Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Moor ecology'

Background information, essential to a full appreciation of the research presented in the thesis, is submitted in Chapters Two, Three and Four in the form of literature reviews. Chapter Two includes a review of the geology, climate, soils, past management, vegetation history and nature conservation value of Bodmin Moor. The chapter culminates by discussing the proposed future management of grazing on Bodmin Moor. Chapter Three comprises a review of the mechanisms by which grazing affect vegetation. Particular reference is made to the effects of 7 General Introduction variation in grazing practices and interactions between grazing and other environmental variables. Chapter Four provides a review of successional processes with particular reference to the effects of grazing on upland plant community succession and the limits of current knowledge of grazing management in upland habitats. Chapter Five presents the results of phytosociological classification and explores the relationships between environmental variables and vegetation. Chapter Six examines spatial variation in the seed bank of Bodmin Moor in a range of communities at different depths. Chapter Seven presents the results of a Countryside Stewardship monitoring scheme established on Bodmin Moor North SSSI. Chapter Eight investigates the effects of variation in timing, frequency and severity of defoliation, on Molütia caerulea, along a soil moisture gradient. Chapter Nine reviews the preceeding work focusing on the overall implications of the thesis. The structure of the thesis is presented diagrammatically in Figure 1.1.

This thesis is an attempt to describe how different environmental factors influence life history traits in different populations, sexes and developmental stages in the moor frog, Rana arvalis. The studied populations are located along 1100 km latitudinal gradient, with pH varying between 4.0 and 8.5. I have used data from both natural populations and common garden experiments.

Reproducing moor frogs were larger and older at high latitudes, indicating a selective advantage of large size at high latitudes and/or earlier reproduction at low latitudes. When controlling for age I found that frogs were older and smaller at low pH, which may be a result of a reduced growth rate due to acid stress. The both sexes respond differently to different environments, with the lowest sexual dimorphism in body size found in the acid environments. This is possibly caused by a trade-off between growth and reproduction. Being large is considered to be advantageous, in females due to increased fecundity, and in males due to higher ability to compete for mates, while the cost of high growth is a reduced possibility to survive until the next mating season. Moor frog embryos originating from an acid population survived better under acid stress than embryos from a neutral population. Using quantitative genetic techniques I found strong maternal effects and small additive genetic variation for the traits in acid and non acid populations. The variation in acid stress tolerance owed largely to non-genetic effects. Females from acid localities lay larger eggs, which probably improves the performance of tadpoles under acid conditions. The trade-off between egg size and fecundity was stronger in acid populations indicating that females in acid populations reduced fecundity to increase offspring size. Finally, frogs from acidified environments were more asymmetric in skeletal traits further indicating the developmental stress created by acidification.

Goss Moor NNR is a unique, rare and nationally-important wetland habitat in Mid- Cornwall. The majority of the habitats were created as a result of a long history of tin-stream mining, which ceased in the early 1900s. Phytosociological surveys of poor-fen and willow carr communities provide the first formal descriptions of the vegetation at this site. The poor-fen survey revealed twelve poor-fen vegetation types, which were distributed along a primary environmental gradient of organic matter depth, surface water height and bare substrate. Separation of the poor-fen communities by a moisture gradient was considered as spatial evidence for hydroseral succession, which begins with the colonisation of open-water pools created by tin excavations. The Salix cinerea ssp. oleifolia willow carr was divided by eight understorey communities, according to age, defined by reference to five sets of aerial photographs of Goss Moor taken over the last six decades. The average number of poor-fen species per unit area in the understorey generally decreased with age. This relationship was related to the increase in canopy cover and, therefore, shade. Willow was found to invade areas with the greatest amounts of accumulated organic material and a low water table. In the oldest and driest willow, oak saplings were found, indicating the beginning of secondary woodland. An architectural analysis of willow showed that useful age descriptors were the height of the first fork, the number of live secondary shoots, tree height and dbh, all of which generally increased with age. Spatial successional patterns were characterised using the lattice-wombling technique in three large rectangles or 'tranomes'. Plant communities were associated with either abrupt or diffuse boundary types. Abrupt boundaries or ecotones were found between heath communities and densely vegetated tall-herb fen and species-poor willow carr wetland vegetation. Diffuse or ecocline transitions occurred between communities with subtle differences in their composition. Spatial relationships between swamp and poor-fen communities were taken as evidence for space-for- time successions, these patterns varied according to location and microtopography. Investigations into the water regime showed water depth was governed by substrate heterogeneity. Homogeneous microtopography was associated with deep inundations and greatest amplitude in water depth, and most closely resembled rainfall fluctuations. The most complex microtopography resulted from the most intense tin-streaming activity. Therefore the anthropogenic history of Goss Moor plays an important role in governing the contemporary water regime and vegetation distribution. Of the wetland communities, rush pasture was the driest and poor-fen the wettest. The communities of open habitats were wetter than the willow communities. The youngest willow community was drier in the summer than the other five vegetation types studied, which was indicative of the conditions necessary for willow scrub colonisation to take place. The N:P ratio revealed that nitrogen was the limiting nutrient in all of the wetland vegetation types suggesting an early stage of successional development. High water levels were thought to be responsible for the prevalence of N-limitation on Goss Moor, creating deoxygenated substrates and leading to the demise of nitrifying bacteria and thus a reduction in the rate of soil N mineralisation. Plant strategies were used to classify the species from a number of wetland communities ranging from open-water pools to willow carr, in order to apply them to Grime's triangular model. The ten communities were ordered into a logical successional sequence. However, the model needs to be modified to account for succession in the aquatic environment. Based on the findings of this thesis, a number of suggestions were made for the effective management of the wetland habitats on Goss Moor. These include: evaluation of willow scrub before removal so those areas of vegetation subsequently opened-up can be monitored; and the creation of new ponds to encourage the growth of certain poor-fen communities, which are species-rich, but only account for a small area of the whole resource.

