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Baumgartner, Simon, Matti Barthel, Travis William Drake, Marijn Bauters, Isaac Ahanamungu Makelele, John Kalume Mugula, Laura Summerauer, et al. "Seasonality, drivers, and isotopic composition of soil CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes from tropical forests of the Congo Basin." Biogeosciences 17, no. 23 (December 9, 2020): 6207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6207-2020.
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Abstract. Soil respiration is an important carbon flux and key process determining the net ecosystem production of terrestrial ecosystems. To address the lack of quantification and understanding of seasonality in soil respiration of tropical forests in the Congo Basin, soil CO2 fluxes and potential controlling factors were measured annually in two dominant forest types (lowland and montane) of the Congo Basin over 2 years at varying temporal resolution. Soil CO2 fluxes from the Congo Basin resulted in 3.45 ± 1.14 and 3.13 ± 1.22 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1 for lowland and montane forests, respectively. Soil CO2 fluxes in montane forest soils showed a clear seasonality with decreasing flux rates during the dry season. Montane forest soil CO2 fluxes were positively correlated with soil moisture, while CO2 fluxes in the lowland forest were not. Smaller differences of δ13C values of leaf litter, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil CO2 indicated that SOC in lowland forests is more decomposed than in montane forests, suggesting that respiration is controlled by C availability rather than environmental factors. In general, C in montane forests was more enriched in 13C throughout the whole cascade of carbon intake via photosynthesis, litterfall, SOC, and soil CO2 compared to lowland forests, pointing to a more open system. Even though soil CO2 fluxes are similarly high in lowland and montane forests of the Congo Basin, the drivers of them seem to be different, i.e., soil moisture for montane forest and C availability for lowland forest.
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Fanelli, Giuliano, Petrit Hoda, Mersin Mersinllari, Ermelinda Mahmutaj, Fabio Attorre, Alessio Farcomeni, Vito Emanuele Cambria, and Michele De Sanctis. "Phytosociological overview of the Fagus and Corylus forests in Albania." Vegetation Classification and Survey 1 (December 30, 2020): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vcs/2020/54942.
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Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the mesophilous forests of Albania including Fagus sylvatica and submontane Corylus avellana forests. Mesophilous Albanian forests are poorly known and were not included in the recent syntaxonomic revisions at the European scale. Study area: Albania. Methods: We used a dataset of 284 published and unpublished relevés. They were classified using the Ward’s minimum variance. NMDS ordination was conducted, with over-laying of climatic and geological variables, to analyze the ecological gradients along which these forests develop and segregate. Random Forest was used to define the potential distribution of the identified forest groups in Albania. Results: The study identified seven groups of forests in Albania: Corylus avellana forests, Ostrya carpinifolia-Fagus sylvatica forests, lower montane mesophytic Fagus sylvatica forests, middle montane mesophytic Fagus sylvatica forests, middle montane basiphytic Fagus sylvatica forests, upper montane basiphytic Fagus sylvatica forests, upper montane acidophytic Fagus sylvatica forests. These can be grouped into four main types: Corylus avellana and Ostrya carpinifolia-Fagus sylvatica forests, thermo-basiphytic Fagus sylvatica forest, meso-basiphytic Fagus sylvatica forest and acidophytic Fagus sylvatica forests. This scheme corresponds to the ecological classification recently proposed in a European revision for Fagus sylvatica forests Conclusion: Our study supports an ecological classification of mesophilous forests of Albania at the level of suballiance. Analysis is still preliminary at the level of association, but it shows a high diversity of forest types. Taxonomic reference: Euro+Med PlantBase (http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/) [accessed 25 Novemeber 2019]. Syntaxonomic references: Mucina et al. (2016) for alliances, orders and classes; Willner et al. (2017) for suballiances.
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Beresford, Pamela, Jon Fjeldså, and Jacob Kiure. "A New Species of Akalat (Sheppardia) Narrowly Endemic in the Eastern Arc of Tanzania." Auk 121, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/121.1.23.
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Abstract The group of small forest robins, or akalats, that dwell in lowland and montane forests in Africa have complicated parapatric or partly overlapping distributions, the details of which are still being discovered. Here, we use external morphology and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data to determine the reciprocal monophyly of several populations, including one form that is related to Sheppardia lowei and S. montana. Those data corroborate the recognition of a new species, Sheppardia aurantiithorax, and show relatively high levels of sequence divergence among populations of the different species. The discovery of this new species, narrowly endemic in the Eastern Arc montane forests, emphasizes the complex biodiversity of the region and underscores the need for prompt and effective conservation measures.
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SABU, THOMAS K., S. NITHYA, and K. V. VINOD. "Faunal survey, endemism and possible species loss of Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India." Zootaxa 2830, no. 1 (April 22, 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2830.1.3.
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Species composition, distribution patterns and endemism are outlined for the dung beetles in the ecoregions of the western slopes of the moist South Western Ghats, South India. Among the 142 dung beetle species known, 35 are endemic to the Western Ghats; 29 are endemic to the moist South Western Ghats; 25 are regionally endemic to the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion; and one each to the Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion and the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests ecoregion. Five species, including the 3 flightless species, are local endemics to the upper montane tropical montane cloud forests. The montane rain forests ecoregion has the highest number of endemics in the moist south Western Ghats and the moist deciduous forests ecoregion and Malabar Coast moist deciduous forest ecoregion have the lowest levels of endemism. Of the 137 dung beetle species known prior to the deforestation and habitat modification of the region, only 87 have been collected recently.
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Foerster, S. I. A., A. M. DeSouza, and A. F. A. Lira. "Macroecological approach for scorpions (Arachnida, Scorpiones): β-diversity in Brazilian montane forests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 10 (October 2019): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0008.
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The montane forests of northeastern Brazil are patches of rainforests, surrounded by xeric vegetation, that originated during the expansion of rainforests in the Pleistocene epoch. Their historical processes make these areas ideal for biogeographical investigations of organisms, particularly in groups with low dispersion and habitat specificity, such as scorpions. We perform a macroecological investigation of the community assembly process of scorpions, disentangling the pattern of β-diversity to test the hypothesis that the similarity in the composition of scorpion fauna in areas of montane forests and coastal rainforests is greater when these localities are geographically close. We also investigated if larger patches of montane forests exhibit a positive species–area relationship. Our results state that species replacement accounts for 71% of the total scorpion β-diversity in montane forest remnants. Additionally, scorpion assemblages were influenced by the spatial arrangement, with a higher similarity between the fauna of montane forests and coastal forests when these areas were geographically close. We did not find a species–area relationship in montane forest patches. The expressive contribution of species replacement to the overall β-diversity may reflect both the high environmental heterogeneity and the historical and independent colonization events that took place in these areas.
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Jones, David T. "Termite assemblages in two distinct montane forest types at 1000 m elevation in the Maliau Basin, Sabah." Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, no. 2 (March 2000): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001401.
