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Journal articles on the topic 'Monte San Giorgio'

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Published: 9 March 2023

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1

Stampfli, Andreas, Mathias Lörtscher, and Fredi Guggisberg. "Artenrückgang in Magerwiesen Wissenschaftlicher Naturschutz am Monte San Giorgio." GAIA - Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 1, no. 2 (March 1, 1992): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14512/gaia.1.2.7.

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2

Bürgin, Toni, Olivier Rieppel, P. Martin Sander, and Karl Tschanz. "Science in Pictures: The Fossils of Monte San Giorgio." Scientific American 260, no. 6 (June 1989): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0689-74.

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3

Müller, Johannes. "The anatomy of Askeptosaurus italicus from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio and the interrelationships of thalattosaurs (Reptilia, Diapsida)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1347–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-030.

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The anatomy of the thalattosauriform reptile Askeptosaurus italicus from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio is redescribed. Important anatomical features are the plesiomorphic braincase, the unique fronto-lacrimal contact, the absence of a previously described thyroid fenestra, and significant intraspecific variation in the carpus. An analysis of thalattosaur ingroup relationships reveals that Endennasaurus and the monophyletic Askeptosaurus and Anshunsaurus are the sister group to all other thalattosaurs, whereas the Monte San Giorgio taxa Clarazia and Hescheleria form the sister clade of Thalattosaurus, and the Chinese Xinpusaurus and the Californian Nectosaurus form a monophyletic group. The analysis supports the biogeographic interpretation of trans-Pacific relationships and a re-invasion of Tethyan areas.

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4

Maisch, Michael W., and Andreas T. Matzke. "Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part II: A new ichthyosaur with palatal teeth from Monte San Giorgio." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1998, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 26–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1998/1998/26.

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5

Stockar, Rudolf, Thierry Adatte, Peter O. Baumgartner, and Karl B. Föllmi. "Palaeoenvironmental significance of organic facies and stable isotope signatures: the Ladinian San Giorgio Dolomite and Meride Limestone of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland, WHL UNESCO)." Sedimentology 60, no. 1 (January 2013): 239–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sed.12021.

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6

Stockar, Rudolf, Peter O. Baumgartner, and Daniel Condon. "Integrated Ladinian bio-chronostratigraphy and geochrononology of Monte San Giorgio (Southern Alps, Switzerland)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 105, no. 1 (May 15, 2012): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-012-0093-5.

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7

Pasini, Giovanni, Alessandro Garassino, Rudolf Stockar, and Fabio Magnani. "Penaeidean and caridean shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Upper Meride Limestone (Middle Triassic) of Monte San Giorgio (TI, Switzerland)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 303, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 339–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2022/1053.

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8

Beardmore, Susan R., and Heinz Furrer. "Preservation of Pachypleurosauridae (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 280, no. 2 (May 4, 2016): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2016/0578.

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9

Etter, Walter. "A new penaeid shrimp (Antrimpos mirigiolensis n. sp., Crustacea, Decapoda) from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio (Ticino, Switzerland)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1994, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1994/1994/223.

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10

Beardmore, Susan R., and Heinz Furrer. "Taphonomic variation within a Middle Triassic fossil lagerstätte (Cassina beds, Meride Limestone) at Monte San Giorgio." PalZ 93, no. 1 (June 12, 2018): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-018-0415-7.

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11

Lombardo, Cristina. "A new basal actinopterygian fish from the Late Ladinian of Monte San Giorgio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 106, no. 2 (November 2013): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-013-0125-9.

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12

López-Arbarello, Adriana, Toni Bürgin, Heinz Furrer, and Rudolf Stockar. "New holostean fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland)." PeerJ 4 (July 19, 2016): e2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2234.

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The new neopterygian genusTicinolepis, including two new speciesT. longaevaandT. crassidensis described from Middle Triassic carbonate platform deposits of the Monte San Giorgio. The anatomy of this fish shows a mosaic of halecomorph and ginglymodian characters and, thus, the new taxon probably represents a basal holostean. During the latest Anisian to earliest Ladinian the two new species coexisted in the intraplatform basin represented by the uppermost Besano Formation, but onlyT. longaevasp. nov. inhabited the more restricted basin represented by the Ladinian Meride Limestone (except for the Kalkschieferzone). The more widely distributed type species shows interesting patterns of intraspecific variation including ontogenetic changes and morphological variation over time. The second species presents anatomical features that strongly indicate a strictly durophagous diet. The different distribution of the species is interpreted as a result of habitat partitioning and different adaptability to palaeoenvironmental changes.

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13

Brinkmann, Winand. "Sangiorgiosaurus n. g. - a new mixosaur genus (Mixosauridae, Ichthyosauria) with crushing teeth from the Grenzbitumenzone (Middle Triassic) of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland, Canton Ticino)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 207, no. 1 (February 2, 1998): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/207/1998/125.

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14

Renesto, Silvio, and Rudolf Stockar. "Exceptional preservation of embryos in the actinopterygian Saurichthys from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 102, no. 2 (July 20, 2009): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-009-1323-3.

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15

Stockar, Rudolf. "Facies, depositional environment, and palaeoecology of the Middle Triassic Cassina beds (Meride Limestone, Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 103, no. 1 (May 28, 2010): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-010-0008-2.

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16

Beardmore, Susan R., and Heinz Furrer. "Taphonomic analysis of Saurichthys from two stratigraphic horizons in the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 109, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-015-0194-z.

