Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Morale existentialiste – Dans la littérature'
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Amrani, Raouya. "Éthiques existentielles et "existentialistes" dans les œuvres de Naguib Mahfouz, de Jean-Paul Sartre et de Juan Goytisolo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUL093.pdf.
Full textThis topic leads our reflections to the different elements of successive distinctions. The first distinction, that we consider essentially problematic, is the distinction between Morality and Ethics. In the center of this distinction, at least regarding the Ethics, we observe a differentiation between existential Ethics and existentialistic Ethics. At this point, we would like to investigate the different relevance structures of oxymoron formulas, which will be the result of a profound comparative analysis of the works mentioned above. How is the incoherence organised? In the core of our study we focus on the junction between social surface, obviously ordered, and the actual incoherence, who, by the way, supports the social surface – a deep structure as a kind of feed back. The shared results from this two realities creates what we call “organized incoherence”. “One Ethics” doesn't actually exist. We think that “Ethics in the plural” is functional: it ordinates the values which are not directly and necessarily moral. All kind of Ethics provide orientation to life – without any contradiction to the universal morality in the sense of Kant. An “existential” Ethics opens a holistic view to life. The authors of our comparative study belong to very different cultural universes. Mahfouz is an innovating writer from Egypt, who offers in short term the momentary (the news) and in long term romantic narration a precipitation of the whole range of contradictions in the Egyptian society of both, the Nasser and Post-Nasser area. He does't have much in common with Sartre, except the fact that both authors have graduated in Philosophy, one in Cairo, the other in Paris. Sartre is the author of novels treating pure existence, though to much existence, contingent and irrational. He had a disciple, who visited him regularly: Goytisolo, a Spanish communist writer, who fleet to France. For a whole generation Goytisolo becomes emblematic, in France and in Spain, for the Resistance during the Franco dictatorship. His engagement brings him closer to Sartre. When Franco died, he decides to leave his “role”, from the novel “ Juan Sans Terre” on, he breaks definitely with Spain and declared himself “stateless”. From this moment on he doesn't restrict himself in terms of language and speech any more. Everything is allowed, even if it is excessive. Because of this evolution, Goytisolo moves away from Sartre and comes closer to Mahfouz, during his journeys through the Margeb countries. It is there where he discovers the Arabic roots of Spanish literature, when he for example analyses the Soufis influences on the writings of St Jean de la Croix or when he points out all that things that Cervantes has adopted in his stay by the Barbarians to write his Don Quichote. We have chosen to call the concept of “Existentialist” a form of original and profound existential Ethics; it appears in the novels, theatre plays and the essays and especiallly in “The Nausea”. We can not only find this Ethics in Sartres works, but also in the works of Mahfouz and Goytisolo
Le, Borgne Catherine. "Écritures des voyages et vision existentialiste dans l'œuvre d'André Suarès." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES1023.
Full textIn 1888, young André Suarès (1868-1948) establishes that he can live solely through Art, his works and the world he creates; only he chooses who he is, only he builds up himself and is responsible for his life. Thus the “suaresian” man will share the concerns of the existentialist philosophers (leaping, commitment, emptiness, fear, otherness, alienation), close in this to Jean-Paul Sartre and to Louis Lavelle among others. Beyond romantism, the existentialist vision which the writer will develop thus implies a critical look at himself (bypassing contingency to strive towards superiority) and at society (rejecting a corrupted world governed by mediocrity, lie and infamy), a spirit of conquest (liberty, action) which lie will make the most of during his whole life and which shows in particular through his travel stories (Brittany, Italy) he published between 1902 (Le Livre de 1‘Emeraude) and 1937 (Temples grecs, maisons des dieux), not to mention his posthumous work Rome. This research endeavors to make the connection between travels and existentialist vision by leaning on literary materials but also on quotations from Suarès’ unpublished notebooks ; the fact of using pen names and claiming a Breton filiation falling fully within the scope of this subject
Zani, Maria. "Stendhal et la morale de la générosité." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040101.
Full textThe “poetry” of Stendhal includes among other things the virtue of generosity. For the author of the Monastery of Parma the feeling of generosity becomes an idea before becoming an ekphrasis of life and whatever gives merit to existence. Generosity is found in every act and sensation that render the beauty of the soul palpable. The feeling of generosity is expressed through the values of existence such as love, heroism, magnanimity, sacrifice and forgiveness. Furthermore, “Stendhal” generosity extends to the notion of glory. In the quest of “excellence” Stendhal reveals his aesthetic based on the emotion which leads to grace and sublime sentiment
Loukam, Saba. "La morale de l'action dans le roman noir américain." Paris 4, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA040118.
Full textBy reducing the art of writing to a factual description of the world, the hard-boiled novel has created new ways of reading, and experiencing reading also leads the reader to new innumerable but limited sapces of interpretation, spaces in wich philosophical concepts, signs, images, anxiety and primary emotions are linked. Its vernacular and visual language which is based upon a realistic and sensitive apprehension of action, uncovers a rich array of moral reflections on the problems of justice, iddentity and the meaning of life and action. This study intends to show that the American hard-boiled novel does not only consist in a thematic presentation of tge morality of action but also in a representation of its modes of expression. I have thus chosen to propose a two-part analysis of the morality, the other one deals with the link between the hero's perception of reality and violence, and his hermeneutical and existential quest. The goal of my study is to demonstrate the improtance of such moral and stylistic concepts in the hard-boiled fiction, and also to analyse the way they are related in order to go beyond the general French critical stance wich considers the American hard-boiled novel solely as a realistic genre dealing with political or social issues
Kim, Hyangmi. "La morale baudelairienne." Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040137.
Full textTo study Baudelaire’s morals is to represent the personal morals of Baudelaire through his sentiments, his poetic and "philosophic" ideas. Baudelaire possesses an indomitable volition to live in the ideal universe. "The taste for the infinity", the spontaneous sentiment for the beauty push him to surmount the adverse circumstances of his life; this instinct of "pass over" contain a germ which can be transformed into the light, a factor of the moral beauty. In short, the substance of Baudelaire’s life is translated by the duty that the exceptional spirit in the quotidian world must perform, in other words, by the devotion for the humanity, namely, by the art. The principal idea of Baudelaire' morals, which is expressed by the charity, by the brotherliness, is neither preachified, nor pedantic by the didactic tone, but "the inspired morals which is imbibed, invisible, in the poetic material"
Dumaire, Sophie. "La technique du conte dans les dernières années du XVIIIe siècle." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040213.
