Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Morality of care'

In England, medical, nursing and other healthcare professions are required by their codes of professional ethics to have a working knowledge of moral principles and to be able to apply them in practice. Little, if anything, is said explicitly by these professions about the virtues. However, much is said about the character of the doctor or the nurse, and their supposed ability to recognise moral issues in their professional work and make morally good decisions. Edmund Pellegrino has questioned the appropriateness of applying moral principles to medical practice in contemporary times without a firm foundation. He attempts to restore the moral foundation of the profession of medicine, by restricting an account of the good to the profession which he claims, unlike ethics in general, there can be agreement on norms. From this position, moral principles in medical ethics can be justified, agreed upon, and provide firm action guidance in practice, as well as provide an independent ground for medical virtues. I will claim that Pellegrino's concern about disagreement and a loss of norms in ethics in general is not resolved in the restricted field of professional medical ethics and that his understanding of principles and the link with virtue is confused. Then, using virtue terms Pellegrino himself thinks necessary for making good decisions in practice, I will show how a certain account of the virtues can provide a plausible account of how we can become good healthcare workers and so support Pellegrino's goal; though it will not support his confidence in supplying both clear, moral, and normative constraints in a code of professional medical ethics and firm decision-making in practice.

This dissertation analyses an ethnographic study of how people in a peri-urban, agricultural village in western Kenya have responded to the questions of who will care for children, and how, when those children’s parents, or other primary caregivers, have died. It examines the practical and ideological implications of wide-scale orphaning among a population that has experienced increased numbers and proportions of orphaned children mainly due to HIV/AIDS, as well as the gradual depletion of resources in terms of both the availability of middle-aged adults and the security of economic livelihoods. The research explores how specific caring relationships, as well as general sociality, have been challenged, adapted, and affirmed or rejected normatively and practically in this context. The research revealed a high degree of questioning in people’s efforts to forge responses to children’s orphaned situations. Rarely was there unambiguous consensus in the study context concerning what should be done in response to children’s orphanhood in light of families’ diminished livelihood capacities. More broadly, there was a distinctive concern with how such situations might be appraised in moral terms. The analysis therefore focuses on three main concerns, including: how to understand uncertainty as a condition of life, and the implications of this; how a shared perspective of uncertainty has spurred a concern with morality in the study context, and specifically galvanised a moral economy of kinship; and how the concern with morality affected what was deemed at stake in people’s lives.

Families of children with life-limiting prognoses are often their primary care providers. The child’s variable condition and changing care requirements can result in families’ uncertainty while managing their child’s care at home. This conversation analytic investigation of a paediatric palliative telephone-support line reveals how specialist clinicians care for the changing needs of children, while also caring for parents’ myriad practical, moral, and emotional needs by providing reassurance. Analysis of clinicians’ delivery of reassurance show that when parents report differing dimensions of uncertainty, clinicians recurrently respond by prioritising parents’ emotional support so that parents’ delivery of care can continue.

The emphasis of the inquiry is on the domain of education and the relationship present between the teacher and student more specifically. Essentially, the first part of the thesis outlines how the larger social-political system impacts the domain of public education, with the predominant issues of adversity becoming manifest at the level of the relationship that exists between teacher and student. The second part of the work utilizes the problems discovered and their impact on human experience to propose a virtue/care based method for approaching the relationship with the student in a way that both aligns more closely with the movement of experience, while also functioning to assist the student in shaping their own moral character. Essentially, the method being proposed is something that is meant to assist the teacher in her attempts to communicate with the student in a more personal sort of way, thus allowing for a higher degree of understanding of the unique personality of each student, with this understanding leading the teacher to form a more flexible approach that takes into account the various personalities of the students. In so doing the teacher is working to bring the experience of the student into the educative process, which should thereby increase student performance through their feeling more involved in the education being received.

In this thesis, a phenomenological approach is taken as the purpose is to discuss how the healthcare experiences of Swedish patients with chronic illness are affected by political state reforms and governing technologies. The thesis compares the discourse of Swedish healthcare policy with the discourse of healthcare in practice. Swedish healthcare has gone through major changes during the past decades, which have affected the state-to-patient relationship. This shift involved a transfer of responsibility from the state to its citizens, enabled through patient empowerment. In this change, a new ideal patient-role emerged, which is the patient as an informed and active consumer. What this thesis shows is the existence of a discrepancy between the ideal patient-role in governmental writing and the same ideal patient-role in the reality of the healthcare system. The ethnography consists of a literature study of healthcare policy documents and interviews with ten informants about their experiences of healthcare, in connection with the chronic diseases that affected their lives. The aim has been to examine the governing qualities of healthcare policy and practice, implementing Foucault’s theory of governmentality and technologies of the self.

