Journal articles on the topic 'Moral foundation theory'
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Garvey, Kilian James, and Timothy G. Ford. "Rationality, Political Orientation, and the Individualizing and Binding Moral Foundations." Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science 5, no. 1 (March 6, 2014): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5178/lebs.2014.29.
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Is moral cognition rational or intuitive? This paper tests two competing theories of moral cognition: rational (i.e., Piaget and Kohlberg) vs. intuitive (i.e., Shweder and Haidt) through an investigation of the relationships of each to Haidt’s pluralistic moral theory. This theory claims that, in addition to an individualizing foundation (i.e., justice and harm avoidance), morality also includes a binding foundation (i.e., group and authority deference). Three-hundred and seventy-one undergraduates from two colleges in Maine (USA) completed a survey comprised of measures of rational and intuitive cognition, political orientation, disgust sensitivity, and the individualizing and binding moral foundations. The study found that rational thinking was the strongest predictor for both of the individualizing (harm/care and fairness/reciprocity) and two of the three binding moral foundations (ingroup/loyalty and authority/respect). Political orientation and disgust sensitivity, found in past studies to be related to these two moral foundation subscales were related, but more weakly, relative to rationality. While Haidt claims that moral cognition is intuitive, we found a more complex picture: low rational and high intuitive scores are characteristic of the binding moral foundations but the opposite is true of the individualizing moral foundations.
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Landmann, Helen, and Ursula Hess. "Testing moral foundation theory: Are specific moral emotions elicited by specific moral transgressions?" Journal of Moral Education 47, no. 1 (August 3, 2017): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2017.1350569.
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Voorzanger, B. "Evolutionary theory and the foundation of moral principles." Human Evolution 5, no. 2 (April 1990): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02435467.
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Milesi, Patrizia, and Augusta Isabella Alberici. "Pluralistic morality and collective action: The role of moral foundations." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430216675707.
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Starting from the pluralistic view of morality proposed by the moral foundations theory, this paper aims at highlighting the plurality of personal moral concerns that may drive people to collective action and at investigating how they are connected with other personal and group-based motivations to act (i.e., moral obligation, moral convictions, politicized group identity, group efficacy, and group-based anger). Moral foundations can be distinguished into individualizing foundations, aimed at protecting individual rights and well-being; and binding foundations, aimed at tightening people into ordered communities. We expected that collective action intention would be most strongly associated with an individualizing foundation in equality-focused movements, and with a binding foundation in conformity-focused ones. Four studies that examined activists of both liberal and conservative movements confirmed these expectations. The relevant foundations predicted collective action mainly through the mediation of moral obligation and politicized identity, but they also had some effects above and beyond them.
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Turk, Žiga. "Subsidiarity and the moral foundations of populism." European View 18, no. 1 (March 18, 2019): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685819838122.
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Across Europe there is growing concern about populism. In this article populism is analysed through the lens of Jonathan Haidt’s moral foundation theory. People make choices, including political choices, based on their morals. Political families also base their policies on moral foundations. The article analyses this phenomenon and identifies both the opportunities it provides for the European People’s Party (EPP) and the threats it poses. The opportunities have to do with a special feature of conservative parties: they address the entire spectrum of moral foundations while other political families specialise in one or just a few of those foundations—this is even truer of populists. This factor also forms the threat to the EPP: while others can specialise, the EPP family must stay balanced and broad. The other way to address populism is through subsidiarity—the closer people are to decisions, the less abstract they are and the less they are guided by moral foundations, and thus there is less opportunity for populism.
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Ahluwalia, Amrita. "‘Let your conscience be your guide’: Using Moral Foundations Theory to further understanding of moral intuitions." PsyPag Quarterly 1, no. 97 (December 2015): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspag.2015.1.97.40.
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Moral Foundation Theory (MFT) was coined by a group of social and cultural psychologists. This theory proposes that several innate sets of moral concerns or ‘foundations’ underpin moral judgment. Theoretically, MFT posits that moral judgments tend to be intuitive and affective. Nonetheless, despite this commitment to intuitionism, most MFT research is conducted using self-report measures. Where work has examined intuitive processes, this tends to explore foundations in isolation and, therefore, does not provide an understanding of how an individual’s moral intuitions relate to one another and to their deliberated moral judgements. MFT makes an important contribution to social psychology by seeking to explain the diversity of moral beliefs and values found across people and cultures. However, there are still significant gaps in MFT research. This paper outlines the need to develop ways of mapping moral intuitions within the context of MFT.
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Braicovich, Rodrigo Sebastián. "Under- and Overspecification in Moral Foundation Theory. The Problematic Search for a Moderate Version of Innatism." Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso, no. 19 (June 10, 2022): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rhv2022iss19pp163-179.
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Jonathan Haidt’s Moral Foundation Theory has been criticized on many fronts, mainly on account of its lack of evidence concerning the genetic and neurological bases of the evolved moral intuitions that the theory posits. Despite the fact that Haidt’s theory is probably the most promising framework from which to integrate the different lines of interdisciplinary research that deal with the evolutionary foundations of moral psychology, i) it also shows a critical underspecification concerning the precise mental processes that instantiate the triggering of our evolved moral intuitions, and that ii) that underspecification coexists with and overspecification of the structure of human nature when it comes to exploring alternatives to capitalist societies.
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Du, Jun. "Validation of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire with three Chinese ethnic groups." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 47, no. 8 (August 7, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8009.
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Moral foundations theory is claimed to be universally applicable and is classified into 5 foundations of morality: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, respect/subversion, and purity/degradation. This theory has not been tested in the Eastern cultural context. Therefore, in this study I addressed this lack in the context of China, where there are people of a number of different ethnicities. I adopted the Moral Foundations Questionnaire, which was completed by 761 Chinese of Han, Uygur, and Tibetan ethnicity. The results show that there was no gender difference in morality foundation scores, but the differences among ethnic groups were significant: Tibetans scored lower than did Han and Uygur in care and fairness, and Uygur scored higher than Han and Tibetans did in loyalty, respect, and purity. The interactions between gender and ethnic group were significant for care, fairness, and respect. These findings suggest that moral foundations theory is applicable to China, that the Moral Foundations Questionnaire can also be partially applied to Chinese, and that ethnicity is an influential factor when people make moral judgments.
