Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Montagnes – France – Alpes (ouest)'
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Brunsmann, Quentin. "L’arc des Alpes occidentales : cinématique et mécanismes de formation au jour de nouvelles données structurales et paléomagnétiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS299.
Full textThe formation of orogenic arcs results from several tectonic processes that may have affected the pre-orogenic, pre-collisional tectonic setting, or the collisional tectonic. The formation of the Western Alpine arc is classically attributed to collisional indentation of the European margin and the orogenic prism by the Adriatic indenter. However, the direction of indentation, its rotational component, or the accommodation mechanisms of this indentation are not agreed upon and the numerous kinematic models of the arcuate geometry of the chain are not compatible with one another. The evaluation of the different models of the formation of the Western Alpine arc allows to put forward the probability of the existence of a proto-arc inherited from the subduction phase, and amplified by the Adriatic indentation towards the NW. These two processes explain the formation of the Western Alpine arc, except for its E-W southern termination. Indeed, the orientation of the Castellane Arc seems to be mainly inherited from the Pyrenean-Provençal structures, preceding Alpine collision, and reactivated by post-Tortonian (~12 Ma) N-S convergence, not directly related to Alpine collision. Concerning the WNW-ESE direction of the southern termination of the arc, which forms the Ligurian Alps, it seems to have rotated counterclockwise by 50° with the northern Apennines, linked to the rollback of the Adriatic slab, contemporary with the opening of the Liguro-Provençal basin (23-15 Ma). A compilation of paleomagnetic data in the Alps was constructed and completed with 11 new data sites. The study of vertical-axis rotations, estimated by paleomagnetic analysis refutes the existence of significant rotation of the Adriatic plate during Alpine collision. Oroclinal tests, carried out at several scales, show that the Western Alpine arc develops under the effect of indentation towards the NW from an orogenic prism that is already weakly arcuate before the onset of collision. Furthermore, the European continental margin does not seem to undergo significant rotation, implying propagation of an arc that is mainly inherited from the Mesozoic passive margin. The present geometry of the Western Alpine arc would be mainly controlled by the pre-collisional structure of the European margin that the orogenic prism adopts under the effect of NW Adriatic indentation. Its southern termination would have a different geodynamic history. It would be the result of Pyrenean-Provençal inheritance, reactivated during the Miocene in the External Zone, and of an anti-clockwise rotation of the Internal Zone, linked to the Apennine orogeny. Adriatic indentation, sometimes assumed to follow a westward trajectory, would be accommodated to the south of the arc by a sinistral shear zone of about 50km according to literature. This interpretation is tested by a structural field study, associated with a geostatistical analysis of map trajectories of the schistosity and stratigraphy planes. The results confirm the existence of sinistral shear zones associated with syn-collisional transpressive tectonics. However, these faults seem to represent minor structures with respect to the accommodation of 50 km of displacement. This structural analysis has also highlighted polyphase deformation in the Dauphinois, associated with localised mylonitisation is characterised by a N120° stretching. The assessment of the maximum temperatures by the RSCM method indicates temperatures above 350°C at the northern edge of the Argentera, reaching locally 400°C, corresponding to a regional metamorphism that is more important than the one attributed to this sector of the Alps. This metamorphism is mainly associated with tectonic burial due to thrusting of the internal nappes on the Dauphinois at the beginning of collision. In the Argentera Massif region, the Tmax in the Dauphinois correspond to a burial depth of 11.3 ± 1 km at the level of the Pennine Front, decreasing to 4 km below the Castellane arc
Verdun, Jérôme. "La gravimétrie aéroportée en région montagneuse : exemple du levé franco-suisse sur les Alpes occidentales." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20159.
Full textBoulet, François. "Les Alpes françaises, 1940-1944 : des montagnes-refuges aux montagnes-maquis /." Bordeaux : les Presses franciliennes, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41413743f.
Full textLereus, Christine. "Les séries mésozoïques subbriançonnaises du massif du Morgon : évolution paléogéographique du secteur durancien de la paléomarge téthysienne (Nappes de l'Embrunais-Ubaye, Alpes occidentales françaises)." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10090.