The overall aim of this thesis is to look at some philosophical issues surrounding autonomous systems in society and war. These issues can be divided into three main categories. The first, discussed in papers I and II, concerns ethical issues surrounding the use of autonomous systems – where the focus in this thesis is on military robots. The second issue, discussed in paper III, concerns how to make sure that advanced robots behave ethically adequate. The third issue, discussed in papers IV and V, has to do with agency and responsibility. Another issue, somewhat aside from the philosophical, has to do with coping with future technologies, and developing methods for dealing with potentially disruptive technologies. This is discussed in papers VI and VII. Paper I systemizes some ethical issues surrounding the use of UAVs in war, with the laws of war as a backdrop. It is suggested that the laws of war are too wide and might be interpreted differently depending on which normative moral theory is used. Paper II is about future, more advanced autonomous robots, and whether the use of such robots can undermine the justification for killing in war. The suggestion is that this justification is substantially undermined if robots are used to replace humans to a high extent. Papers I and II both suggest revisions or additions to the laws or war. Paper III provides a discussion on one normative moral theory – ethics of care – connected to care robots. The aim is twofold: first, to provide a plausible and ethically relevant interpretation of the key term care in ethics of care, and second, to discuss whether ethics of care may be a suitable theory to implement in care robots. Paper IV discusses robots connected to agency and responsibility, with a focus on consciousness. The paper has a functionalistic approach, and it is suggested that robots should be considered agents if they can behave as if they are, in a moral Turing test. Paper V is also about robots and agency, but with a focus on free will. The main question is whether robots can have free will in the same sense as we consider humans to have free will when holding them responsible for their actions in a court of law. It is argued that autonomy with respect to norms is crucial for the agency of robots. Paper VI investigates the assessment of socially disruptive technological change. The coevolution of society and potentially disruptive technolgies makes decision-guidance on such technologies difficult. Four basic principles are proposed for such decision guidance, involving interdisciplinary and participatory elements. Paper VII applies the results from paper VI – and a workshop – to autonomous systems, a potentially disruptive technology. A method for dealing with potentially disruptive technolgies is developed in the paper.

QC 20130911

This thesis investigates the construction of the therapist-client alliance in the therapeutic setting with perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). Moreover, it explores the ways a Feminist Ethics of Care perspective could enhance the partnership between the actors. To fulfil such aims, the author conducted six in-depth semi-structured interviews with psychologists working at one of the most renowned institutions for perpetrators of IPV in Norway and Sweden. The analysis of the psychologists' discourses demonstrates that several factors are influential in the alliance construction. The most important aspects are: the clients' perspective towards the psychologists; the therapists' views towards the clients; the psychologists' engagement with moral sentiments; the power struggle between the actors; and the use of techniques for the professionals to enhance their connection with the clients. Besides that, the discourses also show that moral superiority seems to guide the psychologists when relating with the perpetrators. Their views are embedded in an individualistic ethics based on the principles of Kohlberg's Ethics of Justice. The thesis suggests that a collective ethics such as Gilligan's Feminist Ethics of Care would enhance the partnership between the actors. This theoretical framework allows the psychologists to change their superior moral views of the clients to a moral responsibility towards them. When such movement in perspective happens, the therapists begin to see the perpetrators as human beings with many different facets. Consequently, they truly deny a judgmental impression towards their identity.

This dissertation examines correlations between religiousness and spirituality, to moral orientations using moral foundations theory as a framework. Using the 2012 Measuring Morality dataset, which provides a representative sample of the population of the United States, I create linear regressions which test associations between religiousness, spirituality, and each of the five moral foundations ((harm/care, fairness, in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and purity). I find that religiousness is negatively associated with concern for harm, and positively associated with respect for authority, a finding which implies that the moral behavior of religious people is rooted in respect for authority more than in any other moral concern. Spirituality is positively associated with concern for fairness. The implications of all findings are discussed, as well as limitations and recommendations for future research.

The purpose of this review of literature is to investigate the various roles of video surveillance (VS) in the hospital's intensive care unit (ICU) as well as its legal and ethical implications. Today, hospitals spend more money on the ICU than on any other unit. By 2030, the population of those 65 and over is expected to double. 80% of older adults have at least one chronic diseases (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). As a consequence, the demand for ICU services will likely increase, which may burden hospital with additional costs. Because of increasing economic pressures, more hospitals are using video surveillance to enhance quality care and reduce ICU costs (Goran, 2012). Research shows that VS enhances positive outcomes among patients and best practice compliance among hospital staff. The results are fewer reports of patient complications and days spent in the ICU, and an increase in reported hospital savings. In addition, VS is becoming an important tool for the families of newborns in the neonatal ICU (NICU). The belief is that the VS can facilitate parent-baby bonding. In the United States of America, privacy rights impose legal restrictions on VS. These rights come from the U.S. Constitution, Statutory law, Regulatory law, and State law. HIPPA authorizes the patient to control the use and disclosure of his or her health information. Accordingly, hospitals are under obligation to inform patients on their right to protected health information. It is appropriate that hospitals use VS for diagnostic purposes as long as they have obtained patient consent. According to modern day privacy experts Charles Fried and Alan Westin, a violation of a person's privacy equates a violation on their liberty and morality. However, if a physician suspects that a third party person is causing harm to the patient, than the use of covert VS is justifiable.
B.S.N.
Bachelors
Nursing
Nursing

Intensivvårdssjuksköterskor uttrycker upplevelser av moralisk stress i det dagliga arbetet och detta kan leda till utbrändhet eller behov av att byta yrke då de inte lyckas bemästra sin situation. Studiens syfte var att kartlägga moralisk stress hos intensivvårdssjuksköterskor med hjälp av Moral Distress Scale(MDS). Studien utfördes med en deskreptiv metod av tvärsnittsdesign där 45 sjusköterskor med intensivvårdsutbildning i västsverige tillfrågades att vid ett tillfälle besvara en enkät med en validerad svensköversatt MDS. Resultatet påvisade att det finns signifikant höga nivåer av moralisk stress hos intensivvårdssjuksköterskor yngre än 45 år(p=0,044) och även i gruppen med kandidat/-magisterexamen(p=0,003). De högsta nivåerna av moralisk stress kunde uppmätas när intensivvårdssjuksköterskorna ställdes inför situationer där de upplevde att ingen var beredd att fatta beslut om att avsluta livsuppehållande behandling. Bristande kompetens, "onödiga" behandlingar och resursbrist medförde också hög moralisk stress. För att motverka moralisk stress behövs enligt studier; debriefing, etiska vårdkonferenser och stöd från arbetsledningen. Denna studie kan bidra till att åskådliggöra moralisk stress och intesnifiera diskussionen samt skapa ett gemesnamt språk kring moralisk atress bland intensivvårdssjuksköterskor.

