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Goldstein, Daniel M. (Daniel Michael). "Medicine as practical wisdom : an old foundation for a new way of thinking in biomedical ethics." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22372.
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This inquiry suggests a new epistemological foundation for understanding and discernment in biomedical ethics. This foundation, based on Aristotle's phronesis or practical wisdom, contains elements of the lived human experience which are seen as essential aspects of ethical, as well as medical, deliberation. The Aristotelian intellectual virtues of theoria and phronesis, used as "ideal types" of rationality, provide epistemological prejudices that structure two distinct ways of thinking. With this distinction, an alternative to certain dominant trends within biomedical ethics arises as phronesis provides more human centered prejudices for understanding. In conclusion, we shall see, using the doctrine of informed consent, that a phronetic rationality allows different, more humane meanings to come into being. Phronesis, it will be argued, provides a mode of rationality which promotes compassion and engagement in both ethics and medicine and consequently, is the more appropriate way of thinking in these important human practices.
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Burgoon, Jacob N. "The Moral Foundations of Teaching: Measuring Teachers' Implicit Moral Beliefs." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1544787174462244.
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Wilson-Hart, Jessica H. "Culture Wars: Explaining Congressional Partisanship and Organizational Dysfunction Through Moral Foundations Theory." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2244.
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The focus of this study was the organizational working environment and existing partisanship evident in the United States Congress. There has been a reduction in the number of laws passed over the last 30 years from a high of over 1,000 to a low of around 120, with a period of complete government shutdown in 2013. This qualitative research utilized qualitative content analysis to discover the nature of partisan conflict as demonstrated by 6 members of Congress. The conceptual framework for this study was moral foundations theory. Different moral principles held by Democrats and Republicans were studied as a possible explanation for the inability of one end of the political spectrum to identify with, work with, and comprehend the belief systems of the other. Archival video data for each participant was viewed on C-Span and related transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Emerging themes were then inductively coded in order to understand the nature of the partisan conflict in Congress. Results demonstrate that Republicans and Democrats rely on different sets of moral foundations and that there is limited crossover between those who occupy the extreme ends of the ideological continuum. This lack of crossover essentially leads members with differing ideology and moral foundations to not comprehend the moral message of their opponents. With this knowledge, political strategists can help to develop communication and political approaches that take into consideration the moral foundations of ideological opponents. Social change implications include improved understanding of the ideological stance of members of the opposing party and improved working relationships in Congress, resulting in an organizational working environment that is less conflicted.
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Pagano, Dario. "Diritti naturali e Diritti Umani." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100036/document.
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Cette thèse a pour but de comprendre si les droits humains contemporains sont les équivalents des droits naturels affirmés à l’époque moderne. En un premier temps, les conceptions contemporaines sur la nature des droits humains sont étudiées, en particulier les conceptions qui reconstruisent le sens des droits de l’homme à partir des positions ontologiques. En un second temps, une reconstruction de cette comparaison est mise en évidence sous trois perspectives : l’idée des droits naturels, le concept des droits naturels et les théories des droits naturels. Enfin, une fois mis en évidence les aspects significatifs de ces catégories, on procède à leur comparaison, en soulignant les points de continuité entre droits humains et droits naturels et les différences qui séparent leur cheminThe aim of this work concerns the relation between human rights and natural rights, in order to understand if human rights are those natural rights affirmed in the modern age. First of all, we analyse the contemporary conceptions about human rights nature, especially those which find their meaning from ontological positions. Secondly, we reconstruct the term of this comparison from three perspectives : the idea of natural rights, the concept of natural rights, the theories of natural rights. At last, after the individuation of relevants aspects between both categories, we compare them, highlighting the common points and the differences that separate their path
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Sinclair, Neil Stuart. "Propositional clothing and moral content : the foundations of expressivism as a meta-ethical theory." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613844.
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Blahunka, Natalie Jane. "The Impact of Intentions and Omissions On Moral Judgments Across Domains." Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:102257.