Full textPissard, Pierre-André. "Intégration des données écologiques et paysagères dans l'aménagement des territoires de montagne : développement d'outils d'aide à la décision et à la gestion : bases de données, modélisations et cartographies environnementales, expérimentation sur la commune de Gap (Hautes-Alpes, France)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE1A002.
Full textSonnette, Lionel. "Étude structurale et paléomagnétique de la courbure des systèmes plissés et chevauchant des arcs de Nice, de Castellane et du Nord-Est de Taïwan." Nice, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00734306.
Full textDe nombreuses chaînes de montagnes présentent une forme courbe en carte. Les Alpes en sont l’un des exemples le plus caractéristique. La question majeure analysée dans ce travail concerne l’origine de ces courbures, à l’échelle des orogènes et des chaînes d’avant-pays : les courbures sont-elles héritées ou acquises durant la déformation ? La détermination de rotations à axe vertical au sein d’une structure arquée est primordiale pour restaurer l’état initial et comprendre l’évolution géologique qui aboutit à la mise en place de telles structures. J’ai réalisé plusieurs études paléomagnétiques couplées à des études de l’Anisotropie de Susceptibilité Magnétique (laquelle peut fournir les directions de raccourcissement antérieures au plissement), ainsi que des analyses structurales et des paléocontraintes des arcs de Nice, de Castellane (Alpes Occidentales) et du NE de Taiwan. Dans ces trois cas, l’héritage structural et le contexte géodynamique sont bien définis. Mes résultats aboutissent aux conclusions suivantes : (1) la courbure de l’arc de Castellane est associée à des rotations oligocènes de ~60° antihoraire de sa branche orientale ; (2) la courbure de l’arc de Nice moule les structures mésozoïques, elle est héritée ; (3) la courbure du Nord-Est de Taiwan résulte du déplacement vers le sud de l’arc des Ryukyu engendrant des rotations horaires croissantes de 20° à son extrémité Sud, à 40° à son extrémité Nord. Je démontre aussi l’existence d’une rotation horaire de la région de Nice à Menton qui précise la mise en place de l’arc de Nice dans un régime compressif unique N-S perdurant de l’Oligocène au Miocène et non en deux phases (une compression oligocène de direction E-O et une compression N-S Miocène) comme proposé dans les travaux précédents. Les formations sédimentaires oligo-miocènes de Taiwan ont enregistré une rotation antihoraire importante certainement relative à la déformation dans la zone de transition subduction-collision. L’arc de Castellane, l’arc de Taipei et la péninsule de Hengchun présentent d’importantes réaimantation. Ces réaimantations peuvent être le résultat d’un enfouissement sédimentaire et/ou tectonique. Enfin la comparaison des analyses géodétique et paléomagnétique à Taiwan révèle une cohérence suffisante permettant de relier la déformation actuelle à celles des derniers millions d’années
Hassid, Jérôme. "Alpage, boue et eau en montagne : Les enjeux de la végétalisation des pistes de ski dans les stations alpines." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSF0025.
Full textThe managment of the revegetation of alpine ski resorts, and the investigation of the use of sewage waste as a fertiliser provides an important case study that allows the complex interactions between social and natural elements to be considered. This thesis focuses first on the key social elements. By considering the views of the key social actors (elected officials, farmers, ski slope managers and state run services) an impression of the different opinions on the management of ski slope revegetation was achieved. This research revealed not only irregularities in science and regulations but a considerable lack of knowledge regarding many of the actors. A second section provides a synthesis of revegetation practices currently applied to alpine ski slopes as well as their impact on the environment whilst the third focussed on the physical and chemical impacts. This third section focuses for the most part on soil erosion and the transfer of polluants to the hydrosphère. In this section it is shown that practices such as terracing and some approaches to revegetation (such as autumn fertiliser spreading) lead to significant transfer of heavy metals to surface waters, particularly during snow melt periods. The final section focuses on the practical applications of the research for the management of ski slope revegetation. It combines existing an newly collected data to provide recommandations to ski slope planner. It also presents the results of a forecast analysis of revegetation practices providing predictions to inform discussion at the center of the nature culture debate
Chevalier, Francis. "Vitesse et cyclicité de fonctionnement des failles normales de rift : implication sur le remplissage stratigraphique des bassins et sur les modalités d'extension d'une marge passive fossile : aplication au demi-graben liasique de Bourg-d'Oisans (Alpes occidentales, France)." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS043.