La dynamique professionnelle pour améliorer la qualité du soin montre qu’en dépit des progrès de l’enseignement sur la relation Soigné-Soignant, le temps du verbe médical est encore sacrifié au chevet des Malades. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, en neurologie, l’annonce diagnostique, ce faire-savoir, a surtout été analysée dans le registre des maladies avec atteinte cognitive. Ce travail de thèse se propose d’étudier, d’un point de vue épistémologique, philosophique, et éthique, le conflit des libertés en jeu lors de l’annonce diagnostique d’une maladie incurable paralysante évolutive telle que la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique (SLA). Guidée par la confrontation des vécus et des représentations recueillis auprès des Médecins des Centres SLA (38 entretiens), et à travers une enquête de terrain, des Patients et de leurs Proches, au moyen de questionnaires (203 questionnaires d’une quarantaine de questions), notre approche révèle que, dans l’impératif d’une information qui se veut avoir la vertu de conserver le plus longtemps possible l’autonomie du Patient, les angles de vulnérabilités du triangle relationnel Médecin-Patient-Proche s’affrontent dans une sous-estimation de la perception du Proche de son devoir d’engagement. Au travers d’une relecture philosophique des réponses des trois identités concernées, et d’une expérience professionnelle, nous comprenons que l’évolution rationnelle multidisciplinaire de la démarche de soin face à la maladie incurable transforme la clarté de l’information médicale en une injonction morale de présence du tiers. Parce qu’il s’agit d’impuissance, mais en aucun cas d’incapacité, nous proposons que tout Médecin, présent et à venir, apprenne à interroger en toute lucidité la pertinence de ses propositions de soins dés l’instant où il s’est engagé à annoncer l’incurabilité. Pour qu’un nouvel esprit du temps lui soit insufflé, quelle que soit son orientation, l’apprentissage systématique des soins palliatifs lui permettra de rester soucieux de ses choix, dans le clair-obscur des intentions humaines, et de reconnaître ses imperfections tout en se donnant le défi de la collaboration thérapeutique pour accompagner
The teaching of Doctor-Patient relationship, in particular in making announcement of the diagnosis, makes progress in the Faculties of Medicine. But in practice, communicating the thruth of a disease with fatal issue remains a distressing time because still badly told. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a motor neuron disease, is the most pejorative diagnosis to make in Neurology. In the controversy surrounding the time of the announcement of the diagnosis, and, by examining the results of 203 ALS Patients’ and their Caregivers’ questionnaires, we compare with the results of 38 ALS Centre Neurologists’ interviews. Through bringing an epistemological, ethical and philosophical analysis into focus, we argue that, in the rational multidisciplinary of the care in a rapid and incurable disease, the evolution of the clearly medical information changes the Doctor-Patient relationship into a moral injunction of presence for the Caregivers and the families. Only through the training of Doctors and a certain conception of Patient information in palliative care can the harmful consequences of such a trend be limited

Includes bibliographical references
This study examined the social representations of intimate partner violence (IPV) that emerged amongst violent men, their social networks and within the media, and framed within social representations theory and feminist poststructuralism. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 11 men, recruited from two men's programmes at an NGO, and seven focus group discussions were conducted with the men's social networks. A total of 11 3 reports on violence against women were collected from two newspapers that draw the largest readership in the Cape Town area. A thematic decomposition analysis - emphasising language, power and subjectivity - revealed how participants' representations of respectability, morality, and reputation served to maintain patriarchy, and make violence permissible. The findings also shed light on the polarity of human thought, demonstrating how 'non-valid' victims of IPV are blamed and 'othered' for the violence perpetrated against them; yet in contrast, men who perpetrate violence are protected and defended. Understanding violence as an intersectional experience - defined by race, class, gender and sexuality in the context of post-apartheid South Africa - is central to the analysis. This study employed an integrated and unique methodology to sample men, their networks and printed media reports, which involved an analysis of violence as a social act. To my knowledge, it is the first study to have asked questions about what social representations of intimate partner violence emerge in men and their social networks' narratives and how these resonate in South African media's discourses. Suggestions for prevention and community-based programmes, interventions for perpetrators and victims of intimate partner violence, and practical recommendations for improved journalistic practice are provided. The community, relationships and individuals are shown to be inseparable spheres, and the contextualised analyses of power and oppression are shown to open possibilities for social change.

