Journal articles on the topic 'Mood disorders/epidemiology'
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Merikangas, Kathleen Ries, and Nancy C. P. Low. "The epidemiology of mood disorders." Current Psychiatry Reports 6, no. 6 (December 2004): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-004-0004-1.
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Marneros, Andreas. "Mood disorders: epidemiology and natural history." Psychiatry 5, no. 4 (April 2006): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/psyt.2006.5.4.119.
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Marneros, Andreas. "Mood disorders: epidemiology and natural history." Psychiatry 8, no. 2 (February 2009): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2008.10.022.
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Flynn, Heather A. "Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Postpartum Mood Disorders." Psychiatric Annals 35, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20050701-12.
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Feld, Judith, Uriel Halbreich, and Sandhya Karkun. "The Association of Perimenopausal Mood Disorders with Other Reproductive-Related Disorders." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 6 (June 2005): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900023154.
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AbstractData regarding the increased incidence of psychiatric illness during midlife in women are still conflicting. However, there is a growing consensus that certain groups of women may in fact be at higher risk for mood symptoms and psychiatric disorders during the perimenopausal transition. Mood symptoms during the perimenopause may be related to mood disorders during other periods of hormonal fluctuation throughout a woman's reproductive lifecycle. Elucidating these associations may advance the understanding of mood disorders during the perimenopausal transition. The epidemiology and treatment of perimenopausal mood symptoms compared with the epidemiology and treatment of mood disorders during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and postpartum. Common risk factors associated with mood disorders during these periods of hormonal changes or instability include poor lifestyle habits, a history of hormonally related mood disorders, stress and negative life events, ethnicity, and comorbidity. Reproductive-related mood disorders also are subject to an improvement in symptoms in response to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. As the morbidity associated with mood disorders during midlife may be quite significant, and as life expectancy continues to increase, recognition, prevention, and treatment of perimenopausal affective illness is becoming increasingly essential.
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McCracken, James T. "The Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Mood Disorders." Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1, no. 1 (July 1992): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30611-4.
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Huang, Deborah L., Indraneil Bardhan, Joosun Shin, Jordan F. Karp, and Mijung Park. "Chronic Pain and Mood Disorders in Asian Americans." Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal 5, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31372/20200504.1115.
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Purpose: Pain and mood disorder frequently coexist. Yet, for Asian Americans (AAs), scant information about pain and mood disorder is available. Our aims were to compare (1) the rates of pain and mood disorders and (2) the magnitude of associations between pain and mood disorders between AAs and European Americans (EAs), and across different Asian subgroups. Methods: An analytical data was constructed from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Studies (CPES), a representative sample of community-residing U.S. adults (n = 9,871). Pain morbidity was assessed by self-report. Mood disorders, including major depression and anxiety disorders, were assessed using the diagnostic interview. Analysis included descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression modeling. All analyses were weighted to approximate the U.S. populations, and controlled for sociodemographic and immigration characteristics. Results: Greater proportion of EAs, compared to AAs, endorsed lifetime pain (56.8% vs. 35.8%). Having life pain disorders elevated the likelihood of lifetime mood disorder by more than 2-folds (weight adjusted odds ratio (WAOR): 2.12, 95% CI: 1.77, 2.55). Having pain disorders over the past 12 months elevated the likelihood of mood disorder in the same time period by more than 3-folds (WAOR: 3.29, 95% CI: 2.02, 5.37) among AAs. The magnitude of the association between pain and psychiatric morbidity were greater in Vietnamese Americans compared to other AAs and EAs. Discussion: The conventional belief that rates of pain and mood disorders are greater in AAs than EAs may need to be further examined. Vietnamese Americans may be particularly vulnerable for experience of comorbid pain and mood disorders.
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Souery, D., and J. Mendlewicz. "Molecular genetic findings in mood disorders." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 11, no. 2 (June 1999): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092427080003619x.
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Traditional methods used to asses genetic effects, such as twins, adoption and family studies, have demonstrated the role genetic vulnerability factors in the etiology of major psychiatric diseases such as affective disorders and schizophrenia. It remains however impossible, using these methods, to specify the genetic variables involved and the exact mode of transmission of these diseases. New genetic approaches in psychiatry include the use of DNA markers in sophisticated strategies to examine families and populations. Genetic linkage (in families) and allelic association (in unrelated subjects) are the most frequent techniques applied searching for genes in psychiatric diseases. Advances in these methods have permitted their application to complex diseases in which the mode of genetic transmission is unknown. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as mutations have also, been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of affective disorders. Large multi-centre and multi-disciplinary projects are currently underway in Europe and in the US and hopefully will improve our understanding of the genetic factors involved in affective disorders. In parallel to these new developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin, adoption and family studies, have been improved, providing validated models to test the gene-environment interactions.
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Faravelli, Carlo, Benedetta Guerrini Degl'Innocenti, Leandro Aiazzi, Guya Incerpi, and Stefano Pallanti. "Epidemiology of mood disorders: a community survey in Florence." Journal of Affective Disorders 20, no. 2 (October 1990): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(90)90127-t.
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Thomson, Michael, and Verinder Sharma. "Between a rock-a-bye and a hard place: mood disorders during the peripartum period." CNS Spectrums 22, S1 (December 2017): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852917000852.
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Mood disorders including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are common during and after pregnancy. Timely identification and appropriate management of mood episodes is essential to maximize maternal well-being and minimize adverse outcomes. Failure to do so results in maternal suffering and impaired child bonding, and has the potential for devastating outcomes including suicide and infanticide. Women are routinely screened for unipolar depression during or after pregnancy but not for bipolar disorder, in spite of the fact that childbirth is associated with a major risk for onset or exacerbation of bipolar disorder. Delays in detection as well as misdiagnosis of bipolar disorder as major depressive disorder may put women at risk of many adverse consequences, including symptom exacerbation, psychiatric hospitalization, and suicide. A thorough psychiatric assessment is necessary to establish diagnosis, to address safety issues, and to formulate a treatment plan. Treatment of mood disorders during pregnancy is complicated by the potential risks of fetal exposure to psychotropic medications, and the use of these medications during the postpartum period may result in infant medication exposure through breastmilk. These risks of psychotropic medication exposure must be weighed against the risk of untreated mood disorders. This review will discuss the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of mood disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Screening tools that can be used in the primary care and obstetrics settings to assist in identifying women with peripartum mood disorders will also be discussed.
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Rasgon, Natalie, Stephanie Shelton, and Uriel Halbreich. "Perimenopausal Mental Disorders: Epidemiology and Phenomenology." CNS Spectrums 10, no. 6 (June 2005): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900023166.