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Brunsveld, Niek. "God en moraal, ontdekking of uitvinding? Kritische analyse van Gerrit Manenschijns fundering van de morele en geloofswerkelijkheid." NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion 62, no. 2 (May 18, 2008): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/ntt2008.62.123.brun.
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In his book God is so great that He doesn’t have to exist, Gerrit Manenschijn claims that God exists in language. Religious language consists of metaphors and has a performative rather than a descriptive nature. Since religious reality is an invention rather than a discovery we cannot make truth-claims about God and other religious entities. Although Manenschijn claims that moral reality takes shape in the same way, there is a difference on the level of their foundations: religious reality rests on existential questions, whereas moral reality rests on moral sentiments. This enables morality to make truth-claims. When altered in such a way that his view on the foundation of moral reality matches the foundation of religious reality, Manenschijn’s theory not only becomes coherent but also provides us with a persuasive theory of Christian theology and morality which is in accordance with influential contemporary views on language and epistemology.
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Prince, Melvin, Attila N. Yaprak, and Dayananda Palihawadana. "The moral bases of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer cosmopolitanism as purchase dispositions." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 429–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-11-2017-2432.
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Purpose This paper aims to develop a model that explains the moral bases of consumer ethnocentrism and consumer cosmopolitanism as purchase dispositions. The authors build their work on moral foundations theory and the social theories of Emile Durkheim. Design/methodology/approach Theory-building from general theories of motivation is grounded in cultural norms, and empirical research is conducted to test theoretical propositions. Findings The focus is on the theoretical implications of binding or individualism morals of consumers within social groups. Consequently, variables in the model relate to ethical themes of community, autonomy and divinity. This theory posits that, for a variety of considerations, loyalty has a direct and positive effect on consumer ethnocentrism and on consumer cosmopolitanism. Serendipitously, other moral foundations have negative effects. The authors theorize that negative relationships exist between authority and consumer cosmopolitanism, and between sanctity and consumer ethnocentrism. This model also illustrates that consumer ethnocentrism positively predisposes favorable domestic product judgments. Research limitations/implications New ethical factors in consumer dispositions affecting product purchase decisions are explored. Hypotheses can be empirically replicated and moderated in future research. Practical implications Marketers can use the variables of personal values, moral foundations and gender role identity to fashion marketing communications and to target selective consumer segments. Social implications The persuasion process of social marketing will be enhanced by understanding relevant motives. Originality/value The use of the fine-grained moral foundation antecedents to predict consumer predispositions of ethnocentrism and cosmopolitanism is without precedent.
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Henderson, Nicole Lynn, and William W. Dressler. "Cultural Models of Substance Misuse Risk and Moral Foundations: Cognitive Resources Underlying Stigma Attribution." Journal of Cognition and Culture 19, no. 1-2 (May 2, 2019): 78–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340049.
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AbstractThis study examines the cognitive resources underlying the attribution of stigma in substance use and misuse. A cultural model of substance misuse risk was elicited from students at a major U.S. state university. We found a contested cultural model, with some respondents adopting a model of medical risk while others adopted a model of moral failure; agreeing that moral failure primarily defined risk led to greater attribution of stigma. Here we incorporate general beliefs about moral decision-making, assessed through Moral Foundations Theory. Specifically, we examined commitment to each moral foundation in relation to stigma attribution while controlling for the specific model of substance misuse risk. We found an interaction between the purity moral foundation and the cultural model of risk. This suggests that broad moral orientations, along with more specific understandings of substance misuse risk, combine to orient an individual with respect to stigma attribution.
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Cowan, Kirsten, and Atefeh Yazdanparast. "Moral foundations and judgment: conceptualizing boundaries." Journal of Consumer Marketing 36, no. 3 (May 13, 2019): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-01-2018-2548.
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Purpose Even though the definitions of morality may seem to provide straightforward criteria to assess the morality of individuals, moral judgments are challenging and less exact. This paper aims to advance extant work on morality and moral judgment by providing a conceptualization of boundary conditions in the relationship between moral judgments and consumer behavior. Design/methodology/approach An interdisciplinary literature review is conducted to integrate extant knowledge on morality, moral judgment and consumer behavior to identify and conceptualize boundary conditions affecting moral judgments and decision-making. The research draws on moral foundation theory and norm activation model, and the proposed factors and relationships are grounded in construal level theory and regulatory focus theory. Findings The research identifies cultural, individual and situational factors that influence moral judgments and decision-making and argues that moral judgments exhibit a similar pattern across types, but cultural factors determine the salience of each moral foundation type. Moreover, construal factors relevant to the situation (i.e. proximity vs distance) affect the extent and manner of moral judgments, and individual mindsets and their associated information processing styles (e.g. money vs time orientation and promotion vs prevention orientation) make moral judgments more malleable, adding a degree of variability to judgments within similar cultures and situations. Originality/value The research makes a rather unique contribution to consumer morality literature by identifying and discussing three different groups of factors with the potential to impact individuals’ judgments of, and reactions to, moral foundation violation information.
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Hren, Darko, Ivan Buljan, and Ana Marušić. "Moral Foundations theory in the context of a political scandal." St open 1 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.1.3.
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Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the moral foundations structure in the Croatian population, and to examine possible changes in moral foundation structure after a major political scandal in Croatia. Methods: We conducted an online survey using Moral Foundations Questionnaire and Key Social Issues Scale, which was distributed in two waves, in 2009 and 2014. Participants were invited from the Faculties of Humanities and Social Sciences at the universities in Zagreb and Split and asked to distribute the survey to colleagues and friends. Results: 3000 participants completed the survey in 2009, 1323 participants completed the survey in 2014. In both samples, most participants reported that they relied more on individual foundations of “Care/Harm” and “Fairness/Cheating”, than on relational foundations of “Loyalty/Betrayal”, “Authority/Subversion” or “Sanctity/Degradation”, which are typically more valued by traditionally oriented or conservative individuals. Comparison of the two measurement time points indicated that scores on traditional foundations significantly decreased, while liberal values increased. These changes were triangulated and confirmed by the results on the Key Social Issues Scale. Conclusion: In order to encourage students and training doctors to more readily engage in research, exposure to re-search and research participation could have an incremental value to existing research education in medical schools.