Orientadores: Renato Passini Júnior, Maria José Martins Duarte Osis
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T11:33:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cacique_DenisBarbosa_M.pdf: 6021042 bytes, checksum: 3c34c17eea2198eff7a2db0a382f8d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: No Brasil, o observável crescimento no número de publicações de pesquisas, realizadas ao longo dos últimos anos, visando a conhecer as opiniões de profissionais da saúde sobre a moralidade do aborto não tem sido capaz de desvelar, ao mesmo tempo com abrangência e profundidade, não apenas as atitudes favoráveis ou contrárias ao direito ao aborto, mas também suas razões subjacentes. O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em se desenvolver e validar o conteúdo do Mosaico de Opiniões Sobre o Aborto Induzido (Mosai), um questionário pelo qual se pretende conhecer com abrangência e profundidade as opiniões de profissionais da saúde sobre a moralidade do aborto. Sua primeira versão foi desenvolvida lançando-se mão da técnica de análise temática de conteúdo de livros, artigos, filmes, sites e jornais relatando casos de abortamento, bem como argumentando sobre sua prática. Inspirado no formato do instrumento Defining Issues Test, o Mosai apresenta seis dilemas morais relacionados à interrupção voluntária da gravidez, cujos desfechos devem ser escolhidos pelos respondentes e podem ser justificados mediante a classificação de 15 padrões de argumentos sobre a moralidade do aborto. A fim de validar seu conteúdo, o questionário foi submetido ao crivo de um painel de 12 especialistas, incluindo médicos, juristas, bioeticistas, sociólogos, enfermeiros e estatísticos, que emitiram notas e comentaram os critérios de clareza da redação, pertinência, adequação à amostra e adequação aos domínios. Ao incorporar algumas das críticas e sugestões recebidas nesse processo, espera-se que o Mosai apresente maior validade de conteúdo, habilitando-se para novas etapas de aperfeiçoamento até que possa ser aplicado amplamente entre profissionais da saúde com formações diversas
Abstract: There has been an observable increase in the number of research publications in Brazil aiming to investigate health care professionals' point of view over abortion morality in the past few years. However, such publications have failed to uncover the subjects' pro-life and pro-choice attitudes, as well as the reasons behind them. The objective of this research is to develop and validate the contents of "Mosaico de Opiniões Sobre o Aborto Induzido" (Mosai), a questionnaire intended to investigate, with both breadth and depth, health care professionals point of view about abortion morality. Its first version has been developed based on the thematic content analysis of books, articles, movies, websites and newspapers reporting cases of abortion, as well as arguing about their practices. Inspired by the characteristics of the instrument "Defining Issues Test", Mosai presents six moral dilemmas related to the voluntary interruption of pregnancy. The questionnaire is intended to enable research subjects to define the outcomes of such dilemmas. The same subjects would then be able to justify such outcomes by means of the classification of 15argument patterns about abortion morality. In order to validate the questionnaire, Mosai has been submitted to a scrutiny panel composed by 12 experts, which included doctors, lawyers, ethicists, sociologists, nurses and statisticians, who evaluated the criteria of clarity of writing, relevance, appropriateness to the sample and suitability to the domains. By incorporating some of the criticisms and suggestions received during this process, Mosai is expected to achieve good content validity, which would enable it to further enhancement steps and widely application among health care professionals with diverse backgrounds
Mestrado
Saúde Materna e Perinatal
Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

Au Québec, la vaccination des nourrissons n’est pas obligatoire. Dès lors, la décision revient aux parents d’accepter ou de refuser les vaccins. Cette décision relève d’un processus complexe qui implique différents facteurs qu’il m’a semblé pertinent d’étudier. Ce projet, mené auprès de vingt mères québécoises, vise à déterminer l’influence de la moralité populaire et les stratégies de gestions du risque sur la décision de vaccination des nourrissons québécois. Trois profils de participantes ont été établis, les mères favorables à la vaccination, les mères hésitantes et enfin, les mères défavorables à la vaccination. Pour chacun des profils, les composantes de la moralité, telles les normes et les valeurs ont été identifiées. De plus, les stratégies de gestion du risque envers les maladies infectieuses et la vaccination ont été documentées. Au sein des profils, une homogénéité quant aux moralités et aux stratégies de gestion du risque mises en place a pu être observée.

The purpose of this study is to expand and variegate the general history of psychiatric care in Sweden in the late nineteenth century. My objects of interest are the first two head doctors of Stockholm’s hospital and their handwritten annual reports to the directorate of the hospital from the year of 1862 to the year of 1889. During this time the psychiatric care in Sweden went through a number of changes. Laws against treating patients of the asylums with physical restraint and force were passed, and humanitarian and philanthropic movements were a big part of these changes. In Sweden, the psychiatric care was expanding at this time. The old asylums were condemned by humanitarian intellectuals for its horrible conditions, and the doctors called out for new modern asylums. The modern day general history of the expansion of asylums is often in some way linked to Michel Foucault’s theory of the psychiatric asylum as an institution of social control. One of the main undertakings in this essay is to test this theory in the context of a late nineteenth century asylum of Stockholm. Another ambition in this essay is to establish which other characteristic structures of the nineteenth century that appear to have influenced the psychiatric care. Testing Foucault’s theory of social control has in this study proven to call for the need of additional theories concerning both class and gender structures. To expose the nuances of the general history of the asylum I have been using a microhistorical approach, while still integrating with the macro-leveled general history and the control theory of Michel Foucault.Focus in this research is on the two first head doctors of Stockholm’s first real asylum. In this essay, I analyse their description of patient labour and the use of physical restraint/force methods as treatments. The results of my research show that the upholding of social control and moral standards was a big part of the head doctors profession during the second half of the nineteenth century in the Swedish asylum. The results also show that the patients were treated differently based on gender and which of the three different payment classes of the asylum that they belonged to.