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AbstractPerimenopause, the interval of irregular menstrual activity which directly precedes menopause, is characterized by widely fluctuating hormone levels amidst a large-scale decline in circulating estrogen. This phase in a woman's life is typically accompanied by physical discomforts including vasomotor symptoms, such as headaches, insomnia, and hot flushes, as well as genital atrophy. Not surprisingly, studies suggest a significant increase in mood lability for women during this time. While some evidence points toward an exacerbation of bipolar mood symptoms and an increase in schizophrenic psychosis during perimenopause, the majority of research conducted on perimenopausal mental disorders has focused on unipolar depression. Studies vary widely in methodology, definitions of menopausal status, and degrees of depression among subjects; however, the majority of findings indicate an increased susceptibility to depression during the perimenopausal transition. This greater susceptibility may be due to neuroendocrine effects of declining estrogen levels, the subjective experience of somatic symptoms resulting from this hormonal decline, and/or the more frequent occurrence of “exit” or “loss” events for women during this stage of life. At this time, more research is needed to address questions of prevalence, risk, and etiology for depression and other major mental disorders as related to the physiological and psychosocial changes associated with perimenopause.
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Gadalla, T. "Association of comorbid mood disorders and chronic illness with disability and quality of life in Ontario, Canada." Chronic Diseases in Canada 28, no. 4 (2008): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.28.4.04.
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Mood disorders are more prevalent in individuals with chronic physical illness compared to individuals with no such illness. These disorders amplify the disability associated with the physical condition and adversely affect its course, thus contributing to occupational impairment, disruption in interpersonal and family relationships, poor health and suicide. This study used data collected in the Canadian Community Health Survey, cycle 3.1 (2005) to examine factors associated with comorbid mood disorders and to assess their association with the quality of life of individuals living in Ontario. Results indicate that individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, bowel disorder or stomach or intestinal ulcers had the highest rates of mood disorders. The odds of having a comorbid mood disorder were higher among women, the single, those living in poverty, the Canadian born and those between 30 and 69 years of age. The presence of comorbid mood disorders was significantly associated with short-term disability, requiring help with instrumental daily activities and suicidal ideation. Health care providers are urged to proactively screen chronically ill patients for mood disorders, particularly among the subgroups found to have elevated risk for these disorders.
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Jalenques, I., and AJ Coudert. "Epidemiology of childhood anxiety disorders." European Psychiatry 8, no. 4 (1993): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092493380000290x.
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SummaryThis review studies the epidemiology of anxiety disorders of childhood and adolescence, including prevalence rates, comorbidity patterns, risk factors and course. Comorbidity is very important: most children with anxiety disorders also have one or several other anomalies, usually anxiety or mood disorders. The authors point out the main evidence suggesting that a number of risk factors are associated with childhood anxiety disorders: age, sex, low socioeconomic setting; child's personality, and lastly, familial risk factors which have a very strong influence: children of parents with current or past anxiety disorders are more at risk of having anxiety disorders. Concerning the course of disorders, we have tentatively defined subsets of children or adolescents with anxiety disorders, and tried to clarify the recovery rate of these subsets. Future directions for research are suggested.
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Perry, Amy, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Lisa Jones, and Ian Jones. "Phenomenology, Epidemiology and Aetiology of Postpartum Psychosis: A Review." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010047.
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Postpartum psychoses are a severe form of postnatal mood disorders, affecting 1–2 in every 1000 deliveries. These episodes typically present as acute mania or depression with psychosis within the first few weeks of childbirth, which, as life-threatening psychiatric emergencies, can have a significant adverse impact on the mother, baby and wider family. The nosological status of postpartum psychosis remains contentious; however, evidence indicates most episodes to be manifestations of bipolar disorder and a vulnerability to a puerperal trigger. While childbirth appears to be a potent trigger of severe mood disorders, the precise mechanisms by which postpartum psychosis occurs are poorly understood. This review examines the current evidence with respect to potential aetiology and childbirth-related triggers of postpartum psychosis. Findings to date have implicated neurobiological factors, such as hormones, immunological dysregulation, circadian rhythm disruption and genetics, to be important in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Prediction models, informed by prospective cohort studies of high-risk women, are required to identify those at greatest risk of postpartum psychosis.
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Blehar, Mary C., and Dan A. Oren. "Women's increased vulnerability to mood disorders: Integrating psychobiology and epidemiology." Depression 3, no. 1-2 (1995): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/depr.3050030103.
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Stagnaro, J. C., A. H. Cia, H. Vommaro, S. Sustas, N. Vázquez, E. Serfaty, R. C. Kessler, and C. Benjet. "Delays in making initial treatment contact after the first onset of mental health disorders in the Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 28, no. 2 (March 15, 2018): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796018000094.
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Aims.While there are effective treatments for psychiatric disorders, many individuals with such disorders do not receive treatment and those that do often take years to get into treatment. Information regarding treatment contact failure and delay in Argentina is needed to guide public health policy and planning. Therefore, this study aimed to provide data on prompt treatment contact, lifetime treatment contact, median duration of treatment delays and socio-demographic predictors of treatment contact after the first onset of a mental disorder.Methods.The Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology (EAESM) is a multistage probability sample representative of adults (aged 18+) living in large urban areas of Argentina. A total of 2116 participants were evaluated with the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview to assess psychiatric diagnosis, treatment contact and delay.Results.Projections of cases that will make treatment contact by 50 years taken from a survival curve suggest that the majority of individuals with a mood (100%) or anxiety disorder (72.5%) in Argentina whose disorder persist for a sufficient period of time eventually make treatment contact while fewer with a substance disorder do so (41.6%). Timely treatment in the year of onset is rare (2.6% for a substance disorder, 14.6% for an anxiety disorder and 31.3% of those with a mood disorder) with mean delays between 8 years for mood disorders and 21 years for anxiety disorders. Younger cohorts are more likely to make treatment contact than older cohorts, whereas those with earlier ages of disorder onset are least likely to make treatment contact. Those with anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are more likely to make treatment contact when they have comorbid disorders, whereas those with substance use disorders are less likely.Conclusions.Argentina needs to implement strategies to get individuals with substance use disorders into treatment, and to reduce treatment delays for all, but particularly to target early detection and treatment among children and adolescents.
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BRESLAU, JOSHUA, KENNETH S. KENDLER, MAXWELL SU, SERGIO GAXIOLA-AGUILAR, and RONALD C. KESSLER. "Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 3 (September 29, 2004): 317–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291704003514.