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Termites were surveyed at an altitude of 1000 m in Maliau Basin, Sabah (Borneo), in two primary forest habitats: lower montane forest and stunted facies of upper montane forest. Soil, wood, litter, termite nests, and arboreal microhabitats up to a height of 2 m above ground were sampled using a belt transect protocol. Two transects were run in each forest type. The upper montane forest transects collected 11 and 13 species, compared with 15 and 19 in the lower montane forest transects. With the addition of species records from casual sampling (conducted with roughly equal effort in each forest type), totals of 18 species were found in the upper montane forest, and 34 species in the lower montane forest. Similar species richness and relative abundance of wood-feeding termites were found in both forest types. However, the lower montane forest had greater richness and relative abundance of species that feed on soil and extremely decayed soil-like wood. This difference is attributed mainly to (i) the well developed, organic-rich soils of the lower montane forest being more suitable for soil-dwelling and mound-building termites compared with the upper montane forest which has sandy soils with a thick covering of peat, and (ii) the low-stature and open canopy of the upper montane forest creates microclimatic conditions which are adverse for soil-feeding termites compared with the high, closed canopy in the lower montane forest. As expected, comparisons with similar studies in lowland forests in Southeast Asia confirmed that the upland forests are relatively depauperate.
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Nadkarni, Nalini M., Teri J. Matelson, and William A. Haber. "Structural characteristics and floristic composition of a Neotropical cloud forest, Monteverde, Costa Rica." Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, no. 4 (November 1995): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400009020.
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ABSTRACTThe Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve protects a variety of primary montane forest communities on volcanic parent materials. We describe the structure and composition of the forest to provide background information for epiphyte and nutrient cycling studies and for comparison with other tropical montane forests. In a 4-ha study plot in leeward cloud forest, density of stems (2062 individuals ha−1 for stems >2 cm dbh, 555 individuals ha−1 for stems > 10cm dbh) and stem basal area (73.8 m2 ha−1 for stems >2 cm, 62.0 m2 ha−1 for stems >10 cm dbh) were high relative to other montane forests. Stems in a subset of the plot (c. 1/3 of the area) were identified and assigned to 47 families, 83 genera and 114 species, which is rich compared with other montane forests. Large stems had a higher spatial variability of structural and floristic characteristics than small stems.
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Abril, Adriana B., and Enrique H. Bucher. "Variation in soil biological characteristics on an elevational gradient in the montane forest of north-west Argentina." Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, no. 4 (July 2008): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467408005154.
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Montane tropical and subtropical rain forests are complex ecosystems, characterized by marked rainfall and temperature gradients with altitude, which in turn control the vegetation altitudinal zones (Hueck 1978). Montane forests are often referred to as cloud forests in recognition of the important influence of a dense and frequent cloud cover that conditions forest structure and functioning (Bautista-Cruz & del Castillo 2005, Holder 2004).
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Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Kamila Reczyńska, and Karel Boublík. "Variability of Abies alba-dominated forests in Central Europe." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 495–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-013-0281-y.
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AbstractUsing vegetation databases from Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia and our own material collected during a field work, we have analysed the variability of species composition of Abies alba-dominated communities in Central Europe. Analysis was performed using a modified TWINSPAN algorithm in the JUICE software. Ecological analysis was performed on the basis of mean Ellenberg indicator values with a MoPeT_v1.0.r script prepared in R software. In general, the findings indicated that there are at least 8 types of Central European silver fir-dominated forests with different patterns in species composition and habitat conditions. These are the oligotrophic subcontinental silver fir forests of the Polish highlands, oligotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forest, hygrophilous silver fir forests, oligo-mesotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forests, mesotrophic (sub)montane silver fir forests, submontane and montane calcicolous silver fir forests of the Alps and the Carpathians, eutrophic silver fir-beech forests and silver fir ravine forests. The main conclusion is that the diversity of species composition of Abies alba-dominated forests in Central Europe is lower than described in current regional synthesis, which was confirmed by ecological analyses.
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Churchill, Steven P., Lawrence S. Hamilton, James O. Juvik, and F. N. Scatena. "Tropical Montane Cloud Forests." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 122, no. 3 (July 1995): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996092.
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Healey, John, Lawrence S. Hamilton, James O. Juvik, and Fred N. Scatena. "Tropical Montane Cloud Forests." Mountain Research and Development 17, no. 1 (February 1997): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3673921.
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Tabor, Gary M., Andrew D. Johns, and John M. Kasenene. "Deciding the future of Uganda's tropical forests." Oryx 24, no. 4 (October 1990): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530003492x.
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The FFPS has been involved for some time in conservation activities in the diminishing montane forests of east-central Africa. These montane forests form an upper sector of an even more endangered medium-altitude forest formation. Throughout their distribution, medium-altitude forests have been extensively disturbed by ever-increasing human activities. Extensive areas remain only in eastern Zaire, where there ststus is uncertain, and in Uganda. The Ugandan forests are now the focus of a major internationally financed development programme.
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Tvardikova, Katerina, and Vojtech Novotny. "Predation on exposed and leaf-rolling artificial caterpillars in tropical forests of Papua New Guinea." Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467412000235.
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Abstract:Although predation is generally seen as one of the key factors determining the abundance and composition of insect herbivore communities in tropical rain forests, quantitative estimates of predation pressure in rain-forest habitats remain rare. We compared incidence of attacks of different natural enemies on semi-concealed and exposed caterpillars (Lepidoptera) in lowland and montane tropical rain forests, using plasticine models of caterpillars. We recorded attacks on caterpillars in four habitats: primary forest, secondary forest and forest fragment in lowlands (200 m asl), and montane primary forest (1700 m asl). We used 300 exposed and 300 semi-concealed caterpillars daily, and conducted the experiment for 6 d in every habitat. Daily incidence of attacks was higher on exposed caterpillars (4.95%) than on semi-concealed (leaf-rolling) caterpillars (2.99%). Attack pressure of natural enemies differed also among habitats. In the lowlands, continuous primary and secondary forests had similar daily incidence of attacks (2.39% and 2.36%) which was however lower than that found in a primary forest fragment (4.62%). This difference was caused by higher incidence of attacks by birds, ants and wasps in the forest fragment. The most important predators were birds in montane rain forests (61.9% of identified attacks), but insect predators, mostly ants, in the lowlands (58.3% of identified attacks). These results suggest that rapid decrease in the abundance of ants with altitude may be compensated by increased importance of birds as predators in montane forests. Further, it suggests that small rain-forest fragments may suffer from disproportionately high pressure from natural enemies, with potentially serious consequences for survival of their herbivorous communities.
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Allen, Iris, Sophan Chhin, and Jianwei Zhang. "Fire and Forest Management in Montane Forests of the Northwestern States and California, USA." Fire 2, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2020017.