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17

Storrs, Glenn W. "Note on a second occurrence of thalattosaur remains (Reptilia: Neodiapsida) in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2065–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-186.

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A fragmentary thalattosaur specimen from the Late Triassic Pardonet Formation of northeastern British Columbia is the second reported occurrence of such animals in Canada. The group was previously known with certainty only from the Hosselkus Limestone of California, the Monte San Giorgio region shales of Italy and Switzerland, the Natchez Pass Formation of Nevada, and most recently, the Sulphur Mountain Formation of British Columbia. As such, the described material, which is indeterminate to genus, represents a slight geographic range extension of the Thalattosauria. The Norian age of this material represents a significant temporal range extension for the Thalattosauria, and it is the geologically youngest material known of this taxon.

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18

Hugi, Jasmina, and Torsten M. Scheyer. "Ossification sequences and associated ontogenetic changes in the bone histology of pachypleurosaurids from Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland/Italy)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32, no. 2 (February 28, 2012): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.646376.

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19

Stockar, Rudolf, and Silvio Renesto. "Co-occurrence of Neusticosaurus edwardsii and N. peyeri (Reptilia) in the Lower Meride Limestone (Middle Triassic, Monte San Giorgio)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 104, S1 (November 12, 2011): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-011-0077-x.

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20

Maisch, Michael W., and Andreas T. Matzke. "Mikadocephalus gracilirostris n. gen., n. sp., a new ichthyosaur from the Grenzbitumenzone (Anisian-Ladinian) of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland)." Paläontologische Zeitschrift 71, no. 3-4 (September 1997): 267–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02988496.

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21

Renesto, Silvio, and Rudolf Stockar. "Prey content in a Saurichthys reveals the presence of advanced halecomorph fishes in the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 278, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/2015/0519.

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22

O'Keefe, F. Robin, Olivier Rieppel, and P. Martin Sander. "Shape disassociation and inferred heterochrony in a clade of pachypleurosaurs (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)." Paleobiology 25, no. 4 (1999): 504–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300020352.

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In this paper we analyze the ontogenies of four species of pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) occurring in Triassic-age deposits in the Monte San Giorgio region, Switzerland. Preservation of multiple complete specimens representing a growth series from each taxon allows the comparison of ontogenetic trajectories through a space composed of nine variables important in the evolution of the clade. Trajectories are characterized using the multivariate generalization of the allometry equation and then compared through calculations of the angles between allometry vectors. Individual coefficients of vectors are compared after calculation of bootstrapped confidence intervals. Pachypleurosaur ontogeny is found to be allometric and generally conserved, although significant differences between taxa exist. Shape-disassociated allometric changes characterize the transition between Serpianosaurus and Neusticosaurus, while allometric changes within Neusticosaurus are less significant. N. edwardsii is inferred to have arisen through hypermorphosis. Interpretation of whole-body heterochrony in multivariate analysis is discussed.

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23

Hugi, Jasmina, Torsten M. Scheyer, P. Martin Sander, Nicole Klein, and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra. "Long bone microstructure gives new insights into the life of pachypleurosaurids from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland/Italy." Comptes Rendus Palevol 10, no. 5-6 (July 2011): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crpv.2011.03.009.

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24

Montagna, Matteo, K. Jun Tong, Giulia Magoga, Laura Strada, Andrea Tintori, Simon Y. W. Ho, and Nathan Lo. "Recalibration of the insect evolutionary time scale using Monte San Giorgio fossils suggests survival of key lineages through the End-Permian Extinction." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1912 (October 9, 2019): 20191854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1854.

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Insects are a highly diverse group of organisms and constitute more than half of all known animal species. They have evolved an extraordinary range of traits, from flight and complete metamorphosis to complex polyphenisms and advanced eusociality. Although the rich insect fossil record has helped to chart the appearance of many phenotypic innovations, data are scarce for a number of key periods. One such period is that following the End-Permian Extinction, recognized as the most catastrophic of all extinction events. We recently discovered several 240-million-year-old insect fossils in the Mount San Giorgio Lagerstätte (Switzerland–Italy) that are remarkable for their state of preservation (including internal organs and soft tissues), and because they extend the records of their respective taxa by up to 200 million years. By using these fossils as calibrations in a phylogenomic dating analysis, we present a revised time scale for insect evolution. Our date estimates for several major lineages, including the hyperdiverse crown groups of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera: Heteroptera and Diptera, are substantially older than their currently accepted post-Permian origins. We found that major evolutionary innovations, including flight and metamorphosis, appeared considerably earlier than previously thought. These results have numerous implications for understanding the evolution of insects and their resilience in the face of extreme events such as the End-Permian Extinction.

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25

Felber, Markus, Heinz Furrer, and Andrea Tintori. "The Triassic of Monte San Giorgio in the World Heritage List of UNESCO: An opportunity for science, the local people and tourism." Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 97, no. 1 (May 2004): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-004-1118-5.

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26

Maxwell, Erin E., Carlo Romano, Feixiang Wu, and Heinz Furrer. "Two new species ofSaurichthys(Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland, with implications for character evolution in the genus." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173, no. 4 (March 24, 2015): 887–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12224.

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27

Stockar, Rudolf, and Alessandro Garassino. "Meridecaris ladinica n. gen. n. sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda, Clytiopsidae) from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of Monte San Giorgio (Canton Ticino, Switzerland)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 270, no. 3 (December 1, 2013): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2013/0377.