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Background. Recent research in the United States has demonstrated striking health disparities across ethnic groups. Despite a longstanding interest in ethnic disadvantage in psychiatric epidemiology, patterns of psychiatric morbidity across ethnic groups have never been examined in a nationally representative sample.Method. Ethnic differences in psychiatric morbidity are analyzed using data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The three largest ethnic groups in the United States – Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites – were compared with respect to lifetime risk and persistence of three categories of psychiatric disorder: mood disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder.Results. Where differences across ethnic groups were found in lifetime risk, socially disadvantaged groups had lower risk. Relative to Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics had lower lifetime risk of substance use disorder and Non-Hispanic Blacks had lower lifetime risk of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Where differences were found in persistence of disorders, disadvantaged groups had higher risk. Hispanics with mood disorders were more likely to be persistently ill as were Non-Hispanic Blacks with respect to both mood disorders and anxiety disorders. Closer examination found these differences to be generally consistent across population subgroups.Conclusions. Members of disadvantaged ethnic groups in the United States do not have an increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Members of these groups, however, do tend to have more persistent disorders. Future research should focus on explanations for these findings, including the possibility that these comparisons are biased, and on potential means of reducing the disparity in persistence of disorders across ethnic groups.
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Bocchetta, Alberto, Caterina Chillotti, Raffaella Ardau, and Maria Carla Sollaino. "Microcytic Anaemia as Susceptibility Factors in Bipolar Spectrum Disorders: Review of the Literature, Replication Survey, and Co-Segregation within Families." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 17, no. 1 (September 16, 2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017902117010081.
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Background: Potential interactions between mood disorders and microcytic anaemias have been suggested by case reports, surveys of haematological parameters in psychiatric populations, and surveys of psychiatric morbidity in thalassaemic carriers. Objectives: a) To review published studies. b) To study the prevalence of microcytic anaemia in a sample of Sardinian outpatients with recurrent mood disorders. c) To check whether mood disorders and microcytic anaemia co-segregate within families. Methods: We extracted data on blood count and serum iron concentrations from the records of patients admitted between January 1st, 2001 and December 31st, 2016, to our clinic for mood disorders. Moreover, we studied siblings of subjects with both major mood disorders (according to Research Diagnostic Criteria) and heterozygous thalassaemia (according to Mean Corpuscular Volume, serum iron, and haemoglobin A2 concentrations). Siblings affected with a major mood disorder were examined for haematological concordance with the proband (reduced MCV and/or increased HbA2 in case of heterozygous β-thalassaemia, or presence of gene deletions in case of α-thalassaemia). Results: Microcytic anaemia was highly prevalent (81/337 = 24.0%) among outpatients with mood disorders. Starting from 30 probands with heterozygous ß-thalassaemia, concordance for reduced MCV and/or increased HbA2 was found in 78% (35/45) of affected siblings. Starting from 3 probands with heterozygous α-thalassaemia, only one of the 5 affected siblings carried four α-globin functional genes. Conclusion: Based on the review of the literature, the high prevalence of microcytic anaemia in outpatients, and the concordance between affected siblings, we can conclude that a role of heterozygous thalassaemias is highly probable. Future studies are required to establish the relevance of heterozygous thalassaemias and evaluate the magnitude of the effect, possibly using a molecular diagnosis also in the case of heterozygous β-thalassaemia.
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Pelletier, L., S. O'Donnell, J. Dykxhoorn, L. McRae, and S. B. Patten. "Under-diagnosis of mood disorders in Canada." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26, no. 4 (May 6, 2016): 414–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000329.
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Aims.Under-diagnosis of mood disorders occurs worldwide. In this study, we characterized and compared Canadians with symptoms compatible with a mood disorder by diagnosis status; and described the associated health impacts, use of health services and perceived need for care.Methods.Respondents to the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey – Mental Health, a nationally representative sample of Canadians age ≥15 years were assessed for symptoms compatible with mood disorders based on a Canadian adaptation of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (n= 23 504). Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses were performed.Results.In 2012, an estimated 5.4% (1.5 million) Canadians aged 15 years and older reported symptoms compatible with a mood disorder, of which only half reported having been professionally diagnosed. The undiagnosed individuals were more likely to be younger (mean age: 36.2v. 41.8), to be single (49.5v. 32.7%), to have less than a post-secondary graduation (49.8v. 41.1%) and to have no physical co-morbidities (56.4v. 35.7%), and less likely to be part of the two lower income quintiles (49.6v. 62.7%) compared with those with a previous diagnosis. Upon controlling for all socio-demographic and health characteristics, the associations with age and marital status disappeared. While those with a previous diagnosis reported significantly greater health impacts and were more likely to have consulted a health professional for their emotional and mental health problems in the previous 12 months compared with those undiagnosed (79.4v. 31.0%), about a third of both groups reported that their health care needs were only partially met or not met at all.Conclusions.Mood disorders are prevalent and can profoundly impact the life of those affected, however, their diagnosis remains suboptimal and health care use falls short of apparent needs. Improvements in mental health literacy, help-seeking behaviours and diagnosis are needed. In light of the heterogeneity of mood disorders in terms of symptoms severity, impacts and prognosis, interventions must be tailored accordingly.
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Fawcett, J. "Overview of mood disorders: diagnosis, classification, and management." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.2.273.
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Abstract This discussion of the diagnosis, classification, and epidemiology of clinical depression includes details of the associated physical morbidity, mortality, and impairment. Treatment approaches to depressive disorders are categorized with an emphasis on medication management, including improved treatment efficacy and progress with respect to side effects and toxicity. Although considerable advances have been made, with 18 antidepressant compounds being available and the impending release of two new antidepressant compounds in 1994, no one agent has demonstrated greater efficacy than another. Currently available studies suggest that only 21-42% of patients entered into treatment reach full recovery, while 20% of patients do not respond to available treatment but remain chronically depressed. Thus, the development of more efficacious agents that will produce complete remissions in patients who now achieve only partial treatment responses is a major challenge for biochemical, pharmacological, and clinical research of the treatment of mood disorders.
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Souery, D., I. Massat, and J. Mendlewicz. "Genetics of bipolar disorders." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 12, no. 3 (September 2000): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800035420.
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ABSTRACTAdvances towards the understanding of the etiological mechanisms involved in mood disorders provide interesting yet diverse hypotheses and promising models. In this context, molecular genetics has now been widely incorporated into genetic epidemiological research in psychiatry. Affective disorders and, in particular, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) have been examined in many molecular genetic studies which have covered a large part of the genome, specific hypotheses such as mutations have also been studied. Most recent studies indicate that several chromosomal regions may be involved in the aetiology of BPAD. Other studies have reported the presence of anticipation in BPAD. This phenomenon describes the increase in clinical severity and decrease in age of onset observed in successive generations. This mode of transmission correlates with the presence of specific mutations (Trinucleotide Repeat Sequences) and may represent a genetic factor involved in the transmission of the disorder. In parallel to these new developments in molecular genetics, the classical genetic epidemiology, represented by twin, adoption and family studies, provided additional evidence in favour of the genetic hypothesis in mood disorders. Moreover, these methods have been improved through models to test the gene-environment interactions. While significant advances have been made in this major field of research, it appears that integrative models, taking into account the interactions between biological (genetic) factors and social (psychosocial environment) variables offer the most reliable way to approach the complex mechanisms involved in the etiology and outcome of mood disorders.
