. "The adaptive significance of ontogenetic colour change in a tropical python." Biology Letters 3, no. 1 (December 5, 2006): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0574.

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Ontogenetic colour change is typically associated with changes in size, vulnerability or habitat, but assessment of its functional significance requires quantification of the colour signals from the receivers' perspective. The tropical python, Morelia viridis , is an ideal species to establish the functional significance of ontogenetic colour change. Neonates hatch either yellow or red and both the morphs change to green with age. Here, we show that colour change from red or yellow to green provides camouflage from visually oriented avian predators in the different habitats used by juveniles and adults. This reflects changes in foraging behaviour and vulnerability as individuals mature and provides a rare demonstration of the adaptive value of ontogenetic colour change.

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12

WILSON, DAVID, ROBERT HEINSOHN, and SARAH LEGGE. "Age- and sex-related differences in the spatial ecology of a dichromatic tropical python (Morelia viridis)." Austral Ecology 31, no. 5 (August 2006): 577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01519.x.

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13

Simard, Jules, Eva Vandermeulen, Olivia Taylor, Leslie Bosseler, and Tom Hellebuyck. "SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF GRANULOMATOUS ESOPHAGITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION IN A GREEN TREE PYTHON (MORELIA VIRIDIS)." Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine 30 (July 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2018.11.007.

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14

Natusch, Daniel J. D., and Jessica A. Lyons. "Geographic and Sexual Variations in Body Size, Morphology, and Diet among Five Populations of Green Pythons (Morelia viridis)." Journal of Herpetology 48, no. 3 (September 2014): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/12-207.

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15

Dervas, D., J. Hepojoki, S. Keller, C. Jelinek, A. Laimbacher, A. Kipar, and U. Hetzel. "Nidovirus Infection of green tree pythons: Identification and morphological features of a fatal respiratory disease in Morelia viridis." Journal of Comparative Pathology 156, no. 1 (January 2017): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.11.014.

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16

Natusch, Daniel J. D., and Jessica A. Lyons. "Relationships between ontogenetic changes in prey selection, head shape, sexual maturity, and colour in an Australasian python (Morelia viridis)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107, no. 2 (June 22, 2012): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2012.01941.x.

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17

Wilson, David, and Robert Heinsohn. "Geographic range, population structure and conservation status of the green python (Morelia viridis), a popular snake in the captive pet trade." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 3 (2007): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06078.

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Accurate knowledge of distribution and population size is required for effective conservation and management of wild species. Here we report on the first estimates of the distribution and density of the green python (Morelia viridis), an iconic rainforest species widely kept in captivity. We used climatic modelling to predict its distribution in Papua New Guinea, and both climate and vegetation mapping to predict its Australian distribution. We used mark–recapture methods to estimate the density and population structure of green pythons at Iron Range, northern Australia. Bioclimatic analyses suggested that there is extensive climatically suitable habitat in Papua New Guinea (≥200 000 km2), but very little in Australia (~300 km2). However, use of vegetation maps increases the predicted suitable area of occupancy in Australia to 3127 km2, including nine regional ecosystems. Density estimates at Iron Range were 4–5 ha–1 in the complex vine forest regional ecosystem; however, only half of these were mature adults. The large predicted area of occurrence and the high density in the one intensively studied area suggest that the species is not vulnerable to extinction in the short term. However, more studies are needed in both New Guinea and Australia, especially to quantify the impact of harvesting green pythons for the pet trade.

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18

PEES, MICHAEL, INGMAR KIEFER, JENS THIELEBEIN, GERHARD OECHTERING, and MARIA-ELISABETH KRAUTWALD-JUNGHANNS. "COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE LUNG OF HEALTHY SNAKES OF THE SPECIESPYTHON REGIUS, BOA CONSTRICTOR, PYTHON RETICULATUS, MORELIA VIRIDIS, EPICRATES CENCHRIA, ANDMORELIA SPILOTA." Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 50, no. 5 (September 2009): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01569.x.

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19

Lyons, Jessica A., and Daniel J. D. Natusch. "Wildlife laundering through breeding farms: Illegal harvest, population declines and a means of regulating the trade of green pythons (Morelia viridis) from Indonesia." Biological Conservation 144, no. 12 (December 2011): 3073–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.002.