Full textHow is tale getting on when the Enlightenment is absorbed by the French Revolution? Which topics are used by this minor genre as it is called, whereas history asserts itself and the traditional environment is contested? In this storm, far from disappearing, tale survives and at the end of this century, is still, a long-lived and protean genre : in verse or in prose, with various inspirations like the marvellous East or the most conventional moral, tales are impregnated with the moral concerns of the moment, in a kind of internal metamorphosis
Naiweld, Ron. "L'anti-sujet : le rapport entre l'individu et la loi dans la littérature rabbinique classique." Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EHES0072.
Full textThis work deals with the Talmudic ethics of the self, how it differs from other ethical systems of the Mediterranean world of the first centuries CE and in what ways it resembles these systems. Through analysis of texts from classical rabbinic Iiterature, we show that the rabbinic movement developed an anthropological and ethical conception that was dIfferent than the one we find in philosophical and Christian writings of the first centuries. The particularities of the rabbinic ethics of the sel : are studied through the analysis of six themes: all of which figure prominently in rabbinic ethical discussions: repentance (teshuvah), suffering (yissurim) ; master-disciple relationship (rav-talmid) ; the bad inclInation (yetzer ha-ra); the fear of God (yirah) and the relationship between study,and practice of the Law (talmud and ma 'assé). Using the works of Michel Foucault, PIerre Hadot and Vincent Descombes, we try to demonstrate the importance of the rabbinic ethics of the self to the history of the occidental subject and to our way of thinking it, and to articulate its relation to the moral law
Héron, Pierre-Marie. "Esthétique et morale dans les oeuvres de Marcel Jouhandeau et Jean Genet." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070008.
Full textConsidering the whole corpus of the two writers, the essay means to extract the main data of aesthetics and morals from their experience of murder and homosexuality. Two of the most grievously sensitive scenes of their relationship to the world and their readers. The first part follow s its formulation and evolution about murder, from the "heretical passions" pf the 1920s' tales to the 1966 news in brief (jouhandeau); from the foul crimes of the 1940s' stories to the political murder in the last works (genet). The second part does the same with inversion, felt guilty for long, and to whom the two writers may have given the role of a n aesthetic and moral basis (or at least aesthetic: genet). The first three chapters study the evolution of the type of m. Godeau up to the libertin aesthetics in the carnets de don juan, then the defence of idolatry in the journaliers and the erotic works of the same period, finally the savoir-faire developped in the same decades on the ground of a moral debate. Four chapters devoted to genet follows the representation of male sexuality up to the moral compromise of journal du voleur, its denial in the 1954-1955s' texts to the benefit of an aesthetic logic, lastly the conclusion of the posthumous book, between prostitution and pieta. A last part studies the spiritual extensions of the aethetic and moral processes, which are actually elaborated in a religious climate from which jouhandeau and genet seek to detache ways and ideals of perfection
Walfard, Adrien. "Tragédie, morale et politique dans l’Europe moderne : le cas César." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040110.
Full textThis dissertation investigates the functions of moral and political thought in modern tragedy (16th-18th centuries), focusing on a group of Neo-Latin, French, Italian and English plays which represent the death of the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, as well as on Corneille’s Cinna. In order to provoke the tragic emotions, a fable must represent a character or a group of characters whose fall from happiness into mishap is a consequence of a morally or politically ambiguous “flaw”. This sequence is particularly tragic when the “flaw” is at least partially unintentional and results from a kind of necessity : tragedy thus manifests the importance of “moral luck”. The ambiguity of the tragic “flaw” may arise from different circumstances ; in the plays representing the death of Caesar it consists on the one hand in the antinomies which the characters must face, on the other hand in the fact that their motivations appear in some ways contrary to the arguments they use in order to justify themselves. Modern tragedy is profoundly extraneous to contemporary casuistry (as developed in the rhetorical theory of invention, in moral and political philosophy and in historical writing), in that it leaves moral and political “cases” unsolved. However, Cinna, the first happy-ending tragedy in the French theatre, shows how reconciliation and a morally and politically satisfying ending are possible despite the tragic antinomies
Bey, Evelyne. "La fonction des arts dans le Tableau de Paris de Louis-Sébastien Mercier." Metz, 1997. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1997/Bey.Evelyne.LMZ9721_1.pdf.
Full textThis study is mainly centered on the objectives attached by L. -S Mercier to the liberal arts in the "Tableau de Paris" (eloquence, poetry, music, painting, sculpture, and engraving, according to l'Encyclopédie by Diderot and D'Alembert, vol. 3, 1778, p. 481-482). The educational and moralizing function of fine Arts forced itself upon Mercier, and on a great number of thinkers and writers in the eighteenth (18th) century. We try to display prominently the originality or the conformism of the author in his way to consider the different arts and their influence on people depending on wether his opinion is connected or not with the ones of personalities who has left ther mark on this century. The first part of this thesis makes an inventory of the modernist position of Mercier who rejects the Elder's tyranny and expresses reform proposals. The second part is about the connection between art and moral in close relation with human rights. The next subjects are treated in three under sections : moral, art and moral, defence of rights
Bottgen, Jérôme. "La morale de sentiment dans la littérature et la pensée française du XVIII ème siècle." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE2036.
Full textThe Age of the Enlightenment is characterized by the search for new foundations - purely laic - to build a universal morality. Next to the reason, very numerous authors laud the authority of the feeling to distinguish justice from injustice, good from evil. Rousseau is the most illustrious supporter of this new morality, which claims to lean on the nature and not on the revelation. In “La Profession de foi du Vicaire Savoyard”, he makes of consciousness the supreme moral authority, a divine spark placed in the man to judge all his actions in a immediate and infallible way. But in addition to Rousseau, very numerous thinkers of the eighteenth century , each in his own manner, the feeling in the center of their philosophical thought, as we can see in the works of Diderot, Voltaire, Prévost, madame d’Epinay, but also, to reverse its down postulates, of Sade. But the influence of the morality of feeling does not limit itself to the philosophical sphere: to prove its innocence and restore the truth, Rousseau, in “Les Confessions”, reveals his intimate being, and to expose his internal movements. The autobiography so established draws thus directly its roots from the morality of feeling, and the successors of Rousseau in this way of the writing of oneself - it is for example the case of Restif de la Bretonne, Stendhal and many others - will articulate the same dialectic between self-knowledge and prospecting of the human nature. The morality of feeling, through its very varied expressions, reflects and exceeds quite at the same time the Age of the Enlightenment: its testifies of the pursuit of a profound revival in the moral domain, and carries the germs of a new status of the "me" in literature
Vinh, Dao. "La Fraternité humaine dans l'oeuvre d'André Malraux." Paris 4, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA040078.