L’Església catòlica baixmedieval, va aplicar la reforma que havia de regular la moral dels fidels centrant el seu control en les qüestions relatives a la moral sexual (segle XIV) a la diòcesi de Barcelona. Aquesta tesi explica els mecanismes d’aquest control i recull el que visites pastorals i processos episcopals expliquen sobre l’intent de regular les formes d’unió de parella i conductes com l’adulteri, l’incest, la prostitució i molt particularment, el concubinat del clergat. Sosté que, en posar en marxa aquests mecanismes de control, l’Església partia d’una posició de desconfiança, -o de temor-, envers la dona, que portà a un control ferri de la sexualitat dels feligresos en general i dels clergues en especial. Els esforços de reforma dels costums morals van tenir èxit divers, que van abocar en una conseqüència, potser no conscientment volguda, però real: la definició d’una imatge de la dona perillosa, la bruixa, que calia combatre.
Medieval Catholic Church attempted to reform the moral of its members by focusing on aspects related to sexual morality in the 14th C in Barcelona. This thesis explains the mechanisms of such control and compiles the information that pastoral visits and Episcopal trials provide about the attempts to regulate sexual relationship behaviors and conducts, such as: adultery, incest, prostitution and specially Clergy’s concubinage. This thesis supports the statement that when these mechanisms for control were activated by the Catholic Church, they stemmed from distrust –or suspicion- towards women. Such position led to a fierce control of sexual behavior for all Catholic Church members and particularly the Clergy. The efforts made to reform moral behavior had different effects on issues addressed. However, the real consequence –which might not have been deliberate- was the image definition of a dangerous woman, and fighting the Witch.

The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding for how home care services interpret and handle situations with and around caretakers alcohol use. Interviews have been conducted with two managers and six basic staff in two different home care service-groups. The interviews were individual with the managers and in group form with the staff. The interviews have been analyzed using Hasenfeld’s theory on Human Service Organizations and moral practice together with Beronius’ interpretation of disciplinary exercise of power. Our result showed that the handling of caretakers alcohol use differed both within and between the home care service-groups and there was a lack of guidelines on how to deal with this. Consequently it seemed to be a lot of individual assessments carried out by the staff, which sometimes led to a moral practice. Another important result was the fact that the interviewees quickly became very fixed on abuse and addiction, even though the interviews had focus on alcohol use in general. It is obvious that when a substance abuse problem exists, difficulties arise in home care services work.

The main objective of this mini–dissertation is to investigate the basic form and content of moral education as it manifests itself in the mamtiseni and nkciyo female initiation rituals of the Mount Frere region of the Eastern Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. The main theoretical position taken is the reemergent African Renaissance coupled with African indigenous knowledge systems, first revived by (former) President Thabo Mbeki. Accordingly the main purpose of this study is to address the transmission of moral aspects of female Bhaca initiation inherent in behavioural/cultural educational enculturation. The main findings of the mini–dissertation constitute the following: 1. Mamtiseni and nkciyo rituals play a major role in the enculturation of young Bhaca girls. 2. The song texts carry strong messages of how to go about achieving a healthy and surviving society. There are further opportunities for research in the following aspects: 1. Nkciyo initiation schools are very exclusive, involving many secret codes. The fact that I am a male put me at a disadvantage. 2. There are many more points of difference between the two rituals than meets the eye.
Thesis (M.Mus.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Cette thèse porte sur les mutations sémantiques qu'a subies le mot "personne" depuis la codification de Bonaparte jusqu'à la Première guerre mondiale. Elle montre que le mot conservait ses emplois et sens traditionnels dans le langage des juges et des praticiens, qu'exemplifient bien des sources jurisprudentielles en matières diverses, et la littérature sur l'abolition de l'esclavage et sur l'adage "le mort saisit le vif". Elle montre également que le mot n'a été associé aux idées d'homme et de sujet de droit qu'à partir de la lecture néologique de fragments romains proposée par Savigny, et que ce changement sémantique s'installait après 1870 à travers les écrits doctrinaux.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Applied Ethics for Professionals, 2018
In this research report I address the question: Do journalists have a moral duty towards those they report on beyond the objectivity requirement of their job? I use the famous example of freelance photojournalist Kevin Carter and his iconic photograph of a starving Sudanese child, seemingly on death’s door and being stalked by a vulture. He was roundly condemned for shooting the image but doing nothing to save the child’s life. I examine this classic example of the observance of the journalistic standard of objectivity and non-intervention, against the Kantian imperative to respect human life. I contrast this with two examples in which, in my view, journalists acted correctly in terms of Kantian ethics by putting human life above their own, narrow professional roles and interests.
XL2019

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Applied Ethics for Professionals, Johannesburg 2018
In this research report I address the question: Do journalists have a moral duty towards those they report on beyond the objectivity requirement of their job? I use the famous example of freelance photojournalist Kevin Carter and his iconic photograph of a starving Sudanese child, seemingly on death’s door and being stalked by a vulture. He was roundly condemned for shooting the image but doing nothing to save the child’s life. I examine this classic example of the observance of the journalistic standard of objectivity and non-intervention, against the Kantian imperative to respect human life. I contrast this with two examples in which, in my view, journalists acted correctly in terms of Kantian ethics by putting human life above their own, narrow professional roles and interests.
XL2019

碩士
國立臺北教育大學
課程與教學研究所
97
The study will construct a teaching model depending on experience learning and modify the affective education theory, constructivism learning theory and social learning theory to make them a “cognitive-affective-volitional-locomotive” learning method proper for the first grade pupils in elementary school. Besides, the researcher analyzes the most emphasized morality in Taiwan based on the internal and external morality concern; namely, “concentration”, “esteem” and “care”, in which “concentration” is the learning foundation and also the necessary condition of another two morality learning methods. “Concentration”, “esteem” and “care” also coordinate inseparably and influence one another. This study utilizes qualitative action research for 5 months. The subjects are the first grade students from one of elementary schools in Taipei. This study focuses on teaching process and students’ learning process. The methods utilized for collecting ample information include observation, interview, document analysis and discussion. In the teaching experiment process, the study also finds that the mortality teaching at every stage can be implemented by “story listening”, “difference contrast”, “hands-on experience”, and “sharing praise” four courses in the foresaid three kinds of morality education design. The mortality teaching displays effect and simultaneously arouses activeness, communicativeness, observation etc. life ability growth by accident. The mortality experience education is also highly correlated with the foresaid life abilities. In other words, the mortality does not purely install the moral concepts but is a kind of life practice. Thus, life ability is the very method practicing mortality. This meets the elementary spirits of experience teaching.