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Stastna, Kamila. "The Impact of the Moral Foundations Arguments on Early Adolescents." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2021.1.8.
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The empirical research reported in this article is based on the Moral Foundations Theory proposed by J. Haidt. Objectives. The author examines the impact of moral foundations arguments on early adolescents’ moral judgments regarding violating moral rules and explores gender-related differences between moral foundations preferences. Method. The effect of moral foundations arguments was measured by a newly developed meta-ethical position test (MEPT). The MEPT consists of a pretest questionnaire, treatment by moral foundations arguments, and a posttest questionnaire. The sample contained 178 early adolescents from the Czech Republic (84 females and 94 males). The influence of the moral foundations arguments was analyzed by comparing the pretest with the posttest. Results. 91% of teenagers changed their moral judgment due to confrontations with the moral foundations arguments. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test found that the moral foundations arguments were significantly relevant, since the P-value was lower than 0.001. The Mann-Whitney U test revealed the importance of the gender aspect: P-value care equals 0.01 and liberty 0.01. Girls have a preference for care foundation (21% more than boys), while boys tended to liberty (27 % more than girls). It seems that moral foundations arguments strongly change early adolescents’ moral judgments and can be practically applied as a valuable platform for early adolescents’ moral development.
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Hubin, Donald C. "The Moral Justification of Benefit/Cost Analysis." Economics and Philosophy 10, no. 2 (October 1994): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100004727.
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Benefit/cost analysis is a technique for evaluating programs, procedures, and actions; it is not a moral theory. There is significant controversy over the moral justification of benefit/cost analysis. When a procedure for evaluating social policy is challenged on moral grounds, defenders frequently seek a justification by construing the procedure as the practical embodiment of a correct moral theory. This has the apparent advantage of avoiding difficult empirical questions concerning such matters as the consequences of using the procedure. So, for example, defenders of benefit/cost analysis (BCA) are frequently tempted to argue that this procedure just is the calculation of moral Tightness – perhaps that what it means for an action to be morally right is just for it to have the best benefit-to-cost ratio given the accounts of “benefit” and “cost” that BCA employs. They suggest, in defense of BCA, that they have found the moral calculus – Bentham's “unabashed arithmetic of morals.” To defend BCA in this manner is to commit oneself to one member of a family of moral theories (let us call them benefit/cost moral theories or B/C moral theories) and, also, to the view that if a procedure is (so to speak) the direct implementation of a correct moral theory, then it is a justified procedure. Neither of these commitments is desirable, and so the temptation to justify BCA by direct appeal to a B/C moral theory should be resisted; it constitutes an unwarranted short cut to moral foundations – in this case, an unsound foundation. Critics of BCA are quick to point out the flaws of B/C moral theories, and to conclude that these undermine the justification of BCA. But the failure to justify BCA by a direct appeal to B/C moral theory does not show that the technique is unjustified. There is hope for BCA, even if it does not lie with B/C moral theory.
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Sulimov, K. A., О. А. Sychev, and K. I. Belousov. "FEATURES OF THE USE OF MORAL LANGUAGE BY DEPUTIES OF THE STATE DUMA FAC-TIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT BASED ON CONTENT ANALYSIS." Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 16, no. 1 (2022): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-1-58-73.
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The results of a study of the features of the use of moral language by deputies of various factions of the State Duma are presented. The conceptual basis of the study was the moral foundations theory developed in the USA, which reveals the difference between the moral foundations of conservative and liberal political ideology. Along with the main provisions of the theory, the features of the Russian political and ideological space and political practice, which limit the possibilities of its application in Russia, are considered in detail. The texts of all deputies’ speeches of the State Duma of the 4th-7th convocations were processed by computer content analysis using the moral foundations dictionary in the LIWC2015 program. The results of the analysis showed that in the speeches of the “United Russia” parliamentary faction much more often (in comparison with other factions) the language of the moral foundation "Authority" is used. This fact reflects its “administrative” conservatism, which expresses the peculiarities of its political and administrative status as a “party of power”. Generally, the parties represented in the Duma gravitate more toward “binding” (group-centric) rather than “individualising” moral foundations, which corresponds to stereotypical ideas about the important role of these values in the Russian context. The results of the study indicate the promise of the approach based on the moral foundations theory to the study of socio-political discourse using computer content analysis of moral language.
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Rankin, Nancy. "A Substantive Revision to Firth's Ideal Observer Theory." Stance: an international undergraduate philosophy journal 3, no. 1 (September 10, 2019): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/s.3.1.55-61.
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This paper examines Ideal Observer Theory and uses criticisms of it to lay the foundation for a revised theory first suggested by Jonathan Harrison called Ideal Moral Reaction Theory. Harrison’s Ideal Moral Reaction Theory stipulates that the being producing an ideal moral reaction be dispassionate. This paper argues for the opposite: an Ideal Moral Reaction must be performed by a passionate being because it provides motivation for action and places ethical decision-making within human grasp.
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Di Battista, Silvia, Monica Pivetti, and Chiara Berti. "Moral Foundations, Political Orientation and Religiosity In Italy." Open Psychology Journal 11, no. 1 (April 24, 2018): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874350101811010046.