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28

Sander, P. Martin. "The large ichthyosaurCymbospondylus buchseri, sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland), with a survey of the genus in Europe." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9, no. 2 (June 30, 1989): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1989.10011750.

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29

Hugi, Jasmina. "The long bone histology of Ceresiosaurus (Sauropterygia, Reptilia) in comparison to other eosauropterygians from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland/Italy)." Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 130, no. 2 (August 30, 2011): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-011-0023-6.

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30

Maisch, Michael W., Andreas T. Matzke, and Winand Brinkmann. "The otic capsule of the Middle Triassic ichthyosaur Mixosaurus from Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland): New evidence on the braincase structure of basal ichthyosaurs." Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 99, no. 2 (November 2006): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-006-1189-6.

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31

Romano, Carlo, and Winand Brinkmann. "Reappraisal of the lower actinopterygian Birgeria stensioei Aldinger, 1931 (Osteichthyes; Birgeriidae) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) and Besano (Italy)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 252, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0017.

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32

López-Arbarello, Adriana, and Emilia Sferco. "Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 3 (March 2018): 172337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172337.

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The phylogenetic relationships of the recently described genus † Ticinolepis from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio are explored through cladistic analyses of the so far largest morphological dataset for fossil actinopterygians, including representatives of the crown-neopterygian clades Halecomorphi, Ginglymodi and Teleostei, and merging the characters from previously published systematic studies together with newly proposed characters. † Ticinolepis is retrieved as the most basal Ginglymodi and our results support the monophyly of Teleostei and Holostei, as well as Halecomorphi and Ginglymodi within the latter clade. The patterns of relationships within these clades mostly agree with those of previous studies, although a few important differences require future research. According to our results, ionoscopiforms are not monophyletic, caturids are not amiiforms and leptolepids and luisiellids form a monophyletic clade. Our phylogenetic hypothesis confirms the rapid radiation of the holostean clades Halecomorphi and Ginglymodi during the Early and Middle Triassic and the radiation of pholidophoriform teleosts during the Late Triassic. Crown-group Halecomorphi have an enormous ghost lineage throughout half of the Mesozoic, but ginglymodians and teleosts show a second radiation during the Early Jurassic. The crown-groups of Halecomorphi, Ginglymodi and Teleostei originated within parallel events of radiation during the Late Jurassic.

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33

O'Keefe, F. Robin, and P. Martin Sander. "Paleontological paradigms and inferences of phylogenetic pattern: a case study." Paleobiology 25, no. 4 (1999): 518–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300020364.

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In this paper we reconstruct the phylogeny of a clade of pachypleurosaurs (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) occurring in Triassic-age deposits in the Monte San Giorgio region, Switzerland. We also present the phylogeny of this clade as a case study for two paradigms of phylogeny reconstruction: cladistics and phenetic/stratigraphic methods. While this dichotomy is not held rigidly by all workers, its advancement by cladists leads us to retain it initially for rhetorical purposes. We review the philosophical bases of species, species concepts, and speciation, as well as cladograms and phylogenies, before introducing the experimental system.Data are presented from cladistic analyses, phenetic analyses, and stratigraphic information. Phylogeny of the clade is interpreted from both paradigms, and the interpretations are found to be inconsistent. Resolution of the phylogeny rests on the emphasis of one type of data over another. An interpretation of cladogenesis within the genusNeusticosaurusentails rejection of suggestive phenetic and stratigraphic data, whereas an anagenetic interpretation entails reversal of autapomorphies in ancestral taxa. Anagenesis is deemed to be the more probable interpretation, based on the strength of the stratigraphic and phenetic data relative to the character data. Implications of the test case results for phylogeny reconstruction in general are discussed, ending with a call for pluralism in approach.

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34

Larghi, Cristiano, Andrea Tintori, Daniela Basso, Gianluca Danini, and Markus Felber. "A new Ladinian (Middle Triassic) mysidacean shrimp (Crustacea, Lophogastrida) from northern Italy and southern Switzerland." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.75.

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AbstractSince the end of the nineteenth century, many paleontological studies have been developed on the Middle Triassic localities of the Monte San Giorgio area (Canton Ticino, Switzerland, and Lombardy, Italy). These localities were inscribed in 2003 and 2010 in the UNESCO World Heritage List due to their paleontological relevance. New crustaceans are here described from the Kalkschieferzone member of the upper Ladinian Meride Limestone, outcropping near Besnasca-Cà del Frate (Viggiù, Italy) and Meride (Mendrisio, Switzerland). Several hundred specimens of a new genus and new species of Lophogastrida, named here Vicluvia lombardoae, improve information on Triassic mysidaceans (sensu lato), a group of shrimp-like crustaceans presently including hundreds of species worldwide distributed in marine and freshwater environments. The paper discusses the relations between Vicluvia n. gen. and the other fossil genera belonging to the same family. Vicluvia lombardoae n. gen. n. sp. exhibits two dorsally vanishing transverse grooves with their branches regularly bending toward the posterior margin of the shield and a telson with a rounded and setose apex. It was probably a euryhaline species living in a transitional environment affected by frequent and ephemeral salinity variations. Middle Triassic taphonomic windows have preserved specimens of lophogastrids in shallow basins along the Tethys, from the present Alps to China as well as in the German Basin.UUID: http://zoobank.org/1623e8f9-2ceb-4cd6-bcbe-4f05a873e1ff

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35

Gere, Kinga, Torsten M. Scheyer, László Makádi, and Attila Ősi. "Placodont remains (Sauropsida, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of Hungary (Transdanubian Range and Villány Mountains)." Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 100, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 1047–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00432-5.