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We reviewed forest management in the mountainous regions of several northwestern states and California in the United States and how it has impacted current issues facing these forests. We focused on the large-scale activities like fire suppression and logging which resulted in landscape level changes. We divided the region into two main forests types; wet, like the forests in the Pacific Northwest, and dry, like the forests in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. In the wet forests, the history of intensive logging shaped the current forest structure, while fire suppression played a more major role in the dry forests. Next, we looked at how historical management has influenced new forest management challenges, like catastrophic fires, decreased heterogeneity, and climate change. We then synthesized what current management actions are performed to address these issues, like thinning to reduce fuels or improve structural heterogeneity, and restoration after large-scale disturbances. Lastly, we touch on some major policies that have influenced changes in management. We note a trend towards ecosystem management that considers a forest’s historical disturbance regime. With expected climate induced changes in fire frequency, it is suggested that fuel treatments be implemented in dry forests to ensure an understory fire regime is restored in these forest systems. With respect to wet forests in this region, it is suggested that there is still a place for stand-replacing fire regimes. However, these forests will require structural changes incorporating heterogeneity to improve their resiliency and health.
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Frahm, Jan-Peter. "Ecology of bryophytes along altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in Chile." Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution 21, no. 1 (August 24, 2002): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/bde.21.1.12.
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The bryophyte vegetation in twenty-eight hectare plots in forests of S-Chile between 38° and 42°S and sea level and the forest line has been studied. Since bryophytes are fully dependend on atmospheric water and nutrient supply, they are good indicators of ecological conditions, especially for humidity. Therefore cover of epiphytic bryophytes, percentage of hepatics, composition of life forms and phytomass of epiphytic bryophytes were used as parameters. Cover and phytomass of epiphytic bryophytes as well as percentage of hepatics show moderate values in the lowlands, peak values in the montane belt (400-800m) and low values in the high montane to subalpine forests. This zonation corresponds with the composition of life forms and is attributed to a higher humidity in the montane belt. Life forms characteristic for the lowlands and submontane belts are pendants, those for the montane belt are wefts and tails, and those for the high montane and and subalpine belts are mats and cushions. The same zonation is found in New Zealand at comparable latitudes. The altitudinal differences are much stronger than the latitudinal ones. Compared with similar transect studies in New Zealand, there is a comparable zonation based on bryphytes. The percentage of hepatics as a good indicator of humidity, is – both in Chile and New Zealand - higher in the transects along the coast with higher precipitation, lower in transects in the inland with less precipitation, and increasing with altitude. Compared with tropical rain forests, the “mossiness” of temperate rain forests expressed by phytomass of epiphytic bryophytes per hectare, cover and percentage of hepatics is comparable to tropical rain forests above 2000 m, which is the corresponding elevation with regard to the mean annual precipitation. In Chile, however, there is a distinct decrease of “mossiness” in the high montane and subalpine forests, which is attributed to special climatological conditions, whereas bryophytes reach maximum cover and phytomass in the tropical high montane and subalpine forests. A comparison with montane forests in Europe in 48°N reveal, that phytomass and percentage of hepatics is distinctly less than in the true rain forests of the southern hemisphere.
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Stephens, Scott L. "Fire history differences in adjacent Jeffrey pine and upper montane forests in the eastern Sierra Nevada." International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, no. 2 (2001): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01008.
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Fire history and forest structural characteristics of adjacent Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and upper montane forests was investigated in the eastern Sierra Nevada at the University of California Valentine Natural Reserve. Jeffrey pine forests had lower canopy cover, higher amounts of fine fuels, and higher shrub cover when compared to upper montane forest that were dominated by red fir (Abies magnifica). Fire dates were determined using standard dendrochronolgy techniques from fire-scarred Jeffrey pine, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana), red f ir, and western white pine (Pinus monticola) trees, snags, stumps, and downed logs. Fires were recorded from 1745 to 1889 and mean fire return intervals were 9 and 24.7 years for the Jeffrey pine and upper montane forest types, respectively. The median fire return interval was 9.0 years for Jeffrey pine and 24.0 years for upper montane forests. Significant differences were found in mean fire intervals and fire history distributions between the two similarly sized fire history plots even though they were only separated by approximately 100 m. This study suggests that fire regimes can vary over very fine spatial scales. Differences in fire regimes are likely due to differences in fuel beds and fire behavior.
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González-Zamora, Alfredo, Manuel Esperón-Rodríguez, and Víctor L. Barradas. "Mountain cloud forest and grown-shade coffee plantations: A comparison of tree biodiversity in central Veracruz, Mexico." Forest Systems 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 055. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2016251-07538.
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Aim of the study: The objective of this work is to compare tree diversity and richness among one grown-shade coffee plantation (CAE) and two sites of montane cloud forests, one preserved (MCF1) and other perturbed (MCF2). We also develop an analysis of the importance of coffee plantations as a refuge of tree species, holding a potential role for conservation.Area of study: Our study area is the coffee region of Coatepec-Xico, in the state of Veracruz, Mexico.Material and methods: We compiled a list of all tree species in each site to determine tree diversity and floristic similarity (dissimilarity). We used different similarity indices and a cluster analysis to show relations among sites.Main results: 2721 individuals from 154 species were registered in the montane cloud forests as a whole. In the grown-shade coffee plantation we registered 2947 individuals from 64 species. The most similar sites were the perturbed montane cloud forest and the grown-shade coffee plantation and the least similar were the preserved montane cloud forest and the grown-shade coffee plantation. The high biodiversity found in all sites and the differences in tree composition between the two montane cloud forests supports evidence of the ecosystems richness in the region.Research highlight: Diversity differences among sites determine that the grown-shade coffee plantation is not substitute for montane cloud forest. CAE’s are developed under similar environmental conditions than the MCF; therefore, coexistence and recombination (replacement) of species make them particularly complementary. CAE’s in Veracruz have a potential role as refuge for biodiversity.
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Bax, Vincent, Augusto Castro-Nunez, and Wendy Francesconi. "Assessment of Potential Climate Change Impacts on Montane Forests in the Peruvian Andes: Implications for Conservation Prioritization." Forests 12, no. 3 (March 21, 2021): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12030375.
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Future climate change will result in profound shifts in the distribution and abundance of biodiversity in the Tropical Andes, and poses a challenge to contemporary conservation planning in the region. However, currently it is not well understood where the impacts of climate disruption will be most severe and how conservation policy should respond. This study examines climate change impacts in the Peruvian Andes, with a specific focus on tropical montane forest ecosystems, which are particularly susceptible to climate change. Using an ensemble of classification models coupled with different climate change scenarios, we estimate high and low potential impacts on montane forest, by projecting which areas will become climatically unsuitable to support montane forest ecosystems by 2070. These projections are subsequently used to examine potential impacts on protected areas containing montane forest. The modeling output indicates that climate change will have a high potential impact on 58% of all montane forests, particularly in the elevation range between 800 and 1200 m.a.s.l. Furthermore, about 64% of montane forests located in protected areas will be exposed to high potential impact. These results highlight the need for Peru’s conservation institutions to incorporate climate change considerations into prevailing conservation plans and adaptation strategies. To adjust to climate change, the adaptive capacity of forest ecosystems in the Peruvian Andes should be enhanced through restorative and preventive conservation measures such as improving forest functions and mitigating deforestation and forest degradation pressures.
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Jones, Sam P., Torsten Diem, Lidia P. Huaraca Quispe, Adan J. Cahuana, Dave S. Reay, Patrick Meir, and Yit Arn Teh. "Drivers of atmospheric methane uptake by montane forest soils in the southern Peruvian Andes." Biogeosciences 13, no. 14 (July 21, 2016): 4151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4151-2016.