Full textLafond, Desrosiers Marianne. "Reconstitution dendroécologique de la fréquence et de l'amplitude des avalanches dans un vallon du Massif des Écrins, Alpes françaises." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25781/25781.pdf.
Full textThirault, Éric. "Production, diffusion et usage des haches néolithiques dans les Alpes occidentales et le bassin du Rhône." Lyon 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2001/thirault_e.
Full textThis work documents the question of the production and the diffusion of the neolithic polished tenace rocks axeheads, in the Western Alps (french-italian-swiss) and the Rhône basin. The tool " axe " is also studied under its symbolic and fonctional aspects. This polyfocal approach is based on the rock caracterisations (analyses under thinsections and X-ray), the technological point of wiew on the products, their morphotypological classification, and the fonctional study of the use modalities of the tools (use traces, hafting, discovery contexts). The productions, strongly structured, are organised around a rock family : the alpine piemontese eclogites, wich are the main used (75 % everywhere in the region studied), the main diffused (150 to 200 km on a massive way) and the more invested technically speaking, from the extraction probably realised in altitude quarries to the shaping realised by pecking and polishing. Several mighty transalpine exchange networks are progressively sat up in the ancien/middle I Neolithic (french terminology), underligned by the production of non utilitarian great axeheads. During the middle Neolithic II, the eclogite diffusions attain an apogee, sustained by a restructured production system. During the final Neolithic, new transformations occur in the whole system wich still persists in the reliefs, in spite of the appearence of peripheral productions wich are not diffused. The non economic operation of the transalpine networks is demonstrated. The Western Alps appears as strong cultural dynamism regions : this fact is underligned by other productions in tenace polishing rocks (bracelets, arrowheads)
Ponce, Françoise. "Impact de l'alimentation sur la dynamique des populations de tétras lyre (Tetrao tetrix) dans les Alpes françaises : méthodologie, description, sélection, nutrition." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20019.
Full textDambrine, Étienne. "Contribution à l'étude de la répartition et du fonctionnement des sols de haute montagne : massifs des Aiguilles Rouges et du Mont-Blanc." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA07F046.
Full textEngel, Claire Éliane Guichonnet Paul. "La littérature alpestre en France et en Angleterre aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles /." Montmélian : la Fontaine de Siloé, 2009. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41486927x.
Full textBigot-Cormier, Florence. "La surrection du massif cristallin externe de l'Argentera (France-Italie) et ses relations avec la déformation pliocène de la marge Nord-Ligure : arguments thermo-chronologiques (traces de fission), géomorphologiques et interprétations de sismique marine." Nice, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005799.
Full textJay-Robert, Pierre. "Dynamique des introgressions réciproques de la faune des scarabéides coprophages entre la zone méditerranéenne et la chaîne alpine : implications biogéographiques." Montpellier 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON30043.