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AbstractNew placodont remains from the Triassic of Hungary are described here. They come from two different tectonic units: the Transdanubian Range Unit representing Alpine type sedimentary basins and the Villány-Bihar Unit that was part of the southern passive margin of the European Plate during the Triassic. The fossils came from four stratigraphic levels with the oldest specimen, a maxilla fragment found in the upper Anisian of Forrás Hill, near Felsőörs (Transdanubian Range). Based on dental morphology, the specimen is referred to here as Paraplacodus broilii. This site is similar in age to the Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland and Italy) locality. A Carnian occurrence of placodonts from this tectonical unit is a dentary fragment and two isolated teeth referred to here as Placochelys placodonta. The youngest specimen from this unit is a placochelyid tooth fragment from the Rhaetian of the Keszthely Mountains (Transdanubian Range). The richest assemblage of new placodont remains is from the Ladinian of the Villány Mountains, southern Hungary. Cranial elements are referred to here as Cyamodus sp. Teeth from this site are similar to that of Cyamodus sp. described from Slovenia, and both assemblages are among the last occurrences of the genus in the European Triassic. The Villány site is considered as a gap locality because of the rarity of Ladinian placodont occurrences in the German-Alpine sedimentary basins.

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36

Grelle, G., L. Bonito, P. Revellino, L. Guerriero, and F. M. Guadagno. "A hybrid model for mapping simplified seismic response via a GIS-metamodel approach." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 2 (February 3, 2014): 963–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-963-2014.

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Abstract. An hybrid model, consisting of GIS and metamodel (model of model) procedures, was introduced with the aim of estimating the 1-D spatial seismic site response. Inputs and outputs are provided and processed by means of an appropriate GIS model, named GIS Cubic Model (GCM). This discretizes the seismic underground half-space in a pseudo-tridimensional way. GCM consists of a layered parametric structure aimed at resolving a predicted metamodel by means of pixel to pixel vertical computing. The metamodel leading to the determination of a bilinear-polynomial function is able to design the classic shape of the spectral acceleration response in relation to the main physical parameters that characterize the spectrum itself. The main physical parameters consist of (i) the average shear wave velocity of the shallow layer, (ii) the fundamental period and, (iii) the period where the spatial spectral response is required. The metamodel is calibrated on theoretical spectral accelerations regarding the local likely Vs-profiles, which are obtained using the Monte Carlo simulation technique on the basis of the GCM information. Therefore, via the GCM structure and the metamodel, the hybrid model provides maps of normalized acceleration response spectra. The hybrid model was applied and tested on the built-up area of the San Giorgio del Sannio village, located in a high-risk seismic zone of Southern Italy.

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37

Bindellini, Gabriele, Andrzej S. Wolniewicz, Feiko Miedema, Torsten M. Scheyer, and Cristiano Dal Sasso. "Cranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Italy/Switzerland: taxonomic and palaeobiological implications." PeerJ 9 (May 6, 2021): e11179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11179.

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Besanosaurus leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna, 1996 was described on the basis of a single fossil excavated near Besano (Italy) nearly three decades ago. Here, we re-examine its cranial osteology and assign five additional specimens to B. leptorhynchus, four of which were so far undescribed. All of the referred specimens were collected from the Middle Triassic outcrops of the Monte San Giorgio area (Italy/Switzerland) and are housed in various museum collections in Europe. The revised diagnosis of the taxon includes the following combination of cranial characters: extreme longirostry; an elongate frontal not participating in the supratemporal fenestra; a prominent ‘triangular process’ of the quadrate; a caudoventral exposure of the postorbital on the skull roof; a prominent coronoid (preglenoid) process of the surangular; tiny conical teeth with coarsely-striated crown surfaces and deeply-grooved roots; mesial maxillary teeth set in sockets; distal maxillary teeth set in a short groove. All these characters are shared with the holotype of Mikadocephalus gracilirostris Maisch & Matzke, 1997, which we consider as a junior synonym of B. leptorhynchus. An updated phylogenetic analysis, which includes revised scores for B. leptorhynchus and several other shastasaurids, recovers B. leptorhynchus as a basal merriamosaurian, but it is unclear if Shastasauridae form a clade, or represent a paraphyletic group. The inferred body length of the examined specimens ranges from 1 m to about 8 m. The extreme longirostry suggests that B. leptorhynchus primarily fed on small and elusive prey, feeding lower in the food web than an apex predator: a novel ecological specialisation never reported before the Anisian in a large diapsid. This specialization might have triggered an increase of body size and helped to maintain low competition among the diverse ichthyosaur fauna of the Besano Formation.

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38

LÓPEZ-ARBARELLO, ADRIANA, ZUO-YU SUN, EMILIA SFERCO, ANDREA TINTORI, GUANG-HUI XU, YUAN-LIN SUN, FEI-XIANG WU, and DA-YONG JIANG. "New species of Sangiorgioichthys Tintori and Lombardo, 2007 (Neopterygii, Semionotiformes) from the Anisian of Luoping (Yunnan Province, South China)." Zootaxa 2749, no. 1 (January 26, 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2749.1.2.