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Background:This study investigates the role of political orientation and religiosity in Italy for moral foundations endorsement, in light of Haidt and Graham’sMoral Foundations Theory. This theory hypothesizes that moral systems are based on five dimensions (i.e.,Harm/care, Fairness/reciprocity, Ingroup/loyalty, Authority/respect, and Purity/sanctity) that, in turn, can be grouped into two broader dimensions (BindingandIndividualizing).Objective:We aim to explore and extend the moral foundation assumptions to the Italian context predicting greater endorsement of binding values among Italian Right-wingers as compared with Left-wingers. Given that the relations between politics and Catholic Church have always been intertwined in modern Italy, we also extend this line of inquiry by examining the role of religiosity.Method:Two hundred and forty-eight Italian participants filled out a self-report measure including theMoral Foundations Questionnaires.Results: Individuals attach considerable relevance to individualizing moral foundations rather than to binding moral foundations; conservatives and regular religious attenders attach more relevance to binding moral foundations as compared with individuals with a Left-wing political orientation and less religious people.Conclusions:Our results show that the Italians’ political orientation emerges as a significant element in the differential adoption of moral foundations. Furthermore, considering the historical and fundamental role of the Catholic religion in the Italian society and political life, our results confirm that binding values are particularly valued in groups such as practicing Catholic, where institutions, families, and authorities are valued.
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Eriksson, Kimmo, Brent Simpson, and Pontus Strimling. "Political double standards in reliance on moral foundations." Judgment and Decision Making 14, no. 4 (July 2019): 440–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500006124.
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AbstractPrior research using the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ) has established that political ideology is associated with self-reported reliance on specific moral foundations in moral judgments of acts. MFQ items do not specify the agents involved in the acts, however. By specifying agents in MFQ items we revealed blatant political double standards. Conservatives thought that the same moral foundation was more relevant if victims were agents that they like (i.e., corporations and other conservatives) but less relevant when the same agents were perpetrators. Liberals showed the same pattern for agents that they like (i.e., news media and other liberals). A UK sample showed much weaker political double standards with respect to corporations and news media, consistent with feelings about corporations and news media being much less politicized in the UK than in the US. We discuss the implications for moral foundations theory.
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Sychev, O. A., and E. V. Zhikhareva. "Moral Foundations vs. Extremist Attitudes in University Students." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2020-22-1-185-193.
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The paper features relations between extremist attitudes and moral sphere. The study was based on J. Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory. Most researchers are interested in the problem of right-wing extremist attitudes, e.g. xenophobia, nationalism, religious fanaticism, authoritarianism, etc. However, the existing evidence of the link between such attitudes and some particularities of the moral sphere doesn't take into account modern psychological approaches toward moral. On the basis of moral foundations theory, the authors hypothesized that binding moral foundations may be linked with rightwing extremist attitudes. This hypothesis was tested on 397 university students (women – 83 %). The participants answered the Moral Foundations Questionnaire by J. Graham et al. and Young Men Extremist Attitudes Questionnaire by K. V. Zlokazov. The results of the correlation analysis showed that individualizing moral foundations (Harm and Fairness) were inversely correlated with right-wing extremist attitudes, while binding moral foundations (Loyalty and Authority) showed direct correlation. Such moral foundation as Sanctity showed contradictory correlations with extremist attitudes. Using structure linear modeling the authors demonstrated the significant impact of two moral foundations (Authority and Harm) on extremist attitudes. Authority was associated with a relatively high level of religious fanaticism, xenophobia, and authoritarianism. Care was associated with a low level of fanaticism, xenophobia, and nationalism. The obtained results proved that such violencecondemning values as care and harm avoidance oppose right-wing extremist attitudes. However, such values as respect for authorities and traditions may have potentially negative side effects, e.g. justification and support of right-wing extremist attitudes.
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Protasova, Irina N., and Oleg A. Sychev. "Moral Basis for Ethnic Tolerance." RUDN Journal of Psychology and Pedagogics 16, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2019-16-3-327-340.
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The article deals with the relation between ethnic tolerance and the moral sphere features on the basis of Moral Foundations Theory by J. Haidt. As a result of theoretical analysis we put forward a hypothesis that ethnic tolerance is entirely compatible with individualizing moral foundations (caring/not doing harm and fairness) but contradicts the binding moral foundations (loyalty, authority, sanctity). To test this hypothesis the research was carried out on a sample of 340 university students. The participants completed a questionnaire packet containing the “Tolerance index” questionnaire by G.U. Soldatova et al. and the “Moral foundations questionnaire” by J. Graham et al. The correlations between variables showed that ethnic tolerance was positively correlated with moral foundations ‘Care’ and ‘Fairness’ and negatively correlated with moral foundation ‘Authority’. Using path analysis we showed that ethnic tolerance is positively correlated with individualizing moral foundations and negatively correlated with binding moral foundations under the control of tolerance as a trait, gender and age. Our results also revealed unsatisfactory reliability of the “Social tolerance” scale of the “Tolerance index” questionnaire indicating the need for further investigation of the psychometric properties of this questionnaire. Our results support the hypothesis that ethnic tolerance is compatible with individualizing moral foundations, but contradicts the binding moral foundations. This fact demonstrates the moral inconsistencies of ethnic tolerance in the context of the individualizing and binding moral foundations.
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Sutton, Geoffrey William, Heather L. Kelly, and Marin E. Huver. "Political Identities, Religious Identity, and the Pattern of Moral Foundations among Conservative Christians." Journal of Psychology and Theology 48, no. 3 (October 16, 2019): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091647119878675.
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Consistent with social identity theory, political identity was strongly linked to conservative Christians’ morality represented by the Moral Foundation Theory model. Participants identifying as Democrats scored significantly higher than did those identifying as Republicans on the individualizing foundations of care and fairness but significantly lower than Republicans on the binding foundations of authority, loyalty, and purity. In addition, political identity differentially related to the two liberty subfoundations consistent with salient political party themes. Hierarchical regression analyses identified political identity as a consistent predictor of all moral foundations beyond the variance accounted for by unique contributions of gender and education. RS factors, primarily fundamentalism, contributed additional incremental value to predicting the three binding but not the individualizing foundations, which suggests a congruent dual identity (political, religious) for Republicans that does not hold for Democrats.
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Zakharin, Michael, and Timothy C. Bates. "Remapping the foundations of morality: Well-fitting structural model of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 22, 2021): e0258910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258910.