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Kovess-Masfety, Viviane, Xavier Lecoutour, and Stéphane Delavelle. "Mood disorders and urban/rural settings." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, no. 8 (August 2005): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0934-x.
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Edwards, Jordan, Malini Hu, Amardeep Thind, Saverio Stranges, Maria Chiu, and Kelly K. Anderson. "Gaps in Understanding of the Epidemiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders among Migrant Groups in Canada: A Systematic Review." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 9 (May 26, 2019): 595–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743719839313.
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Objective:Estimates of mood and anxiety disorders are highly variable among migrant groups, as they are influenced by the socio-political context. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to synthesize available Canadian evidence on the prevalence and incidence of mood and anxiety disorders among migrant groups.Methods:Studies were identified from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO. They were included if they used population-based samples, presented data on the incidence or prevalence of diagnosed or self-reported mood or anxiety disorders for first-generation migrant groups in Canada, and used a Canadian-born or long-term resident reference group.Results:Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Prevalence ratios ranged from 0.48 to 0.87, and nearly all estimates were obtained from population health surveys. Prevalence estimates among migrant groups were lower than the reference group, with the 90th percentile of estimates ranging from 1.5% to 8.2%. Risk factors for mood and anxiety disorders among migrants included being female, younger, unemployed, having lower income, and living in neighborhoods with a lower proportion of migrants.Conclusions:There remain many gaps in our current understanding of mood and anxiety disorders among migrant groups in Canada. Although evidence suggests the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders are consistently lower among migrant groups, a lack of incidence estimates limits the strength of this conclusion. Future research should focus on comparisons of self-reported and diagnosed estimates, the use of a range of different primary or secondary data sources, and consideration of important risk factors.Prospero Citation:Jordan Edwards, Malini Hu, Amardeep Thind, Saverio Stranges, Maria Chiu, Kelly Anderson. The burden of mood and anxiety disorders among immigrant and refugee populations in Canada: a systematic review. PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018087869 Available from: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42018087869 .
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Ronchi, P., M. Abbruzzese, S. Erzegovesi, G. Diaferia, G. Sciuto, and L. Bellodi. "The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in an Italian population." European Psychiatry 7, no. 2 (1992): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800003291.
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SummaryThis study presents the clinical and demographic characteristics of a sample of 131 patients, who met DSM III-R criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Our aim was to compare our epidemiological data with non-European research, and to investigate the relationship between OCD symptoms and other clinical features, ie other Axis I concomitant disturbances, personality disorders (Axis II) and family history. Furthermore, we evaluated the age at onset distribution according to sex, family history and presence/absence of a comorbid diagnosis of mood disorder, by means of survival analysis.
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Brown, Timothy A. "The Nature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Pathological Worry: Current Evidence and Conceptual Models." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 8 (October 1997): 817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200803.
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Objective: To examine the nature and conceptualization of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and chronic worry as well as data bearing on the validity of GAD as a distinct diagnosis. Method: Narrative literature review. Results: Although a wealth of data have been obtained on the epidemiology, genetics, and nature of GAD, many important questions remain regarding the validity of current conceptual models of pathological worry and the discriminability of GAD from certain emotional disorders (for instance, mood disorders) and higher-order trait vulnerability dimensions (for example, negative affect). Conclusion: Because the constituent features of GAD are salient to current conceptual models of emotional disorders (for example, models that implicate negative affect or worry/anxious apprehension as vulnerability factors), research on the nature of GAD and its associated features should provide important information on the pathogenesis, course, and cooccurrence of the entire range of anxiety and mood disorders.
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Klerman, G. L., and M. M. Weissman. "The changing epidemiology of depression." Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.5.807.
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Abstract At the clinical level, we have seen the emergence of a subspecialty of affective disorders within psychiatry. Mood clinics, depression units, and affective disorders centers are appearing in many academic and clinical settings, where clinical skill and knowledge can be concentrated and new research furthered. By using structured interviews and the newer diagnostic systems, systematic evaluation of patients has contributed to improved care. Greater skill in psychopharmacology and in specialized psychotherapeutic techniques has resulted in reduction of hospitalization and rates for depression, shortened duration of illness, and, in some instances, reports of reduction in suicide attempts and suicide deaths.
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Davis, Caroline. "The epidemiology and genetics of binge eating disorder (BED)." CNS Spectrums 20, no. 6 (August 10, 2015): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852915000462.
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This narrative review provides an overview of the epidemiology of binge eating disorder (BED), highlighting the medical history of this disorder and its entry as an independent condition in the Feeding and Eating Disorders section of the recently publishedDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Estimates of prevalence are provided, as well as recognition that the female to male ratio is lower in BED than in other eating disorders. Evidence is also provided of the most common comorbidities of BED, including mood and anxiety disorders and a range of addiction disorders. In addition, discussion of the viewpoint that BED itself may be an addiction — at least in severe cases — is presented. Although the genetic study of BED is still in its infancy, current research is reviewed with a focus on certain neurotransmitter genes that regulate brain reward mechanisms. To date, a focal point of this research has been on the dopamine and the μ-opioid receptor genes. Preliminary evidence suggests that a predisposing risk factor for BED may be a heightened sensitivity to reward, which could manifest as a strong dopamine signal in the brain’s striatal region. Caution is encouraged, however, in the interpretation of current findings, since samples are relatively small in much of the research. To date, no genome-wide association studies have focused exclusively on BED.
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Hudson, James I., Nan M. Laird, Rebecca A. Betensky, Paul E. Keck, and Harrison G. Pope. "Multivariate Logistic Regression for Familial Aggregation of Two Disorders. II. Analysis of Studies of Eating and Mood Disorders." American Journal of Epidemiology 153, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.5.506.
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Lenzi, A., F. Lazzerini, D. Marazziti, S. Raffaelli, G. Rossi, and G. B. Cassano. "Social class and mood disorders: clinical features." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 28, no. 2 (1993): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00802092.
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Sancassiani, Federica, Claudia Carmassi, Ferdinando Romano, Matteo Balestrieri, Filippo Caraci, Guido Di Sciascio, Filippo Drago, et al. "Impairment of Quality of Life Associated With Lifetime Diagnosis of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Women - A National Survey in Italy." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901915010038.