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20

Krey, Keliopas, Denisa Taran, Hendrik Burwos, and Irvan Sidik. "THE SNAKES COLLECTION FROM PAPUA, INDONESIA WITH NOTES ON ANALYSIS OF STOMACH CONTENT." VOGELKOP: Jurnal Biologi 2, no. 1 (September 8, 2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/vogelkopjbio.v2i1.57.

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A complete list of snake species found in Papua is essential for the conservation and management of these species in the future. This study provides a basic overview of the snake’s specimens deposited in the Laboratorium Zoology UNIPA (LZU) at Manokwari, West Papua Province during at last 15 years. In addition, these data are compared with specimens from the Muzeum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) at Cibinong, West Java. We recorded 30 species of snakes from LZU (36.1%), and 43 species from MZB (51.8%), of the 83 species reported by Allison (2007). Clearly much more collecting effort needs to be focused on Papua, as less than 50% of the known species have voucher specimens in a museum. Of the species on collection, Morelia viridis is the only protected species on Papua, while Lycodon aulicus is the only alien species. We also conducted a through investigation of prey content for each species using preserved stomach contents. We dissected a total of 93 specimens. Twenty-nine percent of the specimens contained prey items. We discovered four categories of prey items, whole body, body parts, shell, and hair. The prey items belonged to the following four classes of animals: Reptiles (56%), Amphibians (16%), Mammals (19%), and Osteichtyes (9%).

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21

Klein, Marie-Christin G., and Stanislav N. Gorb. "Epidermis architecture and material properties of the skin of four snake species." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9, no. 76 (August 15, 2012): 3140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0479.

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On the basis of structural and experimental data, it was previously demonstrated that the snake integument consists of a hard, robust, inflexible outer surface ( Oberhäutchen and β-layer) and softer, flexible inner layers (α-layers). It is not clear whether this phenomenon is a general adaptation of snakes to limbless locomotion or only to specific conditions, such as habitat and locomotion. The aim of the present study was to compare the structure and material properties of the outer scale layers (OSLs) and inner scale layers (ISLs) of the exuvium epidermis in four snake species specialized to live in different habitats: Lampropeltis getula californiae (terrestrial), Epicrates cenchria cenchria (generalist), Morelia viridis (arboreal) and Gongylophis colubrinus (sand-burrowing). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of skin cross sections revealed a strong variation in the epidermis structure between species. The nanoindentation experiments clearly demonstrated a gradient of material properties along the epidermis in the integument of all the species studied. The presence of such a gradient is a possible adaptation to locomotion and wear minimization on natural substrates. In general, the difference in both the effective elastic modulus and hardness of the OSL and ISL between species was not large compared with the difference in epidermis thickness and architecture.

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22

Sriwanayos, Preeyanan, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Natalie K. Stilwell, Kamonchai Imnoi, Vsevolod L. Popov, Somkiat Kanchanakhan, Jaree Polchana, and Thomas B. Waltzek. "Phylogenomic characterization of ranaviruses isolated from cultured fish and amphibians in Thailand." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 963–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0043.

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Ranaviruses are emerging pathogens associated with worldwide epizootics in farmed and wild ectothermic vertebrates. In this study, we determined the full genomes of eight ranaviruses isolated from marbled sleeper goby ( Oxyeleotris marmorata), goldfish ( Carassius auratus), guppy ( Poecilia reticulata), tiger frog ( Hoplobatrachus tigerinus), Asian grass frog ( Fejervarya limnocharis), and East Asian bullfrog ( H. rugulosus) cultured or imported into Thailand. These ranaviral isolates induced the same cytopathic effects (i.e., progression of coalescing round plaques) in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell cultures. Transmission electron microscopy of infected EPC cells revealed cytoplasmic viral particles with ultrastructural features typical for ranaviruses. Pairwise genetic comparisons of the complete major capsid protein coding sequences from the Thai ranaviruses displayed the highest identity (99.8%–100%) to a ranavirus (tiger frog virus; TFV) isolated from diseased tiger frogs cultured in China, a slightly lower identity (99.3%–99.4%) to a ranavirus (Wamena virus; WV) isolated from diseased green tree pythons ( Morelia viridis) illegally exported from Papua New Guinea, and a lower identity to 35 other ranaviruses (93.7%–98.6%). Phylogenomic analyses supported the eight Thai ranaviruses, Chinese TFV, and WV as a subclade within a larger frog virus 3 clade. Our findings confirm the spread of TFV among cultured fish and amphibians in Asia and likely in reptiles in Oceania. Biosecurity measures are needed to ensure TFV does not continue to spread throughout Southeast Asia and to other parts of the world via international trade.