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Thesis advisor: Liane YoungThesis advisor: James Dungan
Moral psychologists disagree over whether descriptively different moral violations represent distinct cognitive domains or are in fact unified by common cognitive mechanisms. The Moral Foundations Theory (MFT; Haidt, 2007) offers five different domains of moral transgressions: Harm/Care, Fairness/Reciprocity, Ingroup/Loyalty, Authority/Respect, and Purity/Sanctity. Both intentionality and omission bias (e.g. omissions such as letting someone die being judged less harshly than actions such as killing someone) have been shown to impact moral judgments; however, it remains unclear how these rules modulate judgments across moral transgressions of various types. Here, we investigate the role of intentionality and omission bias across different moral violations to determine if the divide between moral domains represent true cognitive, (as opposed to descriptive), differences. We utilized a 2 x 2 x 5 design to create stories across the 5 domains posited by MFT that were intentional/accidental cases of actions/omissions. Importantly, this study also looks at four distinct moral judgments of wrongness, responsibility, blameworthiness, and punishment to assess the role of these rules across judgments. We found that intent and action play different roles across judgments, particularly when comparing wrongness and punishment. Intent seems to matter more for wrongness, whereas action matters more for punishment. Further, these rules also differ across domains. We found that intent matters more for the individualizing foundations of harm and fairness (versus the binding foundations of ingroup, authority, and purity) in judgments of wrongness and punishment. The difference between action and omission is also more important for the individualizing foundations for punishment. These data suggest intentionality and omission bias manifest themselves uniquely across moral judgments and domains and provide evidence that there are meaningful differences between domains
Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology Honors Program
Discipline: Psychology
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Araujo, Marcelo de. "Scepticism, freedom and autonomy : a study of the moral foundations of Descartes' theory of knowledge /." Berlin : W. de Gruyter, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39088570r.
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Malone, Christopher David. "The foundations of international political virtue." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0f14f2a6-0d49-4c8d-8ebb-cb5af2cc444d.
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This thesis provides the theoretical groundwork for a 'virtue ethical' account of international political conduct. The project begins by investigating the distinct patterns of normative theorising within international scholarship, noting not only that moral philosophical foundations are unpronounced and interchangeable, but that even in this diminished capacity the influence of virtue ethical thought is limited and fragmentary relative to its competitors. Redressing this underrepresentation is thus dually motivated: developing a fresh perspective on important global issues, whilst also subjecting the theory to an atypical angle of scrutiny. Adapting virtue ethics to the international realm requires, most essentially, that we settle the level at which its concepts should be applied. Can the theory’s central focus on character be reconciled with the collective nature of global political interaction? Can we accurately ascribe virtues and vices to governments and states? These questions of group agency form the heart of thesis investigation. Beginning from abstract foundations, the possible justification for such ascriptions is sought in competing theories of joint action and attitude. The 'individualist' accounts of Searle and Bratman are ultimately rejected in favour of Gilbert's non-reductive 'plural subject' theory, and - presenting group-level accounts of intention, motivation, practical wisdom, emotion and disposition around her concept of 'joint commitment' - a general model of collective character is constructed. Allied to additional requirements of moral responsibility, this framework is then used to assess the virtue-capability of actual political bodies, considering the decision-making hierarchy of the United Kingdom as a case study for the modern state. Tracing the route of policy authorisation across cabinet, government and parliament, a sophisticated yet ultimately impermanent picture of group-virtue-ethical agency is established, in tension with the notion of enduring state liability. By shifting focus to the national level, it is argued that this fluctuating footprint of agency can nevertheless be unified, modifying Gilbert’s notion of a 'population joint commitment' to tie institutional virtue and vice to a persisting state identity. This provides a template for international character evaluation.
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Rampy, Nolan. "Intuitions or Informational Assumptions? An Investigation of the Psychological Factors Behind Moral Judgments." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2015. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/446.
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There is an ongoing debate among psychologists regarding the psychological factors underlying moral judgments. Rationalists argue that informational assumptions (i.e. ideological beliefs about how the world works) play a causal role in shaping moral judgments whereas intuitionists argue that informational assumptions are post hoc justifications for judgments made automatically by innate intuitions. In order to compare these two perspectives, the author conducted two studies in which informational assumptions related to ingroups and outgroups varied across conditions. In Study 1, political conservatives and liberals completed the moral relevance questionnaire while imagining they were in the US, Iran, or no specific country. Keeping in line with the predictions of the intuitionist perspective, the results showed that the judgments of conservatives and liberals did not significantly differ across conditions. Study 2 used a more in depth manipulation in which participants read a vignette about a government (US, Iran, or the fictional country of Kasbara) violating the rights of a minority group. As in Study 1, the results support the intuitionist perspective--the judgments of conservatives and liberals did not significantly differ across conditions. These findings play a small part in clarifying the role of informational assumptions in moral judgments.
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Hurst, Kristin Frances. "Identity, Intergroup Relationships, and Environmental Conflict." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/89333.