Full textThe thesis was divided into two parts, each corresponding to a scale of analysis of the distribution of dung beetles. Firstly, the distribution of dung beetles in france was analysed considering successively the aphodiinae, geotrupinae and scarabaeidae groups. The geographical informations were extracted from the database of the atlas des scarabeides laparosticti de france (lumaret, 1990). Whereas aphodiinae and geotrupinae showed their good adaptation to the whole french climatic conditions, most of scarabaeidae species were quartered at the mediterranean area. The study of the corsican fauna highlighted the influence of the interspecific competition on the species distribution. In the second part, the author specifically studied an altitudinal gradient along the verdon valley, which was located on the borders of the alps and the mediterranean area. In this valley, the distribution of aphodiinae, geotrupinae, coprinae and scarabaeidae was successively analysed in five sites which were representative of the regional conditions. Interestingly, the distributional patterns of dung beetles at the regional scale was very similar to what was observed at the geographical scale of france. Coprinae took advantage of the mediterranean climatic conditions to be highly represented in the communities of high altitude, but the species have been affected by the recent forest expansion. Conversely, aphodiinae and geotrupinae were more ubiquitous, and several species were favoured by the forest environment. Along the altitudinal gradient, the communities did not constitute a gradual continuum, but the communities were as mosaic, each of them reflecting microenvironmental conditions
Magnani, Yann. "Reflexions sur la dynamique d'une population de tétras-lyre Tetrao tetrix L. Des Alpes françaises." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10091.
Full textArnaud, Fabien. "Signatures climatiques et anthropiques dans les sédiments holocènes des lacs du Bourget et d'Anterne (Nord-Ouest des Alpes) : paléohydrologie et contamination au plomb." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-345-346.pdf.
Full textMenot, René Pierre. "Magmatismes paléozoïques et structuration carbonifère du massif de Belledonne (Alpes françaises) : contraintes nouvelles pour les schémas d'évolution de la chaîne varisque ouest-européenne." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10019.
Full textLes Massifs cristallins externes (M. C. E) des Alpes occidentales sont des témoins de l'orogène hercynien s. L. , repris dans la chaîne alpine. Leur place et leur signification dans le cadre varisque sont mal cernées. Cette méconnaissance résulte essentiellement de la rareté des données pétrologiques, géochimiques et géochronologiques disponibles. L'étude concerne la chaîne de Belledonne et plus spécialement son extrémité méridionale. Ce secteur Sud-Ouest présente en effet une lithologie et une structuration atypiques par rapport à celles du secteur Nord-Est dont les caractères sont proches de ceux de l'ensemble des M. C. E. L'analyse peut être schématisée par les étapes suivantes : 1 - Le domaine méridional (basse vallée de la Romanche) est constitué par un empilement de formations différant par leur âge et par leur histoire tectonométamorphique. Des datations soulignent (i) la juxtaposition de terrains cambro-ordoviciens et dévono-carbonifères et (ii) l'âge carbonifère inférieur de la tectogenèse. Deux formations d'origine ignée permettent de caractériser le paléomagnétisme paléozoique et d'en préciser le site originel : * A la limite Cambro-Ordovicien, une distension crustale conduit à l'ouverture d'un bassin marginal (complexe ophiolitique de Séchilienne-Chamrousse). L'extension crustale est balisée par l'évolution géochimique des métabasites. Ce site originel particulier induit divers processus pétrogénétiques qui se traduisent par la diversité des produits basiques et acides. Les déformations et les recristallisations appartiennent à deux stades, intra-océanique et orogénique. Une évolution polycyclique est de ce fait écartée. * Au Dévonien, une seconde période d'amincissement crustal conduit à la genèse des formations de Rioupéroux et de Livet. Elle se matérialise par un magmatisme de nature bimodale puis trondhjémitique. La pétrogenèse est complexe et implique des sources mantelliques et crustales ainsi que des phénomènes de contamination et de mélanges. 2 - Dans l'ensemble de la chaîne de Belledone, une comparaison des domaines Nord-Est et Sud-Ouest montre que le domaine septentrional représente un fragment lithosphérique à structuration plus ancienne siluro-dévonienne, et à caractères de zone profonde (métamorphisme de haute pression siluro-dévonien, anatexie dévonienne et granitisations carbonifères). Le dernier épisode métamorphique, carbonifère, y est rétromorphique et associé au fonctionnement d'une zone de décrochements majeurs, alors que le métamorphisme de même âge est prograde et contemporain de chevauchements dans le domaine méridional. La structure de la chaîne de Belledone est interprétée dans le cadre des serrages tardifs lors de la collision intracontinentale. On souligne la progression centrifuge des phénomènes tectoniques et métamorphiques et l'extension de la ceinture orogénique. 3 - Des corrélations sont proposées avec d'autres segments de la chaîne hercynienne ouest-européenne afin (i) de replacer les diverses pièces du "puzzle" de Belledonne dans la zonation orogénique pré-carbonifère et (ii) de retrouver les secteurs présentant une évolution similaire au Dinantien
Ledoux, Grégoire. "Séquence des événements des mouvements de masse tardi-quaternaires dans le Lac du Bourget, Nord-Ouest des Alpes françaises." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27955/27955.pdf.