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Abstract. The soils of tropical montane forests can act as sources or sinks of atmospheric methane (CH4). Understanding this activity is important in regional atmospheric CH4 budgets given that these ecosystems account for substantial portions of the landscape in mountainous areas like the Andes. We investigated the drivers of net CH4 fluxes from premontane, lower and upper montane forests, experiencing a seasonal climate, in south-eastern Peru. Between February 2011 and June 2013, these soils all functioned as net sinks for atmospheric CH4. Mean (standard error) net CH4 fluxes for the dry and wet season were −1.6 (0.1) and −1.1 (0.1) mg CH4-C m−2 d−1 in the upper montane forest, −1.1 (0.1) and −1.0 (0.1) mg CH4-C m−2 d−1 in the lower montane forest, and −0.2 (0.1) and −0.1 (0.1) mg CH4-C m−2 d−1 in the premontane forest. Seasonality in CH4 exchange varied among forest types with increased dry season CH4 uptake only apparent in the upper montane forest. Variation across these forests was best explained by available nitrate and water-filled pore space indicating that nitrate inhibition of oxidation or diffusional constraints imposed by changes in water-filled pore space on methanotrophic communities may represent important controls on soil–atmosphere CH4 exchange. Net CH4 flux was inversely related to elevation; a pattern that differs to that observed in Ecuador, the only other extant study site of soil–atmosphere CH4 exchange in the tropical Andes. This may result from differences in rainfall patterns between the regions, suggesting that attention should be paid to the role of rainfall and soil moisture dynamics in modulating CH4 uptake by the organic-rich soils typical of high-elevation tropical forests.
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Dalling, James W., Katherine Heineman, Grizelle González, and Rebecca Ostertag. "Geographic, environmental and biotic sources of variation in the nutrient relations of tropical montane forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 5 (November 20, 2015): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467415000619.
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Abstract:Tropical montane forests (TMF) are associated with a widely observed suite of characteristics encompassing forest structure, plant traits and biogeochemistry. With respect to nutrient relations, montane forests are characterized by slow decomposition of organic matter, high investment in below-ground biomass and poor litter quality, relative to tropical lowland forests. However, within TMF there is considerable variation in substrate age, parent material, disturbance and species composition. Here we emphasize that many TMFs are likely to be co-limited by multiple nutrients, and that feedback among soil properties, species traits, microbial communities and environmental conditions drive forest productivity and soil carbon storage. To date, studies of the biogeochemistry of montane forests have been restricted to a few, mostly neotropical, sites and focused mainly on trees while ignoring mycorrhizas, epiphytes and microbial community structure. Incorporating the geographic, environmental and biotic variability in TMF will lead to a greater recognition of plant–soil feedbacks that are critical to understanding constraints on productivity, both under present conditions and under future climate, nitrogen-deposition and land-use scenarios.
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Garcés-Pastor, Sandra, Emilia Gutiérrez-Merino, Elisabet Martínez-Sancho, Isabel Dorado-Liñán, J. Julio Camarero, Núria Cañellas-Boltà, and Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia. "Subalpine forest dynamics reconstructed throughout the last 700 years in the Central Pyrenees by means of tree rings and pollen." Holocene 29, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 300–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618810402.
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Understanding how climate has modulated forest growth and composition in the past is necessary to predict the influence of the ongoing climate warming on the dynamics of mountain forests. We studied the past dynamics of subalpine Pyrenean forests during the last 700 years by assessing the relationships between sedimentary pollen and tree-ring records, and their link with climatic drivers. We compared the pollen record and the montane pollen ratio, an integrative index obtained from sedimentary pollen that allows inferring past altitudinal variations in the montane–subalpine ecotone, with tree-ring width from mountain pine ( Pinus uncinata) subalpine forests located in Central Pyrenees. To assess climate–growth associations, we related the dendrochronological data with instrumental meteorological records (1901–2010) and temperature reconstructions from the Pyrenees and Northern Hemisphere. Few robust associations were found between arboreal pollen taxa and tree-ring width series of the surrounding forests. However, significant correlations were found between the montane pollen ratio and tree-ring width series from nearby forests (located less than 10 km apart). This relationship could be potentially useful to infer long-term forest growth changes at decadal to centennial scales using the montane pollen ratio. On the contrary, our results show that tree radial growth has mainly been constrained by low temperatures although the growth sensitivity to climate has considerably varied over the last 700 years. Similar results were obtained for the last century as growth variability of these high-elevation forests is still driven by low temperatures, but a relaxation of this constrain in recent decades has been detected.
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Axelrod, Daniel I. "An interpretation of high montane conifers in western Tertiary floras." Paleobiology 14, no. 3 (1988): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012021.
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Megafossil remains of conifers allied to taxa of the high montane fir-spruce-hemlock-white pine zone often occur in relatively lowland Tertiary floras together with taxa typical of the mixed-conifer and broadleaved sclerophyll forest zones. Even though these forests are now separated in elevation by fully 1,000 m and in distance by 10–20 km or more, it has been generally accepted that the structures of the high montane conifers were transported to the basins of deposition from distant, high mountains. Several lines of evidence show that montane conifers were regular members of both mixed-conifer and montane conifer forests. They were restricted to higher elevations in the late Neogene–Quaternary; as summers became drier and hotter, the germinating seedlings failed to become established in the mixed-conifer forest zone. They were further isolated from the broadleaved sclerophyll zone, which was confined to lower levels as winters became colder and snow more frequent.
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Gower, Stith T., and Charles C. Grier. "Aboveground organic matter and production of a montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Washington Cascade Range." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-079.
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Aboveground biomass and production were determined for a 70-year-old mixed conifer forest of western larch (Larixoccidentalis Nutt.), lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.), and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Range in Washington state. Live aboveground biomass, projected leaf area, and aboveground net primary production for the mixed conifer forest were 194 Mg•ha−1, 4.2 m−2•m−2, and 6.1 Mg•ha−1•year−1, respectively. Based on the few studies of montane forests on the eastern slope of the Cascades, aboveground biomass, leaf area index, and aboveground net primary production of these forests are more similar to those of montane coniferous forests in the Rocky Mountains than to those of similar forests located on the western slopes of the Cascades.
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Freiberg, Martin, and Elke Freiberg. "Epiphyte diversity and biomass in the canopy of lowland and montane forests in Ecuador." Journal of Tropical Ecology 16, no. 5 (September 2000): 673–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400001644.