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This dissertation explores strategies for addressing identity-related barriers to environmental problem-solving through the lens of two social-psychological theories: self-affirmation theory and moral foundations theory. Through one theoretical review, two online experiments and one in-lab experiment I explore, integrate and test theoretically grounded strategies for reducing the defensive information processing that can exacerbate intergroup divisions in multi-stakeholder settings. The specific objectives of this dissertation are to 1) integrate self-affirmation theory and moral foundations theory into the current knowledge about collaborative conservation (Chapter 2), 2) evaluate ways of tailoring environmental communication to better reach socially and politically diverse audiences (Chapter 3), and 3) experimentally test the effectiveness of an approach, based on self-affirmation theory, to facilitate productive discussion of complex, value-laden issues in group settings. Before presenting the results of this work, I provide a broad overview of the problem of group-based divisions in environmental conflict and the theoretical underpinnings of the dissertation (Chapter 1). Finally, I summarize the results and discuss the broader implications of the research (Chapter 5). The results of this research offer initial insights into how tools grounded in these theories can most effectively be applied to help alleviate identity-based barriers to environmental problem-solving.Doctor of Philosophy
This dissertation explores strategies for addressing identity-related barriers to environmental problem-solving through the lens of two social-psychological theories: self-affirmation theory and moral foundations theory. Through one theoretical review, two online experiments and one in-lab experiment I explore, integrate and test theoretically grounded strategies for reducing the defensive information processing that can exacerbate intergroup divisions in multi-stakeholder settings. The specific objectives of this dissertation are to 1) integrate self-affirmation theory and moral foundations theory into the current knowledge about collaborative conservation (Chapter 2), 2) evaluate ways of tailoring environmental communication to better reach socially and politically diverse audiences (Chapter 3), and 3) experimentally test the effectiveness of an approach, based on self-affirmation theory, to facilitate productive discussion of complex, value-laden issues in group settings. Before presenting the results of this work, I provide a broad overview of the problem of group-based divisions in environmental conflict and the theoretical underpinnings of the dissertation (Chapter 1). Finally, I summarize the results and discuss the broader implications of the research (Chapter 5). The results of this research offer initial insights into how tools grounded in these theories can most effectively be applied to help alleviate identity-based barriers to environmental problem-solving.
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Courteau, Solange. "Explorer la moralité canadienne par le biais des plaintes concernant le contenu radio-télédiffusé." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39380.
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Cette recherche visait à mieux comprendre les liens la morale personnelle, l’identité sociale au Canada et les médias. Pour ce faire, une analyse quantitative s’appuyant sur trois échantillons de données a été effectuée, et ce, à la lumière de la théorie des fondements moraux (TFM) (Haidt & Joseph, 2008) et de la théorie de l’identité sociale (Tajfel, 1981). Les échantillons sont les suivants : a) les mots clés assignés aux plaintes déposées au Conseil canadien des normes de la radiotélévision (CCNR); b) l’expression des fondements moraux des textes des plaintes délibérées par le CCNR et c) les données des participants canadiens de YourMorals.org, une recherche toujours en cours de Ditto, Graham, Haidt et coll. Les analyses de données ont permis de déterminer si le contenu médiatique stimule l’expression de matrices morales particulières, en fonction de la région d’origine, du genre et de la langue des plaignants. Les résultats suggèrent qu’il existerait des distinctions morales selon le genre, la langue, les régions d'origine des participants et les stimuli vécus. La présente étude est la première à mettre à l’épreuve la théorie des fondements moraux quant au jugement moral face à un contenu médiatique. Ce faisant, elle jette un éclairage nouveau sur cette même théorie en l’appliquant au contexte canadien et éclairant les liens entre la moralité et les identités canadiennes.
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Neri, Marc P. "Loyalty and Fairness: A Study of the Influence of Moral Foundations on Auditors' Propensity to Subordinate their Judgment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955066/.
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Subordination of judgment is a fundamental threat to auditor objectivity. Subordination of judgment occurs when auditors agree with their superiors either in spite of or without forming their own independent judgments. Many audit procedures rely on independent, critical thinking at every level of the audit team; however, a number of studies suggest that auditors tend to agree with superiors even when a superior's views clearly run contrary to generally accepted accounting principles. While there is general agreement among scholars that subordination of judgment is "bad," very little attention has been given to moral biases that might influence an auditor's tendency to subordination of judgment, or to potential remedies that could mitigate an auditor's tendency to subordinate judgment.
Moral Foundations Theory suggests that individuals tend to make intuitive, normative evaluations of situations based upon a set of personal moral biases or preferences called "moral foundations." Two specific moral foundations could influence subordination of judgment in divergent ways. The moral foundation of loyalty-respect may make agreement with a superior's views seem more acceptable than would disagreement. Meanwhile, the moral foundation of fairness may make an auditor more sensitive to the observance of rules, resulting in less subordination of judgment when a superior's views run contrary to professional rules.
Social Identity Theory suggests that in-group favoritism may exacerbate subordination of judgment in general; however, strengthening an auditor's professional identity salience (PIS) could strengthen an auditor's objectivity. PIS is the temporary, heightened awareness of an auditor's identity as a professional and their role as guardian of professional rules. As a result, PIS may interact with an auditor's innate sense of fairness, resulting in less subordination of judgment than when professional identity is less salient.