Full textBourdon, Étienne. "Le voyage et la connaissance des Alpes occidentales en France et en Italie de la fin du XVe siècle au début du XVIIIe siècle : 1492-1713." Grenoble 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE29007.
Full textThe thesis analyzes the relation between the experience of travel and the constitution of a new knowledge about the western Alps from 1492 to 1713 among French and Italian elites. The research leans on the study of textual and cartographic sources. The first part presents the travellers and theirs motivations as well as the reconstitution of biogeographic conditions of the western Alps. The second part is devoted to the organization of the middle Ages knowledge heritages. Al last, the fourth part puts in a prominent position the discovery of western Alps between the end of 15th century and the beginning of the 18th century
Gauchon, Christophe. "Grottes et gouffres des montagnes françaises : essai de géographie culturelle et patrimoniale du karst profond." Grenoble 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10017.
Full textThis thesis results from a ten years search about human presence and arrangements of natural caves. First, our assumption stood out clearly with prejudices often repeated about caves, allways and anywhere frigtening people and keeping them abroad. Now, caves had full place in traditional development of limestone countries and montains. In so far as there was an actual interest, nobody never hesitated in going underground nor in facing great difficulties and risks. In the first two chapters are collected elements of proof and the human presence in caves is looked at in all its various bearings : shelters-caves, caves arranged to forteresses and maturing cheese places, caves turned in sanctuaries and so on. . . Third chapter deals with underground tourism, where interface caves as they were perceived by local populations able to catch a little money with visitors, and underground landscapes contemplated by urban travellers. Genesis of this touristic ressource had narrow links with progress of cave science, history of sensibilities and needing in touristic attractions around spas. Fourth and fifth chapters forsake daily presence in caves and take an interest in scientific and patrimonial status of caves : as varius sights of caves were discovered, progressively grows the care of their protection. Around 300 caves and pot-holes are today protected in France by several laws and status here studied
Bouchet, Jean-Claude. "Histoire de la chasse à la grande faune (ours, loups, rapaces, lynx, bouquetins) dans les Pyrénées françaises du XVIème au XXème siècle." Pau, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PAUU1005.
Full textBenhammou, Farid. "Crier au loup pour avoir la peau de l'ours : une géopolitique locale de l'environnement à travers la gestion et la conservation des grands prédateurs en France." Paris, ENGREF, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENGRA001.
Full textGuyoton, Fabrice. "Sismicité et structure lithosphérique des Alpes occidentales." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544553.
Full textQuétier, Fabien. "Vulnérabilité des écosystèmes semi-naturels européens aux changements d'utilisation des terres : application aux prairies subalpines de Villar d'Arène, France." Montpellier, ENSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSA0008.
Full textSemi-natural ecosystems in Europe provide a wide range of ecosystem services but are associated with a marginal farming economy, making them vulnerable to future changes in the policy and market context of agriculture. We explore this vulnerability using an integrative approach, coupling scenario-based land-use change projections with process-based modeling of their impacts on ecosystem service provision and a social evaluation of their consequences. The proposed methodology is applied to subalpine grasslands in the central French Alps as a case-study. We used this opportunity to contribute to the development of ecological tools: plant functional traits. We show that they provide an adequate framework for studying the impacts of land-use change on semi-natural grasslands, at the plot and landscape scale, using experiments or via simulation modeling. We also contribute to developing tools in the social sciences. We show that social representations of subalpine grasslands relate to European level sociopolitical discourses on rural development. We also show how they enable a social evaluation of land-use change impacts. We use these results to discuss the vulnerability of subalpine grasslands and their users in Villar d’Arène
Carlier, Benoît. "Les risques d'origine torrentielle et gravitaire dans la haute vallée du Guil (Queyras, Alpes du Sud, France)." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7013.