The plant pathogen, Phytophthora dnnamomi, is a cause of dieback disease observed in sclerophyll vegetation in Australia, The effects of P. dnnamomi on flora and fauna were studied at two locations in heathland vegetation near the coastal town of Anglesea, Victoria. The pathogen was isolated from soils beneath diseased heathland plants. The extent of diseased vegetation was assessed by the presence and absence of highly sensitive indicator species, Xanthorrhoea australis and hopogon ceratophyllus. The characteristics of heathland vegetation exhibiting dieback disease associated with the presence of P. dnnamomi were investigated. Plant species richness was similar between diseased and non-diseased areas however diseased areas were characterised by significant declines in the cover and frequency of susceptible species, increases in resistant species and increases in percent cover of open ground. Compared to non-diseased areas, diseased areas exhibited fewer shrub species and decreased shrub cover. The percentage cover and number of species of sedges, lilies and grasses were higher in diseased areas. Structural differences were significant between 0-0.6 m with decreased cover of vegetation in diseased areas. Differences in structure between diseased and non-diseased areas were not as great as expected due to increases in the cover of resistant species. A number of regenerating X australis were observed in post-disease areas. Cluster analysis of floristic data could clearly separate diseased and non-diseased trap stations. The population dynamics and habitat use of eight small mammal species present were compared in diseased and non-diseased areas using trapping and radio-tracking techniques. The number of small mammal species captured in post-disease areas was significantly lower than non-diseased areas. Mean captures of Antechinus stuartii and Rattus fiisdpes were significantly lower in diseased areas on Grid B. Mean captures of Rattus lutreolus were significantly lower in diseased areas on both study grids. Significant differences were not observed in every season over the two year study period. Radio tracking revealed more observations of Sminthopsis leucopus in non-diseased vegetation than in diseased. Cercartetus nanus was frequently observed to utilise the disease susceptible X. australis for nesting. At one location, the recovery of vegetation and small mammal communities in non-diseased and diseased vegetation after fuel reduction burning was monitored for three years post-fire. Return of plant species after fire in both disease classes were similar, reaching 75% of pre-fire richness after three years. Vegetation cover was slower to return after fire in diseased areas. Of the seven small mammal species captured pre-fire, five were regularly captured in the three years after fire. General linear model analysis revealed a significant influence of disease on capture rates for total small mammals before fire and a significant influence of fire on capture rates for total small mammals after fire. After three years, the influence of fire on capture rates was reduced no significant difference was detected between disease classes. Measurements of microclimate indicate that diseased, burnt heathland was likely to experience greater extremes of temperature and wind speed. Seeding of diseased heathland with X. australis resulted in the establishment of seedlings of this sensitive species. The reported distributions of the mamma] species in Victoria were analysed to determine which species were associated with the reported distribution of dieback disease. Twenty-two species have more than 20% of their known distribution in diseased areas. Five of these species, Pseudomys novaehollandiae, Pseudomys fumeust Pseudomys shortridgei, Potorous longipes and Petrogale pencillata are rare or endangered in Victoria. Four of the twenty-two species, Sminthopsis leucopus, Isoodon obesulus, Cercartetus nanus and Rottus lutreolus am observed in Victorian heathlands. Phytophthora cinnamomi changes both the structure and floristics of heathland vegetation in the eastern Qtway Ranges. Small mammals respond to these changes through decreased utilisation of diseased heathland. The pathogen threatens the diversity of species present and future research efforts should be directed towards limiting its spread and rehabilitating diseased areas.

Ecological and productivity responses to agricultural management were studied over eight years in species-rich hay meadows within a Site of Special Scientific Interest on a Somerset peat moor. The vegetation typified that of many wet meadows on the Somerset Levels and elsewhere, definable as MG5 {Cynosurus cristatus-Centaurea nigra meadow) and MG8 {Cynosurus cristatus-Caittia palustris flood pasture) within the National Vegetation Classification. The effects of inorganic fertilizers on species diversity, soil nitrogen loss and agricultural productivity (hay yield and beef production during aftermath grazing), were investigated during 1986-90. These data were subsequently analyzed for the effects of variations in water table depth on productivity and soil N losses. Further studies in 1991-93 covered: (a) soil seed bank composition in relation to above ground vegetation; (b) the effect of different cutting dates on seed rain, vegetation composition and herbage yield and quality; and (c) seed shedding as influenced by hay making operations. The vegetation was sensitive to even small fertilizer inputs, particularly of P and K, both in terms of increased productivity and reduced botanical diversity. Species diversity also declined on unfertilized plots in one experiment, after a change from aftermath grazing to cutting only. Leaching and denitrification of soil N following N application were both high compared with soils elsewhere, due to the high water table. Fertilizers caused a four-fold shift in soil seed bank composition towards nitrophilous species and increased the ratio of short-term to long-term persistent species. Cutting in May or September affected both the total seed rain and the balance of species represented and significantly reduced vegetation diversity, compared with cutting in July or August. The thesis includes an extensive literature review and the results are discussed in the context of (a) current theories on the relationships between species diversity, soil fertility, disturbance and productivity, and (b) hay meadow management within Environmentally Sensitive Areas. It is concluded that production response to fertilizers is not constrained by the species richness of the vegetation, but there is no scope for increasing soil fertility without reducing species diversity. Nitrate leaching risk is increased with N rates above about 75 kg ha'^ year'^ at ambient water table levels, but no N should be applied where high water tables are maintained. Occasional cutting after July is necessary to allow most species to set seed and to maintain a persistent soil seed bank.