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Introduction: The aim of the study was to measure the lifetime prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among women of an Italian community sample, the comorbidity of PTSD with mood and anxiety disorders and the burden attributable to PTSD in worsening the Quality of Life (QoL). Methods: Community survey on a sample of 1961 adult women randomly selected. Tools: psychiatric clinical interview ANTAS partially derived from the SCID-DSM-IV, administered by psychologists or medical doctors; Short Form Health Survey (SF-12); Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Results: Lifetime prevalence of PTSD in women was 1.3%, (1.4% in<45 years aged, 1.3% in >44 years aged; p=0.8). In order of risk of comorbidity, PTSD was associated with: Bipolar Spectrum Disorders (MDQ+), Panic Disorders (PD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). People with PTSD showed an SF-12 mean score lower than women of the same sample without PTSD (standardized by gender and age), with a mean difference (attributable burden) of 3.9±0.9 similarly to MDD and Eating Disorders and higher than PD. Among the analyzed nonpsychiatric diseases, Multiple Sclerosis and Carotid Atherosclerosis showed a higher burden in impairing QoL than PTSD; Wilson’s Disease showed a similar burden and Celiac Disease was found less impairing on QoL than PTSD. Conclusion: The attributable burden in worsening women’ perceived QoL due to a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD was found comparable to those caused by MDD, Eating Disorders or by neurological condition such as Wilson’s Disease. The comorbidity of PTSD with Bipolar Spectrum Disorders was remarkable, even further studies are needed to clarify the direction of causality.
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Ormel, J., D. Raven, F. van Oort, C. A. Hartman, S. A. Reijneveld, R. Veenstra, W. A. M. Vollebergh, J. Buitelaar, F. C. Verhulst, and A. J. Oldehinkel. "Mental health in Dutch adolescents: a TRAILS report on prevalence, severity, age of onset, continuity and co-morbidity of DSM disorders." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 2 (June 20, 2014): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714001469.
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BackgroundWith psychopathology rising during adolescence and evidence suggesting that adult mental health burden is often due to disorders beginning in youth, it is important to investigate the epidemiology of adolescent mental disorders.MethodWe analysed data gathered at ages 11 (baseline) and 19 years from the population-based Dutch TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) study. At baseline we administered the Achenbach measures (Child Behavior Checklist, Youth Self-Report) and at age 19 years the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) to 1584 youths.ResultsLifetime, 12-month and 30-day prevalences of any CIDI-DSM-IV disorder were 45, 31 and 15%, respectively. Half were severe. Anxiety disorders were the most common but the least severe whereas mood and behaviour disorders were less prevalent but more severe. Disorders persisted, mostly by recurrence in mood disorders and chronicity in anxiety disorders. Median onset age varied substantially across disorders. Having one disorder increased subjects' risk of developing another disorder. We found substantial homotypic and heterotypic continuity. Baseline problems predicted the development of diagnosable disorders in adolescence. Non-intact families and low maternal education predicted externalizing disorders. Most morbidity concentrated in 5–10% of the sample, experiencing 34–55% of all severe lifetime disorders.ConclusionsAt late adolescence, 22% of youths have experienced a severe episode and 23% only mild episodes. This psychopathology is rather persistent, mostly due to recurrence, showing both monotypic and heterotypic continuity, with family context affecting particularly externalizing disorders. High problem levels at age 11 years are modest precursors of incident adolescent disorders. The burden of mental illness concentrates in 5–10% of the adolescent population.
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McElroy, Susan L. "Bipolar Disorders: Special Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations in Women." CNS Spectrums 9, S7 (August 2004): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002327.
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AbstractBipolar disorder in women presents special diagnostic and treatment challenges to the clinician. The presentation of female bipolar may resemble depressive disorders, comorbid Axis I disorders, Axis II personality disorders, behavioral dysregulation, or general medical disorders; thus, it is critically important for clinicians to assess for a history of hypomania or mania when determining diagnosis in any woman presenting with psychological symptoms. Several gender differences may exist in the epidemiology and symptomatology of bipolar disorder, and each must be kept in mind during assessment. Rapid cycling and mixed states have been associated with female gender and may present diagnostic challenges as each often presents as major depression. Symptoms of postpartum psychosis tend to differ from the symptoms typically seen in bipolar mania; therefore, if postpartum psychosis is actually a manifestation of bipolar disorder, accurate diagnosis depends upon a knowledge of these differences. Special treatment considerations for bipolar disorder in women involve interactions between the illness and the female reproductive cycle. A risk of fetal malformation exists when some mood-stabilizing agents are used during conception and/or during the first trimester of pregnancy. Neurobehavioral teratogenicity and neonatal toxicity is also possible. Careful treatment management is necessary to reduce the risks to the fetus/infant and to effectively manage bipolar disorder in the mother. In treating women with bipolar disorder, clinicians should discuss the issue of pregnancy and associated risks of treatment versus no treatment with every patient of reproductive age. Further studies are needed on gestational timing and exposure to mood-stabilizing agents, especially newer agents recently approved or currently being considered for the treatment of bipolar disorder.
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Lecca, Maria, Luca Saba, Roberto Sanfilippo, Elisa Pintus, Michela Cadoni, Federica Sancassiani, Maria Francesca Moro, Davide Craboledda, Chiara Lo Giudice, and Roberto Montisci. "Quality of Life in Carotid Atherosclerosis: The Role of Co-morbid Mood Disorders." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 12, no. 1 (March 8, 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901612010001.
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Introduction/Objective: To study in severe carotid atherosclerosis (CA): the frequency of mood disorders (MD); the impairment of quality of life (QoL); the role of co-morbid MD in such impairment. Methods: Case-control study. Cases: consecutive in-patients with CA (stenosis ≥ 50%). Controls: subjects with no diagnosis of CA randomized from a database of a community survey. Psychiatric diagnosis according to DSM-IV made by clinicians and semi-structured interview, QoL measured by the Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). Results: This is the first study on comorbidity on CA disease and MD in which psychiatric diagnoses are conducted by clinicians according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (17.4% vs 2.72%, P <0.0001) but not Bipolar Disorders (BD) (4.3% vs 0.5%, P = 0.99) was higher in cases (N=46) than in controls (N= 184). SF-12 scores in cases were lower than in controls (30.56±8.12 vs 36.81±6:40; p <0.001) with QoL comparable to serious chronic diseases of the central nervous system. The burden of a concomitant MDD or BD amplifies QoL impairment. Conclusion: Comorbid MD aggravates the impairment of QoL in CA. Unlike autoimmune diseases or degenerative diseases of the Central Nervous System, CA shows a strong risk of MDD than BD.