Results supported the hypothesis that auditors tend to subordinate their judgment to that of a superior, but not that PIS mitigates the effect of subordination of judgment. Results also supported the hypotheses that the moral foundations of loyalty-respect and fairness influence the tendency of auditors to subordinate their judgment to that of a superior. Specifically, auditors with higher levels of loyalty-respect were more likely to agree with a superior who suggested an incorrect accounting treatment than auditors with lower levels of loyalty-respect. Whereas, auditors with higher levels of fairness were less likely to agree with a superior who suggested an incorrect treatment than were auditors with lower levels of fairness.
Therefore, this dissertation provides evidence that moral foundations bias professional judgment and decision making in auditing and calls for further research into the influence of moral heuristics.
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Baghdassarian, Anoush. "Negotiating Human Rights Abuses through the Moral Foundations Theory: An Attempt to Understand the Moral Motivations behind the Male Guardianship System in Saudi Arabia, Female Genital Modification, and Child Marriage." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1473.
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The idea that there are universal human rights that can, and should, be enforced has been an increasingly wide-spread and popular belief, as well as a controversial one. Concerns of cultural relativism contrasted with stances of universalism spark an impassioned debate that permeates the dialogue of human rights today in all spheres: social, academic, and even those professional spheres that are tasked with creating and enforcing the laws regarding these issues. What does psychology have to say about this? After all, if it is a universal phenomenon, it must span across time, culture, and difference, and there must be trends in our human nature or similarities in our psychology that allow us to claim universality. One psychological theory, the Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) can help shed light on this issue. MFT holds that universally, as human beings, we share five grounds of moral foundations on which we make our judgments and take action: Care/Harm, Fairness/Cheating, Authority/Submissiveness, Sanctity/Degradation, and Loyalty/Betrayal. While we are all born with the capability to act and reason on these, our cultures shape us to emphasize different foundations and it is in that shift that conflict arises. What one group sees as right, and based in moral justification, another sees as wrong and as a violation of human rights. This paper attempts to use MFT to understand the moral foundations underlying three case studies of practices internationally seen as human rights abuses, female genital modification, child marriage, and male guardianship in Saudi Arabia, and provides suggestions for methods of effective intervention based in MFT.
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Gabhart, Elizabeth Anne. "Religiousness and Spirituality: How Are They Related to Moral Orientations?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011767/.
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This dissertation examines correlations between religiousness and spirituality, to moral orientations using moral foundations theory as a framework. Using the 2012 Measuring Morality dataset, which provides a representative sample of the population of the United States, I create linear regressions which test associations between religiousness, spirituality, and each of the five moral foundations ((harm/care, fairness, in-group loyalty, respect for authority, and purity). I find that religiousness is negatively associated with concern for harm, and positively associated with respect for authority, a finding which implies that the moral behavior of religious people is rooted in respect for authority more than in any other moral concern. Spirituality is positively associated with concern for fairness. The implications of all findings are discussed, as well as limitations and recommendations for future research.
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Dias, Rodrigo da Silva. "Political views, morality, and attitudes toward marijuana legalization." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24098.
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In this paper, we examine why attitudes toward marijuana legalization are split along ideological lines. In a survey, we found that conservatives were more likely to oppose this policy partly because of their greater reliance on the authority and purity foundations of morality. Curiously, concerns about harm were found to play no role in determining attitudes toward marijuana legalization, even though those who were against this policy frequently explained their views with harm-related accounts. In an experiment, we found that opponents of legalization were more likely to adopt a more favorable view towards it when exposed to arguments and sources that were consistent with the authority and purity dimensions of morality. Precisely, subjects who initially opposed legalization were more likely to change their attitudes when exposed to arguments that were based on the purity (vs. harm) foundation of morality, and when they were led to believe that these arguments were given by religious (vs. business) leaders.
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Hammerton, Matthew. "Agent-Relativity and the Foundations of Moral Theory." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117207.
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This thesis is concerned with agent-relativity and its importance in understanding and evaluating moral theories. Many would agree with Thomas Hurka that the distinction between agent-relativity and agent-neutrality is one of “the greatest contributions of recent ethics”. Among other things, it is important because it has allowed moral philosophers to better explore the logical space of moral theories, enabling them to see promising moral theories that were previously absent from the debate. This thesis continues this project of exploring the logical space of moral theories, and then applies the insights gained to various debates in moral theory. It contains a preface and five chapters. Each chapter is an independent essay that can be read without reference to any of the other chapters. Yet the arguments made in the five chapters overlap in various ways and are united by their focus on agent-relativity. Taken together, here is roughly what these chapters say. There is an important distinction between moral rules and theories that are agent-relative and moral rules and theories that are agent-neutral. Despite some difficulties, this distinction can be made with formal precision. There is also an important related distinction between moment-relative rules and theories and moment-neutral rules and theories. Finally, there is a third important distinction between patient-relative rules and theories and patient-neutral rules and theories. Together, these three distinctions give us a precise way of understanding the structure of moral theories. Traditionally, deontology has been associated with agent-relativity and consequentialism with agent-neutrality. Several philosophers hold that consequentialism can also be agent-relative. For this to be true there must be agent-relative moral values. Some argue that such values are implausible, however, they can be defended by showing that commonsense morality is already committed to them. Thus, agent-relative consequentialism appears plausible. Other philosophers hold that deontology can be agent-neutral. I argue this is false—deontology is necessarily agent-relative. One of the main attractions of deontology is its ability to explain agent-centered constraints. However, when we think through cases involving agent-relativity and moment-relativity we see that deontology faces a trilemma with respect to agent-centered constraints. Either, (i) it is really a version of agent-relative consequentialism, or (ii) it fails to be uniquely action-guiding in cases where commonsense morality requires it, or (iii) it endorses a counterintuitive anti-aggregation principle. This trilemma poses a serious problem for the deontologist and suggests that agent-relative consequentialism is the better theory when it comes to accommodating commonsense morality.