博士
國立臺灣師範大學
公民教育與活動領導學系
91
The purpose of study aims to gain insight into the volunteers’ volunteering experience, their moral disciplinary perspectives, and the process leading to their behavioral development in a move to examine some of the morality conflicts and choice that the volunteers undergo in partaking public endowment related volunteering services. More than focusing on the volunteers’ cognitive perception, devotion, sense of responsibility and behaviors manifested, the thesis also intends to weigh the organizational influence that draws the modern day volunteers to partake worthy social endowment work. In conjunction to which, the study also attempts to profile the implementation of volunteering work by male and female volunteers and the very essence how such an ethic of care is put to work, with which to validate the rationale of incorporating an ethic of care for developing a sound basis in civic morality. A further exploration has been to examine the experience of volunteering by female volunteer workers to certain morality conflicts arisen from their volunteer work and their private lives to a greater context of cultural implications with which to bring to light the willingness to participate in volunteering work by modern day female volunteers and a manifestation of building a sound civic morality. The nature of the study, inferring the volunteers’ long-term, interactive and intermittent changes in their growth process, but also how the volunteers view their work through their inward cognition and how they interpret the significance of their work, has had the qualitative research method being chosen. And in support of the intended design for polling the volunteers’ observation, experience and perception through their oral narration, including their perception of growth and intermittent changes, an in-depth interview approach has been chosen as the primary means for collecting data. The interview takes the form of non-structured open mode that aims to achieve an unpretentious, integral and trusting conversational atmosphere. Particularly with female volunteers, a sorority-like interview means has been sought in search of a shared intimacy and assimilation. In the interview process, both the interviewer and the interviewee are free to express their own feelings, essential for instilling the interview with an honest, integral, trustworthy and dependable characteristic. The study’s volunteer interviewee screening has taken to a representative sampling mode, meaning that individuals with the most level of hands-on experience to offer are chosen as a general principle. With this, the study has chosen a total of nine volunteers of a mix of male and female, yet in light that male volunteer workers are harder to come by since females are traditionally more involved in volunteer work, leaving only a small male volunteer representation of two has been recruited but not without their sharing of insightful experience. Based on the screening criteria, the volunteers chosen for interview by the study would have been in the volunteer work for at least seven years, with a majority, seven of them, exceeding a total of ten years. The domains where the selected volunteers come from consist of the realms of consumer protection, environmental protection, medical care, housing rental, burnt victim aids, solitary senior care, religious charitable groups and such, and among them, a small number of the volunteers whose religious charity organizations are found to offer a diverse range of volunteering services. Besides this, a significant disparity has also been observed in the selected volunteers’ education, ancestral origin, marital status and such. In data collecting, the study stakes to five directions: (1) In-depth interviews with each lasting around three hours, where the interview is tape recorded and the interview tape transcribed into written text; (2) Gathering of written archival data pertaining to the volunteer workers’ individual data and data published by their respective volunteering organizations; (3) non-formal conversation records, which pertain to notes documenting informal contact and conversation notes beyond the formal interview; (4) Field observation notes that pertain to notes on the setting in which the interview takes place among other incidentals; (5) Analytical notes, which serve to map out a structural blueprint on the central theme of the interview data and the storyline. In data analysis, the study takes to an interpretive repetition method by broaching from the study’s opening and integration, followed by a nine-step process for in-depth interpretation before a reverse validation process is applied to interpret the established argument and interpret the experiences provided, and then a final in-depth summation is then concluded. Some of the significant findings as concluded by the study can be divided into three aspects: The foremost concerns the lifestyle and economics that afford a volunteer to devote himself/herself to the volunteer work. Under which, when rated by influence of key figures, most omnipresent has been the early stage’s parental influence of care, democracy and enthusiasm, followed by that of mentors and volunteer associates. And when rated by specifics in family setting, growing up in an open and enthusiastic family has been regarded as instrumental in culminating the children to share the value perspectives. A most consistent environmental determinant has been the volunteering organization in which the volunteer works for how it provides a volunteer with three crucial functions — learning, a sense of belongingness and reflection. When rated by the turning point of their volunteer work, the male volunteers tend to attribute it to career planning, while the female volunteers tend to be influenced by specific exceptional events in their lives. A second aspect pertains to the moral thinking and behavioral development behind the ethic of care. The study has found that all the volunteers possess a caring thinking but not necessary all volunteers profess a justice thinking. While a majority of the volunteers demonstrated the phenomenon of combining the two, the study findings do support that both types of the thinking perspectives are not only inducive of volunteer work but also an essential experience to volunteer’s volunteer work. In the area of moral conflict, the study found the core of moral conflicts in female volunteers comes in two: selfishness vs. the responsibility for others, and maintaining a harmonious relationship vs. self-sacrifice. A more mature moral manifestation among the female volunteers is seen as a plus in better addressing to the needs of their own and that of others in moral weighing. While it is recommendable that male volunteers be able to incorporate an ethic of care when assisting in conflict resolution and best avoid overlooking the needs of a specific individual. In gauging their lifetime value perspectives, the volunteers are generally satisfied with the basic material desire with time to spare in helping out others, and have, in their pursuits of spirituality, demonstrated a higher level of awareness in group-individual relations, a greater human love and mutual trust than the general population. In their intend to volunteer, the volunteers unanimously responded with how they are rewarded in the course of volunteering for how they have benefited from personal growth, improved skills, improved self-value perspectives and so froth, and in practical living a chance to experience the joy, motion of helping others, and beneficial in setting up a good example to their offspring, taking comfort in knowing what they have contributed has in someway helped the society positively in building moral righteousness. In heeding to their perseverance to help, the strength that the volunteers derive from in sustaining their perseverance comes from, (1) the desire to attain what one regards as an ideal image of a caring, helping and loving individual; (2) a chance to realize one’s ideology for a justice society, world peace, community care and such, which all serve to fuel the volunteers with a sense of responsibility and obligation. A third perspective pertains to the voluntary citizen solidarity and organizational strength of the volunteers. The study revealed that while there are different motives, draws and needs for volunteering in private organizations, the choice, nevertheless, has consistently been voluntary. The modern day’s private organizations are increasingly focusing on collaborating with their peer organizations and are often embellished with diverse resources by collective efforts and led by a timely volunteering trend of task sharing, with means of collaboration to be flexible and encompassing. Yet noticeably, what draws female volunteers in organizational determinants lie in humanized leadership, the mutual trust that bonds the members, a democratic support atmosphere, a chance for diverse exposure, and an organizational culture emphasizing on collective uncalculating teamwork efforts. While the female volunteers’ involvement in worthy public service faces the dilemma of having to shoulder to choose between their families and their volunteer work, while privately their having to tackle the issue sexual equality remains an issue to be confronted by the society and the government. Reaffirmed by the female volunteers is how female social volunteering showcases a preferred civic morality, except how female civic morality comes to play as a unique charter of the females or the product of a subservient cultural is something to be further scrutinized. In all, the drive and efficiency that female volunteers contribute in fulfilling their civic morality of an ethic of care is something that hardly can be ignored for its invaluable social contribution. Some of the study’s crucial findings can be recapped into four, (1) culminating one’s commitment to become a caring citizen serves as a powerful environmental factor: In every stage of children’s development, having caring and public endowment prone adults who devote to public service can best address and a place can fulfill one’s desire to learn, reflect and realize a sense of belongingness; (2) with both the male and female volunteers all professing an ethic of care , the female volunteers’ moral conflicts and choice are dictated by the characteristics of an ethic of care in sensuality and emotions, and the manifestation of whose volunteering acts developed upon a caring premise of love and responsibility also helps to explain how the caring morality continues to dictate the criteria of civic morality with dynamic values; (3) The ethic of care mode prevailing among the female volunteers does dictate how they choose to partake communal affairs in the public domain as they tend to seek the following organizational traits — one that encourages a learning atmosphere, and has an agenda for influencing the society with peaceful means, where the organization favors cooperation rather than competition in attaining its organizational goals, identifies peer bond, confidence and offers a liberated, safe and warm feeling of a home in a greater teamwork spirit, all for a good cause; (4) civic morality education can be attained through community and social services in a series of real-life caring activities if a well-designed professional volunteering curriculum and activities offering collaboration, diversification, reflection and mutual benefits can be incorporated for deep-rooting a care morality into the daily lives through a hands-on experience education.