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Epiphyte diversity as well as distribution and composition of epiphytic biomass was investigated in two lowland and two montane rain forests in Ecuador. Species numbers of epiphytes per tree were slightly higher in the montane (22–41 in Los Cedros, 33–54 in Otonga) than in the lowland forests (9–43 in Yasuni, 19–32 in Tiputini), however differences were not significant. In contrast, some epiphyte families did show significant altitudinal differences. The total epiphytic biomass per branch surface decreased from the centre of the crown to the periphery, and was generally higher in the montane (6.0 kg m−2 on central branches in Los Cedros, 1.8 kg m−2 in Otonga) than in the lowland forests (1.3 kg m−2 in Yasuni and 1.8 kg m−2 in Tiputini). Especially, dry weight of bryophytes and dead organic matter was higher in the mountains. In contrast, the biomass of green parts of vascular epiphytes on central branches was about the same in all four forests (0.4–0.6 kg m−2). A comparison with literature data from other study sites of tropical moist forests supports the observation that biomass of vascular epiphytes does not significantly change with altitude. It is discussed, that the high bryophytic biomass in montane compared to lowland forests is a major reason for differences in humus biomass between these forest types.
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Mata, Juan L., Roy E. Halling, Karen W. Hughes, and Ronald H. Petersen. "Rhodocollybia in neotropical montane forests." Mycological Progress 3, no. 4 (November 2004): 337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-006-0104-x.
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Duffey, Eric. "Conservation of Cameroon Montane forests." Biological Conservation 41, no. 3 (1987): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(87)90105-4.
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Chapman, Hazel, Norbert J. Cordeiro, Paul Dutton, Dan Wenny, Shumpei Kitamura, Beth Kaplin, Felipe P. L. Melo, and Michael J. Lawes. "Seed-dispersal ecology of tropical montane forests." Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, no. 5 (August 3, 2016): 437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000389.
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Abstract:Seed-dispersal ecology in tropical montane forests (TMF) differs in some predictable ways from tropical lowland forests (TLF). Environmental, biogeographic and biotic factors together shape dispersal syndromes which in turn influence forest structure and community composition. Data on diaspore traits along five elevational gradients from forests in Thailand, the Philippines, Tanzania, Malawi and Nigeria showed that diaspore size decreases with increasing altitude, fleshy fruits remain the most common fruit type but the relative proportion of wind-dispersed diaspores increases with altitude. Probably corresponding to diaspore size decreasing with increasing elevation, we also provide evidence that avian body size and gape width decrease with increasing altitude. Among other notable changes in the frugivorous fauna across elevational gradients, we found quantitative evidence illustrating that the proportion of bird versus mammalian frugivores increases with altitude, while TMF primates decrease in diversity and density, and switch diets to include less fruit and more leaf proportionately. A paucity of studies on dispersal distance and seed shadows, the dispersal/predation balance and density-dependent mortality thwart much-needed conclusive comparisons of seed dispersal ecology between TMF and TLF, especially from understudied Asian forests. We examine the available evidence, reveal knowledge gaps and recommend research to enhance our understanding of seed dispersal ecology in tropical forests. This review demonstrates that seed dispersal is a more deterministic and important process in tropical montane forests than has been previously appreciated.
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Hanson, Chad T., and Tonja Y. Chi. "Black-Backed Woodpecker Nest Density in the Sierra Nevada, California." Diversity 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12100364.
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In the western U.S., the black-backed woodpecker has been found to be associated with dense montane conifer forests with high snag densities, typically resulting from moderate- to high-severity wildland fires. However, black-backed woodpeckers are occasionally also detected nesting in unburned forests, raising questions about the type of habitat in which they nest and the potential abundance of such habitat. We conducted intensive black-backed woodpecker nest density surveys in large plots within the middle/upper-montane conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, within general (undisturbed) forests, snag forest habitat from moderate/high-severity wildland fire, and unburned snag forest habitat from drought and native bark beetles. We found black-backed woodpeckers nesting only in the two snag forest conditions, mostly in burned snag forest, and their preferential selection of burned snag forest was statistically significant. No nest was found in general forests. Our spatial analysis indicates that snag forest is rare in the forests of the Sierra Nevada due to fire suppression and logging, raising concerns regarding small population size, which we estimate to be only 461 to 772 pairs in the Sierra Nevada.
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Arsenault, André. "A note on the ecology and management of old-growth forests in the Montane Cordillera." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79441-3.
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The Montane Cordillera ecozone that spans British Columbia's central and southern interior and a portion of southwestern Alberta contains the greatest variety of old-growth coniferous forest types in Canada. The diverse climates of this region, which include some of the driest, warmest, wettest, and coldest found in southern continental Canada, have directly contributed to the richness of old forest types. Associated with this range in climatic conditions are radically different natural disturbance regimes that have profoundly influenced the distribution, abundance, and structural characteristics of old-growth forests. Old forests tend to be more abundant and to contain more old-growth-dependent organisms in wetter climates. The high number of old-growth-dependent epiphytic lichens in old inland rainforests is a clear expression of this phenomenon. Conversely, old forests are much less abundant in dry landscapes. These forests, often dominated by Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. Laws. ex C. Laws.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), have been subject to more frequent natural disturbances, and have been more profoundly influenced by human activities. Although fewer species appear to be dependent on old growth in dry forests, a number of them require certain old-growth structural attributes for their survival. A better understanding of the ecological characteristics of the old-growth forests of Canada's Montane Cordillera will assist in developing informed land-use decisions. Key words: old-growth forest, Montane Cordillera, natural disturbance, landscape ecology and management
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Mansur, Muhammad, and Kuswata Kartawinata. "PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF A LOWER MONTANE FOREST ON MT. BATULANTEH, SUMBAWA, INDONESIA." REINWARDTIA 16, no. 2 (December 19, 2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/reinwardtia.v16i2.3369.
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MANSUR, M & KARTAWINATA, K. 2017. Phytosociology of a Lower Montane Forest on Mt. Batulanteh, Sumbawa, Indonesia. Reinwardtia 16 (2): 77-92. — While Indonesia’s forests are globally known for their high species diversity but many regions remain little known to investigate the tree community in a lower montane forest at Mt. Batulanteh in Sumbawa. We subjectively laid out plots of 1,800 m2 each, two in secondary forests and one in a disturbed primary forest. All stems over 5 cm diameters were measured and identified. In the plot of 0,54 hectare, we recorded 723 individuals, representing 78 species, 60 genera and 33 families. Estimated volume of boles was 183.2 m3/0.54 ha, biomass was 220.1 tons/0.54 ha, carbon stock was 110.0 tons/0.54 ha and CO2 sequestration was 403.1 ton/0.54 ha. The forest at Mt. Batulanteh is classified as Garcinia-Cryptocarya association consisting of Micromelum-Cinnamomum subassociation. Dipterocarpus-Calophyllum subassociation and Garcinia-Syzygium subassociation. Dominant species were Micromelum minutum (IV=27.24), Mallotus philippensis (IV=26.2), Cryptocarya ferrea (IV=24.71) and Cinnamomum burmanni (IV=23.81) in Plot 1, Dipterocarpus retusus (IV=77.4) and Calophyllum soulattri (IV=24.21) in Plot 2, and Garcinia celebica (IV=34.86) and Syzygium sp. 1 (IV=34.76) in Plot 3. Dipterocarpus retusus was unique of having restricted distribution. Fagaceae, typical family in montane forests, was absent. Shannon’s diversity index was low (H '= 1.61). It can be concluded that the plots do not constitute a representative of Mt. Batulanteh and the surrounding forests, but they were sufficient to provide an illustration of the forests locally. The diameter class distribution indicated that the forests were regenerating. They were developing secondary forest and regenerating disturbed primary forest; slow successions were in the process and could be enhancedby ecological restoration. Further botanical explorations in poorly known regions of Sumbawa should be intensified further.