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Woolley, Michaela Leigh. "Moral sense and moral imperative : an analysis of the biological foundations of morality and their implications for moral theory." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/14627.
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I argue that morality is in significant part a biological phenomenon, and that this
has implications for substantive moral philosophy. I begin the first chapter by arguing
for the hypothesis that human morality is on a continuum with conflict reducing
behaviours that have been extensively documented in some non-human primate species.
These behaviours provide evidence of the presence of moral building blocks such as
sympathy, empathy, and a sense of social regularity. In the second chapter, I take up the
objection that morality must be conceptually distinct from social behaviour evident
elsewhere in the animal kingdom because altruism is an essential component of morality,
and genuine altruism cannot evolve in nature. I argue that the concept of group selection
can be used to demonstrate that there is indeed room for biological altruism in nature. In
the third chapter, I explain how moral building blocks such as sympathy, empathy, and a
sense of social regularity provide elements from which moral systems can be constructed.
In the fourth chapter, I investigate the implications that the biological nature of morality
has for substantive moral philosophy. Here I argue that some highly exigent moral
demands are disconfirmed on the grounds that they are not supported by our experience
of moral phenomena.
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Dawson, Jessica. "Errors in Judgement: How Status, Values, and Moral Foundations Influence Moral Judgments of Guilt and Punishment." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/13393.
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This study investigates how actor status, moral foundations theory and Schwartz values influence the moral judgments of guilt and punishment. I argue that to understand individual values consequences for actions, they must be considered within organizational values and larger institutional logics frameworks. Building off Zerubavel’s conception of a three level cognition (Zerubavel 1999), I argue for a tri level conception of values and morality in order to more fully understand how moral judgements work as well as the social context in which they are shaped. Using original research, I offer evidence of three levels of morality. First, I evaluate actor status on judgments of guilt and punishment. I then evaluate individual moral culture using Schwartz Values (Schwartz 2012; Vaisey and Miles 2014). I evaluate the impact of the organization on moral culture measure through the use of status hierarchies (Sauder, Lynn, and Podolny 2012). Finally, I evaluate broader cultural morality using Moral Foundations Theory (Graham et al. 2016; Kesebir and Haidt 2010). Taken together, these three levels of morality present a more ecologically valid understanding of the ways in which moral culture works from the individual, through the meso-social level and to the broader culture. I demonstrate the complex ways in which moral judgments are influenced by universal concerns, organizational influences and individual characteristics. I find that moral foundations theory conceptions of harm does not predict judgments of guilt and punishment but that Schwartz Values do influence these moral judgments. I also find that it is the actor status that most strongly predicts the outcomes of guilt and punishment. The research provides a foundation for future research of how actor status influences moral judgments of guilt and punishment beyond the limited moral community of the current study.
Dissertation
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Souza, Isabela Hazin Antunes de. "Testing Moral Argument Theory in a developing country: a study of moral opinion dynamics in Brazil." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92205.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Evolução e Biologia Humanas apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaComo a opinião pública em relação à questões morais muda ao longo do tempo é um tópico de pesquisa enigmático. A Teoria do Argumento Moral, sugerida por Eriksson e Strimling (2015) e Strimling et al. (2019), propõe que, entre duas posições opostas (e.g., “a favor” e “contra” o casamento homossexual), aquela mais fortemente respaldada por argumentos que giram em torno do cuidado, justiça, e liberdade é a que está ganhando apoio popular com o tempo. Além do mais, quanto maior a diferença entre posições opostas em relação à quão bem elas são respaldadas por estes argumentos, mais rápido a opinião pública muda em direção à posição com maior respaldo. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a Teoria do Argumento Moral prevê de forma satisfatória a dinâmica da opinião moral tanto nos E.U.A. quanto no Reino Unido. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: estudar o alcance desta teoria, investigando, para isto, se a mesma também é capaz de prever as mudanças na opinião moral ocorridas no Brasil, um país que difere dos E.U.A. e do Reino Unido tanto economica quanto culturalmente; e adaptar a metodologia empregada em estudos anteriores à realidade de países em desenvolvimento, onde dados relacionados à questões morais não estão prontamente disponíveis. As questões analisadas aqui foram retiradas de pesquisas de opinião pública conduzidas no Brasil pelo menos duas vezes. Tendências temporais relativas à popularidade das posições morais foram construídas a partir dos dados coletados por tais pesquisas, enquanto que medidas da conexão das posições com argumentos morais foram obtidas a partir de um questionário online. Não obstante o uso de uma metodologia mais flexível, os resultados encontrados aqui corroboram resultados anteriores: também no Brasil a força – relativa – de conexão de uma posição com argumentos universais prevê se a mesma está ganhando popularidade com o passar do tempo, e a velocidade com a qual a opinião públic muda em direção a ela. O presente trabalho fornece evidências de que a Teoria do Argumento Moral é de fato capaz de prever mudanças na opinião moral em qualquer país, contanto que o mesmo possua liberais em sua população e liberdade de expressão. Ao fazer isto, este estudo ajuda a iluminar os questionamentos ao redor da dinâmica da opinião moral.