Full textHuman fraternity is an absolutely essential feature in Malraux’s thinking and works. In his first novels, fraternity constitutes for his adventurer heroes a defense against anguish, loneliness and other manifestations of the destiny. When Malraux’s heroes gives up his egoistic concerns linked with his solitary confrontation with the destiny and devotes himself to the struggle for social justice, the revolutionary fraternity embraces new dimensions. Henceforth, fraternity links the whole population and its fighters. In fact, it becomes the ultimate objective of the revolution which aims to set up a fraternal society. In his meditations on artistic creation, Malraux thinks that art is likely to promote a fraternal solidarity between generations and civilizations. Finally, in his last works, Malraux reminisces his experiences on comradeship during the resistance. Fraternity according to Malraux is the strongest human feeling that can successfully resist to barbarity, to the whole indifferent universe and to death
Roumilhac, Henri. "L'influence de la morale dominante sur le théâtre comique en France entre 1875 et 1881." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100057.
Full textThe thesis is a study of the relations between the various aspects of comic theatre and moral order in France between 1875 and 1881. Aesthetics, the history of comedy and the themes, studied in the first part, are stamped with a serious and bourgeois ethic; the second part shows how the carrier of comic authors and the power of mentalities confirm the influence of social values (those included in their norms and in the transgressions that they allow). The corpus is made up by the whole of comic types: light comedy, vaudeville, "bouffes" as well as the important production of comic-opera libretti. The main problematic of the work is made up by the relations between aesthetics and morals, the wide range of comic types, the presentation to the public of works often judged as minor ones. The contributions of the research can be found in the fields of theatrical censorship, in the hierarchy between the different theatres and types of play, in the evolution of dramatic writing during the period studied. The contents of theatrical seasons, the biography of the main authors and a comparison (made up from specific works) between the thought of the second empire and the early third republic can be found in the annexes. After the bibliography comes an index of the different sound documents which exist
Imbaud, Marie-Hélène. "Amitié et solidarité : l'autre dans l'œuvre d'Albert Camus." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040109.
Full textBertout-Michon, Laure. "L'écriture de l'Histoire dans l'oeuvre d'Albert Cohen." Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN1356.
Full textPédeflous, Justine. "Morale, religion et exemplarité dans la littérature fantastique espagnole (1830-1890) : Poétique d’un genre non canonique." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040099.
Full textAlmost unknown in France, Spanish fantastic literature is frequently considered as nonexistent or minor, in comparison with other traditions from Europe or Latin America. A strong presence of moral and religious thematics in the nineteenth century can contribute to explain the fact that she is placed out of the fantastic canon. First, the relationship between Spanish fantastic and morality and religion must be considered through a study of the socio-cultural context, which seems reluctant to the development of the genre. In a second time, we will concentrate on the different manifestations of the hispanization of the genre: the reception of foreign texts, and the national production, as the legend, will be studied in order to show how the fantastic changes in Spain, in particular how it becomes more moral. A comparative perspective will permit to understand the complex phenomenon of hybridization, characteristic of the corpus between 1830 and 1890. Finally, the consequences of cohabitation of fantastic and exemplar poetics will be analyzed. The study of edifying strategies and of illustrations will be completed by psychoanalytical theory in a search of sense, beyond the conscious mechanisms of exemplarity
Stachura, Katarzyna. "Cioran : ambiguïté et inachèvement : approche psychologique, morale et esthétique." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0021.
Full textCioran's name is associated with a pessimistic way of thinking and the perfection of style. The beauty and elegance revealed in the way Cioran uses the French language cannot be denied. What, however, can be questioned is the blackness/darkness supposed to characterise his philosophical thinking. It is true that the most widely known - being most frequently cited - aphorisms of the author of the Drawn and Quartared are about nothingness, suicide, the shadowy side of human existence. Yct, when we start reading Cioran without having presumed anything and without narrowing ourselves down to his most renowned quotations we will discover a great ambivalence in his works. The nihilistic Cioran will enter then the anthologies of joy, of nostalgia for the Paradise Lest, of ordinary love showing itself in his anecdotes, humour, opcnness to spot every little sign of life. Thus, this thesis has three objectives in view. Lt should reveal the multiple ambivalence in Cioran's writings. It is supposed to unmask the intended ambiguity of an iconoclast whose constant provoking and exaggerating cover an unusual tenderness and compassion for the human being. Finally, the thesis aims at emphasising the energetic side of Cioran's philosophical thinking and showing that the last word of the " Pessimist" is not in Negation
Normand, Maxime. "Sagesse classique : Sapiential biblique et littérature morale dans la seconde moitié du dix-septième siècle en France." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040037.
Full textIn this doctoral thesis, our goal is to assess, describe and interpret the intertextuality of the Wisdom Books (Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus) in the major works of the four great classical moralists : Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, La Fontaine and La Bruyère. An examination of the literary and historical context reveals how biblical wisdom literature permeates the classical period. In our first part, we analyse the sapiential intertextuality by focusing on the use of commonplaces or topoi. This topical use of the Wisdom Books is particularly significant in the Fables of La Fontaine and the Caractères of La Bruyère. In our second part, we examine the philosophical and theological impact of the Wisdom Books. Ecclesiastes, in its criticism of illusions and in its "epicurean" moments, appears as a fundamental reference for the four moralists. For them, the Wisdom Books seem more particularly devoted to the expression of human misery. However, religious and inspired wisdom infuses many pages of Pascal's work. In our third part, we show that the Wisdom Books constitute a rhetorical model for the moralists, especially concerning brevity and discontinuity. This model, weakly constraining for La Rochefoucauld, stronger, but not preponderant in La Fontaine and La Bruyère, proves to be essential for Pascal, and especially the Pascal of the Pensées
Boulerial, Leila. "Mise en scène de l'acte et morale de la personne dans les romans de George Eliot." Paris 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA030087.