Dytiscid beetles are significant predators in freshwater aquatic ecosystems, playing a major role in structuring macro-invertebrate communities in some habitats (Cobbaert et al 2010). Great Diving Beetles (Dytiscus spp.) can be among the top predators, yet more than one species may be present in a particular physical location, prompting questions regarding how the Dytiscus species co-exist. This study investigated Dytiscus marginalis Linneaus 1758 and the much rarer Dytiscus dimidiatus Bergsträsser 1778 which occur together in drainage ditch ecosystems in the Somerset Levels and Moors in the United Kingdom. Estimates of niche breadths were made in relation to seasonal activity patterns, habitat usage and prey in order to gauge the degree of specialisation displayed by the two species. Findings broadly supported the view that D. marginalis is more of a generalist species than D. dimidiatus, however, a considerable degree of niche overlap was shown to exist. Evidence was found of a stronger preference in D. dimidiatus for shaded watercourses and for sections of ditch with less extensive coverage of duckweed (Lemna spp.) in the early part of the season. There were indications of both inter-specific and intra-specific predation of larvae by adults and larvae of Dytiscus spp. A major challenge overcome during the study concerned how to distinguish the larvae of the two species. Molecular ecological techniques (RAPD, PCRs and gene sequencing) were compared with morphological means to determine species identity. A relatively simple molecular method was found to distinguish the species based on species-specific sequences within a short fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. This technique successfully identified 90% of 108 individual larvae tested whereas morphology-based analysis failed to resolve them. The implications for conservation practice arising from these observations are discussed in relation to D. dimidiatus, which is considered at risk in the UK.

Large-scale rhizome sampling on the North York Moors together with an assessment of published bracken sampling protocols concluded that small-scale sampling of the rhizome system is inadequate to describe upland bracken stands accurately. It is also concluded that the frond cannot be used as an indicator of the rhizome system before or after treatment to achieve bracken control. An improved sampling strategy is proposed which increases the reliability of data collected and the validity of any conclusions drawn form such data. The structure of bracken rhizome systems, from separate stands on the North York Moors, were found to be distinct from one another and demonstrated intrinsic variation which could affect a differential response to control. The most important components of the rhizome system, when considering chemical control using asulam are: the number of buds likely to remain viable afterwards: the rhizome biomass which may effect herbicide dilution: and the origin of frond production which may affect herbicide distribution. The effect of asulam was to cause severe localised damage to buds and apices detectable one year after treatment but the rhizome dry weight remained unaffected. In one instance asulam appeared to have a stimulatory effect on bracken by breaking bud dormancy, this was related to the characteristics of the stand before treatment. It is recommended that the use of asulam is restricted to pioneer or building stands which have a high number of active buds in relation to dormant buds. and a low rhizome dry weight. Crushing bracken once a year effected a temporary reduction in rhizome dry weight and an increase in frond number (which could improve asulam absorption). A combination of crushing and asulam reduced both bud number and rhizome dry weight and was thus the most successful treatment studied for reduction of bracken vigour. In particular. stands adjacent to valued plant communities should be targeted for control. It is suggested that bilberry could be used as a buffer zone between heather and invading bracken. The use of large-scale bracken control programmes in upland regions was questioned due to the apparent ineffectiveness of asulam on the rhizome system. and the difficulty of implementing a programme of successful follow-up and after-care management. A broad clarification of upland bracken, based on the rhizome, was recognised, and general models of selective bracken control suggested, by evaluation of the rhizome system with regard to the number of dormant and active buds, and the rhizome dry weight.

Las especies de pulgones más abundantes en los campos de maíz de Lleida son
Rhopalosiphumpadi (L.), Sitobion avenas (F.) y Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker).
La dinámica poblacional de los pulgones viene definida por tres fases, 1)
Colonización: Desde la nascencia de las plantas de maíz hasta finales de junio esta fase
y caracterizada por la presencia de las tres especies y colonias formadas por alados y
ninfas jóvenes. 2) Escasez de las poblaciones: Desde julio hasta mediados o finales de
agosto. 3) Recuperación de las poblaciones de pulgones, con la presencia casi exclusiva
de R. padi.
A lo largo de todo el ciclo se constató la presencia de fauna auxiliar formada en
mayor número por depredadores polífagos. En las primeras semanas se contabilizan
básicamente arañas, carábidos y dermápteros, posteriormente el cultivo es colonizado
por heterópíeros, coccinélidos, neurópteros y otras especies de menor importancia
relativa (sílfidos, cecidómidos e himenópteros parasitoides).
La importancia de los enemigos naturales en la dinámica de los pulgones es
fundamental tal y como se demuestra en un experimento de exclusión en campo y un
test de depredación en laboratorio. Esta importancia viene marcada por una presencia
continua y abundante, por el carácter polífago de los depredadores, por la gran
capacidad depredadora de algunos de ellos y por la capacidad de regular las poblaciones
de pulgones.
Otro elemento esencial en la evolución de las poblaciones de pulgones es la
temperatura, siendo R. padi la especie más adaptada a las altas temperaturas, seguida de
SLavenae y de M. dirhodum, lo que explicaría que R, padi es prácticamente la única
especie a partir de julio. La temperatura puede ser la responsable en mayor grado del
descenso poblacional en las últimas semanas de la primera fase de colonización de los
pulgones y, sobre todo, en la fase de disminución o desaparición de las poblaciones de
pulgones.
Las dos medidas de control estudiadas (tratamientos insecticidas al suelo y
manejo de la fecha de siembra) no parecen ser opciones idóneas para el control de los
pulgones del maíz. En el primer caso por su escasa efectividad en el tiempo (máxima de
8 días) y por provocar un aumento posterior de las poblaciones de pulgones, debido en
parte a un efecto de los tratamientos insecticidas sobre los depredadores contabilizados
en las trampas de gravedad. En el caso del manejo de la fecha de siembra, se ha podido
comprobar que siembras tardías escapan parcialmente a la colonización de los pulgones
del maíz, lo que podría ser interesante como medida de control de daños directos
provocados por los pulgones, pero probablemente de escasa eficacia en el caso del
control de las virosis transmitidas por los pulgones.