Full textThe Queyras is particularly exposed to the vagaries of torrential and gravitational origin. As part of the SAMCO project, a systemic study was conducted on this space. Combining the study of hazards and the assessment of vulnerability, this analysis was conducted at different spatial scales in order to conform to the expectations of risk managers. This research work is divided into five parts. The first part is devoted to the analysis of the factors that may predispose the Haut-Guil basin to the triggering of hazards of torrential and gravitational origin. The geological, geomorphological, anthropogenic and hydroclimatic features of the Haut-Guil basin are exposed. This work has identified the main risks and highlighted the role of sedimentary transfers and east-return phenomena in the genesis of risks. The second part focuses on one of the basin's most active sub-basins for sedimentary transfers: the Peynin. The objective was to assess the role of sediments in the genesis of hazards. The study focused on the characterization and quantification of Peynin sedimentary stocks, the quantification of sedimentary transfers, the establishment of a 20-year sedimentary budget, and the analysis of functional connectivity of the basin. Peynin. This work has made it possible to formalize the Peynin sedimentary waterfall and to highlight the role of torrential lavas in recharging intermediate stocks. This work also highlighted the need for stock recharging as a condition for the outbreak of catastrophic floods. In the third part are exposed the maps produced for each of the hazards taken into account: torrential floods, landslides and avalanches. The torrential raw hazard was mapped by diachrony and hydraulic modelling. Landslide hazard was mapped following a modelling of landslide susceptibility. The avalanche hazard was mapped from the completed CLPA maps. This work highlighted the strong exposure of the municipalities of the Upper Valley of the Guil to the vagaries of torrential and gravitational hazards. The exposure of the communes of Lower Queyras and the Aigues valleys is less. In the fourth part we looked at the vulnerability component of the risk. The latter was evaluated in its biophysical and social dimensions, first separately and then jointly to give an overview of the overall vulnerability of the territory. The potential consequences of the various hazards on the bio-physical issues of Queyras were assessed, and individual and collective perceptions of risks were analysed. This work carried out, we proposed an innovative method to jointly evaluate the biophysical and socio-economic aspects of vulnerability. On the biophysical aspect, it is the municipalities of the upper Valley of the Guil that appear the most vulnerable. On the social side, the trend is reversed. In the fifth part, we analyzed the risks and their possible evolutions in a context of global change. It outlines the work on our risk analysis in Queyras. They are accompanied by a reflection on the resilience of Queyrassin communities and on the modalities of risk management at the watershed and community level. Four scenarios for the evolution of land use in the 2050 and 2100 horizons are presented. These scenarios simulate possible changes in the territory in the face of different socio-economic contexts. In general, the risks are very high in Queyras however, the queyrassine switches show obvious signs of resilience
Michelot, Nicolas. "L'influence des topoclimats sur la pollution de l'air aux particules dans le sud-ouest des Alpes-Maritimes." Phd thesis, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959704.
Full textCavalli, Laurent. "Biologie des populations de salmonidés des lacs de haute altitude du parc national des Ecrins : alimentation, croissance, reproduction." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11055.
Full textGenries, Aurélie. "Incendies, dynamique et structure des communautés forestières subalpines à pin cembro (Pinus cembra L. ) dans les Alpes." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20127.