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We report on a new species of the neopterygian genus Sangiorgioichthys Tintori and Lombardo, 2007, from middle Anisian (Pelsonian) deposits in South China (Luoping County, Yunnan Province). Sangiorgioichthys was previously known from a single species, S. aldae, from the late Ladinian of the Monte San Giorgio (Italy and Switzerland). The recognition of the new species helped to improve the diagnosis of the genus, which is mainly characterized by the presence of broad posttemporal and supracleithral bones, one or two suborbital bones occupying a triangular area ventral to the infraorbital bones and lateral to the quadrate, and elongate supramaxilla fitting in a an excavation of the dorsal border of the maxilla. Sangiorgioichthys sui n. sp. differs from the type species in having two pairs of extrascapular bones, the medial pair usually fused to the parietals, maxilla with a complete row of small conical teeth, long supramaxilla, more than half of the length of the maxilla, only two large suborbital bones posterior to the orbit, and flank scales with finely serrated posterior borders. With the discovery of S. sui n. sp., the number of fish genera shared by the Anisian/Ladinian deposits in the Alps and the Anisian deposits in South China increases, including not only the cosmopolitan Birgeria and Saurichthys, but also, among others, the subholosteans Colobodus (so far only in Panxian), Luopingichthys (so far only in Luoping), Peltopleurus, Habroichthys, and the very specialized neopterygians Placopleurus and Marcopoloichthys (only in Luoping). Therefore, although several fish taxa remain to be studied in the Chinese faunas, the so far available evidence indicates close biogeographic relationship between the Middle Triassic marine faunas of the Western Tethys region.

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Poust, Ashley W. "Mesozoic Sea Dragons: Triassic Marine Life from the Ancient Tropical Lagoon of Monte San Giorgio. By Olivier Rieppel; reconstructions by Beat Scheffold. Indiana (Bloomington): Indiana University Press. $75.00. vii + 245 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-0-253-04011-4 (hc); 978-0-253-04013-8 (eb). 2019." Quarterly Review of Biology 96, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714463.

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Coates-Stephens, Robert. "Dark age architecture in Rome." Papers of the British School at Rome 65 (November 1997): 177–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200010631.

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ARCHITETTURA DELLA DARK AGE A ROMANonostante un notevole numero di recenti scavi e ricerche, la visione generalmente accettata dell'architettura della Roma alto medievale resta quella di Richard Krautheimer. Il suo quadro ciclico consiste di una serie di fasi distinte che vanno dalla ‘basilica costantiniana a forma di T’, attraverso il ‘rinascimento sistino’ della metà del quinto secolo, al periodo bizantino del sesto e dell'inizio del settimo secolo, seguito dalla ‘Dark Age’ della durata di un secolo, ed infine, dal tardo ottavo secolo, il ‘rinascimento carolingio’. L'architettura del decimo secolo resta sconosciuta. Un chiaro contrasto viene delineato tra le tendenze occidentali e classicizzanti e quelle bizantine, tipicamente orientali, ed anche tra la minima attività dei periodi 640-772 e 860-1000 — le due dark ages — e la prolifica attività costruttiva del periodo carolingio. Quest'articolo fornisce dati sulle costruzioni del periodo, finora trascurato, delle due dark ages. Un corpus di chiese è presentato; questo si basa in parte su una nuova lettura delle notizie costruttive del Liber Pontificalis (640–772), ed anche sulle variegate ma scarse informazioni storiche sulle chiese del decimo secolo, così come sulle descrizioni degli oramai scomparsi palazzi del sedicesimo secolo e dei periodi successivi. Molte nuove informazioni derivanti da rilevamenti e recenti ricerche archeologiche viene presentata per specifici monumenti quali San Giorgio in Velabro, San Gregorio Nazianzeno, San Tommaso in Formis e San Cosimato. I risultati mostrano una sostanziale continuità di attività architettoniche in entrambi i periodi. L'accelerato programma costruttivo del cosiddetto ‘rinascimento carolingio’ sembra esser cominciato durante il pontificato di Gregorio III (731–41), e molte delle distinzioni, finora considerate chiare, tra l'architettura ‘carolingia’ e quella ‘orientale’ vengono messe in dubbio. Il decimo secolo si rivela essere un periodo di notevole attività, per lo più derivante da finanziamento privato.

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Molnár, Zsuzsa, Gabriella B. Kiss, Ferenc Molnár, Tamás Váczi, György Czuppon, István Dunkl, Federica Zaccarini, and István Dódony. "Epigenetic-Hydrothermal Fluorite Veins in a Phosphorite Deposit from Balaton Highland (Pannonian Basin, Hungary): Signatures of a Regional Fluid Flow System in an Alpine Triassic Platform." Minerals 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060640.