Theme of this diploma thesis is design of residental yacht, focused on applying of modern technologies with aim to make the work flow more efective. I would like to achieve better results in question of fuel saving and ecology, by using hybrid engine systém and solar power. My next aim was interlacing of construction and ergonomic parameters in the way to achieve comfort and save enviroment for the travelers.

Mestrado em Ecologia Aplicada
Between the predator-prey relationships, adaptions in the temporal niche play a significant role in the community structure. In this dissertation we investigated the effects of the moon cycle on the activity time schedules of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), pumas (Puma concolor) and their potential prey, in Central Amazon. In this work, we tested whether the activity patterns of ocelots are synchronised with those of their potential diurnal and nocturnal prey and the effects of the moon cycle on this predator-prey relationship. In addition we described pumas activity patterns and assessed the influence of moonlight on the time schedules of their prey, in different moon phases. Ocelots have shown to be nocturnal and their photographic records were evenly distributed across the moon cycle. The activity of these cats overlapped significantly more that of their nocturnal prey than diurnal’s, during full moon. Pumas were shown to be mostly nocturnal and have an even record distribution over the moon cycle too. This record distribution was observed for red brocket deer (Mazama americana) as well. In contrast, photographic records of the other two potential prey (pacas [Cuniculus paca] and armadillos [Dasypus spp.]) were concentrated in the darker nights. Yet, every potential prey seemed to avoid the brighter times of the night regardless of the moon phase.Our findings suggest that, in enlightened nights, prey can suppress their activity or shift its temporal distribution, through activity allocation to the darker periods of the night in response to increased predation risk. On the other hand, pumas and ocelots may take advantage of prey which remain active in those nights because they will be much more vulnerable and, thus, favour the hunting success of these cats.
Na relação predador-presa as adaptações no nicho temporal desempenham um papel de relevo na estruturação das comunidades. Nesta dissertação, foram investigados, através de armadilhagem fotográfica, os efeitos do ciclo lunar nos horários de actividade de ocelotes (Leopardus pardalis), pumas (Puma concolor) e das suas potenciais presas, na Amazónia Central. Neste trabalho testámos a sincronização dos padrões de actividade dos ocelotes com os das suas potenciais presas diurnas e nocturnas e os efeitos do ciclo lunar nesta relação predador-presa. Descrevemos também os padrões de actividade de pumas e avaliámos a influência do luar nos horários de actividade das presas destes felinos, em diferentes fases da lua. Os ocelotes mostraram um padrão de actividade nocturno e o número de registos fotográficos manteve-se constante ao longo do ciclo lunar. Além disso, estes felinos revelaram ter um valor de sobreposição temporal de actividade significativamente maior com as suas presas nocturnas do que com as diurnas, durante a lua cheia. Também os pumas mostraram ser maioritariamente nocturnos e a sua distribuição de registos fotográficos foi constante ao longo do ciclo lunar. Esta distribuição também foi observada para o veado-mateiro (Mazama americana). Por outro lado, os registos fotográficos das outras duas potenciais presas (pacas [Cuniculus paca] e armadilhos [Dasypus spp.]) estiveram concentrados em noites mais escuras. De qualquer forma, apesar destas diferenças, todas as presas parecem evitar as horas mais iluminadas da noite, independentemente da fase da lua. Os nossos resultados sugerem que, em noites iluminadas, as presas podem suprimir ou alterar a distribuição temporal das suas actividades, deslocando-as para horas mais escuras da noite em resposta a um aumento do risco de predação. Por outro lado, é possível que pumas e ocelotes tirem proveito das presas que permanecem activas nessas noites, pois estas ficarão mais vulneráveis, aumentando o sucesso de caça destes felinos.

Despite the importance of satellite-enabled applications to society, geographical discussions of the space sector have been dominated by accounts of the geopolitics ‘up there’, without due consideration of the industry driving the use of space ‘down here’. As a result, the geography of the space sector, and the interactions between the agents and institutions involved, have been overlooked in the academic literature. To address this ‘silence’, this thesis explores the competitiveness, organisation and governance of the UK space sector. The primary method of data collection for this thesis was eighty semi-structured interviews with representatives from the UK space sector. The conceptual framework integrated economic and geopolitical concepts on competitiveness, organisation and governance. Key findings of this thesis include: (i) orbital slots and frequency spectrum are competitive assets, which highlight the verticality of our economy; (ii) heritage is a source of competitiveness, which can cause technological lock-in; (iii) different segments within the UK space sector manage their own production projects, which are linked by buyer-supplier relationships (BSRs); (iv) BSRs are influenced by buyers, contracts, technology, time and geography; and (v) the governance of the UK space sector is multi-centric, with a dominance of regulatory forms.