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Moral foundations theory posits five moral foundations, however 5-factor models provide poor fit to the data. Here, in five studies, each with large samples (total N = 11,496), we construct and replicate a well-fitting model of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ). In study 1 (N = 2,271) we tested previously theorised models, confirming none provide adequate fit. We then developed a well-fitting model of the MFQ. In this model, the fairness/reciprocity and harm/care foundations were preserved intact. The binding foundations, however, divided into five, rather than the original three foundations. Purity/sanctity split into independent foundations of purity and sanctity. Similarly, Ingroup/loyalty divided into independent factors of loyalty to clan and loyalty to country. Authority/respect was re-focussed on hierarchy, losing one item to the new sanctity foundation and another into loyalty to country. In addition to these 7 foundations, higher-level factors of binding and individualizing were supported, along with a general/acquiescence factor. Finally, a “moral tilt” factor corresponding to coordinated left-leaning vs. right-leaning moral patterns was supported. We validated the model in four additional studies, testing replication of the 7-foundation model in data including from US, Australia, and China (total N = 9,225). The model replicated with good fit found in all four samples. These findings demonstrate the first well-fitting replicable model of the MFQ. They also highlight the importance of modelling measurement structure, and reveal important additional foundations, and structure (binding, individualizing, tilt) above the foundations.
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Bloomfield, Paul. "Naturalistic Moral Realism and Evolutionary Biology." Philosophies 7, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7010002.
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Perhaps the most familiar understanding of “naturalism” derives from Quine, understanding it as a continuity of empirical theories of the world as described through the scientific method. So, it might be surprising that one of the most important naturalistic moral realists, Philippa Foot, rejects standard evolutionary biology in her justly lauded Natural Goodness. One of her main reasons for this is the true claim that humans can flourish (eudaimonia) without reproducing, which she claims cannot be squared with evolutionary theory and biology more generally. The present argument concludes that Foot was wrong to reject evolutionary theory as the empirical foundation of naturalized eudaimonist moral realism. This is based on contemporary discussion of biological function and evolutionary fitness, from which a definition of “eudaimonia” is constructed. This gives eudaimonist moral realism an empirically respectable foundation.
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Langlois, Anthony J. "Human Rights and Modern Liberalism: A Critique." Political Studies 51, no. 3 (October 2003): 509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00438.
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The idea of human rights has become one of the central moral notions of both the theory and practice of international politics. While its foundation and future in the practice of politics looks bright, it is an idea that still causes great trouble at the theoretical level. What are human rights? Why do we have them? To what should we attribute the authority of their moral claims? The theorist Michael Freeman has suggested one theory that by addressing such questions may serve as a foundation for human rights. His theory, however, ends by begging the questions it set out to answer.
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CATICHA, NESTOR, and RENATO VICENTE. "AGENT-BASED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: FROM NEUROCOGNITIVE PROCESSES TO SOCIAL DATA." Advances in Complex Systems 14, no. 05 (October 2011): 711–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911003190.
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Moral Foundation Theory states that groups of different observers may rely on partially dissimilar sets of moral foundations, thereby reaching different moral valuations. The use of functional imaging techniques has revealed a spectrum of cognitive styles with respect to the differential handling of novel or corroborating information that is correlated to political affiliation. Here we characterize the collective behavior of an agent-based model whose inter individual interactions due to information exchange in the form of opinions are in qualitative agreement with experimental neuroscience data. The main conclusion derived connects the existence of diversity in the cognitive strategies and statistics of the sets of moral foundations and suggests that this connection arises from interactions between agents. Thus a simple interacting agent model, whose interactions are in accord with empirical data on conformity and learning processes, presents statistical signatures consistent with moral judgment patterns of conservatives and liberals as obtained by survey studies of social psychology.
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Milesi, Patrizia. "Moral foundations and voting intention in Italy." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 13, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 667–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i4.1391.
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Based on the view of morality proposed by the Moral Foundations Theory, this paper investigates whether voting intention is associated with moral foundation endorsement in not perfectly bipolar electoral contexts. Three studies carried out in Italy from 2010 to 2013, showed that controlling for ideological orientation, moral foundation endorsement is associated with voting intention. In Study 1 and 3, in fictitious and real national elections, intention to vote for right-wing political groups rather than for left-wing rivals was associated with Sanctity, confirming previous results obtained in the U.S. Furthermore, as a function of the specific competing political groups in each of the examined contexts other moral foundations predicted voting intention. In Study 1, Care and Authority predicted voting intention for the major political groups rather than for an autonomist party that aimed at decreasing central government’s fiscal power in favor of fiscal regional autonomy. In Study 3, Loyalty predicted the intention to vote for the major parliamentarian parties rather than for a movement that aimed at capturing disaffection towards traditional politics. In Study 2, at real regional elections, Loyalty predicted voting intention for the incumbent right-wing governor rather than for the challengers and Fairness predicted voting intention for left-wing extra-parliamentarian political groups rather than for the major left-wing party. Thus multiple moral concerns can be associated with voting intention. In fragmented and unstable electoral contexts, at each election the context of the competing political groups may elicit specific moral concerns that can contribute to affect voting intention beyond ideological orientation.
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Aliyahwati, Titik. "MENINGKATKAN PERKEMBANGAN MORAL ANAK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN STRATEGI MORAL IMPLISIT." AL-ASASIYYA: Journal Of Basic Education 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/ajbe.v3i2.1878.
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According to the moral foundation theory, moral judgments are based on five (or six) moral systems. The system is caring, justice, authority, loyalty, and purity with freedom as the potential of the six systems. For example, the caring system is sensitive to the signs of others who suffer and explains why we intuitively judge that hurting others is morally wrong. Bullying is included in the moral system of caring among children. Children will not do bullying towards their friends if they love and care for one another. The social process of bullying, where incidents often occur in the presence of parties involved indirectly, have been observed in the diversity of the school environment.
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Unar, Narjis, and Prof Dr Nasreen Hussain. "Students’ Morality Development in Primary Public Schools of Sindh Province: An Application of Moral Foundation Theory." International Research Journal of Education and Innovation 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v2.03(21)21.231-248.