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23

Mesfir Al-Qahtani, Salem. "Diversity of Weeds Species in Citrus Farms of Taymma (Tabuk, Saudi Arabia): Implication for Invasive Species Ecology." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 3 (September 11, 2018): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2668.

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Invasive species of weeds in agroecosystem is known as a critical problem which is associated with severe economic loss as they compete the crops for niche, water and nutrients. There is a lacking in the information about biology and ecology of weeds communities in agroecosystems of Saudi Arabia particularly citrus farms. The present study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of weeds in selected citrus farms of Taymma (Saudi Arabia). A total of 36 weed species belonging to 20 families were recorded in citrus farms of Taymma. The species Aizoon canariense, Artemisia seiberi, Morettia parviflora, Oxalis corniculata, Setaria viridis and Salsola imbricata were the dominant species in the citrus farms. The dominant family was Poacea, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae and Chenopodiaceae. The total number of weed species (gamma diversity index γ), ranged between 25 and 27. Three diversity indices were calculated; Shannon-Weiner (H’), Simpson (1-D) and Margalef. There was no significance differences in the three diversity measures among the selected citrus farms (One-way ANOVA Shannon-Weiner (H’); F2,12=0.025 and P=0.975, Simpson; F2,12=0.071 and P=0.932, Margalef; F2,12=0.113 and P=0.895). The variance in the species among the sites as expressed by beta diversity (β) varied slightly among the studied farms. The present study provides essential information about ecology of weeds in citrus agroecosystem. It is recommended that further ecological studies should be carried out to better understand the biological and environmental factors that structuring the weeds communities in arid region.

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24

Dervas, Eva, Jussi Hepojoki, Andrea Laimbacher, Fernando Romero-Palomo, Christine Jelinek, Saskia Keller, Teemu Smura, Satu Hepojoki, Anja Kipar, and Udo Hetzel. "Nidovirus-Associated Proliferative Pneumonia in the Green Tree Python (Morelia viridis)." Journal of Virology 91, no. 21 (August 9, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00718-17.

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ABSTRACT In 2014 we observed a noticeable increase in the number of sudden deaths among green tree pythons (Morelia viridis). Pathological examination revealed the accumulation of mucoid material within the airways and lungs in association with enlargement of the entire lung. We performed a full necropsy and histological examination on 12 affected green tree pythons from 7 different breeders to characterize the pathogenesis of this mucinous pneumonia. By histology we could show a marked hyperplasia of the airway epithelium and of faveolar type II pneumocytes. Since routine microbiological tests failed to identify a causative agent, we studied lung tissue samples from a few diseased snakes by next-generation sequencing (NGS). From the NGS data we could assemble a piece of RNA genome whose sequence was <85% identical to that of nidoviruses previously identified in ball pythons and Indian pythons. We then employed reverse transcription-PCR to demonstrate the presence of the novel nidovirus in all diseased snakes. To attempt virus isolation, we established primary cultures of Morelia viridis liver and brain cells, which we inoculated with homogenates of lung tissue from infected individuals. Ultrastructural examination of concentrated cell culture supernatants showed the presence of nidovirus particles, and subsequent NGS analysis yielded the full genome of the novel virus Morelia viridis nidovirus (MVNV). We then generated an antibody against MVNV nucleoprotein, which we used alongside RNA in situ hybridization to demonstrate viral antigen and RNA in the affected lungs. This suggests that in natural infection MVNV damages the respiratory tract epithelium, which then results in epithelial hyperplasia, most likely as an exaggerated regenerative attempt in association with increased epithelial turnover. IMPORTANCE Novel nidoviruses associated with severe respiratory disease were fairly recently identified in ball pythons and Indian pythons. Herein we report on the isolation and identification of a further nidovirus from green tree pythons (Morelia viridis) with fatal pneumonia. We thoroughly characterized the pathological changes in the infected individuals and show that nidovirus infection is associated with marked epithelial proliferation in the respiratory tract. We speculate that this and the associated excess mucus production can lead to the animals' death by inhibiting normal gas exchange in the lungs. The virus was predominantly detected in the respiratory tract, which renders transmission via the respiratory route likely. Nidoviruses cause sudden outbreaks with high rates of mortality in breeding collections, and most affected snakes die without prior clinical signs. These findings, together with those of other groups, indicate that nidoviruses are a likely cause of severe pneumonia in pythons.