MENEZES, Marcelo Oliveira Teles de. Viabilidade da compartimentação pedo-climática para o planejamento da conservação Biológica - estudo de caso na microbacia do Riacho Capitão-Mor (Ceará). 2009. 115 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós- Graduação, Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.
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Os recursos financeiros e humanos disponíveis para a conservação biológica são escassos no Brasil. Nesse contexto de limitação de recursos, o macro-planejamento da conservação – os critérios de escolha da localização e interação entre áreas de proteção – torna-se uma questão central, no intuito de otimizar a alocação de esforços de conservação biológica. Historicamente, a alocação de unidades de conservação tem sido guiada pela riqueza de espécies biológicas (hotspots). No entanto, esse critério tem sido apontado como reducionista e falho, de modo que muitos autores têm proposto novas abordagens de planejamento da conservação. Por meio de um estudo de caso na microbacia do riacho Capitão-Mor – localizada nos sertões centrais do Ceará – este trabalho visou analisar a viabilidade da compartimentação ambiental como instrumento de mapeamento de padrões de biodiversidade – poupando o grande esforço dispendido em levantamentos fitossociológicos nos casos de grandes extensões territoriais. Compartimentos pedo-climáticos com diferentes condições ambientais foram caracterizados e comparados quanto a clima, solo e flora. Pela Análise de Correspondência Retificada (DCA), analisou-se quais fatores exerceram maior influência sobre a distribuição das espécies vegetais. Com base na sua distribuição, bem como o estado de conservação de cada setor da microbacia, foi-lhe elaborado um plano de conservação. O planejamento foi embasado na unidade da bacia hidrográfica e por princípios sistêmicos de funcionalidade e representatividade – com vistas a contemplar a heterogeneidade natural e garantir o funcionamento da biodiversidade e outros processos geoambientais. Constatou-se que a distribuição das espécies e fisionomias vegetais na área de estudo corresponderam basicamente a padrões de clima (umidade) e fertilidade do solo (saturação por bases e por alumínio) – ambos fatores determinados pelas condições topográficas de altitude e declividade. Com o padrão observado, concluiu-se que a topografia é o fator ambiental mais adequado para a associação entre as características do meio ambiente físico e a distribuição das espécies vegetais. O macro-planejamento conservacionista embasado na unidade da bacia hidrográfica trouxe muitos aspectos positivos à funcionalidade do sistema de conservação. A abordagem de bacias hidrográficas tornou possível e fácil a interligação entre unidades de conservação, uma vez que os padrões de drenagem favoreceram sua interligação por meio de matas ciliares, que assumiram a função de corredores ecológicos. Desse modo, além da potencial contemplação de todos os setores geoambientais da microbacia com unidades de conservação, é possível dotar o sistema com um funcionamento em rede.
Los recursos financieros y humanos disponibles para la conservación biológica son escassos en Brasil. En ese contexto de limitación de recursos, el macro-planeamiento de la conservación – los criterios de elección, de localización y interacción entre áreas de protección – tornase una cuestión central, con objetivo de optimizar el destino de esfuerzos de conservación biológica. Historicamente, el destino de unidades de conservación ha sido guiado por la riqueza de especies biológicas (hotspots). Sin embargo ese criterio ha sido apuntado como reduccionista y fallido, de tal modo que muchos autores han propuesto nuevos abordajes de planeamiento de la conservación. Por medio de un estudio de caso en la microcuenca del Riachuelo Capitão-Mor – localizada en los "sertões centrais" de Ceará – este trabajo buscó analizar la viabilidad de la compartimentación ambiental como instrumento de levantamiento de patrones de biodiversidad – economizando el grande esfuerzo que es gastado en los levantamientos fitossociológicos, en los casos de grandes extensiones territoriales. Compartimentos pedo-climáticos con diferentes condiciones ambientales fueron caracterizados y comparados en cuánto a clima, suelo y flora. Por medio de Análisis de Correspondencia Rectificada (DCA), fueron analizados los factores que ejercieron mayor influencia sobre la distribuición de las especies vegetales. Con base en su distribuición y en el estado de conservación de cada sector de la microcuenca, fue elaborado un plan de conservación. El plan fue hecho en la unidad de la cuenca hidrográfica y con princípios sistémicos de funcionalidad e representatividad – buscando contemplar la heterogeneidad natural y garantizar el funcionamiento de la biodiversidad y otros processos geoambientales. Fue constatado que la distribuición de las especies y fisionomias vegetales en la área de estudio correspondem basicamente a patrones de clima (humedad) y de fertilidad del suelo (saturación de cationes y de alumínio) – ambos determinados por las condiciones topográficas de altitud e declividad. Con el patrón resultante, se concluyó que la topografía es el factor ambiental más adecuado para para la asociación entre características del medio ambiente físico y la distribuición de las especies vegetales. El macro-planeamiento conservacionista embasado en la unidad de la cuenca hidrográfica trajo muchos aspectos positivos en la funcionalidad del sistema de conservación. El abordaje de cuencas hidrograficas hizo posible y fácil la interconección entre unidades de conservación, una vez que los patrones de drenaje favorecieron su ligación através de la vegetación de la ribera del rio (mata ciliar), que asumió la función de corredores ecológicos. Así, además de la potencial contemplación de todos los sectores geoambientales de la microcuenca con unidades de conservación, és posible equipar el sistema con un funcionamiento en red.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The history of the contact with indigenous people in Brazil has been marked by agrarian and socio-environmental conflicts due to the confrontation with big development governmental projects supported by private companies, aiming at the exploration of natural resources and thus causing a continuous deterritorialization of indigenous people. The main objective of this work is to analyze the agrarian and socio environmental conflicts in the Potiguara Monte Mor indigenous land in the North coast of Paraíba caused by the presence of sugar and ethanol mills in these lands and of an environmental protection area in indigenous lands. The research involved many different methodological procedures such as, a bibliographical research about the Brazilian environmental and Indian culture legislation from the 17th century to the 21st century; a documental research about the administrative processes filed by the IBAMA from 1990 to 2012, and the extra judicial conflict resolution through actions by the Federal Public Ministry and other social agents; a field research which aimed at mapping the agrarian and socio environmental conflicts in the Potiguara Monte Mor/PB land by identifying the ones involved in these conflicts; and at last, a research-action video was recorded with the participation of teachers and students of the Cacique Domingos School in the Portiguara Monte Mor land to identify the environmental problems caused by deforestation, and inappropriate garbage disposal. Due to it, some field activities like seedling planting at the river source and garbage collection in the Village were done. To do so, a qualitative research with exploratory semi structured interviews with a descriptive bias was held. The methodology of the conflicts mapping was developed based on Little (2006) through the ethnography of the conflicts, and the analysis of the Bardin content (2004) resulted in the visibility of the agrarian and environmental conflicts in the Potiguara Monte Mor land. The research action through the video managed to touch emotionally the community to the environmental problems with autonomy from reterritorialization. Finally, the research points out some suggestions of the public policies use which lead to solutions and prevention of these conflicts like the demarcation process of that lands by the legal ratification of the demarcation by the Government
A história recente do contato dos índios com a sociedade nacional no Brasil tem sido marcada por conflitos socioambientais e fundiários em decorrência do confronto com grandes projetos governamentais de desenvolvimento e com o apoio às empresas privadas, visando a exploração dos recursos naturais, provocando uma contínua desterritorialização dos indios. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar os conflitos socioambientais e fundiários na Terra Indígena (TI) Potiguara Monte Mor no Litoral Norte da Paraíba, provocados pela presença de usinas sucroalcooleiras neste território e de uma Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) sobreposta à Terra Indígena. A realização da pesquisa envolveu diferentes procedimentos metodológicos, desde a pesquisa bibliográfica a respeito da legislação ambiental e indigenista brasileira do século XVII ao século XXI; e documental sobre os processos administrativos autuados pelo IBAMA entre 1990 e maio de 2012 e as formas de resolução extra judicial de conflitos através de ações do Ministério Público Federal MPF e outros atores sociais; a pesquisa de campo que visou realizar um mapeamento dos conflitos socioambientais e fundiários na TI Potiguara Monte Mor/PB identificado os atores sociais envolvidos; e, por fim, foi gravado um vídeo com o intuito de identificar de forma participativa os problemas ambientais através de uma pesquisa-ação com a presença de professores e alunos da Escola Cacique Domingos na TI Potiguara Monte Mor, verificando problemas ambientais como o desmatamento e a disposição inadequada do lixo, o que ocasionou a realização de atividades de campo com os Potiguara na Aldeia Jaraguá com a realização do plantio de mudas nativas na nascente de rio com fonte de água mineral e a coleta de lixo na aldeia. A metodologia do mapeamento dos conflitos foi desenvolvida com base em Little (2006) através da etnografia dos conflitos, para tanto, baseou-se numa pesquisa de cunho qualitativo com entrevistas semi estruturadas, de caráter exploratório com viés descritivo. Na análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2004) teve como resultado a visibilidade dos conflitos socioambientais e fundiários na TI Potiguara Monte Mor e a pesquisa-ação através da produção do vídeo possibilitou a sensibilização da comunidade para a gestão territorial ambiental com autonomia a partir da reterritorialização. Finalmente, a pesquisa aduz sobre o uso efetivo das políticas públicas previstas pela PNGATI (2012) na busca por soluções desses conflitos, além da necessidade na conclusão do processo demarcatório da TI com a homologação da demarcação pela União