Full textIn order to reveal the mechanisms directing thoughts and acts, George Eliot presents characters in her novel which seem at first sight to be sheltered from the misfortunes of chance and the unexpected. Owing to numerous unpredictable causes of change, the peacefulness of the caracters'lives is disturbed. Whether they like it or not, they are forced to act. It is only at this cost that they are able to mark themselves out from the society they belong to. Their acts are shaped by chance, heredity, their social milieu and also their free will. Then comes the questioning of their responsibility with regard to what they have undertaken, deliberately or not. It is precisely the consequences of their acts which confirm t eir responsibility. .
Ziobrowska, Joanna. "La poétique du mal dans l'oeuvre de Voltaire." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040174.
Full textThe poetics of evil in Voltaire’s work is a study of Voltaire’s imagination through the images of evil that the author reveals into the world. The exploration of the scenes of misfortunes, of evil, and of the wicked is a reflection on how Voltaire perceives ugliness, the sick, barbarity, war, and inquisition. His pictures depict the Voltairian anxiety and haunting in front of the world’s and man’s disorder. Voltaire rebels against the sufferance of the innocent, the bestial side of the battle’s “heroes”, the intolerance of the churchmen, and superstition. His scenes of evil reveal his surprise – eirôneia in front of the universe and the loathsome man whom Voltaire caricatures even more. His deep distress is a component of his temperament, of his education, of the ideas that prevailed in the world in his époque, and of his unconscious. The reflection on the evil as imagined by Voltaire is accompanied with philosophical, psychological, and stylistic hypotheses that come to one’s mind when confronted with the issue of evil
Carabin, Denise. "Les idées stoi͏̈ciennes dans la littérature morale de la fin du XVIe siècle au début du XVIIe (1575-1642)." Paris 3, 1999. https://www.classiques-garnier.com/numerique-bases/garnier?filename=DcaMS01.
Full textStoic ideas in late sixteenth-early seventeeth century moral literature regurlaly nourished as it is by the practice of intertextuality, through translations and commentaries, neo-stoicism, which springs from social crisies, comes to light in the milieu of the bourgeois, lawyers, members of parliament and statesmen. They all turn to seneca and epictetus for arguments, ways of living and thinking, so as to make their fellow-citizens forget sociaty's problems, and to restore royalist order. In its threefold, moral, logical and physical project, neo-stoicism causes the concept of religion to go through major dissociations : through its philosophical theology which rationalizes christianism, through the submission of civil religion to political success, through the reduction of religious sentiment to the virtuous piety of the + preud'homme ; following nature, it undermines ecclesiastical power, by putting the wise man's conscience above that of men. It works inside christianism to soften narrow-minded augutinism and the dogma of its doctors. The sage, who is drawn to tranquillity, eclectism and methodical doubt, turns to intellectual research by way of erudition and the study of nature which leads him to god. These trends are not exclusive of inner forces such as the protestants'mistrust of neo-stoic caution, their belief that men are vain, and the sceptics' refusal to get involved in public matters
Gravina, Valeria. "Les personnages de médecins et hommes de science dans la littérature narrative de Luigi Capuana : une approche morale." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR2033/document.
Full textThe 19th century is characterized by the progress of science and medicine: in a positivist society which awards all its trust to scientific reason, the doctor becomes a professional and the therapeutical approach changes. This is also reflected in literature, which undergoes a sort of “medicalization”. Plenty has been written on the relationship between science and literature, the role of literary malaises - most notably neuroses - and on physician-authors; however, one aspect has been neglected by critics: the morality of physician characters in literature. This research focuses on the desire to define the 19th century’s ideal doctor through medical ethics, one which later will become deontology, in a period where historical, cultural and scientific events are profoundly changing the idea of “good” and “evil”.The thesis draws up a catalog of physician characters in Capuana’s narrative work, setting up a moral taxonomy, distinguishing between the “good”, characterized by empathy and professionalism; the “evil”, characterized by selfishness and ignorance; the doctors at margins, anonymous or in absentia (instrumentally); the “mad geniuses” who devote themselves to completely immoral experiments; and the confessor-doctors, who use the power of logos as a new therapeutic approach.The corpus examined here includes part of Capuana’s literary work, between 1867, when his first novel Il dottor Cymbalus was published, and 1911, when the anthology La voluttà di creare was published.Part of this thesis analyses the instrumental role of physician characters, particularly Doctor Maggioli, who appears in many of Capuana’s novels. He acts in the texts as narrator, narrative engine, and plot generator, representing science and rationality, witness and warrantor of truth, but above all, the author’s alter ego. Through Doctor Maggioli, Capuana shows his proclivity towards the idea of morality: on the one hand he condemns the immorality of evil physicians, and on the other he is attracted, in a sense, to the most wicked and diabolical doctors, who dare violate the laws of Nature through science.The idiosyncrasy between morality and experimentation is revealed especially in the “mad genius” characters, protagonists of typically fantastic novels. Fantastic elements in Capuana’s work are very particular when compared to horror novels or Gothic European literature. Capuana’s goal with fantasy is not to frighten his readers, but rather show them another paradigm of reality, one in which the rules of the world’s natural order are upset, and the rationalism of positivist science gives way to unexplainable, absurd, and fantastic phenomena. In this world, ethics have also been upset, and Capuana finds a way to justify the wickedness of his characters. Experiments on human guinea pigs (noticeably women) no longer appear diabolical in the eyes of readers, because they are conceived as possible only in an other, fantastic reality.In conclusion, in Capuana’s work “good” physician characters are quite rare, while “evil” ones are numerous, and even wicked “mad geniuses” are justified in a sense. In fact, Capuana’s position on the subject of morality in sciences is not at all neat nor constant. If in his first novels he allows scientific experimentation in the name of progress, in his more recent anthologies, he aspires for a renewed medicine, following the example of his master, Angelo Camillo De Meis. This medicine sees in the relationship between doctor and patient a new therapeutic approach based on mutual trust and empathy, but also on the respect of human rights and the laws of Nature
Nsa, Ndo Joëlle Fabiola. "Le groupe et sa représentation dans la littérature autour de 1900 : enjeux politiques et esthétiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0248.