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The paper investigated the effectiveness of the implemented curriculum in emphasizing the moral values of students in primary public sector schools in Sindh. Also it analyzes the role played by the school principals/head teachers in promoting moral values among students. The paper also explored how teachers at primary schools contribute to developing the moral values of students. The study has collected 177 responses from the teachers of primary public level schools of five districts of Sindh province using purposive sampling technique while PLS-SEM has been employed for data analysis using SmartPLS v3.2.9. The results have shown that effectiveness of curriculum, teachers’ implicit beliefs, and role of principals have positive effect on students’ moral development while teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals have positive effect on role of teachers; whereas, teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals have positive effect on effectiveness of curriculum. The mediation analysis showed that effectiveness of curriculum has positive mediation between teachers’ implicit beliefs and role of principals towards students’ moral development. However, socioeconomic support has no significant moderating effect on the role of curriculum effectiveness, teachers’ and principals’ role towards students’ moral development. In this regards, it has been recommended that schools can best promote students' moral growth by assisting instructors in coping with the difficulties of their jobs and developing teachers' capacity for introspection and empathy. Students undoubtedly benefit from community service, being reminded of essential qualities, and developing good habits.
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Yaqin, Ainul, M. Syarif, and Muhammad Ali Rohmad. "Menggali Perangkat Keilmuan Islam sebagai Basis Pengembangan Nilai-Nilai Universal Penalaran Moral Post-Conventional." Proceedings of Annual Conference for Muslim Scholars 6, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36835/ancoms.v6i1.375.
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Post-conventional is the highest level of moral reasoning based on cognitive developmental moral theory. As the highest level, post-conventional is the level of moral reasoning that everyone (including Muslims) needs to have because a person's moral reasoning is correlated with his moral actions. Moral reasoning affects how a person believes that behavior should be done. A person has reached the post-conventional level if his moral reasoning refers to universal values such as justice, equality, humanity, and so on. In Muslim society, the acceptance of universal values that form the basis for this post-conventional level of moral reasoning is still debated. This article examines the thoughts of Muslim scholars who present explanations of Islamic scientific tools (maqashid al-shariah, maslahah, and naskh-mansukh), which give place to universal principles. The results of this study conclude that a Muslim has the opportunity to reach a post-conventional moral level because his religious teachings provide a foundation based on universal values as well as a post-conventional moral level foundation. Based on the results of this study, Islamic education can use the reference of cognitive-developmental moral theory to be used in the formation of students' moral reasoning to the highest level; post-conventional.
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Limina, Cherine Angelica, and Dwi Setiawan. "Ecclesiast: A Novel Exploring Atheist Morality & Discrimination in Indonesia." K@ta Kita 10, no. 2 (October 27, 2022): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.10.2.215-224.
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One of the many reasons why atheists are shunned is the common belief that lack of faith leads to a lack of moral foundation. However, analyses on the moral behaviors of atheists and religious people show that atheists behave similarly to any other group and that they possess their own methods of discovering a moral foundation. This thesis explores the discrimination atheists face within Indonesian society, and how atheists are able to develop and possess their own moral foundation. This thesis uses Turiel’s psychological Social Domain Theory, which is used to explain the moral panic around atheism as well as how morality develops outside of religious teaching. The creative work comes in the form of a magical realist novella about a young woman who slowly reconstructs her view on morality while on a journey to find God for an old corpse, guided by a mysterious archivist.
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박균열. "A Study on the Differences of Unification Consciousness Using Moral Foundation Theory." Journal of Ethics 1, no. 92 (November 2013): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15801/je.1.92.201311.63.
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Krcmar, Marina, and Allison Eden. "Rational Versus Intuitive Processing." Journal of Media Psychology 31, no. 1 (January 2019): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000215.
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Abstract. This study explored two main theoretical propositions. First, we tested Hartmann’s (2011 , 2012 ) notion that video games are processed via two separate cognitive systems: System 1, the automatic system, and System 2, the rational system. Specifically, we used a cognitive load manipulation to test if intuitive moral responses such as guilt and anthropomorphism are processed in System 1. Second, we utilized moral foundations theory to test the effect of care salience on guilt and in-game aggression. Using an experimental design ( n = 94), the results indicate that under conditions of cognitive load, players had somewhat lower in-game aggression. Effects on guilt and anthropomorphism were in the same direction, albeit with small effects. In terms of moral foundations, we found that care salience was not negatively related to in-game aggression but was directly related to guilt, indicating that greater emphasis on the moral foundation of care resulted in greater guilt. Also, anthropomorphism was positively related to experienced guilt and negatively related to in-game aggression.
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Koenane, Mojalefa LJ. "TOWARDS AN ETHICAL RECONTEXTUALISATION OF FREUD’S THEORY OF PERSONALITY." Phronimon 15, no. 1 (February 24, 2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2413-3086/2209.
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This paper explores the possibilities of complementing Freud’s theory of human nature with the doctrine of St Thomas Aquinas on the virtue of prudence (phronesis). The paper builds on the foundation laid down by Freud’s theory of the id, the ego, and the superego in relation to moral behaviour. However, it takes a rather different approach to moral decision-making and behaviour, culminating in the author’s creation of the concept of the moral-ego. What is being raised in this paper is a concern that Freud’s theory reduces morality to the dictates of the superego.
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Marshall, Yvonne. "Indigenous Theory is Theory: Whakapapa for Archaeologists." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 31, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774321000214.
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Drawn by their foundation in fundamentally ‘otherwise’ posthuman ethical and moral worlds, archaeologists have in recent years employed a number of indigenous theories to interpret archaeological materials. In this paper I consider the potential of New Zealand Maori whakapapa, loosely and reductively translatable as genealogy or ancestry, to become a strand of general theory in archaeology. The qualities of whakapapa which I feel have particular potential are its moral and ethical embeddedness and its insistence on multiple forms of relating. Importantly, whakapapa has an accessible indigenous voice. There is an extensive published literature, both Maori and non-Maori, academic and general, discussing, interpreting and applying Maori social theory, including whakapapa. In addition, whakapapa remains today fundamental to everyday and ceremonial Maori life. It is lived. Employing whakapapa as archaeological theory does not, then, depend on a having a specific authoritative interpreter. Here I have taken recent work by installation artist Maureen Lander as a forum to outline the key principles of whakapapa and to inform my discussion of whakapapa as archaeological theory.