Full textIn the Alps, the climate change may lead to a decrease in precipitations and an increase in disturbance frequency during the next decades. However, fire is rare in these mountains and subalpine forests are particularly sensitive to disturbances. The aim of this thesis is to study the mechanisms of fire and fire frequency on the structure and the dynamics of these forests. First, the paleoecological of two lakes of the Maurienne valley (France), has shown the occurrence of asynchronous high fire frequencies in the valley during the Holocene, but having triggered similar vegetation dynamics. Those trajectories are characterized by the opening of cembra pine forests, favourable to maples and/or alders. These fires, mainly surface fires, seem to never have endangered the cembra pine population, except during a high frequency period. Second, the comparative study of a stand burned 3 times during the past 180 years with a not burned stand, in a mixed subalpine forest of the Maurienne valley, reveals that those fires have lead to an increase in tree density, and that regeneration is more important in the burned stand. Nevertheless, grazing would have been the main factor controlling the vegetation structure, and the abandonment of farming in the 1950's would have induced the present cembra pine regeneration at the expense of larch. Consequently, only an increase in fire frequency or a reactivation of grazing in the next decades seem to be able to limit the transformation of mixed subalpine forests in pure cembra pine forests
Orcière, Marie-Agnès. "Coopération intercommunale en montagne : enjeux locaux et politiques publiques : études de cas l'Embrunais, Hautes-Alpes et le Valbonnais-Beaumont, Isère." Aix-Marseille 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX32019.
Full textIn the rural montain community, human and intercommunity cooperation is born of the necessity of collective use of the natural resources. The local political authotiry became protectors of the local landed magnates and contributed, to the breakup of traditional intercommunity cohesiveness. Along with, the opening of the valleys towards the exterior and extensive governmental interventions, helped to hasten, by their destructive effects, the abandonment of the cooperative intercommunity efforts in the last several decades, intercommunity cooperation has undergone a regeneration but this has been the result of external influences : first, by the introduction of interregional structures; secondly, by public financial incentives encouraging local intercommunity contracts. In the first case, the traditional community patrimonial practices constitute an obstacle to the establishment of cooperative action. In the second case, this regeneration of intercommunity activity, put in concrete form by the etablishment of a "regional chart", contributed to durable and social mobilisation, and resulted in the rejuvenation of the leading class of citizens. In the mountains regions, intercommunity cooperation depends on the political importance and practice of local elected officals and can be a factor of local dynamization by favoring the expression of new social categories, or it can, be turned from its final objectives ans used to benefit only individual local interests
Bongni, Florence. "Contribution à l'étude des sites littoraux du Néolithique et de l'Age du Bronze au nord-ouest des Alpes : étude des collections du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (Laboratoire de préhistoire, Musée de l'homme et Institut de paléontologie humaine)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0025.
Full textThouvenot, François. "Aspects géophysiques et structuraux des Alpes occidentales et de trois autres orogènes (Atlas, Pyrénées, Oural)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739809.
Full textThénard, Lucas. "Torrents et torrentialité dans la vallée de la Guisane : contribution d'une étude géographique à la gestion durable du risque torrentiel à Serre-Chevalier (Briançonnais; Hautes-Alpes; France)." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10161/document.
Full textSince the 1950’s, the creation of Serre-Chevalier has led municipalities to the Guisane valley into a deep socio-economic regeneration. Once safely neglected, many areas have then been massive urbanization. The alluvial fans are privileged to be part of this rivalry space, and therefore the risk area. Relations "torrents-society" are quite conflicting, and the integration of risk in torrential development projects or development is still often perceived as a burden. This work is characterized by a transversal approach and multiscale coupling of field investigations and analysis carried out ex situ. The diagnosis of torrential hazard depends mainly on the concept of "potential" to detach from the "straitjacket" normal zoning history. The study of contemporary morphological adjustments helped to better understand the diversity of local configurations, but also the inexorable rise of vulnerability to the development of Serre-Chevalier. The development perspective of past and current management of risk has put forward some proposals, including from a significant focus on prevention information, education, and especially the issues. Furthermore, a system of information on risk torrential in Serre-Chevalier (SIRTOS) was designed. This would facilitate decision making by its interoperability, its enrichment, its integration into development projects, and thus lead to more sustainable management of the torrential risk
Nguyen, Hai Ninh. "Apport du GPS pour la quantification des déformations extrêmement lentes et mouvements verticaux dans les chaînes de montagnes françaises." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS246/document.