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Black, Donald W. "The Epidemiology and Phenomenology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior." CNS Spectrums 5, no. 1 (January 2000): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900012645.
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AbstractCompulsive sexual behavior (CSB) is characterized by inappropriate or excessive sexual behaviors or cognitions that lead to subjective distress or impaired functioning. Both abnormal (paraphilic) and conventional (nonparaphilic) forms of sexual behavior are usually included in the definition. CSB is reported to affect 3% to 6% of the general population in the United States, occurring more frequently in men. It typically begins in the late teens or early twenties and is chronic or intermittent. The disorder has been described as a progression through four stages: preoccupation, ritualization, gratification, and despair. Men with CSB typically focus on physical sexual gratification; women focus on romantic or emotional aspects of sexuality. Psychiatric comorbidity is common, particularly substance use, mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. CSB can lead to medical complications. Risk factors are thought to include family history and childhood abuse.
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Chang, S., C. Tae Young, and J. Sung-Won. "Epidemiology of Bipolar Spectrum Disorder: Results from the General Population Survey of South Korea." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S74—S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.239.
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IntroductionPatients with subthreshold bipolar disorder (sub-BP) experience severe clinical courses and functional impairments, which are comparable to those with bipolar I and II disorders (BP-I and -II). Nevertheless, lifetime prevalence, socioeconomic correlates and diagnostic overlaps of bipolar spectrum disorder (BPS) have not yet been estimated in the general population of South Korean adults.AimsThis study aimed to estimate the lifetime prevalence, correlates and diagnostic comorbidities of BPS using a validated screening instrument in the nationwide general population of South Korea.MethodsA total of 3013 adults among the 2011 Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey (KECA-2011) completed face-to-face interviews using the Korean versions of the composite international diagnostic interview 2.1 and mood disorder questionnaire (K-CIDI and K-MDQ).ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of BPS in the South Korean adults was measured to be 4.3% (95% CI 2.6–6.9). Nearly 80% of the subjects with BPS were codiagnosed with other DSM-IV nonpsychotic mental disorders: 35.4% (95% CI 24.2–48.5) for major depression and dysthymic disorder, 35.1% (95% CI 27.7–43.3) for anxiety disorders and 51.9% (95% CI 40.5–63.1) for alcohol and nicotine use disorders. Younger age (18–34 years) was the only sociodemographic predictor of BPS positivity (P = 0.014) and the diagnostic overlap patterns were different between men and women.ConclusionsPositivity for BPS was estimated to be much greater than the prevalence of DSM-IV BP in South Korea. Most of the respondents with BPS were diagnosed with other major mental disorders and this might be related with mis and/or underdiagnosis of clinically relevant Sub-BP.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Patten, Scott B., Elizabeth Lin, Patricia J. Martens, David Stiff, Paul Smetanin, and Carol E. Adair. "Synthesis through Simulation: Insights on the Epidemiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Canada." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 57, no. 12 (December 2012): 765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674371205701209.
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Carta, Mauro Giovanni. "Social Change and Increasing of Bipolar Disorders: An Evolutionary Model." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 9, no. 1 (July 11, 2013): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901309010103.
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Introduction: The objective of this paper is to see if behaviours defined as pathological and maladjusted in certain contexts may produce adaptive effects in other contexts, especially if they occur in attenuated form. Interactions between environment and behaviour are studied from an evolutionary standpoint in an attempt to understand how new attitudes emerge in an evolving context. Methodology: Narrative review. Following an historical examination of how the description of depression in Western society has changed, we examine a series of studies performed in areas where great changes have taken place as well as research on emigration from Sardinia in the 1960s and 70s and immigration to Sardinia in the 1990s. Results and conclusions: If we postulate that mood disorders are on the increase and that the epidemic began in the 17th century with the "English malady", we must suppose that at least the "light" forms have an adaptive advantage, otherwise the expansion of the disorder would have been self-limiting. "Compulsive hyper-responsabilization”, as well as explorative behaviours, may represent a base for adaptation in certain conditions of social change. The social emphasis in individualism and responsibility may have changed not only the frequency, but also the phenomenology of mood disorders particularly the increases in bipolar disorders. From the sociobiological standpoint the conditions that may favour "subthreshold" bipolar or depressive features are to be considered in relation to the contextual role of gender and the different risks of the two disorders in males and females.
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Patten, S. B., J. V. A. Williams, and C. Mitton. "Costs associated with mood and anxiety disorders, as evaluated by telephone survey." Chronic Diseases in Canada 28, no. 4 (2008): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.28.4.05.
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Costing studies are central to health policy decisions. Available costing estimates for mood and anxiety disorders in Canada may, however, be out of date. In this study, we estimated a set of direct health care costs using data collected in a provincial telephone survey of mood and anxiety disorders in Alberta. The survey used random digit dialing to reach a sample of 3394 household residents aged 18 to 64. A telephone interview included items assessing costs without reference to whether these were incurred by the respondent, government or a health plan. The survey interview also included the Mini Neuropsychiatric Diagnostic Interview (MINI). Costs for antidepressant medications appear to have increased since the last available estimates were published. Surprisingly, most medication costs for antidepressants were incurred by respondents without an identified disorder. Also, an unexpectedly large proportion of medication costs were for psychotropic medications other than antidepressants and anxiolytic-sedative-hypnotics. These results suggest that major changes have occurred in the costs associated with antidepressant treatment. Available cost-of-illness data may be outdated, and some assumptions made by previous studies may now be invalid.
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Törmälehto, Soili, Tanja Svirskis, Timo Partonen, Erkki Isometsä, Sami Pirkola, Marianna Virtanen, and Reijo Sund. "Seasonal Effects on Hospitalizations Due to Mood and Psychotic Disorders: A Nationwide 31-Year Register Study." Clinical Epidemiology Volume 14 (October 2022): 1177–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/clep.s372341.
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Bruffaerts, Ronny, Koen Demyttenaere, Gemma Vilagut, Montserat Martinez, Anke Bonnewyn, Ron De Graaf, Josep Maria Haro, et al. "The Relation between Body Mass Index, Mental Health, and Functional Disability: A European Population Perspective." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 10 (October 2008): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370805301007.