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Odell, S. Jack. "Practice Consequentialism: A New Twist on an Old Theory." Utilitas 13, no. 1 (March 2001): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800003009.
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In this paper I defend a version of consequentialism that is neither of the act nor the rule variety. I argue that most, if not all, acceptable moral rules are formulations of intricate and interrelated practices that serve to promote harmonious co-existence between human beings; that these formulations – moral rules – are shorthand abbreviations of the lengthy formulations which would be required to actually describe the extremely complicated set of prescriptions and prohibitions which comprise our ethical practices; that we are culturally, perhaps even naturally, disposed to justify our actions in consequentialist fashion; that these underlying moral practices or ‘folk’ ethics provide the foundation for all forms of consequentialism; and finally, that the folk ethical practices practice consequentialism incorporates are empirically verified.
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Heller, Wendy. "Religious Foundations of Civil Society." Journal of Bahá’í Studies 10, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2000): 25–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31581/jbs-10.3-4.450(2000).
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This article (part 2 of 2) explores, from a Bahá’í perspective, the loss of a transcendent ethical basis as a central problem of modern social theory. It discusses religion as the source of society’s moral foundations and its organizing principles of order, law, and governance. Implications are drawn for the potential of religion’s most enduring core concept, that of covenant, to provide the unifying foundation for a just, caring, and tolerant global social order.
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Oda, Ryo, and Kazuki Sawada. "Do Social Relationships With Those Who Witness Moral Transgression Affect the Sense of Guilt?" Evolutionary Psychology 19, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 147470492110325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14747049211032576.
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Moral emotion is thought to have evolved to guide our behavior and control our impulse to achieve immediate rewards, thus serving to enforce pro-social behavior. Guilt, one of the moral emotions, is a social, other-oriented emotion that is experienced primarily in interpersonal situations, although it may also be experienced in non-interpersonal situations. We predicted that the intensity of the sense of guilt would differ depending on the relationship between a witness and the person who performed the antisocial behavior because building a good reputation plays an important role in the evolution of reciprocal altruism through indirect reciprocity. Participants were asked to imagine that they had been observed by a third party while committing five kinds of moral transgression based on moral foundation theory, and to describe the intensity of their sense of guilt when witnessed by parents, a cordial friend, a neighbor, or a stranger. The intensity of guilt was significantly lower when the act was witnessed by a stranger regardless of the moral foundation involved. The effects of the kind of witness, however, differed for each moral foundation. The results support the hypothesis that guilt functions to guide our behavior, to achieve cooperation.
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Stankovic, Dejan. "Anti-metaphysical foundation of contemporary theory of natural law: Theory of law and practical rationality in works of John Mitchel Finnis." Theoria, Beograd 60, no. 1 (2017): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1701005s.
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The contemporary natural law theory was grounded in the philosophical and the jurisprudential work of Australian legal and moral philosopher John Mitchell Finnis. He reaffirmed the natural law and also corrected some of false notions about it which were dominant through the history of legal philosophy. Finnis moral and legal philosophy could be understood by the specific theoretical figure - moral argument for law. This theoretical concept implies unity of two mutually connected moments which are necessary for a philosophical treatment of any socially relevant phenomena: methodological and epistemological as well as practical. The meeting point of these two philosophically relevant dimensions is theory of practical rationality exposed in the philosophy of John Mitchell Finnis. By grounding his concept of natural law on the theory of practical rationality, John Finnis historically contextualize it. He made some sort of specific anti metaphysical concept of natural law theory that is alternative to the classical natural law as well as to the legal positivism, which mainly exposed in the legal theories of Hans Kelsen and H.L.A Hart.
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Roche, Timothy. "In Defense of an Alternative View of the Foundation of Aristotle's Moral Theory." Phronesis 37, no. 1 (1992): 46–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852892321052650.
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Muhammed-Shittu, Abdul-Rahman Balogun. "A Study of Philosophical Theory and Educational Science of Insights on Ethics, Values, Characters, and Morals rooted into the Islamic and Contemporary Western Perspectives." Journal of History Culture and Art Research 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v10i3.3090.
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The present article addresses the necessity for entrenching characters, morals, values, and ethical education in science teaching and science education. It explains the argument and rationale, and buttresses ethics, values, and nurturing of morals in students through a modified curriculum science education and describes their benefits to humanity. Additionally, the study discusses the rapidness of technological advancements, science, and globalization that are influencing the complications of human social life and underpinning the level of values, ethics, and morality in education and teaching sciences. Analyses and syntheses are presented to the pedagogical and philosophical questions related to the above-mentioned themes, as it may assist in conceptualizing and uttering a solid theoretical outline for the enhancement of school curricula. A proportional analysis in view of the philosophical, the collective Islamic moral education and values and hypothetical foundation of contemporary Western ethical education is outlined to generate and extend maximum academic benefits and to establish a supplemented theoretical background of character education and moral which may contribute to global acceptability of the character education and moral theoretical framework in Western.