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Jacobs, Mark D., and Jon S. Walker. "Density estimates of birds inhabiting fragments of cloud forest in southern Ecuador." Bird Conservation International 9, no. 1 (March 1999): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900003361.
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SummaryBetween June and September 1995 estimates were made of the population densities of birds inhabiting fragments of unprotected montane cloud forests in southern Ecuador. The study focused on 10 species: Bearded Guan Penelope barbata, Golden-plumed Parakeet Leptosittaca branickii, Red-faced Parrot Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops, White-capped Parrot Pionus seniloides, Grey-breasted Mountain-Toucan Andigena hypoglauca, Barred Fruiteater Pipreola arcuata, Turquoise Jay Cyanolyca turcosa, Great Thrush Turdus fuscater, Hooded Mountain-tanager Buthraupis montana, and Mountain Cacique Cacicus leucoramphus. Species assemblages and population densities varied greatly between sites, despite the presence of similar habitats and altitudinal ranges. Substantial populations of the threatened Bearded Guan, Grey-breasted Mountain-Toucan and Golden-plumed Parakeet were found in areas previously unstudied, as well as in areas previously known to be important. Currently unprotected areas are important for the conservation of montane cloud forest birds.
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ZHU, HUA. "Floristic divergence of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in Yunnan, southwestern China." Phytotaxa 393, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.393.1.1.
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The Yunnan boast three broad-leaved forests, the semi-wet evergreen broad-leaved forest (SWEB) occurring in subtropical plateaus areas, the lower montane evergreen broad-leaved forest (LMEB) in tropical lower montane, and the upper montane evergreen broad-leaved forest (UMEB) in subtropical upper montane regions. Floristic composition and biogeography of these evergreen broad-leaved forests are studied and their diversification and divergence are revealed. I found similarities across the three forest types with species-rich families tending to have cosmopolitan distributions and families with less species exhibiting other distribution types. In biogeographical elements, the SWEB and the UMEB showed similar affinity in the proportion of tropical elements comprising total genera, specifically 45% and 44% respectively, and temperate elements totaling 46% and 48%, of all genera with northern temperate distribution comprising the highest ratio (18% in the SWEB and 20% in the UMEB ). LMEB tropical elements comprised 79% of the total genera, with tropical Asian distributed elements contributing the highest ratio (27%). While the three forest floras comprised of similar families, the same is not true at the genus and species levels. I suggest our results indicate divergence of the three forest floras, possibly from events in the geological history of Yunnan. From recent palaeobotanical studies, the diversification of floras of these evergreen broad-leaved forests in Yunnan occurred during the late Miocene with increased divergence with time in response not only to altitude changes and at the same time global cooling in Yunnan, but also the southeastward extrusion of Indochina geoblock influencing LMEB, and the Himalayan uplift affecting the floras of SWEB and UMEB.
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Oliveira-Filho, A. T., E. A. Vilela, M. L. Gavilaness, and D. A. Carvalho. "Comparison of the woody flora and soils of six areas of montane semideciduous forest in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (November 1994): 355–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428600001839.
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Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the woody flora and soil analyses are provided for six areas of montane semideciduous forest in the upper Rio Grande region, southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Comparisons are made of the floristic composition of these six areas and 24 other forest areas of southeastern Brazil using ordination by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and hierarchical classifications, both agglomerative (upgma) and divisive (twinspan). The variation in community structure of five of the six forest areas was analysed using a two-way table yielded by twinspan. The floristic analyses indicated the strongest link between the forests of the upper Rio Grande region and other montane forest formations of southeastern Brazil as well as secondary links with the gallery forests that extend into the cerrado domain and the submontane semideciduous forests of the Rio Parana basin. Variations in community structure among the five forest areas were apparently associated mainly with riverside effects and soil fertility.
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Diggins, Corinne A., Alexander Silvis, Christine A. Kelly, and W. Mark Ford. "Home range, den selection and habitat use of Carolina northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus)." Wildlife Research 44, no. 5 (2017): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16203.
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Context Understanding habitat selection is important for determining conservation and management strategies for endangered species. The Carolina northern flying squirrel (CNFS; Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus) is an endangered subspecies found in the high-elevation montane forests of the southern Appalachians, USA. The primary use of nest boxes to monitor CNFS has provided biased information on habitat use for this subspecies, as nest boxes are typically placed in suitable denning habitat. Aims We conducted a radio-telemetry study on CNFS to determine home range, den site selection and habitat use at multiple spatial scales. Methods We radio-collared 21 CNFS in 2012 and 2014–15. We tracked squirrels to diurnal den sites and during night-time activity. Key results The MCP (minimum convex polygon) home range at 95% for males was 5.2±1.2ha and for females was 4.0±0.7. The BRB (biased random bridge) home range at 95% for males was 10.8±3.8ha and for females was 8.3±2.1. Den site (n=81) selection occurred more frequently in montane conifer dominate forests (81.4%) vs northern hardwood forests or conifer–northern hardwood forests (9.9% and 8.7%, respectively). We assessed habitat selection using Euclidean distance-based analysis at the 2nd order and 3rd order scale. We found that squirrels were non-randomly selecting for habitat at both 2nd and 3rd order scales. Conclusions At both spatial scales, CNFS preferentially selected for montane conifer forests more than expected based on availability on the landscape. Squirrels selected neither for nor against northern hardwood forests, regardless of availability on the landscape. Additionally, CNFS denned in montane conifer forests more than other habitat types. Implications Our results highlight the importance of montane conifer to CNFS in the southern Appalachians. Management and restoration activities that increase the quality, connectivity and extent of this naturally rare forest type may be important for long-term conservation of this subspecies, especially with the impending threat of anthropogenic climate change.
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KESSLER, M., A. R. SMITH, and M. LEHNERT. "FOUR NEW SPECIES OF SELAGINELLA (PTERIDOPHYTA – SELAGINELLACEAE) FROM BOLIVIA." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 63, no. 1 (March 2006): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428606000321.
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Four new species of Selaginella from Bolivia are described and illustrated: S. alampeta, a species from humid montane forests at 1200–1700 m that is most similar to S. flexuosa; S. arroyoana, a presumably poikilohydric species found on the walls of periodically dry stream beds and in fissures among rocks on Precambrian sandstone massifs at 750–900 m in eastern Bolivia; S. bryophila, an epiphytic species known only from the type collection made among mats of liverworts in humid montane rain forest, and S. chiquitana, from semideciduous forests at 800 m on a Precambrian sandstone massif in southeastern Bolivia.
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Mühlenberg, M., J. Appelfelder, H. Hoffmann, E. Ayush, and K. J. Wilson. "Structure of the montane taiga forests of West Khentii, Northern Mongolia." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 2 (February 21, 2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/97/2010-jfs.