Full textIn the context of the Belle Epoque, many novelists who cling to represent "groups", shape and diverse scope. This group representation incurs moral issues but also, and more, political issues. Across the Group, the question is that of the individual in his relationship with the company or with the Nation. In this period dominated by a general will to react against the decay, this question is that of individualism, analyzed and presented as a disease and as the same factor of the decomposition of the social body by Bourget, in 1881, in his "Theory decadence. " The question is moral insofar as it relates to the duties of the individual; it is also political, insofar as it relates to the proper functioning of society or the health of the nation. Finally, it is aesthetic, both because the problem of the decline of the literary work and the decadence of society are inseparable, according to the organismic vision Bourget in his "Theory of decadence", and because the relationship between the individual and the group, referring to the link between the novelist to his audience, but also to literary groups or networks of influence, committed a certain vision of literature. This thesis aims to reflect these thoughts from, not the stances of each other, but the representation of the group proposed to the inside of romantic fictions. In this perspective, reflection will focus particularly on some novels that share represent different forms of groups, including Paludes and Les Caves du Vatican Gide, The Uprooted of Maurice Barres, The Step of Paul Bourget, Le Sun dead Mauclair Camille and The Child in chains of François Mauriac
Allison, Michael David. "The individual is everything or the world is nothing, morality and regionalism in the novels of David Adams Richards." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62338.pdf.
Full textNeiva, Saulo. "Au nom du loisir et de l'amitie. Rhetorique et morale dans l'epitre en vers en langue portugaise au xvie siecle (sa de miranda, antonio ferreira, diogo bernardes)." Paris 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA030183.
Full textWe analyse the rhetorical and moral dimension of the epistle in verse of sa de miranda (1487-1558), antonio ferreira (1528-1569), and diogo bernardes (1530?-1595?). These poets developed this poetic form by integrating elements borrowed from the traditions of thought on leisure and friendship, in order to perform a critique of contemporary mores. Our study of the rhetorical and moral strategy followed by the most famous portuguese epistolary writers of the xvith century is divided into three parts: in the first part ("definition of the epistle in verse"), we analyse how these poets adapted the heritage bestowed upon them by the tradition of epistolary art, to then examine the similarities and differences which distinguish this poetic form from texts of other genres (the prose missive, the satire and the elegy). In our second part ("the exchange in the epistle"), we present, analyse and classify the relationships maintained between the epistle writer and its recipient, characterisations which owe much to the ideal of the "prudent man", cultivated by the renaissance. In the third part ("leisure and friendship"), we examine how the notions of leisure and friendship are brought to the fore by the xvith century portuguese epistolary writer, and the influence that they exerted on the definition of rhetoric in the epistle en verse
Goubier-Robert, Geneviève. "La vertu à la mode : l'idée de vertu dans le roman français de 1761 à 1789." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040116.
Full textElson, Christopher. "Aspects éthiques de l'oeuvre de Michel Deguy." Paris 4, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040305.
Full textThe writings of Michel Deguy (b. 1931) present the reader of contemporary French literature with a number of serious interpretative challenges. Transgeneric, constantly evolving, hesitating between theory and practice, between poetry and prose, Michel Deguy's work has long required a vigorous and synthetic critical response. By emphasizing the ethical aspects of the work considered as a whole, this thesis seeks to provide a coherent and organic reading of the entire corpus of Deguy's writings, both those collected in book form and the multitude of articles and shorter texts published between 1959 and mid 1995. Here we take 'ethical' both in the general sense (political-moral-social) and in the more fundamental sense deriving from a heideggerian etymology, i. E. Ethos-pertaining to dwelling. Three axes of these ethical preoccupations are explored: i) the responsibility for being; ii) the lyrical subject and the other; iii) 'du comme au comme-un'-from comparison to commonality or community. Throughout we observe, analyze and define an ethics of resemblance and comparison, particular to poetry and expressed uniquely in the poetics of Michel Deguy, a poetics which is also, as he has frequently insisted, a po-ethics
Viart, Thierry. "Problématique du désir dans l'oeuvre de Crébillon fils (1730-1740)." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040006.
Full textThis study poposes a thematic and chronological analysis of desire in relation with love and society life, as it appears in the seven novels composed by claude crebillon from 1730 to 1740. It was conducted with the help of the critical implements brought out by r. Girard from his reading of the major european novelists or dramatists (cervantes, shakespeare, dostoievski, proust). That is, essentially, the hypothesis of a mimetic desire whose major invariants where described by these authors in their principal works. In crebillon, the mimetic nature of desire is allegorically expressed as early as in his first story, le sylphe, which also opens a debate with the conventions of classical ethics and aesthetics on the problem of love relations. The epistolary novel, lettres de la marquise de m:::, as l'ecumoire en le sopha - a fairy tale and an oriental tale- each question the philosophy of their own traditions, in terms sometimes leading to the most joyful parody. In les egarements du coeur et de l'esprit, crebillon minutely describes the frustration-producing mechanisms of desire relations, and he outlines the foundations of a doctrine thanks to which this painful experience could be avoided. The last two dialogues, la nuit et le moment and le hasard du coin du feu, both convey the elaborating process of this doctrine. La nuit et le moment comprises a description of the
Aznavour, Clemence. "Les corps dans l’oeuvre de Marivaux : approches générique, morale et empiriste." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20042.
Full textIf Marivaux is primarily renowned for his in-depth analysis of feelings and his metaphysics of the heart, his characters, who have a complex inner life, also have a body. In order to offer a methodical and horizontal reading of the body, we focus on all of Marivaux’s works, without distinction of literary genre or period. There appears to be no standardized or systematic representation of the body spanning all Marivaux’s works without being influenced by the context of production, but rather, various bodies whose characteristics are informed by periods and choices of writing. In order to define these generic and chronological groupings, we explore the features of the different literary genres (novel, theater, periodical, burlesque travesty, etc.) used by Marivaux and the context of his works (Homeric Warfare, the renewal of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and the growing influence of Locke’s theory of empiricism)
Airey, John. "Voyage sans cartes : la problématique de l'interprétation dans trois textes de Graham Greene : "The Heart of the Matter", "Journey Without Maps" et "The Power and the Glory"." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10017.
Full textChun, Jong-ho. "La nature et la grâce dans les oeuvres de Prévost." Paris 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040050.