How public opinion on moral issues (e.g., legalization of same-sex marriage) changes through time is a puzzling research topic. The Moral Argument Theory of Opinion Dynamics, suggested by Eriksson and Strimling (2015) and Strimling et al. (2019), proposes that, between opposing issue positions (e.g., “for” and “against” same-sex marriage), the one more strongly supported by harm, fairness and liberty arguments is the one gaining public support over time. Furthermore, the greater the difference between opposing positions in how well they are supported by these arguments, the faster public opinion moves towards the position with such support. Previous studies have shown that the Moral Argument Theory successfully predicts moral opinion trends in the U.S. and the U.K. The present work sought to study the scope of the Moral Argument Theory by investigating whether it also predicts how public opinion on moral issues changes in Brazil, a country that differs from the U.S. and the U.K. from both an economic and a cultural perspective. It also sought to adapt the methodology employed by previous studies to the reality of developing countries, where data on moral issues are less readily available. The set of moral issues analyzed here were retrieved from public opinion polls that had been conducted in Brazil more than two times. Time trends regarding the popularity of moral positions were constructed from the data collected by such polls, while measures of positions’ connection with moral arguments were obtained through the application of an online questionnaire. Notwithstanding the use of a more flexible methodology, the results found here corroborate previous findings: also in Brazil the relative strength of a moral position’s connection with harm, fairness and liberty arguments predicts whether it is gaining popularity over time, and the speed with which public opinion moves towards it. The present work provides evidence that the Moral Argument Theory might indeed be able to predict moral opinion change in any country, as long as it has liberals in its population and freedom of speech. And, by doing so, it helps shed light on the puzzles surrounding the dynamics of moral opinion.
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"The Association between the Moral Foundations Theory, Ethical Concern and Fast Food Consumption." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.16457.
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abstract: Health knowledge alone does not appear to lead to sustained healthy behavior, suggesting the need for alternative methods for improving diet. Recent research shows a possible role of moral contexts of food production on diet related behaviors; however no studies have been conducted to specifically explore the relationship between moral constructs and food consumption. This study examined the relationship between fast food consumption and two measures of morality, Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), specifically harm/care and purity/sanctity foundations, and the Ethical Concern in food choice (EC) questionnaire, which includes animal welfare, environment protection, political values, and religion subscales. The study also examined the association between the measures of morality. 739 participants, primarily female (71.4%) and non-Hispanic Whites (76.5%), completed an online survey that included the MFQ, the EC questionnaire, and a brief fast food screener. Participant's morality scores in relation to their fast food consumption were examined first using bivariate ANOVA analysis and then using logistic regression to control for covariates. The MFQ foundations were compared with the EC subscales using Pearson correlation coefficient. Significant bivariate relationships were seen between fast food consumption and the MFQ's purity/sanctity foundation and EC's religion subscales (p<0.05). However these significant bivariate relationships did not hold after controlling for gender, race, university education, and religion in the logistic regression analysis. The foundations of the MFQ were positively correlated with the subscales for the EC questionnaire (r values ranging from .233-.613 (p<0.01). MFQ's purity/sanctity foundation and EC's religion subscale were the two most highly correlated (r=.613, p<0.01) showing that moral intuitions may be associated with eating decision making. The study did not find significant associations between MFQ or EC scores and fast food consumption.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Nutrition 2013
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Pšenčný, Tomáš. "Volby a morálka: teorie morálních základů Jonathana Haidta a analýza volebních výsledků parlamentních stran ČR v roce 2017." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-436297.