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Studies were undertaken to investigate the composition, structure and diversity of four different types of North Mongolian montane forest near the southern border of the taiga. These forest types, classified as willow-poplar, larch-birch, spruce-fir and Siberian-pine forests, were found to be significantly different with respect to the elevational gradient. In the study area, two fire regimes could be distinguished at lower and drier elevations, frequent surface fires resulted in less diverse forests comprising coniferous species, which in their adult form were found to be fire-resistant, burn-colonizing and light-demanding deciduous tree species. In contrast, the forests colonizing the moist, higher elevations and shaded slopes had a higher diversity of tree species with greater basal area, higher proportion of deadwood, and more regenerating trees; here the coniferous shade trees experienced infrequent but destructive treetop fires. Overall, our results showed that the four forest types differed in composition according to the tree species, diameter and height classes.
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Bujakiewicz, Anna. "Fungi of Mt. Babia Góra." Acta Mycologica 18, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 3–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1982.001.
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In that part of elaboration the results of mycosociological investigation in the forests of the upper montane forest zone and synthetic characteristic of participation of macromycetes in the all forests studied is presented. Rogularities and distinct connections have been found in the occurrence of macromycetes on the background of various forest associations, differences in exposure, orography, climate and changes induced by man.
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Rodal, Maria, and Jesus Nogueira. "Montane Forests in northeast Brazil: a phytogeographical approach." Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 124, no. 1 (August 5, 2002): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0006-8152/2002/0124-0003.
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Bruijnzeel, L. A., and F. N. Scatena. "Hydrometeorology of tropical montane cloud forests." Hydrological Processes 25, no. 3 (December 29, 2010): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7962.
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GUARIGUATA, MANUEL R. "Advancing knowledge of neotropical montane forests." Journal of Biogeography 25, no. 4 (July 1998): 809–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.2540809.x.
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Koehler, B., M. D. Corre, E. Veldkamp, and J. P. Sueta. "Chronic nitrogen addition causes a reduction in soil carbon dioxide efflux during the high stem-growth period in a tropical montane forest but no response from a tropical lowland forest in decadal scale." Biogeosciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 8633–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-8633-2009.
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Abstract. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is rapidly increasing in tropical regions. We studied the response of soil carbon dioxide CO2 efflux to long-term experimental N-addition (125 kg N ha−1 yr-1) in mature lowland and montane forests in Panamá. In the lowland forest, on soils with high nutrient-supplying and buffering capacity, fine litterfall and stem-growth were neither N- nor phosphorus-limited. In the montane forest, on soils with low nutrient supplying capacity and an organic layer, fine litterfall and stem-growth were N-limited. Our objectives were to 1) explore the influence of soil temperature and moisture on the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux and 2) determine the responses of soil CO2 efflux from an N-rich and N-limited forest to elevated N input. Annual soil CO2-C efflux was larger from the lowland (15.20±1.25 Mg C ha−1) than the montane forest (9.36±0.29 Mg C ha−1). In the lowland forest, soil moisture explained the largest fraction of the variance in soil CO2 efflux while soil temperature was the main explanatory variable in the montane forest. Soil CO2 efflux in the lowland forest did not differ between the control and 9–11 yr N-addition plots, suggesting that chronic N input to nutrient-rich tropical lowland forests on well-buffered soils may not change their C balance in decadal scale. In the montane forest, first year N addition did not affect soil CO2 efflux but annual CO2 efflux was reduced by 14% and 8% in the 2- and 3 yr N-addition plots, respectively, compared to the control. This reduction was caused by a decrease in soil CO2 efflux during the high stem-growth period of the year, suggesting a shift in carbon partitioning from below- to aboveground in the N-addition plots where stem diameter growth was promoted.
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Biondi, Maurizio, and Paola D'Alessandro. "Two new species of the flea beetle genus Psylliodes Latreille of the montana species-group from Eastern Africa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)." Fragmenta Entomologica 50, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/fe.2018.305.
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In this paper, Psylliodes afromontana sp. nov. and P. shira sp. nov., both from Eastern Africa [Kenya (Kikuyu Escarpment) and Tanzania (Kilimanjaro) respectively], are described. The two new species are attributed to the montana species-group, currently including four other wingless species occurring in the montane forests of Kenya and Tanzania: Psylliodes montana Weise, P. kikuyana Biondi, P. masai Biondi, P. manobioides Nadein. Micrographs of diagnostic characters, comprehending male and female genitalia are supplied. Ecological data for each species, including habitat preference, and phenology are also reported.
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Wolf, Jan H. D. "Epiphyte communities of tropical montane rain forests in the northern Andes I. Lower montane communities." Phytocoenologia 22, no. 1 (June 29, 1993): 1–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/22/1993/1.
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Wolf, Jan H. D. "Epiphyte communities of tropical montane rain forests in the northern Andes II. Upper montane communities." Phytocoenologia 22, no. 1 (June 29, 1993): 53–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/22/1993/53.
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Littell, Jeremy S., and David L. Peterson. "A method for estimating vulnerability of Douglas-fir growth to climate change in the northwestern U.S." Forestry Chronicle 81, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc81369-3.
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Borrowing from landscape ecology, atmospheric science, and integrated assessment, we aim to understand the complex interactions that determine productivity in montane forests and utilize such relationships to forecast montane forest vulnerability under global climate change. Specifically, we identify relationships for precipitation and temperature that govern the spatiotemporal variability in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) growth by seeking similarities in patterns of growth/climate models across a significant portion of the climatological range of the species. In the 21st century and beyond, sustainable forestry will depend on successful adaptation to the impacts of climate change and climate variability on forest structure and function. The combination of these foci will allow improved prediction of the fate of montane forests over a wide range of biogeoclimatic conditions in western North America and thus allow improved management strategies for adapting to climate change. We describe a multi-disciplinary strategy for analyzing growth variability as a function of climate over a broad range of local-to-regional influences and demonstrate the efficacy of this sampling method in defining regional gradients of growth-limiting factors. Key words: Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, climate variability, climate impacts, mechanism-response, tree rings, growth-climate relationships
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Fan, Kexin, Yue Xu, Pengcheng Liu, and Runguo Zang. "Recovery of Logged Tropical Montane Rainforests as Potential Habitats for Hainan Gibbon." Forests 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060711.
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As the world’s rarest ape, the main threat facing Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is habitat degradation and loss caused by human disturbances. The insufficient area and continuous human disturbance in most of the existing habitats can hardly maintain the future recovery and development of the gibbon population. A large area of secondary tropical montane rainforest in recovery was retained in Bawangling National Nature Reserve after disturbance. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the recovery of these secondary forests for the protection and restoration of Hainan gibbon habitat. To explore the recovery of secondary tropical rainforests after different disturbances, and whether they have the potential to serve as the future habitats for Hainan gibbon, we calculated four dynamic indexes (including recruitment rate, mortality/loss rate, relative growth rate and turnover rate) of abundance and basal area for the total community and for food plants of Hainan gibbon based on data from two censuses of secondary forests recovered nearly 45 years after different disturbances (clear-cutting and selective-logging) and old-growth forest of tropical montane rainforest. The results are as follows: (1) There were no significant differences in recruitment rates, mortality rates and turnover rates of abundance and basal area between recovered clear-cutting forests, selectively logged forests and old-growth forests. (2) Abundance, basal area and species of small (1 < DBH ≤ 10 cm) and medium (10 ≤ DBH < 30 cm) food plants in the two disturbed forests were higher, while those of large food plants (DBH ≥ 30 cm) in the two forests were lower than in old-growth forests. (3) For the common food species occurring in all three kinds of communities, the relative growth rate of most small trees in clear-cutting forest was higher than that of old-growth forest. Our research demonstrates that the lack of large food plants is the key limiting factor for the development of the secondary mountain rainforest as habitats for Hainan gibbon at present. However, it has great potential to transform into suitable habitats through targeted restoration and management due to the high recruitment rate and relative growth rate of the small- and medium-sized food plants.