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The middle Anisian extensional tectonics of the Neotethyan realm developed a small, isolated carbonate platform in the middle part of the Balaton Highland (western Hungary), resulted in the deposition of uranium-bearing seamount phosphorite on the top of the drowned platform and produced some epigenetic fluorite veins in the Middle Triassic sequence. The stable C-O isotope data of carbonates are shifted from the typical Triassic carbonate ranges, confirming the epigenetic-hydrothermal origin of veining. Primary fluid inclusions in fluorite indicate that these veins were formed from low temperature (85–169 °C) and high salinity NaCl + CaCl2 + H2O type (apparent total salinity: 15.91–22.46 NaCl wt%) hydrothermal fluids, similar to parent fluids of the Alpine-type Pb-Zn deposits. These findings indicate that the Triassic regional fluid circulation systems in the Alpine platform carbonates also affected the area of the Balaton Highland. This is also in agreement with the previously established palinspatic tectonic reconstructions indicating that the Triassic carbonate and basement units in the Balaton Highland area were a part of the Southern Alpine. Similar fluorite veining in phosphorite deposits is also known in the Southern Alpine areas (e.g., Monte San Giorgi, Italy). Raman spectroscopic analyses detected H2 gas in the vapor phase of the fluid inclusions and a defect-rich fluorite structure in violet to black colored growth zones. This unique phenomenon is assumed to be the result of interaction between the uranium-rich phosphorite and the parent fluids of the epigenetic fluorite veins.

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Girardi, Fabio, Sabrina Marini, Francesca Porra, Ilaria Mietto, Sonia Carpentieri, Alberto Marchet, Tania Saibene, et al. "Abstract P3-03-01: The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on treatment practices for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer: a cross-sectional study from a large comprehensive cancer centre in Italy." Cancer Research 83, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2023): P3–03–01—P3–03–01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs22-p3-03-01.

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Abstract The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on treatment practices for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer: a cross-sectional study from a large comprehensive cancer centre in Italy. Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) has disrupted health services worldwide. The evidence on the impact of the pandemic on cancer care provision, however, is conflicting. Some reports found that management for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer (EBC) during the pandemic did not differ from pre-pandemic practices; other reports suggested that delays in breast cancer surgery may have occurred. We aimed to audit the management of patients diagnosed with EBC during the pandemic in a large, tertiary-level cancer centre in Italy. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to track the route to first treatment for patients diagnosed with EBC during 2019, 2020, and 2021. We abstracted data for all consecutive patients referred to the Veneto Institute of Oncology (Padua, Italy). We defined as point of contact (POC) the date of the first consultation with a breast cancer specialist of the breast unit. We considered patients with a first POC in the 6 months preceding the multidisciplinary (MDT) meeting and initiating a treatment within 6 months from the POC. We chose the 3-month period April-June because in 2020 it was when health services were first acutely disrupted. We analysed the same period for 2019 and 2021. First treatment was defined as either upfront surgery or neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). The time to first treatment was defined as the interval between the first POC and the first treatment. We used the median time to first treatment in 2019 to define the threshold for treatment delay. Results: We reviewed medical records for 878 patients for whom an MDT report during 2019-2021 (April through June) was available. Of these, 431 (49%) were eligible: 144 in 2019, 127 in 2020 and 150 in 2021. Median age at first POC was 61 years. The proportion of screen-detected tumours was larger in 2019 and 2021 than in 2020 (59%). Conversely, the proportion of screen-detected tumours was offset by the proportion of palpable tumours in 2020 (44% versus 56%). These differences were statistically significant (chi-square test 11.12, p=0.004). Distribution of tumour and nodal stage was unchanged over time, but in-situ tumours were slightly fewer in 2020 than in 2019 or 2021. The odds ratio for treatment delay (45 days or more) was 0.87 for 2020 versus 2019 (95% CI, 0.5-1.53) and 0.9 for 2021 versus 2019 (95% CI, 0.52-1.55), after adjusting for type of POC, presentation with symptoms, treatment type, tumour stage, nodal stage, and EBC subtype (i.e., luminal, HER2-positive, triple-negative). Conclusions: There was no evidence for major changes in the management of EBC patients during 2019-2021 and no treatment delays were observed. However, our results show a slight decrease in the absolute number of patients being treated in 2020, offset by an increase in 2021 to levels comparable to 2019. Our findings suggest that disruption of breast cancer screening programmes may have impacted on the characteristics of the patient population, with a larger proportion of women presenting with palpable nodules. Validation on a larger, population-based cohort of patients is warranted to robustly assess the impact of the COVID19 pandemic on treatment practices and outcome for EBC patients. Characteristics of the population Citation Format: Fabio Girardi, Sabrina Marini, Francesca Porra, Ilaria Mietto, Sonia Carpentieri, Alberto Marchet, Tania Saibene, Marcello Lo Mele, Tommaso Giarratano, Carlo Alberto Giorgi, Eleonora Mioranza, Cristina Falci, Giovanni Faggioni, Francesca Caumo, Gaia Griguolo, Maria Vittoria Dieci, Valentina Guarneri. The impact of the COVID19 pandemic on treatment practices for patients diagnosed with early breast cancer: a cross-sectional study from a large comprehensive cancer centre in Italy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-03-01.

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Arif, Sania, Joachim Reitner, and Michael Hoppert. "Composition, Diversity and Functional Analysis of the Modern Microbiome of the Middle Triassic Cava Superiore Beds (Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland)." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55955-5.