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The aim of the proposed work is to verify the hypothesis based on Jonathan Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory, which says that the wider the range of the so-called moral foundations a political party addresses with its programme, the higher its chances of a good election result. This hypothesis is examined within the framework of Czech political reality. The first part of the work introduces Haidt's Theory of Moral Foundations and examines the question of its applicability to the Czech political sphere. In the next step, the mentioned theory is used (with the help of appropriate operationalization) as a means of analysing the election results of Czech political parties in the elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament in 2017 in order to verify this hypothesis. The programme points of the election programmes of ten Czech political parties are subjected to the analysis. These are the parties that, according to pre-election surveys, had the greatest chance of exceeding the 5 % electoral threshold for joining the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic (i. e. ANO 2011, ČSSD, ODS, SPD, TOP 09, KDU-ČSL KSČM, STAN, Pirate Party and Green Party). The second part of this work handles the analysis of the representation of the different moral foundations in the programme of all examined...
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Zúquete, Mafalda Patacão. "The morality of political speech in parliamentary debates: an analysis of parliamentary party dynamics, based on what they say and how they say it." Master's thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/134081.
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Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Data Science and Advanced Analytics, specialization in Data ScienceMoral Foundations Theory (MFT) is an area of study with multiple and varied applications, including political science. Indeed, many studies have denoted that part of the reason for the deepening divide between American liberals and conservatives is due to the fact that both of these groups rely on fundamentally different moral principles. While this research has started to pan outside of the United States of America, it has yet to be applied to the context of the Portuguese republic, which differs from the American political reality. Portugal’s democracy is built on top of a multi-party system, and conventional wisdom divides it into a right and left wing, rather than liberal and conservative. As such, we developed a Moral Foundations Dictionary (MFD) in European Portuguese and analyzed 10 years’ worth of transcripts from parliamentary sessions through the prism of MFT, in an effort to find out which are the parliamentary dynamics in Portuguese political speech. Indeed, we found evidence that the Portuguese political parties place themselves on a right/left wing spectrum when looked at through the lens of MFT, but also that there appears to be a government/opposition dichotomy at play, which could affect party dynamics.
A Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais é uma área de estudo com múltiplas e variadas aplicações, incluindo no campo da ciência política. De facto, vários estudos notaram que parte da razão pela qual a divisão entre liberais e conservadores nos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) se tem vindo a aprofundar deve-se ao facto de que estes grupos têm por base princípios morais fundamentalmente diferentes. Embora esta pesquisa se tenha começado a expandir para além dos EUA, tem ainda de ser aplicada no contexto da república portuguesa, que difere da realidade política americana. A democracia portuguesa baseia-se num sistema multipartidário e a convenção geral dita que os partidos se dividem como sendo de direita ou esquerda, em vez de liberais ou conservadores. Deste modo, desenvolvemos um Dicionário de Fundamentos Morais em português europeu e analisámos 10 anos de transcrições do diário da assembleia da república pelo prima da Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais, numa tentativa de descobrir as dinâmicas parlamentares do discurso moral português. De facto, descobrimos evidências de que os partidos políticos portugueses se encontram num eixo direita/esquerda quando são analisados pela lente da Teoria dos Fundamentos Morais, mas também aparenta existir uma dinâmica governo/oposição, que afeta também a forma como os partidos se relacionam.
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Bezerra, Ana Helena Nunes. "O julgamento moral na psicopatia: sujeitos recluídos." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/37553.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Aplicada (área de especialização em Psicologia da Justiça e Comunitária)A presente investigação estabelece como objetivo, com base na Moral Foundations Theory e no agrupamento das cinco fundações morais existentes, perceber quais os maiores défices do sujeito psicopata. Além disso, são posteriormente comparados os scores do grupo de indivíduos considerados psicopatas e do grupo que não apresenta essas características. O grupo de participantes é constituído por 105 indivíduos, sendo que 27 apresentam características psicopáticas e os restantes 78 integram o grupo dos não psicopatas. Os instrumentos basearam-se na versão de investigação do Moral Foundations Questionnaire – acompanhado de um questionário sociodemográfico - e da Escala de Psicopatia – PCL-R, cotada através de dados arquivados. No que concerne aos resultados obtidos, nenhuma das hipóteses predefinidas obteve resultados estatisticamente significativos, no entanto os valores encontrados podem permitir a inferência de algumas conclusões como ponto de partida. Assim, não foram encontradas diferenças entre psicopatas e não psicopatas ao nível do julgamento moral, ainda que os indivíduos que apresentam estas características tenham mostrado uma pontuação mais baixa. Desta forma, será possível inferir que, efetivamente, apesar do sujeito psicopata apresentar uma diminuição nas suas capacidades morais, o mesmo é capaz de realizar de forma relativamente adequada este tipo de julgamentos mesmo que, posteriormente, não os integre no seu código de conduta.