Full textOur study consists in analyzing moral thoughts of abbe Prevost, concerning education by examining particularly themes of the nature and the grace in his two novels, the Memoires et aventures d'un homme de qualite and Cleveland. The novels of Prevost are didactic and theological. His concept of the human nature is closely linked to the augustinism and his heroes are bearers of moral and religious values who represent the human condition. In the beginning of his novels, Prevost presents a 'pupil of the nature' who is a man before the state of fall. His novel starts at the moment of the entry of this hero in the social life, which corresponds to the transition from the state of eden to the state of fall. He mainly describes the condition of the man fallen in this state. These heroes are marked by the obsession of an original sin, by the fallen nature and by the concupiscence. What is very important, it is the presence of the grace. We can find in these novels many miraculous elements to convert the heroes, and the divine grace appears often under the mask of the mentors. To save the fallen soul in the state of fall and to protect the natural innocence against the force of the original sin, Prevost insists on the instruction given by the mentors. Therefore, we can find in his novels, the call of the nature marked by the original sin and the call of the grace
Catel, Thibault. "« Le sentier de l’exemple » : morale et moralisation dans la nouvelle tragique en France de 1559 à 1630." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040195.
Full textThis thesis aims to show how exemplarity allows for a fresh analysis of the morality of tragic short stories, known as “histoires tragiques”, between the second half of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th. The ”histoires tragiques” are neither just “histoires de loi” nor sensationalistic stories, and exemplarity helps us find a middle way between the former’s moralism and the later’s immorality. The morality of the “histoires tragiques” essentially works through examples: on this basis, we first put into perspective the crisis that exemplarity is thought to be going through during the Early modern period. We then argue that, through moral exemplarity, we can understand how the “histoires tragiques” take after the two moral “genres” of history and tragedy. Lastly, we study the limits of this exemplarity, which mainly proceeds from the seduction of bad examples and extraordinary cases that seem to be in contrast with commun moral. As the “histoires tragiques” don’t rely anymore on the repetition of similar exemples, this singularity of cases can be seen as a mean to renew exemplarity
Cam, Jeanne-Marie. "Recherches sur le thème de la vie retirée du monde dans la poésie morale du Siècle d’or espagnol." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20037.
Full textMan struggling with his own century has always been driven by the desire to stay away from his fellow men and to flourish without the company of his contemporaries. In Spain, such a desire specifically crystallized during the 16th and 17th centuries just as an economic, moral and religious crisis was shaking the foundations of a Spanish society criticized for its clientelism and iniquity. The manifestation of this disillusionment gave birth to a stream of moral poetry, a philosophical poetry inherited from stoicism and federated by the antithetical platitudes of menosprecio de corte y alabanza de aldea (« scorn of court life and praise of village life »). The series of texts generated by this dialectic of life in seclusion, which is too often confined to the horatian beatus ille, discloses through a corpus of seventy-two texts the perpetual process of rewriting and the freedoms of poetic and philosophical treatment. The study on the types of formulation, the themes and common assumptions, and also on the stylistic devices and prosody carried out within each composition and in the diachronic relation between the study itself and the corpus tends to emphasize the argumentative depth of the series of texts and the combination of its variations
Lévy, Noëlle. "La femme sans vergogne : ou la femme impudique dans les textes médiévaux." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040101.
Full textIn medieval texts, modesty - a fundamental experience of mankind fallen from grace - becomes an essential and feminine question. Study of the Latin and then French medieval glossary of modesty and immodesty enables these concepts and their evolution to be grasped. Then, the "code of good manners and modesty" drawn up in the Middle Ages is studied. Finally, study of the literary figures highlights the essential notions of ostentation, transgression and disorder, and the link between feminine modesty and male power and order
Paquet, André. "L'image de l'homme politique grec dans la cité hellénistique d'après Polybe." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17642.
Full textDenieul, Séverine. "Casanova, instituteur de morale ? : science des moeurs et fiction de soi dans l'Histoire de ma vie." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100094.
Full textThis thesis surveys the connexion between three formes of knowledge: of self, of others and of the world in Casanova's Histoire de ma vie. Often regarded as a great “picture of manners” of 18th century society, its historical, sociological and philosophical dimensions have been slightly appraised, though. Nevertheless, his autobiographical work stands as an remarkable moment in the history of litterature, and in the same time merits a place of his own, for the Venitian is neither a moralist in the classical sense of the word, nor a theorist of manners such as Voltaire. However, he is maybe more gifted than these two models to give account of the complexity of real, thanks to a “science of manners” (as it had been theorized, for instance, by Charles Duclos in his Considérations sur les moeurs de ce siècle) that he implements not only in himself, but also in his fellow men. Nevertheless, Casanova remains unclear about his intentions: should we take seriously this “moral teacher” who wishes to offer his readers a “magical mirror” so they would gaze at -and eventually even correct- themselves? It is worth considering how this ethos of the teacher arises in the philosophical writings of Casanova (most of all, the Essai de critique sur les sciences, sur les moeurs et sur les arts) and in what degree this construction of self can be applied to Histoire de ma vie. This leads us to a third level of analysis: the connexion existing between the fictions of self used by Casanova (first of all, models out of novels) to give account of reality in his Mémoires and his theorisation of his own life
Sulic, Dijana. "Deux visages du mal : Hermann Melville et Albert Camus." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040174.
Full textThis study proposes to demonstrate, in light of the theme of evil, a correspondence between Herman Melville and Albert Camus. Both were obsessed by the problem of evil, and each found a way of expressing that obsession. In spite of their many differences, the comparison between the two is not only possible, but invited by the many parallels in their life and work. This entails a comparative analysis on several levels: formal, literary and philosophical. There follows a comparison of selected works from the authors respective oeuvres. The theme of evil is shown to be present in the early works (Typee, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White jacket, L'Envers et l'endroit, and Noces). An analysis of evil in Moby Dick and La Peste is the main focus of the study. The subject is then examined as it is manifested in the characters of Achab and Caligula, and pursued in the correspondences between Bartelby, L'Étranger and Billy Budd. The final section is devoted to the confidence man and la chute, followed by a conclusion asserting the omnipresence of evil in both authors' work
Guyon-Lecoq, Camille. "La vertu des passions : esthétique et morale de la tragédie lyrique (1673-1733)." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040124.