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Objective: To examine the association between body mass, mental disorders, and functional disability in the general population of 6 European countries. Method: Data ( n = 21 425) were derived from the European Study on the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD). The third version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to assess mental disorders (mood, anxiety, and alcohol disorders) according to the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition, body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2, based on self-reported height and weight), and functional disability in the previous 30 days, assessed with the World Health Organization Disablement Assessment Scale—second version. Results: About 3% of the respondents were underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2), 53% had normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), 33% were overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m2), and the remaining 12% met criteria for obesity (BMI > 30.0 kg/m2). Compared with individuals of normal weight, obese individuals were more likely to have mood (OR 1.3; 95%CI, 1.0 to 1.8) or more than one mental disorder (OR 1.4; 95%CI, 1.0 to 2.2). BMI had no impact on work loss days, whereas mental disorders had a considerable effect on work loss days. Conclusions: This is the first cross-national study investigating the role between BMI, mental disorders, and functional disability in the general population. Being overweight or obese is a common condition in the 6 ESEMeD countries. Although there is a moderate association between obesity and mental disorders, BMI did not independently influence functional disability.
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Peritogiannis, Vaios, and Dimitrios V. Rizos. "Catatonia Associated with Hyponatremia: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 17, no. 1 (May 24, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017902117010026.
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Background: Catatonia is a syndrome of altered motor behavior that is mostly associated with general medical, neurologic, mood and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. The association of newly onset catatonic symptoms with hyponatremia has been rarely reported in the literature. Case Presentation: We present a rare case of a young female patient with schizophrenia, who presented with catatonic symptoms in the context of hyponatremia due to water intoxication. The symptoms were eliminated with the correction of hyponatremia. There are only a few reports of hyponatremia-associated catatonia in psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients. Sometimes, catatonic symptoms may co-occur with newly onset psychotic symptoms and confusion, suggesting delirium. In several cases, the catatonic symptoms responded to specific treatment with benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy. Conclusion: Hyponatremia may induce catatonic symptoms in patients, regardless of underlying mental illness, but this phenomenon is even more relevant in patients with a psychotic or mood disorder, which may itself cause catatonic symptoms. It is important for clinicians not to attribute newly-onset catatonic symptoms to the underlying psychotic or mood disorder without measuring sodium serum levels. The measurement of sodium serum levels may guide treating psychiatrists to refer the patient for further investigation and appropriate treatment.
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Barnes, Caryl, Caryl Barnes, and Philip Mitchell. "Considerations in the Management of Bipolar Disorder in Women." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 8 (August 2005): 662–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01650.x.
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Objective: Recent research has emphasized important gender differences in the epidemiology, course, comorbidity and treatment of bipolar disorder. This article aims to provide an overview of these important findings in order to assist the clinician in treating women with bipolar disorder. Complex issues regarding the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy and the post-partum period are discussed. Method: A literature review was undertaken using Medline (1966–current), PsychInfo and PubMed databases. Search terms used were gender, sex, women, bipolar disorder, suicide, epidemiology, rapid cycling, mixed episode, treatment, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, pregnancy, post-partum, menopause, lactation and breast-feeding. Results: The lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder is equal in men and women; however, bipolar II appears to be more common in women. Gender differences have been reported in the phenomenology, course and outcome of this condition. Some comorbid disorders, such as thyroid disease and anxiety disorders have more relevance to women. Increasingly, sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications used in bipolar disorder are being reported. Conclusions: There is increasing evidence for gender differences in a number of clinical features of bipolar disorder that have relevance to management. Although more studies are needed, it is important for clinicians to be aware of these issues to optimize treatment of women with this condition.
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Bruton, Sonya J., Mehdi Nouraie, Denise M. Scott, Thomas Gilmore, and Robert E. Taylor. "The Prevalence of Mood and Alcohol Related Disorders within the Adult Sickle Cell Disease Population and Their Impact on Healthcare Utilization." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2063.2063.
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Abstract Background: Chronic pain, along with the other physical, emotional, and cognitive manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) increases the risk of developing psychological disorders. Studies with limited sample size have suggested that depression occurs at a significantly higher proportion in SCD patients than control groups. In this study we assessed the burden of mood and alcohol dependence disorders in SCD adult patients and their effect on healthcare utilization using a nationwide sample. Methods: Inpatient and outpatient records in the Truven Health MarketScan®Database were used to calculate the prevalence of mental health disorders and hospital utilization in adult SCD patients who sought medical care during 2007 - 2012. The prevalence of mental health disorders were compared to a nationwide sample of African Americans from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES, 2001 - 2003) database. Results: Among 12,394 SCD patients with outpatient claims, the prevalence of mood disorders were 28% and 21% in females and males vs. 6% and 4% in 4,842 participants from the general African American population (all P <0.001). SCD was associated with 4 and 2.5 times higher risk of alcohol use disorders in females and males (all P <0.001). Both types of diagnoses peak at older age (50-59 years) in SCD patients vs. the younger age group (19-29) in general African Americans. Among 44,000 hospital admissions with SCD diagnosis, 47% of patients with a mood disorder were readmitted within 30 days after discharge (OR = 1.48, P <0.001). Mood disorders were associated with 0.5 days longer hospital stay (P <0.001). Neither mood nor alcohol related disorders were associated with higher cost of inpatient care. Conclusion: The high burden of mental health disorders in SCD patients justify the need to include regular screening for mental health disorders for all SCD patients and the provision of early psychological intervention to remit or mitigate symptoms and prevent higher healthcare utilization. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P50HL118006. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Figure 1. Prevalence of mood disorders in adult SCD patients who sought inpatient and outpatient medical care and the general African American population, by age. Figure 1. Prevalence of mood disorders in adult SCD patients who sought inpatient and outpatient medical care and the general African American population, by age. Figure 2. Prevalence of alcohol related disorders in adult SCD patients who sought inpatient and outpatient medical care and the general African American population, by age. Figure 2. Prevalence of alcohol related disorders in adult SCD patients who sought inpatient and outpatient medical care and the general African American population, by age. Figure 3. 30-day readmission risk for SCD patients at the visit and user levels, 2007-2012. Figure 3. 30-day readmission risk for SCD patients at the visit and user levels, 2007-2012. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Kessler, R. C., J. R. Calabrese, P. A. Farley, M. J. Gruber, M. A. Jewell, W. Katon, P. E. Keck, et al. "Composite International Diagnostic Interview screening scales for DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 8 (October 18, 2012): 1625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002334.