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AbstractOrganic-rich laminated shales and limestones from the Monte San Giorgio (Lugano Prealps, Switzerland) are known as famous fossil lagerstätten for excellently preserved fossils from the Middle Triassic Period. The various bituminous shales from Monte San Giorgio are thermally immature and rich in diverse organic compounds, which provide unique substrates for active soil microbial communities. We selected the Cava superior beds of the Acqua del Ghiffo site for this study. To investigate its microbial structure and diversity, contig assembly, Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) clustering, and rarefaction analysis were performed for bacterial 16S rDNA preparations from bituminous and non-bituminous limestone strata with the MetaAmp pipeline. Principal coordinates analysis shows that the microbial communities from the bituminous strata differ significantly from limestone samples (P < 0.05 Unifrac weighted). Moreover, metagenomic tools could also be used effectively to analyze the microbial communities shift during enrichment in specific growth media. In the nutrient-rich media, one or few taxa, mainly Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, were enriched which led to the drastic diversity loss while oligotrophic media could enrich many taxa simultaneously and sustain the richness and diversity of the inoculum. Piphillin, METAGENassist and MicrobiomeAnalyst pipeline also predicted that the Monte San Giorgio bituminous shales and oligotrophic enriched microbiomes degrade complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

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"The pachypleurosaurids (Reptilia: Nothosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland) with the description of a new species." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 325, no. 1230 (November 30, 1989): 561–666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0103.

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The largest and most diverse collection of Pachypleurosauridae (Nothosauria, Reptilia) comes from Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland. Several hundred complete skeletons were collected from four distinct horizons of bituminous limestones and shales of Anisian-Ladinian boundary to early Ladinian age (Middle Triassic). Serpianosaurus mirigiolensis comes from the oldest strata, the Grenzbitumenzone Beds. The three younger strata, all in the Lower Meride Limestone, yield three species of Neusticosaurus. Neusticosaurus pusillus comes from the Cava Inferiore horizon, Neusticosaurus peyri, new species, from the Cava Superiore horizon, and Neusticosaurus edwardsii , new combination, from the Alla Cascina horizon. Neusticosaurus pusillus is biostratigraphically important because it is one of the rare species reported from both the Germanic and the Alpine Triassic. Neusticosaurus pusillus and N. peyeri are small and very similar in their anatomy. Neusticosaurus species are easiest separated by their number of presacral vertebrae. Ornam entation of the bone surface is distinctive for all four pachypleurosaurids. Soft parts are rarely preserved, except for one partial squamation. The biological age of Neusticosaurus individuals can be determined by skeletochronology (aging by bone annuli). Small species of Neusticosaurus were sexually mature after three to four years and lived for six to nine years. Taphonomic analysis of the small species indicates attritional mortality and suggests weak bottom currents in the Monte San Giorgio basin during early Ladinian times. Morphometric comparison of all four pachypleurosaurids indicates that the changing vertebral numbers between species are largely due to a change in number of segments. All Monte San Giorgio pachypleurosaurids are sexually dimorphic in forelimb development. Sex x has poorly differentiated and relatively short humeri whereas sex y has well differentiated and relatively long humeri. The sexes are of about the same size and represented in roughly equal numbers. Identification of gender was not possible. Good growth series, especially of Neusticosaurus peyeri , from embryo to large adult permitted qualitative and quantitative study of ontogeny. The skull grows with negative allometry; the humerus grows isometrically or with positive allometry, depending on sex and species; the femur grows isometrically. The adult size range in N. peyeri is considerably larger than in modern reptiles. The Monte San Giorgio pachypleurosaurids are a monophyletic group. The phylogeny of this group is congruent with the stratigraphic distribution of its members.

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Pieroni, Vittorio, and Heinz Furrer. "Middle Triassic gastropods from the Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 139, no. 1 (February 12, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13358-019-00201-8.

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Pieroni, Vittorio. "Middle Triassic Nautilida from the Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 141, no. 1 (December 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13358-022-00263-1.

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AbstractFor the first time, nautilids from the Besano Formation (Anisian/Ladinian boundary) are documented. The extremely rare material was collected from two different outcrops at Monte San Giorgio (Southern Alps, Ticino, Switzerland). This material is represented by only five specimens described here. The three best specimens belong to the taxa Enoploceras rieberi sp. nov., Germanonautilus aff. ellipticus and Syringonautilus sp. indet., documenting the presence of the families Tainoceratidae and Syringonautilidae in the middle Besano Formation. Another nautilid specimen is described in open nomenclature, representing an additional taxon. The new species Enoploceras rieberi n. sp. is currently the only occurrence of the genus Enoploceras in the Middle Triassic. Nautilida are poorly known from the Middle Triassic Tethyan region, mostly from sediments deposited in pelagic environments. This is the first record of these nautilids from an usually anoxic depositional paleoenvironment of an intra-platform basin, where the sediments of the Besano Formation were laid down.

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"A new pachypleurosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic of Monte San Giorgio, Switzerland." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences 323, no. 1212 (January 4, 1989): 1–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1989.0001.

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Pachypleurosaur material from the Middle Triassic ‘ Grenzbitumen’-horizon (Anis-Ladin boundary) of Monte San Giorgio, Kanton Tessin, Switzerland, is described as a new genus and species, Serpianosaurus mirigiolensis .A detailed morphological description is followed by a quantitative analysis. The taxon differs from other pachypleurosaurids primarily by its relatively large skull and its straight lower jaw. Rib pachyostosis is absent. In most characters the taxon remains plesiomorphous with respect to other pachypleurosaurs from the Middle Triassic deposits of Monte San Giorgio, which accords well with its early stratigraphic occurrence at that locality. Sexual dimorphism is expressed by the size and shape of the humerus. A cladistic analysis shows the Pachypleurosauridae to constitute the sistergroup of all other Sauropterygia. The Sauropterygia and the Placodontia together form a monophyletic group, the Euryapsida, which is subordinated to the Diapsida and to the Neodiapsida, but which is classifed outside the archosauromorph-lepidosauromorph dichotomy within the Neodiapsida. A concluding paragraph discusses the status of the pachypleurosaurs within the Sauropterygia. Skull structure, and jaw mechanics in particular, suggest a relatively plesiomorph position of pachypleurosaurs within the Sauropterygia. Their adaptation to an aquatic mode of life was not carried to the degree observed in other sauropterygians, and the ability for rapid and deep dives seems to have been limited by middle-ear structure.