Full textThis thesis re-places lyrical tragedy within the framework of the history of ideas in order to study the arrival of a "modern" concept of morality which challenges the primacy of heroism and the values of the upper echelons of society, and which bases the idea of individual virtue on natural sensibility, with particular reference to the battle between the ancients and the moderns, this study posits the hypothesis that the moderns, using the lyrical tragedy as their testing ground, applied to the laws governing the "beautiful" their ideas on the stability or instability of the laws of nature, and attempted to rethink the solidarity of the arts after the model of the solidarity of the sciences. Lyrical tragedy, a composite genre as well as being a performing art, brings about a change of viewpoint leading to a division between moral and aesthetic judgement. It naturalizes the supernatural and, by substituting the problem of evil by the representation of the misfortunes of ordinary sensitive individuals moved by gentle passions, it advances the aesthetics of what is touching, thus promoting a morality of tenderness which may be seen in subsequent literature. The birth of a new society engendered the birth of an aesthetically new genre: conversely, the aesthetic forms peculiar to the genre made the lineaments of this modern morality clearer. Bringing to the forefront feminine values when society promotes women to universalist values, lyrical tragedy, often criticized as being artificial and verbose, highlights a new version what is true, natural and simple. Pure classical values are fully assumed: by giving voice to the heart's truth which expresses the state of the soul, more than it describes the actions of the individual, lyrical tragedy evokes the ideal simple sublime which is more touching than admirable
Briand, Maryvonne. "Poétique de l'espace et du temps dans l'œuvre narrative de Vincenzo Consolo." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN1399.
Full textRabaté, Philippe. "L'écriture de la morale dans le Guzmán de Alfarache : du galérien-écrivain au lecteur-atalaya." Paris 4, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA040108.
Full textThis work, dealing with the writing of morals in Mateo Alemán's Guzmán de Alfarache, is composed of three parts. The first part focuses on the poetics of Mateo Alemán's text by confronting it successively with Gracián's Agudeza y arte de ingenio (chapter 1), with the Odyssey (chapter 2) and with the episode of the galley slaves in the Quijote (chapter 3). This comparative method allows us to better identify the coherence of Guzmán's discourse and to consider the unity of his own itinerary. Afterwards, we have chosen, in the chapters 4, 5 and 6 of our second part, to concentrate on three themes which represent the major elements of Guzmán's singular experience : the traza, considered as a witticism, the distortions undergone by the body, and, at last, the quest for an individual remedy. However, the text does not discard the others : on the contrary, Alemán's writing aims at assigning his book the friendly mission of transmitting vital knowledge to the reader (chapter 7) and endowing him with important powers (chapter 8). The creation of a reader-atalaya, able to interpret the meaning of the text, then appears as a determining feature of Alemán's masterpiece : in fact, the ending of the story remains suspended and lets the reader alone to face the comprehension of the political dimension of the narrative (chapter 9)
Chavel, Solange. ""Se mettre à la place d'autrui" : la question du point de vue dans le raisonnement pratique." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIE0012.
Full textFartas, Nadia. "Modernité et simplicité : l'art de la nuance. Littérature et arts visuels en France dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0162.
Full textThe peculiarity of modernity is to integrate criticism in its foundations and to allow questions as well as knowledge development. Therefore, modernity cannot be dissociated from movement and change. Thus, it implies a new kind of social, political and cultural relationship beween the singular and the collective, the particular and the universal, a complexity which XlXth literature managed to testify. However, it is noteworhy that the notion of simplicity is at the centre of the preoccupations of founder authors of artistic and literary modernity. In Flaubert's works dealing with modernity, Baudelaire's written works on arts and in urban views, either literary, pictorial or architectural ones, for instance Monet's series of The Rouen Cathedral, the simplicity forms and meanings which are associated to them make it possible to put the forms of change in a conspicuous position in order to make up an aesthetics of modernity based on shade instead of on binarism or dogmatism. If simplicity refers to what cannot be broken down, the main features of shade are, indeed, grade differences which can hardly be detected. The art of shade which originates in a modern revaluation of simplicity holds together the defence of the beautiful, the singularity of the work of art, the attention to reality, knowledge and new temporalities in order to thwart aesthetization, in other words a conception of the beautiful that covers the features of modernity. Thus, shade shows a new relationship between the visual and the verbal, the text and the image, which brings up to date the knotting between poetics, aesthetics and politics at the heart of modernity
Lenz-Michaud, Suzanne. "La voie de la vertu : théologie, morale et fiction dans l'oeuvre narrative de Jacob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751-1792)." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040274.
Full textThe ideal of autonomy stands at the heart of Lenz's theological and moral beliefs. These are the foundation of his poetics revolving around the will to act. This study brings to light the particular narrative strategies Lenz resorts to, and the poetological dimension of his narrative works which show his interest in the effect of literature and in the energy that a literary work can convey to a reader. Moreover, this study reveals that his narratives offer a critical view of Wieland's poetics as well as of Enlightenment philosophy. Lenz opposes the anthropological scepticism he perceives, not only in Wieland's works, but also in certain texts by Goethe, especially Werther. Lenz considers this scepticism as a perverse effect of the "enlightened" theories, in particular that of French materialism. Although these theories are optimistic towards the evolution of mankind, they are filled with a determinist vision of humanity. This anthropology, and the scepticism it leads to are diametrically opposed to the ideal of autonomy Lenz defends. The study of his prose fiction reveals his criticism of Werther, the extent of which has long been underestimated in academic debate. It allows for a correction to the vision conveyed by previous works of the relationship between the two authors. This study is the first work dealing with the whole of Lenz's narrative writings. It presents a close reading, not only of his five best known stories but also of works which are rarely mentioned in previous studies, together with a yet unpublished story written in Moscow which is presented here for the first time. Furthermore, this study supplements the reflection on the attribution to Lenz of two narratives of doubtful authenticity published anonymously in 1781. Although the manuscript copies have been lost their interpretation in the context of this study shows that, in all likelihood, they are attributable to him
Gonneaud, Justine. "L'androgyne dans la littérature britannique contemporaine : évolution et métamorphoses d'une figure." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON30048.
Full textThis study tackles the aesthetics, politics and ethics of androgyny, focusing on five novels of contemporary British writers: Brigid Brophy’s In Transit, Angela Carter’s The Passion of New Eve, Jeanette Winterson’s Written on the Body, Peter Ackroyd’s Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem and Will Self’s Cock and Bull. The first part examines the aestheticdimension of androgyny, a myth of metamorphic value that destabilizes notions of space, time, bodily constraints and gendered identity. The second part analyses the interplay between the grotesque and hybrid dimensions of the hermaphroditic body in reclaiming the monstrous as a means to renegotiate identity in terms of a multiplicity and to redefine the relationship of the individual to Otherness. This finally allows to examine the political and ethical values ofthe hermaphrodite that articulates the non-foundational Levinasian ethics of alterity with the more practical approach to otherness of the ethics of care
Decorps, Antoine. "Emile Guillaumin journaliste : une morale populaire au service d'un idéal d'élévation paysanne." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20007.