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Koehler, B., M. D. Corre, E. Veldkamp, and J. P. Sueta. "Chronic nitrogen addition causes a reduction in soil carbon dioxide efflux during the high stem-growth period in a tropical montane forest but no response from a tropical lowland forest on a decadal time scale." Biogeosciences 6, no. 12 (December 11, 2009): 2973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2973-2009.
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Abstract. Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is rapidly increasing in tropical regions. We studied the response of soil carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux to long-term experimental N addition (125 kg N ha−1 yr−1) in mature lowland and montane forests in Panama. In the lowland forest, on soils with high nutrient-supplying and buffering capacity, fine litterfall and stem-growth were neither N- nor phosphorus-limited. In the montane forest, on soils with low nutrient supplying capacity and an organic layer, fine litterfall and stem-growth were N-limited. Our objectives were to 1) explore the influence of soil temperature and moisture on the dynamics of soil CO2 efflux and 2) determine the responses of soil CO2 efflux from an N-rich and N-limited forest to elevated N input. Annual soil CO2-C efflux was larger in the lowland (15.44 ± 1.02 Mg C ha−1) than in the montane forest (9.37 ± 0.28 Mg C ha−1). In the lowland forest, soil moisture explained the largest fraction of the variance in soil CO2 efflux while soil temperature was the main explanatory variable in the montane forest. Soil CO2 efflux in the lowland forest did not differ between the control and 9–11 yr N-addition plots, suggesting that chronic N input to nutrient-rich tropical lowland forests on well-buffered soils may not change their C balance on a decadal time scale. In the montane forest, first year N addition did not affect soil CO2 efflux but annual CO2 efflux was reduced by 14% and 8% in the 2nd and 3rd year N-addition plots, respectively, compared to the control. This reduction was caused by a decrease in soil CO2 efflux during the high stem-growth period of the year, suggesting a shift in carbon partitioning from below- to aboveground in the N-addition plots in which stem diameter growth was promoted.
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Pedraza, Rosa-Amelia, Guadalupe Williams-Linera, and Teresa Nicolás-Silva. "Vegetation structure and biodiversity recovery in 19-year-old active restoration plantations in a Neotropical cloud forest." Forest Systems 30, no. 1 (March 12, 2021): 3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2021301-17131.
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Aim of the study: To evaluate how middle-aged active restoration plantations of native tree species contribute to the recovery of the tropical cloud forest in terms of vegetation structure, tree richness, species composition, and to shade-tolerance and seed dispersal mode functional groups.Area of the study: We studied two 19-year-old active restoration sites and their reference mature forests in the tropical montane cloud forest belt, Veracruz, Mexico.Materials and methods: The basal area, density and height as well as the tree species composition and number of species and individuals classified by shade tolerance (pioneer and non-pioneer trees), and seed dispersal mode (anemochorous, barochorous-synzoochorous and endozoochorous) were compared between active restoration plantations and reference forests.Main results: Planted trees and the woody vegetation growing under them represented a high proportion of reference forests’ basal area. Tree richness and Shannon’s equitability index were similar in both reference forests and one active restoration plantation and slightly different in the other. Tree species composition differed among sites; however, each 19-year-old plantation already had several non-pioneer species and a similar species proportion of the seed dispersal syndromes present in their reference forests.Research highlights: Active restoration accelerated the recovery of cloud forest in degraded pasture and bracken fern lands. Planted trees promoted the rapid development of vegetation structure and natural tree regeneration. Although species composition is still different, these middle-aged restoration plantations already have forest species and a proportion of functional groups of species similar to those of their own reference montane cloud forests.Keywords: active restoration; forest recovery; passive restoration; seed dispersal mode; succession; tree species; tropical montane cloud forest.
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Homeier, Jürgen, and Christoph Leuschner. "Factors controlling the productivity of tropical Andean forests: climate and soil are more important than tree diversity." Biogeosciences 18, no. 4 (March 3, 2021): 1525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1525-2021.
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Abstract. Theory predicts positive effects of species richness on the productivity of plant communities through complementary resource use and facilitative interactions between species. Results from manipulative experiments with tropical tree species indicate a positive diversity–productivity relationship (DPR), but the existing evidence from natural forests is scarce and contradictory. We studied forest aboveground productivity in more than 80 humid tropical montane old-growth forests in two highly diverse Andean regions with large geological and topographic heterogeneity and related productivity to tree diversity and climatic, edaphic and stand structural factors with a likely influence on productivity. Main determinants of wood production in the perhumid study regions were elevation (as a proxy for temperature), soil nutrient (N, P and base cation) availability and forest structural parameters (wood specific gravity, aboveground biomass). Tree diversity had only a small positive influence on productivity, even though tree species numbers varied largely (6–27 species per 0.04 ha). We conclude that the productivity of highly diverse Neotropical montane forests is primarily controlled by thermal and edaphic factors and stand structural properties, while tree diversity is of minor importance.
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SARMIENTO, FAUSTO O. "Arrested succession in pastures hinders regeneration of Tropandean forests and shreds mountain landscapes." Environmental Conservation 24, no. 1 (March 1997): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892997000052.
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Arrested succession is conspicuous in the abandoned pastures of the Andean piedmont that have encroached upon the tropical montane forests toward higher limits and steeper slopes. Habitat 'shredding' is analysed to depict the current spatial configuration of tropical Andean landscapes, based on fragmentation patterns prompted by seed dispersal ecology and pasture encroachment.Seed dispersal was studied to address the hypo-thesis that seed input constrains the recruitment of montane forest seedlings, thus impeding pasture conversion to forest. It turns out that a better competitor, the tussock grass Setaria sphacelata, is limiting dispersal success due to its bioarchitecture and planting patterns. Because of the variegation of fragments, the area is in danger of landscape homogeneity within a matrix of degraded pasture. Currently, protection of fragmented remnants and restoration of original landscape structure and function are urgent needs for land-use planning toward sustainable development in the region.Restoration ecology is plausible as a means of conservation for degraded Tropandean forests, since human impacts have shredded landscapes entirely. Dispersal ecology may be used to facilitate pasture conversion to forest in equatorial landscapes, but the proactive approach of pasture removal or planting strategy should differ from that for lowland Amazonia, where abandoned pastures are different from those of montane environs. However, the region may be proactively managed only if political decisions include conservation as a goal of development.