Academic literature on the topic 'Moral preference inference'

This research aims to study and analysis the concept of globalization and its effect in the economic field and what will lead to of mixing powers and parties unqualified in their capabilities and abilities also their values and traditions and their negative effects on the vocational human relations that Arab woman and what reflects on her role in the economic development that passed it a long way to fill her status in work with his brother the man and contribute in the movement of building and development in her country, consequently, there were duties and responsibilities to face this mixing and inference that world witnessed and working on limiting its negative effects on building and structuring Arab Homeland economically which provide Arab Woman with enough opportunities and suitable climate for development. Inductive Methodology and Explanative Methodology have been used for studying reality and concept of globalization and its effect on human relations in the work of Arab Woman by review globalization concept, globalization and labor opportunities, concept of vocational human relations, Arab Woman role in the economic activity , then analyzing concept of globalization and its effect on vocational human relations for Arab woman by depending on latest publishing on this field of researchers and studies , the researcher reached to number of conclusions most important are: Changing in vocational human relations in field of globalization will lead to decline role of Arab woman in the economic development. Preference for material profit will be on account of moral side for Arab woman. Instability the system of values and confusions in human relations between individuals and groups in formal and informal working. Decreasing income level of woman because of decreasing labor opportunities and dividing labor on basis of sex for man as psychological, natural and social character.

The naturalistic fallacy occurs when a person reads a report of scientific research and concludes that the moral implication of the research was included in the article when, in fact, it was not. For example, the fallacy is committed when a study contains the conclusion that TV advertising increases preference for sugar-based foods, but the reader later believes that the study concluded that TV advertising should be controlled. Previous research indicates that the commission of the fallacy was strong when memory for social research was tested. The present study showed that the commission of the fallacy was stronger when the research which was read involved children as subjects compared to adult subjects. Increased empathy for the subjects of a research article strengthens commission of the fallacy.

As our digital wake ripples out, big data is standing by to ride it, applying its analytics to make unnerving inferences about our characters, preferences, and future behavior. This paper addresses the challenge that big data presents to privacy. I examine what are perhaps the two most promising attempts to repel big data’s attack on privacy: obfuscation and the “propertization” of personal information. Obfuscation attempts to throw data collectors off our digital trail by confusing or misleading them. Propertization calls for treating personal information as intellectual property and would require that data holders compensate data subjects for any secondary use. I try to show that both defenses largely fail. I conclude that privacy is a lost cause and that we should call off the attempts to defend it from the moral point of view. I close with some thoughts about what this all means for libraries.