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Aydin, Necati. "Paradigmatic foundation and moral axioms of ihsan ethics in Islamic economics and business." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 11, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 288–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-12-2016-0146.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the root cause of growing gap in Islamic moral ideals and practices by examining paradigmatic foundation and moral axioms of Islamic business ethics. It compares and contrasts Tawhidi and secular paradigms in terms of their moral axioms and ethical mandates. Design/methodology/approach The paper first presents the paradigmatic foundation of Islamic ethics, namely, ihsan ethics. Second, it compares Tawhidi paradigm of Islam with secular paradigm in respect to their ontological, axiological, anthropological and teleological differences. Third, it links to Islamic moral axioms to the relevant paradigmatic pillars. Fourth, it defines “ihsan ethics” based on Tawhidi paradigm and moral axioms. Finally, it sheds some light on the gap between moral ideals and realities through the theory of ihsan ethics. Findings The paper attempts to provide strong conceptual and theoretical tools to understand ethical problems in the Muslim societies. The paper makes a strong case that Muslim minds shall be de-secularized to perceive the reality, truth and telos within Tawhidi worldview. As Muslims reach the level of ihsan by perceiving transcendental reality, they are likely to practice what they preach. Originality/value The paper proposes “ihsan ethics” based on Tawhidi worldview and Islamic moral axioms.
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Sztuden, Alex. "Judaism and the Euthyphro Dilemma: Towards A New Approach." TheoLogica: An International Journal for Philosophy of Religion and Philosophical Theology 2, no. 1 (March 27, 2018): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14428/thl.v2i1.1703.
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This article attempts to utilize representative talmudic source-material that bears on the Euthyphro dilemma, and more widely, that discusses the central role of human agency in the foundations of Jewish law, in order to sketch a modified version of divine command theory (DCT), under which both horns of the traditional dilemma are grasped. That is, the proposed modified DCT, based on talmudic sources, is one in which God is properly placed at the foundation of the moral law, while simultaneously providing a central role for human moral reasoning. The first main section presents and evaluates Michael Harris’s pioneering analysis of the Euthyphro dilemma in classical Jewish sources, while the second main section attempts to sketch a new approach out of classical Jewish sources.
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Galston, Miriam. "Taking Aristotle Seriously: Republican-Oriented Legal Theory and the Moral Foundation of Deliberative Democracy." California Law Review 82, no. 2 (March 1994): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3480979.
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Fourie, Pieter J. "Moral philosophy as the foundation of normative media theory: The case of African Ubuntuism." Communications 32, no. 1 (January 20, 2007): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/commun.2007.001.
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joyce, richard. "Ethics Done Right: Practical Reasoning as a Foundation for Moral Theory - By Elijah Millgram." Philosophical Books 48, no. 1 (January 2007): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0149.2007.435_2.x.
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Lunt, Peter. "Virtue Ethics and Social Psychology." History & Philosophy of Psychology 7, no. 1 (2005): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpshpp.2005.7.1.12.
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Virtue ethics has emerged as an alternative to deontological and utilitarian theory in recent moral philosophy. The basic notion of virtue ethics is to reassert the importance of virtuous character in ethical judgement in contrast to the emphasis on principles and consequences. Since questions of virtue have been largely neglected in modern moral theory, there has been a return to Aristotle’s account of virtue as character. This in turn has been questioned as the basis of virtue ethics and there has been a search for alternative accounts of moral agency. One aspect of this critical reflection on virtue ethics is an engagement with social psychology as a source of criticism of the Aristotelian conception of character and as a more plausible alternative foundation for a theory of moral character with contemporary relevance. This paper aims to introduce this area of moral theory to a psychological audience and reflect on the interpretation of social psychological theory and evidence in criticisms of virtuous character, focusing on the use of Milgram’s (1974) experiments on obedience to authority as an argument for situationism. A number of questions emerge concerning the interpretation and use of social psychological theory and evidence in debates within moral philosophy.
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Evans, Robert. "Economic Models and Policy Advice: Theory Choice or Moral Choice?" Science in Context 12, no. 2 (1999): 351–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026988970000346x.
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The ArgumentThis paper examines the interaction between economic models and policy advice through a case study of the U.K. government's Panel of Independent Forecasters. The Panel, which met for the first time in February 1993, was part of the government's response to the policy vacuum created by its departure from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. The paper focuses on the policy recommendations made by the Panel and their foundation in economic models. It is argued that, because of their ambiguity, economic models do not provide an “objective” basis for policy making. Rather, they provide a level epistemological basis for debating the various social, political, and moral theories that can be used to frame economic policy. The paper concludes that although economic models often serve to depoliticize economic issues, they also have the potential to do exactly the opposite — namely, repoliticize them by connecting economics to wider social and moral debates.
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Neumann, Michael. "Can't We All Just Respect One Another a Little Less?" Canadian Journal of Philosophy 34, no. 4 (December 2004): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2004.10716575.
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Contemporary moral philosophy and much contemporary moralizing almost radiate respect for persons. Thomas Nagel is one of many who take its primacy for granted. In a review of Scanion he says:Scanlon's theory addresses a number of its central questions: first, the question of the objectivity or truth of moral Claims, their relation to reason, and whether or not they should be regarded as in some sense relative or subjective; second, the question of the kind of concern or respect for persons that is at the foundation of morality…Many others take the centrality and foundational role of such respect as a given. This is a big change from the days when moralists held that all human beings deserved a certain basic and equal disrespect.
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LEE, Haesung. "Neo-Confucianism of Joseon dynasty––its theoretical foundation and main issues." Asian Studies 4, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2016.4.1.165-194.
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The theoretical foundation of Joseon Neo-Confucianism, which started with the theory of the Principle and Material Force (Seongriseol), seeks for the fundamental values of all things in the universe by means of the theories of Cosmology (Ujuron) and Mind and Nature (Simseongron). The theory of Self-Cultivation (Suyangron) pursues ideal character training to reach the ultimate Noble Gentleman’s (Gunja) status; then established the theory of Fidelity (Yiriron), which stresses moral practice against injustice. These theories functioned organically with the theory of Ritual Formalities (Yeseol) and the theory of Statecraft Ideas (Gyeongseron), deeply rooted in Democentrism (Minbonjuyi), in order to realize Confucian ideas as methodological indicators. The theory of Four Beginnings and Seven Emotions (Sadanchiljeongron) extended to be the theories of the Principle’s Dominance (Juriron) and Material Force’s Dominance (Jugiron). Likewise, the theory of Sameness-Difference of Human Nature and Material Nature (Inmulseong Dongiron) became the Horak debates, which formed the Neo-Confucian academic genealogies of the Joseon dynasty.