Academic literature on the topic 'Montpelier Plantation'

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: the present study was designed to test the hypothesis according to which rootstock effects on scion growth and yield are related to fundamental physiological traits which are expressed consistently and independently of environmental conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Pruning weights and yield components from two independent rootstock experiments are reported. In the first experiment, the effect of two levels (30 and 70 kgN/ha/year) was studied during 15 years on Cabernet-Sauvignon vines grafted onto SO4 and Riparia Gloire de Montpellier (RGM). In the second one, Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot vines grafted on SO4 and RGM were submitted to two levels of soil fertility shortly after plantation: control and high (100 kgN/ha/year + irrigation) and data from the plantation to year 6 were recorded. In both experiments, vine vigour and yield were significantly affected by rootstocks and fertilisation/irrigation treatments. No interaction was recorded. The devigorating effect of RGM in comparison to SO4 was observed in both experiments, regardless of other parameters. Cabernet-Sauvignon was more affected by rootstock than Merlot.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: Rootstock effects on vine vegetative and reproductive development were consistently expressed, indicating that scion-rootstock interactions are governed not only by adaptative, but also by specific physiological traits.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of study</strong>: This work provides information on scion-rootstock interactions which may be useful in rootstock breeding programs and may help to better choose the rootstock according to the scion and the environment.</p>

Resumo As primeiras observações e recolhas de eucaliptos ocorreram nas grandes viagens inglesas e francesas ao Pacífico, em particular à Austrália, em finais do século XVIII. O género Eucalyptus L'Hér. foi estabelecido em 1788, e logo nas duas décadas seguintes seriam descritas, por botânicos franceses e ingleses, muitas espécies novas. O primeiro eucalipto cultivado em Inglaterra foi trazido, em 1774, na segunda viagem de James Cook. Em França, a introdução terá sido feita em 1804, no Jardim Botânico de Montpellier, na Alemanha em 1809, no Jardim Botânico de Berlim, e em Itália, em 1813, no Jardim Botânico de Nápoles. Em Portugal, a introdução do eucalipto foi muito posterior a estas datas. Na propriedade do duque de Palmela no Lumiar, foram plantados dois eucaliptos em 1850-1852. No Horto Botânico da Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa, existia em 1852, pelo menos um espécimen, certamente para uso ou demonstração das suas propriedades terapêuticas. A partir da década de 1860, a expansão foi muito rápida. Em 1869, a companhia real dos caminhos-de-ferro portugueses iniciou a plantação de eucaliptos nas estações, casas de guarda e ao longo da via-férrea. As primeiras plantações em larga escala terão ocorrido na década de 1880 em propriedades perto de Abrantes arrendadas por William T. Tait. Em 1886 estavam já plantados 150 mil eucaliptos. Nesta mesma década começou a plantação, em escala apreciável, de eucaliptos nas Matas Nacionais. Em finais do século XX, tinham sido introduzidas em Portugal cerca de 250 espécies, sendo o Eucalyptus globulus Labill., a espécie largamente dominante. É interessante constatar que tendo sido um dos países europeus que mais tarde introduziu a cultura do eucalipto, Portugal é hoje, a nível mundial, um dos que apresenta maior percentagem da sua área florestal dedicada a esta cultura.Palavras-chave: eucalipto; jardins botânicos; Portugal. Abstract The earliest observations and collections of eucalypts occurred on the great English and French voyages to the Pacific, particularly Australia, in the late 18th century. The genus Eucalyptus L'Hér. was described in 1788, and soon in the following two decades, many species would be described by French and English botanists. The first eucalypt grown in England was brought in 1774 on James Cook's second voyage. In France, the introduction seems to have occurred in 1804, at the Botanical Garden of Montpellier, in Germany in 1809, at the Botanical Garden of Berlin, and in Italy, in 1813, at the Botanical Garden of Naples. In Portugal, the introduction of eucalypts was much later than these dates. In the property of the Duke of Palmela in Lumiar, two eucalypts were planted in 1850-1852. The Botanical Garden of the Medical-Surgical School of Lisbon had in 1852, at least one specimen, certainly for use or demonstration of its therapeutic properties. From the 1860s the expansion was very rapid. In 1869, the royal company of the Portuguese railways began planting eucalypts in the stations, guard houses and along the railroad. The first large-scale plantations occurred in the 1880s in properties near Abrantes leased by William T. Tait. By 1886, 150,000 eucalypts were already planted. In the same decade began the planting, on an appreciable scale, of eucalypts in “Matas Nacionais”. By the end of the 20th century about 250 species had been introduced in Portugal, being Eucalyptus globulus Labill., the species largely dominant. It is interesting to note that Portugal, one of the European countries that later introduced the eucalypt, is today, worldwide, one of the countries with the highest percentage of its forest area dedicated to this culture. Keywords: eucalypt; botanical gardens; Portugal.

Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet (anamorph Pseudocercospora fijiensis Morelet), the causal agent of black Sigatoka disease of banana, is considered to be the greatest economical threat for export-banana cultivation throughout the world because most cultivars are highly susceptible. The disease has a worldwide distribution throughout the humid tropical regions, but was still absent in some Caribbean islands hitherto. In Martinique Island, an intensive survey has been conducted by the plant protection service and the Fédération Régionale de Défense Contre les Organismes Nuisibles (FREDON) since April 2008 to detect as early as possible any outbreak of infection by M. fijiensis. In September 2010, typical symptoms of black Sigatoka were observed in a plantain crop located in Ducos Municipality (14°35.702′N, 60°58.221′W) in the west-central area of the island. Typical early symptoms were 1- to 4-mm long brown streaks on the abaxial leaf surface. The presence of the disease was further confirmed by the in situ observation of microscopic features of the anamorphic form of the pathogen (3). Typical pale brown, straight or slightly geniculate conidiophores were observed occurring singly or in little groups without any stroma, with a thickened wall at the conidial scars. Conidia were hyaline to pale olive, straight or slightly curved, with one to eight septa, and a conspicuous scar at the basal cell. The diagnosis was confirmed by real-time PCR targeting M. fijiensis-specific regions within the β-tubulin gene (1). Positive results were consistently obtained with DNA extracted from infected banana tissue samples, and the identity of the amplicon was confirmed by sequencing (Accession No. HQ412771) and comparison with reference sequences deposited on GenBank. After this first finding, the survey was intensified and black Sigatoka symptoms were also observed in several other locations on the island, affecting a large range of susceptible cultivars (Grande Naine, French, and Figue Sucrée), and in plantations, backyards, and private gardens. The presence of the fungus in the samples was confirmed by PCR analysis of DNA extracted from symptomatic leaves with a M. fijiensis-specific ITS-based primer pair (2). The pathogen may have been introduced into Martinique by ascospores, from islands where black Sigatoka is present, that were blown by continuous southerly winds over a 2-week period in August 2010 that was immediately followed by heavy rains that favor disease development. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. fijiensis on Martinique Island, showing that the disease is still spreading northward in this region of the Caribbean. References: (1) M. Arzanlou et al. Phytopathology 97:1112, 2007. (2) J. Henderson et al. Page 59 in: Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot Disease of Bananas: Present Status and Outlook. L. Jacome et al., eds. International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP), Montpellier, France. 2003. (3) M. F. Zapater et al. Fruits 63:389, 2008.

While Mount Vernon, Monticello, Montpelier, and Highland work to recover the lives of people enslaved by Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, their institutional missions emphasize the importance of these four men within American history. The resulting impediments to honoring Black lives within these spaces can be best understood using the analytical framework of reputational politics and by recognizing the roles visitors have in reproducing the reputations of the presidents and the women and men they enslaved. We base our examination of visitors’ participation in these reputational politics on a systematic documentation of tours and exhibits combined with surveys of visitors. Our results suggest that there are significant differences among the four sites in how visitors balance the reputations of enslaved communities with those of the Founding Fathers. On the whole, the emphasis on the presidents’ important positions within American social memory continues to inhibit efforts to honor Black lives at presidential plantation museums.