Kokkuvõte. Artiklis vaadeldakse eesti keele modaalverbi pidama episteemilisi kasutusi võrdluses prantsuse keele modaalverbiga devoir. Episteemiliste kasutuste all on mõeldud juhtumeid, kus pidama ja devoir väljendavad kõneleja hinnangut kirjeldatud situatsiooni toimumise tõenäosusastme kohta. Analüüs tugineb tõlkekorpuse näidetele, milles pidama esineb nii originaal- kui ka tõlketekstides. Tõlkevastete analüüs näitab, et eesti verbi pidama kasutatakse prantsuse verbi devoir vastena episteemilises tähenduses tunduvalt harvemini kui vastupidi. Artikli eesmärk on välja selgitada selle ebasümmeetria põhjused ning tuua välja eesti verbi pidama episteemilise kasutusvälja eripärad võrreldes prantsuse analoogi ja sõnaraamatuvastega. Näidete analüüsi põhjal võib järeldada, et eesti keele verbil pidama on võrreldes verbiga devoir kitsam ulatus episteemilise hinnangu tugevuse skaalal. Verbi devoir indikatiivivormid on palju laiemalt kasutusel situatsiooni suhteliselt madala tõenäosuse väljendamisel. Verbi devoir vorm saab väljendada lisaks situatsiooni ajale ka eitust või situatsiooni aspektilisi omadusi, samas kui verbil pidama on episteemilises kasutuses piiratud vormistik. Tulemused näitavad, et verbide pidama ja devoir evidentsiaalsed omadused on sarnased ning neid ei saa vaadelda korrelatsioonis modaaltähendusega: episteemilise hinnangu tugevus ei sõltu otseselt infoallika subjektiivsusastmest või järelduse muudest omadustest.Abstract. Anu Treikelder: The epistemic use of the Estonian modal pidama in comparison with the French modal devoir. This article examines the epistemic uses of the Estonian modal verb pidama in comparison with the same type of verb devoir in French. The analysis is based on samples from a parallel corpus of translations in which pidama occurs both in originals and in translations. The general translation data reveal that the Estonian pidama is used as the equivalent of the French verb devoir less often than vice versa. The aim of this article is to find out the reasons of this asymmetry and to point out the peculiarities of the epistemic usage of pidama compared to its French counterpart. The findings of the corpus reveal some differences in the formal aspect of the two verbs: the epistemic devoir can express besides the time of the situation also aspect and it can occur in the negative form. The Estonian verb pidama has a more restricted paradigm in its epistemic uses. More importantly, the results of the study suggest that variations in translation are not merely due to the preferences of translators but that they reveal also differences in the epistemic meaning of these two verbs. The French modal devoir seems to offer a wider range of epistemic uses than its Estonian counterpart: it allows expressing different degrees of likelihood of a state of affairs on the scale from high to rather low probability, while Estonian pidama stays closer to the pole of (very) high probability. On the other hand, the evidential properties, concerning the source and the nature of the inference conveyed by the epistemic meaning of these two verbs, seem to be rather similar. This result seems to prove that epistemic and evidential categories are not directly correlated in the meaning of modal verbs: the strength of the epistemic evaluation does not depend on the reliability of the source of information.Keywords: modal verbs; epistemic modality; evidentiality; Estonian; French

Modal verbs like must express two distinct non-actual meanings: deontic (e.g., obligation) and epistemic (e.g., inference). How do young children understand these modals? What factors affect their interpretation as deontic or epistemic? We report a picture preference task testing preschool children’s interpretations of Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) morati ‘must’ as deontic or epistemic. Prior work on English must shows that despite an early deontic comprehension bias at age 3, by age 5 children have flipped to a strong epistemic bias, including for constructions adults prefer deontic interpretations (must + eventive verbs). However, properties of English leave open multiple explanations for this non-adult behaviour, as must is primarily epistemic in the input, and must + eventive verb constructions can also receive epistemic interpretations. BCS morati provides a natural comparison: morati is overwhelmingly deontic in the input, and BCS syntax provides categorical cues to deontic versus epistemic interpretation. Our results show that BCS children are more adult-like at age 3 than English children, a difference we attribute to clearer syntactic cues to flavour in BCS. But, by age 5 BCS children behave like English counterparts, preferring epistemic interpretations even for constructions that are deontic-only in BCS. We argue this cross-linguistic result is best explained pragmatically: deontic uses of both morati and must invite a likelihood inference that obligations will be normatively carried out. This inference was first proposed to explain diachronic meaning changes from root-to-epistemic. We show older preschool children commit to this likelihood inference more than adults.

Ambient Temperature in Online Service environments (ATOS) is a sensory cue not directly accessible in current online servicescape technology, but inferred from secondary cues, particularly visual ones. This study integrates research on cross-modal inferences with a situated cognitions framework and the stereotype content model to show that ATOS enhances judgment of service provider warmth, in turn influencing important service outcomes. A pilot study explores the linkages between consumer online and offline experiences, providing evidence for online service environments’ capacity (especially ATOS) to shape customer judgment and behavior. Study 1 examines a tropical island holiday resort to show that online representations of the environment evoke situated cognitions and preferences consistent with high ambient temperature. Study 2 uses virtual tours of cafés to demonstrate that ATOS, through judgment of service provider warmth, positively influences purchase intention and other managerially important service outcomes. Study 3 employs 12 service contexts to replicate ATOS effects, mediated through warmth, and to show that effects are stronger in contexts where service provision is directed more at objects (vs. people). Given that ambient temperature is ubiquitous in all types of service settings and easily adjusted by practitioners, managerial implications outline how service marketers can more effectively employ ATOS.