This book is about the participatory aesthetics of the fantastic. In it, the author argues that the definition of the fantastic presented by Tzvetan Todorov in 1970 can be used, provided it is first adapted to a media-ecological framework, to theorize the role of aesthetic participation in the creation of secondary worlds. Working within a hermeneutical tradition, Todorov understands reader participation as interpretation, in which the creative ambiguities of the literary object are primarily epistemological. However, it is here argued that the aesthetic object of the fantastic is also characterized by material ambiguity. The purpose of this dissertation is then to present a conceptual framework with which to theorize the relation between the material and the epistemological ambiguity of the fantastic. It is argued that such a framework can be found in an ecological understanding of aesthetic participation. This, in turn, entails understanding human subjectivity as a process always already embodied in a material environment. To this extent, the proposed theoretical framework questions the clear and oppositional distinction between form and matter, as well as that between mind and body, nature and culture, and human and non-human, on which a modern and humanist notion of subjectivity is based. And in this sense, the basic ecological assumptions of this dissertation are posthumanist, or non-humanist. From this position, it is argued that an ecological understanding of participation offers a means to reformulate the function of a number of concepts central to studying the aesthetics of the fantastic, most notably the concepts of media, genre and text. As the fantastic focuses on the creation of other worlds, it is an aesthetics of coming into being, of ontogenesis. Accordingly, it will be argued that the participatory aesthetics of the fantastic operationalizes the ontogenesis of media, genres and texts. By mapping the ontogenesis of three distinct media ecologies – the media ecology of fantasy and J. R. R. Tolkien’s secondary world Middle-earth; the media ecology of the American comic book superhero Miracleman; and the media ecology of William Blake – this book argues that the ecological imagination generates world. Per Israelson has been a doctoral candidate in the Research School of Studies in Cultural History at the department of Culture and Aesthetics, Stockholm University. Ecologies of the Imagination is his dissertation.