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25

Sutarno, Simon. "PEMANFAATAN HEWAN SEBAGAI OBAT TRADISIONAL DALAM KEHIDUPAN SUKU HATTAM DI KAMPUNG MOKWAM MENYAMBOUW." Jurnal Natural 7, no. 1 (April 1, 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.30862/jn.v7i1.671.

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<p><em>This research aim to document traditional knowledge (indigenous knowledge) of the Hattam tribe in exploiting animals as traditional drug, in which the observation was done on the animal type, way of exploiting, and also on other culture and knowledge related to pattern of exploiting animals as drug in the life of the tribe. The result shows that there are 9 animals used as traditional drug in the life of the Hattam tribe in Mokwam village, that is: Rana grisea, Litoria arfakiana, Litoria micromembrana, Litoria angiana, Nyctimystes pulchra, Accipiter sp., Morelia viridis, Micropechis sp., and Sus sp. The animals were used as drugs to cure skin disease (purities), bloated, flatulent stomach, wounds, and in increasing vitality.</em></p>

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26

Kovalev, A., A. Filippov, and S. N. Gorb. "Correlation analysis of symmetry breaking in the surface nanostructure ordering: case study of the ventral scale of the snake Morelia viridis." Applied Physics A 122, no. 3 (March 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-9795-2.

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27

Dervas, Eva, Jussi Hepojoki, Teemu Smura, Barbara Prähauser, Katharina Windbichler, Sandra Blümich, Antonio Ramis, Udo Hetzel, and Anja Kipar. "Serpentoviruses: More than Respiratory Pathogens." Journal of Virology 94, no. 18 (July 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00649-20.

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ABSTRACT In recent years, nidoviruses have emerged as important respiratory pathogens of reptiles, affecting captive python populations. In pythons, nidovirus (recently reclassified as serpentovirus) infection induces an inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary tract which can develop into a severe, often fatal proliferative pneumonia. We observed pyogranulomatous and fibrinonecrotic lesions in organ systems other than the respiratory tract during full postmortem examinations on 30 serpentovirus reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)-positive pythons of varying species originating from Switzerland and Spain. The observations prompted us to study whether this not yet reported wider distribution of lesions is associated with previously unknown serpentoviruses or changes in the serpentovirus genome. RT-PCR and inoculation of Morelia viridis cell cultures served to recruit the cases and obtain virus isolates. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining against serpentovirus nucleoprotein demonstrated that the virus infects not only a broad spectrum of epithelia (respiratory and alimentary epithelium, hepatocytes, renal tubules, pancreatic ducts, etc.), but also intravascular monocytes, intralesional macrophages, and endothelial cells. With next-generation sequencing we obtained a full-length genome for a novel serpentovirus species circulating in Switzerland. Analysis of viral genomes recovered from pythons showing serpentovirus infection-associated respiratory or systemic disease did not reveal sequence association to phenotypes; however, functional studies with different strains are needed to confirm this observation. The results indicate that serpentoviruses have a broad cell and tissue tropism, further suggesting that the course of infection could vary and involve lesions in a broad spectrum of tissues and organ systems as a consequence of monocyte-mediated viral systemic spread. IMPORTANCE During the last years, python nidoviruses (now reclassified as serpentoviruses) have become a primary cause of fatal disease in pythons. Serpentoviruses represent a threat to captive snake collections, as they spread rapidly and can be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Our study indicates that, different from previous evidence, the viruses do not only affect the respiratory tract, but can spread in the entire body with blood monocytes, have a broad spectrum of target cells, and can induce a variety of lesions. Nidovirales is an order of animal and human viruses that comprises important zoonotic pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. Serpentoviruses belong to the same order as the above-mentioned human viruses and show similar characteristics (rapid spread, respiratory and gastrointestinal tropism, etc.). The present study confirms the relevance of natural animal diseases to better understand the complexity of viruses of the order Nidovirales.

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