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BINDELLINI, GABRIELE, and CRISTIANO DAL SASSO. "FIRST SKELETAL REMAINS OF <em>HELVETICOSAURUS</em> FROM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC ITALIAN OUTCROPS OF THE SOUTHERN ALPS, WITH REMARKS ON AN ISOLATED TOOTH." RIVISTA ITALIANA DI PALEONTOLOGIA E STRATIGRAFIA 128, no. 3 (October 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2039-4942/17397.

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The enigmatic marine reptile Helveticosaurus zollingeri, from the Middle Triassic Besano Formation of Monte San Giorgio, is known from three specimens found in Swiss territory. This paper describes the first skeletal remains of this taxon recovered from the corresponding Italian outcrops of Besano (Varese). An isolated tooth assigned to the same taxon and coming from the San Salvatore Dolomite, Rasa di Varese (Varese), is also redescribed herein. The skeletal remains have been CT scanned to inspect the preserved morphology of the bones hidden below the surface; CT data also allowed the identification of an associated ammonoid which has been crucial to determine the stratigraphic position of the studied material. The redescription of the tooth has been helped by a digital model of the specimen obtained through photogrammetry. With the additional new data obtained from the two specimens, the first skeletal reconstruction of Helveticosaurus is provided. This is followed by a phylogenetic test of the taxon, assessing its position among marine Triassic diapsids. Finally, in the light of recent studies we discuss the swimming mode and the possible ecological niche occupied by the animal: we suggest a distinction between the function of forelimbs and hindlimbs, and a distinction between different swimming styles likely performed by Helveticosaurus, depending on the speed of movements.

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Xu, Guang-Hui. "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, June 19, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa053.

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Abstract Neopterygii is a taxonomically diverse group of ray-finned fishes, including Teleostei, Holostei and their closely related fossil taxa. Here, a new small-sized stem-neopterygian with extraordinarily long teeth, Louwoichthys pusillus gen. et sp. nov., is described based on 14 well-preserved specimens from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) marine deposits of Yunnan, China. Louwoichthys is closely related to Luopingichthys from the same fossil beds and Ctenognathichthys from the Middle Triassic of the Monte San Giorgio area in Europe; the three genera are grouped into the family Louwoichthyidae fam. nov., which is recovered as sister to the ‘perleidiform’ Pseudobeaconiidae. Given that ‘Perleidiformes’ is notoriously paraphyletic, a new order, Louwoichthyiformes ord. nov., is introduced to group both families. The louwoichthyiform monophyly is strongly supported by a series of derived features, such as a relatively short maxilla, an anteriorly inclined preopercle, a subopercle with a prominent anteroventral extension, and two or three pairs of branchiostegal rays. Louwoichthys is one of the smallest louwoichthyiforms, having a largest standard length of 39 mm. It is deduced to be a scavenger that might use its long and sharp teeth to grasp and tear the prey from the substrate or to bite a piece from a larger prey item.

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Diedrich, Cajus. "The Middle Triassic marine reptile biodiversity in the Germanic Basin, in the centre of the Pangaean world." Open Geosciences 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13533-011-0060-0.

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AbstractThe Middle Triassic fossil reptile localities near Bayreuth (Bavaria, southern Germany) consist of shallow marine autochthonous glauconitic marls and terebratulid-rich tempestite carbonates of the newly defined Bindlach and Hegnabrunn formations. Single bones and incomplete skeletons of marine reptiles have been recorded in bone beds within in the Illyrian and Fassanian stages. These include the remains of the sauropterygians Neusticosaurus sp., Lariosaurus cf. buzzii [1], Nothosaurus mirabilis [2], Paranothosaurus giganteus [2], Placodus gigas [3], Cyamodus rostratus [4], Cyamodus münsteri [5], Pistosaurus longaevus [6], and ichthyosaursOmphalosaurus sp., and Shastasaurus sp. or proterosaur Tanystrophaeus conspicuus [7]. New skeletal reconstructions are based on the osteological analysis of three dimensionally preserved bones and skeletal remains. The large number of marine endemic placodont macroalgae feeders (P. gigas) in the Bayreuth sites coincides with the presence of invertebrate palaeocommunities that are characteristic of macroalgae meadow paleoenvironments. Most of the reptile species and genera from the Bayreuth localities also occur in beds of similar ages from the Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland/Italy) or Perledo (Italy) lagoonal areas. Ichthyosaurs and pistosaurs were adapted for open marine conditions, and may have migrated from the Panthalassa Oceans into the shallow marine Germanic Basin to reproduce, whereas placodonts and many other sauropterygians seem to have lived permanently in those shallow marine habitats, with large squamates and thecodont or smaller archosaurs in coastal areas.

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