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BackgroundLack of coordination between screening studies for common mental disorders in primary care and community epidemiological samples impedes progress in clinical epidemiology. Short screening scales based on the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the diagnostic interview used in community epidemiological surveys throughout the world, were developed to address this problem.MethodExpert reviews and cognitive interviews generated CIDI screening scale (CIDI-SC) item pools for 30-day DSM-IV-TR major depressive episode (MDE), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD) and bipolar disorder (BPD). These items were administered to 3058 unselected patients in 29 US primary care offices. Blinded SCID clinical reinterviews were administered to 206 of these patients, oversampling screened positives.ResultsStepwise regression selected optimal screening items to predict clinical diagnoses. Excellent concordance [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)] was found between continuous CIDI-SC and DSM-IV/SCID diagnoses of 30-day MDE (0.93), GAD (0.88), PD (0.90) and BPD (0.97), with only 9–38 questions needed to administer all scales. CIDI-SC versus SCID prevalence differences are insignificant at the optimal CIDI-SC diagnostic thresholds (χ21 = 0.0–2.9, p = 0.09–0.94). Individual-level diagnostic concordance at these thresholds is substantial (AUC 0.81–0.86, sensitivity 68.0–80.2%, specificity 90.1–98.8%). Likelihood ratio positive (LR+) exceeds 10 and LR− is 0.1 or less at informative thresholds for all diagnoses.ConclusionsCIDI-SC operating characteristics are equivalent (MDE, GAD) or superior (PD, BPD) to those of the best alternative screening scales. CIDI-SC results can be compared directly to general population CIDI survey results or used to target and streamline second-stage CIDIs.
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Glahn, David, Abraham Reichenberg, Sophia Frangou, and Hans Ormel. "Psychiatric neuroimaging: Joining forces with epidemiology." European Psychiatry 23, no. 4 (June 2008): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.09.014.
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AbstractSevere mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and mood disorders have a major impact on public health. Disease prevalence and phenotypic expression are the products of environment and gene interactions. However, our incomplete understanding of their aetiology and pathophysiology thwarts primary prevention and early diagnosis and limits the effective application of currently available treatments as well as the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Neuroimaging can provide detailed in vivo information about the biological mechanisms underpinning the relationship between genetic variation and clinical phenotypes or response to treatment. However, the biological complexity of severe mental illness results from unknown or unpredictable interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors, many of which have only been partially identified. We propose that the use of epidemiological principles to neuroimaging research is a necessary next step in psychiatric research. Because of the complexity of mental disorders and the multiple risk factors involved only the use of large epidemiologically defined samples will allow us to study the broader spectrum of psychopathology, including sub-threshold presentation and explore pathophysiological processes and the functional impact of genetic and non-genetic factors on the onset and persistence of psychopathology.
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Rahman, M. B. A., and S. K. Indran. "Disability in schizophrenia and mood disorders in a developing country." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 32, no. 7 (October 1997): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00788178.
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Selten, J. P., J. van Os, and W. A. Nolen. "First admissions for mood disorders in immigrants to the Netherlands." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, no. 10 (October 2003): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0673-9.
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de Jonge, P., K. J. Wardenaar, H. R. Hoenders, S. Evans-Lacko, V. Kovess-Masfety, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, A. Al-Hamzawi, et al. "Complementary and alternative medicine contacts by persons with mental disorders in 25 countries: results from the World Mental Health Surveys." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 6 (December 28, 2017): 552–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000774.
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Aims.A substantial proportion of persons with mental disorders seek treatment from complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) professionals. However, data on how CAM contacts vary across countries, mental disorders and their severity, and health care settings is largely lacking. The aim was therefore to investigate the prevalence of contacts with CAM providers in a large cross-national sample of persons with 12-month mental disorders.Methods.In the World Mental Health Surveys, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview was administered to determine the presence of past 12 month mental disorders in 138 801 participants aged 18–100 derived from representative general population samples. Participants were recruited between 2001 and 2012. Rates of self-reported CAM contacts for each of the 28 surveys across 25 countries and 12 mental disorder groups were calculated for all persons with past 12-month mental disorders. Mental disorders were grouped into mood disorders, anxiety disorders or behavioural disorders, and further divided by severity levels. Satisfaction with conventional care was also compared with CAM contact satisfaction.Results.An estimated 3.6% (standard error 0.2%) of persons with a past 12-month mental disorder reported a CAM contact, which was two times higher in high-income countries (4.6%; standard error 0.3%) than in low- and middle-income countries (2.3%; standard error 0.2%). CAM contacts were largely comparable for different disorder types, but particularly high in persons receiving conventional care (8.6–17.8%). CAM contacts increased with increasing mental disorder severity. Among persons receiving specialist mental health care, CAM contacts were reported by 14.0% for severe mood disorders, 16.2% for severe anxiety disorders and 22.5% for severe behavioural disorders. Satisfaction with care was comparable with respect to CAM contacts (78.3%) and conventional care (75.6%) in persons that received both.Conclusions.CAM contacts are common in persons with severe mental disorders, in high-income countries, and in persons receiving conventional care. Our findings support the notion of CAM as largely complementary but are in contrast to suggestions that this concerns person with only mild, transient complaints. There was no indication that persons were less satisfied by CAM visits than by receiving conventional care. We encourage health care professionals in conventional settings to openly discuss the care patients are receiving, whether conventional or not, and their reasons for doing so.
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de Graaf, R., R. V. Bijl, J. Spijker, A. T. F. Beekman, and W. A. M. Vollebergh. "Temporal sequencing of lifetime mood disorders in relation to comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-003-0597-4.
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Picardi, Angelo, Emanuele Caroppo, Elisa Fabi, Serena Proietti, Giancarlo Di Gennaro, Giulio Nicolò Meldolesi, and Giovanni Martinotti. "Attachment and Parenting in Adult Patients with Anxiety Disorders." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 9, no. 1 (October 4, 2013): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901309010157.
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Background:The literature suggests that dysfunctional parenting and insecure attachment may increase risk of anxiety-related psychopathology. This study aimed at testing the association between anxiety disorders, attachment insecurity and dysfunctional parenting while controlling for factors usually not controlled for in previous studies, such as gender, age, and being ill.Methods:A sample of 32 non-psychotic inpatients with SCID-I diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, either alone or in comorbidity, was compared with two age- and sex-matched control groups consisting of 32 non-clinical participants and 32 in-patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Study measures included the Experience in Close Relationships questionnaire (ECR) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).Results:The patients with anxiety disorders scored significantly higher on attachment-related anxiety and avoidance than patients with drug-resistant epilepsy and non-clinical participants. These findings were independent of comorbidity for mood disorders. ECR scores did not differ among diagnostic subgroups (generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, other anxiety disorders). Patients with anxiety disorders scored significantly lower on PBI mother’s care and borderline significantly lower on PBI father's care than patients with drug-resistant epilepsy.Conclusions:Although limitations such as the relatively small sample size and the cross-sectional nature suggest caution in interpreting these findings, they are consistent with the few previous adult studies performed on this topic and corroborate Bowlby's seminal hypothesis of a link between negative attachment-related experiences, attachment insecurity, and clinical anxiety. Attachment theory provides a useful theoretical framework for integrating research findings from several fields concerning the development of anxiety disorders and for planning therapeutic interventions.