Zehn unerforschte und natürliche Moore entlang der Flüsse Baker und Pascua in der Region Aysén, im chilenischen Patagonien, wurde untersucht, um Informationen über ihre Entstehung, Hydrologie, Geomorphologie, Stratigraphie, Ökologie und Wasser- und Kohlenstoffspeichervermögen zu gewinnen. Es wurden acht verschiedene ökologische Moortypen identifiziert und fünf Moortypen unterscheidbar durch ihr geohydromorphologisches Setting mit insgesamt elf verschiedenen organischen Moorsubstraten. Die gesammelten Information erlauben erste Abschätzungen der Torf-, Süßwasser- und Kohlenstoffmengen, die in den Mooren Ayséns gespeichert sind, sowie der jährlichen Torfakkumulationsraten. Die Moortypen und die in ihnen vorkommenden organischen Substrate wurden in einem geohydromorphologischen Klassifizierungssystem zusammengefasst, welches wichtige hydrologische, geomorphologische, ökologische, bodenkundliche und landschaftliche Parameter integriert. Forschung und Kommunikation über die chilenischen Moore sollen durch diese Arbeit unterstützt werden, um angemessene Monitoring Tools und partizipative Naturschutzstrategien zu entwickeln, die für die Erhaltung dieser Ökosysteme und ihrer Kreisläufe anwendbar sind.
Ten unexplored and pristine mires along the Baker and Pascua River Basins in Aysén, Chilean Patagonia, were examined, generating information about their origin, hydrology, geomorphology, stratigraphy, ecology, and carbon and water storage capacities. Eight mire types ecologically differentiable, associated with five main mire types separable by their hydrology and geomorphology were detected, as well as eleven organic substrate types forming mire soils. The information gathered allows for a first estimation of the peat, fresh water and carbon content stored in the mires of Aysén, as well as for an average growth and annual accumulation rate of the peat. Mire types and their associated substrates are systematized in a hydrogeomorphic classification system, integrating important landscape, hydrological, geomorphical, ecological and pedological components. Research and communication about mires in the Chilean Patagonia should be further supported to generate accurate monitoring tools and participative conservation strategies that are replicable for the preservation of these ecosystems and its balance.

Analyse des conditions du milieu naturel et de ses contrees limitrophes. Etude du deroulement des successions vegetales dans la serie acidophile du hetre: examen des processus et vitesses d'evolution permettant, a partir d'exemples concret, d'etayer le concept de serie de vegetation. Les competitions entre les peuplements de calluna vulgaris et de pinus sylvestris, l'impossibilite d'implantation directe de l'essence climacique (fagus sylvatica) dans les lances a callune, l'evolution endogene et les modifications de la pression defensive de ces groupements chamephytiques au cours de leur vieillissement constituent la trame de l'etude

Cette etude realisee a differents niveaux de perception (du peuplement a la cellule) est une contribution a une meilleure connaissance du fonctionnement et de la dynamique des landes subalpines a rhododendron ferrugineum. Dans la premiere partie, l'analyse diachronique permet de replacer la dynamique des populations de rhododendron dans un contexte global de developpement des communautes vegetales a l'etage subalpin des alpes nord-occidentales. Dans la seconde partie, l'etude demographique realisee dans une sequence pelouselande ouvertelande fermee montre que le temps necessaire pour que l'arbuste occupe plus de 80% de l'espace varie entre 150 et 300 ans. Au cours de ce developpement il adopte progressivement la reproduction vegetative, augmente son emprise sur le milieu ; certaines caracteristiques edaphiques sont modifiees, ainsi que les communautes vegetales qu'il envahit. La troisieme partie montre comment l'ericacee est capable de bien exploiter les ressources du milieu notamment de prelever et d'assimiler l'azote sous ses differentes formes minerales et de les incorporer dans des cycles internes efficients. La resorption de composes azotes agissant dans le compartiment chlorophyllien couvre environ 50% des besoins de la productivite primaire nette. Cette strategie de conservation permet a la plante d'optimiser l'utilisation des nutriments et de pallier la relative infertilite des sols sur lesquels elle se developpe. Les mesures de transpiration et de conductance montrent que le comportement stomatique des individus varie peu avec leur position microstationnelle. Par contre la masse d'eau transpiree par 1 m#2 de lande, fonction de la structure des houppiers, varie avec le degre de fermeture des populations. La quatrieme partie est une reflexion portant sur les interactions entre l'ericacee et son environnement. Des hypotheses sont emises quant a ses aptitudes a dominer la plupart des especes subalpines

Inventaire de la population d'acridiens. Etude de l. Adaptation des especes a differents habitats. Evaluation de l'efficacite des pieges lumineux avec prise en compte de l'eclairement lunaire. Observation de migrations. Etude des fluctuations demographiques par la mise en evidence des facteurs influencants les stades de developpement

Le type d'humus que l'on peut observer sous foret resulte d'interactions nombreuses et complexes entre les conditions abiotiques (facteurs physiques et chimiques de l'environnement) et les facteurs biotiques (communautes vegetales, animales, fongiques et microbiennes). C'est en milieu montagnard (massif de la chartreuse), ou ces interactions sont mal connues, que nous avons etudies le determinisme et le fonctionnement des differents types d'humus a deux echelles de perception. A petite echelle (approche stationnelle), on observe un lien etroit entre la morphologie des humus et la repartition des especes vegetales. Cette morphologie est surtout dependante des facteurs physiques de l'environnement (bilan hydrique, aeration). A grande echelle, une etude du fonctionnement de quatre humus (deux mulls, un mor, et un tangel), correspondant a deux niveaux d'activite biologique tranches et a deux contextes edaphiques chimiques varies (acide et neutre), a ete menee. Le microclimat au sol des deux mulls differe de ceux du mor et du tangel par une xericite moindre, ceci etant essentiellement du a la vegetation herbacee tres differente. L'humidite edaphique est egalement plus elevee dans les deux humus de type mull (notamment grace a des apports par ruissellement). L'activite biologique (essentiellement lombricienne), tres superieure dans les deux mull, temoigne des conditions physiques favorables dans les deux mull, la xericite dans le tangel, et l'anoxie dans le mor, limitant cette activite.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
水生生物科學系研究所
97
Parambassis siamensis, which is known as glass fish, causes considerable damage to economical species in the Sun-Moon Lake, but its feeding habits and the impact on aquatic organism had not been understood clearly. The doubt as reference for prevention and treatment in the future need to be investigated. The glass fish in the Sun-Moon lake was sampled monthly by a square-shape fishing net from June 2005 to May 2007. A total of 718 fish and a total weight of 2,365.60 g were collected. Their stomach contents were examined, and then, analyzed with CLUSTER, MDS, the similar percentage (SIMPER) and one-way ANOSIM in PRIMER 6.0, and compared among the seasons, genders, and body sizes. The results showed that the major food items of the glass fish were fish fry and Chironomids. No significant difference was found in food items between the genders, among the seasons, and among the body size classes. Due to no significant difference in components of food items of the glass fish in different areas, the glass fish belongs to opportunist. In daily food consumption rate and food consumption, daily food consumption rate is 1% of body weight at 28 ℃, 1.12% of body weight at 23 ℃, 0.54% of body weight at 18 ℃, the results showed the decreasing of daily food consumption rate was the trend toward the temperature drop. Daily food consumption rate was estimated, it was showed that glass fish which average body weight was 1 g could ingest 11.51 mg food at 28 ℃, then it could also ingest 5.60 mg food approximately 3.73 fry at 18 ℃. Due to their strong piscivorous habit, the exotic glass fish may cause damaging effects on the aquatic ecosystem and native fish populations.