This thesis is focused on ethics and subject in postmodernism and poststructuralism. The thesis contains methods of analysis, interpretation and comparison. These methods are primarily focused on French authors of the second half of the 20th century. In the text, there are answered questions like: "How society, knowledge and thiking of certain period affected the freedom of human being? What mechanisms exist in the language function structures that affect human way of thinking? What are the possibilities for individuals, to emancipate against the influence of powerfull government institutions and their strategies?" The aim of the thesis is to make an ethics rules that will be taken like an alternative to the codified normative morality. It shows the differences between modern universalism and posmodern pluralism. The dualism is interpreted primarily in the way of thinking of J.-F. Lyotard. There is also interpretation of dualism throught Deleuze and Guattari philosophy that is formulated due to theory of arborescent and rhizomatic structures. Most of the thesis is based on Michel Foucault's phylosophy of normalization and disciplining of a subject and authoritatively established ethics. The main topic of this thesis is Foucault's ethics based on the relationship of self to itselfs. This self-reflexive...

CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PhD programme studied subject - education DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Vliv dlouhodobého pobytu jedince v dětském domově na jeho morální vývoj Effect of Long-term Residence of Individual in Children's Home to His Moral Development Mgr. Petr Šusta Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Jaroslav Koťa Prague 2018 Abstract and keywords The dissertation thesis elaborates on the effect of the long-term residence of an individual in a children's home to his moral development. The dissertation thesis includes theoretical and empirical parts and the aim of the thesis is to find and eventually describe differences in the level of moral development of children and teenagers experienced with a long-therm residence in a children's home and subjects without this expirience. It has been gained and collected results of the original research in accordance with the methodology of Lawrence Kohlberg in cooperation with children from the children's homes and children from usuall families as control group. There are elaborated these topisc in the theoretical part of the thesis: institutional foster care in the Czech Republic, methodological research issues of the level of moral development in accordance with the theory of Lawrence Kohlberg. The empirical part of the dissertation thesis defines...