The following investigation aims to understand, using Moral Foundations Theory and the cluster of the five moral foundations, which are the biggest deficits on the psychopath individual. Besides that, we will compare the scores of the group of individuals considered psychopaths and the group that does not display those features. The group of participants had 105 individuals, 27 display psychopath features and 78 do not have those same features. The instruments were based on the research version of Moral Foundations Questionnaire – along with a socio demographic questionnaire and the PCL – R, scored by file data. About the results, none of the hypothesis pre-defined got significant statistically results, but these results allow us to infer some initial conclusions. Therefore, we could not find differences between psychopaths and non-psychopaths when it comes to the moral judgment, although individuals with those characteristics have displayed a lower score. Thereby, it is possible to infer that, effectively, despite the fact that the psychopath individual presents a decrease in their moral capacities, the same can perform, in a relatively adjusted way, this kind of judgements but afterwards he can’t integrate them in his code of conduct.
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Drahovzalová, Dominika. "Vliv rasistických postojů na moralní usuzování." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-354543.
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The thesis deals with the theme of morality and racist attitudes towards Roms. The theoretical part is focused on describing the development of studying the phenomenon of morality, especially on intuitionistic theory (eg.:. J. Haidt). Next on moral emotions, namely disgust, and their influence on individual judgment in a social situation. And on attitudes to other racial groups. The intention is to refer to theories that assume influence of emotions on moral judgment, as well as the activation of attitudes. In the practical part was examined moral dilemma situations rating among 142 respondents, while their disposition to the perception of disgust and their racist attitudes. By the research was proved that people evaluate the situation as more immoral if there is participant with different ethnicity, depending on their perception of disgust. Direct relationship between evaluation and racist attitudes was not proven. The conclusions are in detail discussed in the thesis.
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Giersberg, Lynn. "Intergroup implications of moral divides over arranged marriages in Germany." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/20727.
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Due to migration, two different marriage systems came to co-exist in Germany: love marriages and arranged marriages, with the latter triggering a heated debate in the German society. This study investigated the moral underpinnings of negative attitudes towards groups that engage in arranged marriages amongst adult Germans (N =327). Based on the Moral Foundations Theory, the individualizing and libertarian moral foundation were hypothesized to predict negative attitudes towards people who engage in arranged marriages, with the attitudes towards arranged marriages mediating this relationship. Intercultural competences were expected to buffer the relationship between moral foundations and attitudes towards arranged marriages. Unexpectedly, the results showed that individualizing and libertarian moral foundations predict more positive attitudes towards the groups that engage in arranged marriages (i.e., less social distance and less dehumanization). By contrast, the binding foundation predicted more social distance and more dehumanization of groups that engage in arranged marriages. The mediating role of attitudes towards arranged marriages was not supported. Intercultural competences were not significant moderators. The results and their implications are discussed.Devido à migração, dois sistemas matrimoniais vêm a coexistir na Alemanha: casamentos por amor e casamentos arranjados, sendo esto último desencadeado um debate intenso na sociedade alemã. Este estudo investigou os fundamentos morais das atitudes negativas em relação aos grupos que se envolvem em casamentos arranjados entre cidadãos adultos alemães (N =327). Com a base na Teoria das Fundações Morais, os fundamentos morais individualizados e libertária foram hipoteticamente para prever as atitudes negativas em relação aos casamentos arranjados, sendo as atitudes em relação aos casamentos arranjas a mediadora desta relação. A partir daí, são introduzidas competências interculturais como moderadores, que amortecem a relação entre convicções morais e as atitudes negativas em relação aos casamentos arranjados. Inesperadamente, os resultados mostraram que os fundamentos morais individualizados e libertários têm atitudes mais positivas em relação aos grupos que se envolvem em casamentos arranjados (i.e., menor distância social e desumanização). Em contraste, a fundação vinculativa prevê um maior distanciamento social, e desumanização dos grupos que se empenham em casamentos arranjados. O papel do mediador em relação às atitudes da prática não foi apoiado. As competências interculturais não foram moderadoras significativos. Os resultados e as suas implicações são discutíveis.
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SPIŠÁKOVÁ, Mária. "ETICKÁ VÝCHOVA A JEJÍ VÝCHODISKA VE SROVNÁNÍ S PRAXÍ ETICKÉ VÝCHOVY V SLOVENSKÉ A ČESKÉ REPUBLICE." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-200490.
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This thesis deals with the bases of Ethics in comparison with the practice of Ethics in the Slovak and the Czech Republic. The first part describes and discusses the philosophical, pedagogical and psychological bases of teaching subject called Ethics. It presents a chronological overview of ethical theories and their comparison of the base of morality. It deals with the philosophy of education and dialogue as the principles of teaching. It represents Piaget's theory of moral development of the child, states stages of moral reasoning by Kohlberg and characterizes Frankl's logotherapy. The second part analyzes and compares the approaches to Ethics in primary and secondary education in the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic due to the bases of ethics set out in the first part. It represents the Slovak koncept of Olivar's prosocial education, the activities of Ethical Forum Czech Republic and the programme Philosophy for children.