Full textWhile having a carrier in poetry and novels, the bourbonnais countryman-writer Émile Guillaumin begins in 1898 a journalist carrier which will be more and more important from 1908 and above all after the First World war and his giving-up novels. He then wants to inform people and “elevate”, as he says, the countrymen class. This elevation has a peculiar concept: introduce people to « the true from the good ». A moral education is indeed according to him essential in order to make the countrymen class stand with the new urban middleclass (civil servants, artisans). Indeed, countrymen have been outcast from the republican ideal of equality, far from the social laws, in their isolated countryside, far from the progress, the comfort brought by the industrial improvements made at the begining of the century; that’s why Guillaumin aims at awaking thanks of his press articles, a rural consciousness in order to affirm the need of improving the life standards in the countryside. The bitter failure of union action, the rural flight, understood unlike the politicians and the different experts, the illiteracy keeping on in the countryside, the painful consequences of the First World war provoking a massive mistrust against farmers, will lead Guillaumin to the idea of a need to keep on awaking the rural consciousness. In order to overcome the prejudice of ignorant, rude and inferior farmers, they have to be educated themselves, to “stand up”; it is also necessary to show up and turn off the common against the countrymen
Gaucherand, Marc. "Le sens du travail dans la pensée de Charles Péguy." Paris 4, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040392.
Full textBernard, Christophe. "Vers un modèle éthique de l'intrigue : analyse de deux pièces de Bertolt Brecht : La vie de Galilée et Mère courage et ses enfants." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24771/24771.pdf.
Full textColin, Chloé. "L’œuvre de Nicolas de Vérone : intertextualité et création dans la littérature épique franco-italienne du XIVe siècle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO20047/document.
Full textNicolas of Verona was a 14th Century Franco-Italian poet, courtier to Nicolas Ist of Estonia, to whom, in 1343, he dedicated one of his works. He wrote 3 epic poems identical in their metrical form but each of profoundly different inspiration: La Pharsale (3166 verses) speaks of the military war between Caesar and Pompey of Thessaly for the control of Rome, la Prise de Pampelune, or Continuation de l’Entrée d’Espagne (6116 verses) is an account which relates to the traditional adventures of Roland and of Charlemagne of Spain prior to the defeat at Roncesvalles and the Passion (994 verses) narrates the last days of Christ.These 3 chansons de geste were written in Franco-Italian, a purely hybrid literary language which was probably never spoken but which enabled Italian authors to adapt la geste and French heroes for a already pre-humanist North Italian aristocratic and bourgeois audience. Each draws its content from clearly identifiable sources: The Fet des Romains, a French compilation of 12th Century ancient history, l’Entrée d’Espagne a Carolingian epic about an anonymous man from Padua, The Chronicles of Turpin and The Gospels to which it would be proper to add certain apocryphal captions commonly used in the middle ages.The set of themes are classical and the military struggle plays an important role but the setting of the adventures which are told is particularly innovative in that it only keeps a minimal and purely ornamental role for the supernatural elements of traditional epic: The divine is reduced to insubstantiality and God is a hidden God.This stems from the fact that the spirit of the chanson de geste was re-interpreted insofar as was possible in the pre-humanist conception. Henceforth the epic hero had similarities to storybook characters and the psychological depth he acquired conferred him a new status that of a man placed in the centre of the world. The political project of Nicolas of Verona was of an astonishing modernity and advocated a true democracy in the image of the freedom of the Roman Republic. The moral sense of the work reserves a central role for caution by making it the foundation of every fair and just action.The philosophical sense of the text is in itself totally original: the author reconciles classical Christian virtues and neo-stoic wisdom. Thus, humility becomes ascesism and the heroic death of the martyr for his faith is allied to that of an ancient sage. The demand for restraint and the determination to be surprised by nothing (nihil mirari), far from the epic fortitudo, as well as the respect for the nature of man appear as new imperatives. Nicolas of Verona doesn’t deny the difficulty of such an ideal and sets it along side that of the absolute virtue of the sage for purely human domestic wisdom and a parenetic. The moral is of the essence
Stiker-Metral, Charles-Olivier. "Narcisse contrarié : l'amour propre dans le discours moral en France." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040227.
Full textIn Seventeenth-century France, self-love, “the love of self, and of all things for self” as La Rochefoucauld defines it, is at the core of the reflection of authors traditionally gathered under the name “Classical moralists”. An item of the antihumanist topic, this deceptive power blurs values and discourses, and produces in the reader a resistance to truth. These works firstly strive to delineate the usage history and diffusion of the term in the French language, from spirituality to moral theology. A second part approaches the main systems of self-love (Pascal, Nicole, La Rochefoucauld, Malebranche, Fénelon), along with their peripheral reflections where Epicureanism plays an important role. Self-love therein appears as a deceptive power with ambivalent effects, both a source of inauthenticity and the origin of virtuous behaviors. The third part covers the demystification which the moral discourse performs: the systematic questioning of the genuineness of behaviors imposes to constitute a paradoxical axiology. Our fourth part strives to draw the legitimacy of moral judgment: under which conditions is it possible to censor the behavior of one's neighbors? The fifth part examines the pragmatic project of the moral discourse which consists of correcting the reader. The latter is made to face their own unbearable image. The moral discourse risks non acceptance by running contrary to the reader's fallacious certainties, which in turns questions both the effectiveness of the discourse and its very legitimacy
Guignard, Sandrine. "Le problème philosophique de la conscience chez Dostoi͏̈evski." Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100048.
Full textThe study presents a lecture of the sense of the consciousness in Dostoi͏̈evski's literature according to its primary adherence to the organic system and presents the "possession's phenomena" as a determination of the consciousness which explains the relationship from the impulse. This study describes the destruction of every metaphysical definition of the human condition in order to observe humanity acording to its origin : the impulse. Then, the characters found in Dostoi͏̈evski's literature seem to be captured by themselves, slave to desire and are determinded by obsession which can be translated by a compulsive idea or a compulsive behaviour. The,; common sense, universal sense loose their meaning until the meeting with the Other in the erotic relationship which metamorphoses body in flesh but also shows the limit imposed by the organic nature and that the ontological organic solitude can't counter-balanced by flesh