Cleaning symbioses are a well-studied mutualism among marine species. However, the interactions occurring between cleaner fish and sharks are lacking in research, which makes it a target for further investigation. With this study, intentions were to analyse the behaviour of two kinds of cleaner species, bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) and moon wrasse (Thalassoma lunare), to be able to distinguish differences in cleaning behaviour on pelagic thresher sharks (Alopias pelagicus). A total of 68,4 hours of video was recorded on the edge of a seamount outside of Malapascua, called Monad Shoal, during 18 days in January 2018. The number of interactions were divided into two categories, where the behaviour was classified as an inspection or a bite and could occur on different patches of the sharks’ body (head, gills, body, dorsal, pectoral, pelvic or caudal fin). In total 118 events occurred which comprised in total 4079 interactions from the two cleaner species. Of these interactions 3626 were considered inspections and 453 were bites. Bluestreak cleaner wrasse conducted 3598 of the inspections and 28 of the inspections were conducted by the moon wrasse. All bites were conducted by bluestreak cleaner wrasses. The results indicated a preference in patches of the body to inspect, where the pelvis got the most inspections on 34,1 %, followed by the pectoral fins on 22,8 %. The dorsal fin and the gills accounted for the least number of bites, with 1,3 % on the dorsal and 1,4 % on the gills. Furthermore, a difference in inspected patches between males and females were discovered, where females got significantly more inspections on their head, gills, body, dorsal and pectoral fin. The pelvis and caudal fin did not show any significant differences.

The Ephemeroidea or burrowing mayflies are a superfamily of the Ephemeroptera (mayflies) with a worldwide distribution. Recent decades have seen a sharp decline in their abundance globally. Literature reviews of the past 20 years have shown this superfamily to be well represented on the Mooi River, KwaZulu-Natal- five species (Eatonica schoutedeni, Ephemera mooiana, Afromera natalensis, Afroplocia sampsoni and Ephoron savignyi) were recorded during the 20th century. However recent fieldwork failed to confirm this professed diversity, recording only two species (Afromera natalensis and Ephoron savignyi). This work critically re-examined all of the literature relating to the Ephemeroidea of Africa (in the context of the five species recorded from KwaZuluNatal) published in Africa and Europe (as well as many publications from the rest of the world) during the 19th and 20th century. It was found that a number of oversights were made in much of this literature that have become assimilated into the understanding of the taxonomy and ecology of this group. Amongst these, it was found that the synonymisation of three species of Ephoron ( = Polymitarcys-Polymitarcys savignyi, P. capensis and P. temerata) in the 1920s was weakly justified. To clarify problems in the published record relating to the five species recorded from KwaZulu-Natal, some of the most important museum holdings in Europe and South Africa were re-examined. Two previously unknown collections of Ephemera sp. were found in European museums. One of these collections was made in West Africa, undermining theories that Ephemera sp. are only found in cold waters. This research confirmed that the records for Eatonica schoutedeni in KwaZulu-Natal are probably spurious, the result of misidentification. This work presents a review of the publications relating to each of the species of the Ephemeroidea recorded from KwaZulu-Natal. Lists of synonyms are provided. Descriptions from literature and museum specimens are given. The known distribution and biology of each is presented. The current status of the Ephemeroidea of KwaZulu-Natal are discussed and a new key to the species of Kwazulu-Natal is presented. In order to assess the purported diversity of Ephemeroidea in the rivers of the KwaZulu-Natal midlands, extensive fieldwork was carried out the Mooi River and on other tributaries of the Tugela and Mgeni rivers from 1998 to 2000. This investigation failed to reveal four of the five species indicated in the literature. The sole species that was found, Ephoron savignyi was abundant in some areas of the Mooi and Karkloof Rivers. This apparent drop in diversity may be because the sampling effort carried out from 1998 to 2000 was too limited in time and space to gather specimens of all the species resident in the river, or because environmental changes in the region in the last 50 years have resulted in the extirpation of any or all of the remaining four species. It is concluded that the records of Eatonica schoutedeni from KwaZulu-Natal are spurious; Ephemera mooiana is either not the only species in the genus Ephemera on the continent of Africa, or has a substantially wider distribution than previously thought; Afromera natalensis and Afroplocia sampsoni may be present on the rivers of KwaZulu-Natal but have not been found during this research; Ephoron spp. are abundant in KwaZulu-Natal, but further research is required to confirm that the species in South Africa are the same as those originally recorded from the type locality, Egypt.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu- Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.