This dissertation analyzes the careers of three Afrikaner missionaries, David Bosch, Carel Boshoff, and Nico Smith, who gained international reputations for pioneering alternatives to the South African Nation Party’s (NP) policy of apartheid over the second half of the 20th century. Afrikaners looked to missionaries to be moral leaders on questions of race relations, and missionaries’ public theologies carried significant moral weight. While numerous historians have argued that from the 1930s through the 1950s Afrikaner missionaries played a key role in developing and promoting the moral basis of apartheid in South Africa, they have not, however, addressed how Afrikaner missionaries responded to the political, social, and moral failure of apartheid. By the 1970s, the dissonance between the ideal and the actual implementation of apartheid led Bosch, Smith, and Boshoff—by that time leading public theologians—to a crisis of confidence in the NP, and they began to endorse divergent moral visions for the country’s future. David Bosch and Nico Smith embraced racial unity while Carel Boshoff pursued ethnic separatism. By the mid-1970s, Bosch became a leading proponent of “reconciliation,” which gave Afrikaners new moral language for thinking about themselves as part of a non-racial society. By the mid-1980s, both Bosch and Smith were key leaders in ecumenical and interracial organizations that endorsed a negotiated end to apartheid. They helped to form a growing interracial solidarity of Christians that encouraged and facilitated the democratic transition of 1990/1994. Conservative theologians, like Boshoff, attempted to stem the popularity of reconciliation in Afrikaner political and civil organizations. He was unable to successfully coordinate efforts with other conservatives, and he was increasingly marginalized. Ultimately, Boshoff opted for negotiated ethnic separatism with the African National Congress. This study demonstrates that far from being monolithic, Afrikaner religiosity and racial morality were dynamic and contested. Secondly, it shows that a number of Afrikaner public theologians and moral leaders were actively involved in ending white minority rule in South Africa. Conversely, it also shows that conservative religious leaders were able to transform Afrikaner nationalism, thereby prolonging its influence into the 21st century.

Praca podejmuje problem wyobrażeń katolickich dziewczynek i chłopców o Bogu w roli sędziego i prawodawcy oraz o porządku moralno-prawnym, który w wierzeniach katolików uprawomocniony jest boskim autorytetem. Głównym celem pracy jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie czy istnieją różnice w religijnych wyobrażeniach z uwagi na płeć badanych. Według badaczy rozwoju religijnego relacja do Boga osobowego kształtuje się już w pierwszych latach dzieciństwa i przebiega w ramach procesu wychowania religijnego. Dlatego też, trudno mówić o rozwoju moralnym katolików bez odwołania do ich religijności. W moich zainteresowaniach badawczych wyobrażenie o Bogu w roli sędziego znalazło się głównie dlatego, że jest to obszar, który łączy religijność i moralność. Pojęcie Boga zajmuje miejsce centralne w badaniach nad religijnością chrześcijan. Leży ono u podstaw przekonań religijnych i to z nim wiąże się system norm moralnych obowiązujący wiernych. W przeprowadzonym przeze mnie badaniu wzięło udział 58 dzieci w wieku 7-10 lat. Jest to etap religijności nazywany przez badaczy rozwoju religijnego autorytarno-moralnym. Założenia teoretyczne Jeana Piageta, Lawrance’a Kohlberga i Carol Gilligan dały podstawy do postawienia i doprecyzowania pytań badawczych, stanowiły ramy dla skonstruowania narzędzi badawczych oraz odniesienie przy interpretacji wyników badań własnych. Teorię rozwoju moralnego Carol Gilligan uznałam za kluczową do wyodrębnienia różnic w wyobrażeniach religijnych po uwzględnieniu płci badanych. Według Gilligan model zaproponowany przez Kohlberga, który powstał na bazie wywiadów jedynie z mężczyznami i chłopcami, nie obejmuje charakterystycznych dla życia kobiet doświadczeń w obszarze moralności. Gilligan zaproponowała więc wyróżnienie dwóch orientacji moralnych – kobiecej skoncentrowanej na trosce oraz głosu sprawiedliwości opartego na prawie i regułach, który bardziej odpowiada sposobom myślenia o moralności przez mężczyzn. Dział badawczy pracy składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej prezentuję wyniki badań opartych na wywiadach częściowo skategoryzowanych dotyczące takich problemów jak – wizerunek Boga, idea grzechu, boskie prawo i sprawiedliwość, Bóg w roli sędziego, sąd boży oraz hierarchia autorytetów moralnych. Zaś w drugiej przedstawiam analizę ocen moralnych nad problemem kradzieży z wykorzystaniem stworzonego na potrzeby pracy dylematu moralnego. Wyniki badań interpretuję z uwzględnieniem wieku i płci badanych. The thesis takes the issue of the idea of God as judge in children’s imagination as well as moral and legal order, that in Catholic beliefs is legitimated by divine authority. The main goal of the study is an attempt to answer the question whether there are differences between religious ideas from the female and male perspective. According to the religious development researchers relation to a personal God is formed in the early years of childhood. Thus, it is difficult to consider the moral development of Catholics, regardless of their religiosity. The concept of God as a judge is in my research interests, primarily due to the fact that it is a common area for morality and religion. The idea of God, fundamental to the religious beliefs and moral norms binding upon believers, is central in the research on Christianity. 58 children at age 7-10 took part in my research. This stage of religious development is called moral - authoritarian. Theory of Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan, gave ground for phrasing research questions, constituted the frames for research tools and reference for interpretation of the results. As a key for analyzing the gender differences assessment is Gilligan’s theory of moral development. According to Gilligan the model created by Kohlberg, that was based on interviews uniquely with men and boys, excludes the experiences characteristic of women’s moral life. She proposed the theory of two kinds of moral voices – the feminine voice focuses on “care perspective” and “justice voice” tends to accent principles and law, which is more adequate for male thinking patterns. The research part of my study consists of two main components. First presents the results of a semi-structured interviews, including such issues as image of God, idea of sin, God’s law and justice, God as a judge and God’s court, hierarchy of moral authorities. The second part is the analyse of justification of choices in moral dilemma of theft, that was created for the study. The results are interpreted taking into account age and gender of the interlocutors.