Full textThe Western Alps and the Pyrenees are mountain ranges that can almost be qualified asintraplate domain given the horizontal deformation rate so low that we cannot currentlyquantify it with geodesy. However, present-day tectonic deformation and seismicity inWestern Europe is essentially concentrated in these mountain ranges. Nocquet (2012) showedthat the deformation rates across Western Europe are so low that they remain belowmeasurement uncertainties, with horizontal motion across the Pyrenees and the Western Alpsof ~0 ± 0.5 mm/yr.To study tectonic deformation in the Western Alps and Pyrenees region, we have analyzed thetimes-series of 166 GPS permanent stations of RGP, RENAG, EUREF and IGS networkswith times-series length from 1,8 to 16,0 years. Data were processed using a Precise PointPositioning (PPP) approach. We have examined the influence of different corrections on thehorizontal and vertical velocities: (1) Earth Rotation Parameters (ERP), (2) Global MappingFunction (GMF) and the Vienna Mapping Function (VMF1) tropospheric delays, (3) absoluteantenna phase center (APC). In general, the influence of the troposphere model, the ERP andAPC corrections are negligible in terms of horizontal velocities. In contrast, ERP and APCcorrections affect vertical velocities with differences at ~0.5 mm/yr level. We have alsoanalyzed the effects of surface mass loading due to changes in continental water storage(GLDAS), atmospheric pressure (ATML), and non-tidal ocean loading (NTOL). On average,the combination of loading corrections (GLDAS + ATML + NTOL) result in an increase inthe seasonal signals: annual amplitudes (estimated using a best-fit sine function) are increasedby 0.10, 1.55 and 0.50 mm for the north, east, and vertical components, respectively. Hence,this combination of loading models does not seem to be appropriate to correct the time-series.Loading corrections have a significant influence on horizontal and vertical velocities(horizontal and vertical average differences of 0.24 and 0.55 mm/yr compared to uncorrectedvelocities). Therefore, the surface loading models must be improved before they can be usedto improve the GPS velocity estimates.We estimated the minimum time spans of GPS continuous data required to achieve 7 differentlevels of velocity precisions. The uncertainty of velocity estimates from GPS time-seriesstrongly depend on the length of time-series data. We examine the stability and uncertainty ofvelocity estimates by a convergence analysis (i.e., estimation of necessary observation time toobtain a velocity close to that calculated for the complete time series). To obtain an unbiasedand realistic comparative analysis, we have compared a synthetic solution of forward andbackward time for velocity and uncertainty estimates. On the basis of this analysis, weestimate that the precision of 0.5 mm/yr in velocity solution is achieved after an average timespan of 4,43 and 4,78 years of continuous GPS data for the horizontal and verticalcomponents, respectively.In this study, the Euler rotation pole for the stable Western European plate in the ITRF2008reference frame was defined from a 62-sites subset with an RMS of residual horizontalvelocities of 0.29 mm/yr level. The Euler pole is located at 53.730°N, and -101.856°E and hasa rotation rate of 0.256°/Myr. We also present the present-day velocity field with precisionsbetter than 0.5 mm/yr in the Western Alps and the Pyrenees region. The results show nosignificant vertical movements in the Pyrenees, in contrast with the vertical velocities of theWestern Alps that can reach up to 2.49 mm/yr
Bolibar, Navarro Jordi. "Past and future evolution of French Alpine glaciers in a changing climate : a deep learning glacio-hydrological modelling approach." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU018.
Full textThe European Alps are among the most affected regions in the world by climate change, displaying some of the strongest glacier retreat rates. Long-term interactions between society, mountain ecosystems and glaciers in the region raise important questions on the future evolution of glaciers and their derived environmental and socioeconomical impacts. In order to correctly assess the regional response of glaciers in the French Alps to climate change, there is a need for adequate modelling tools. In this work, we explore new ways to tackle both glacier evolution and glacio-hydrological modelling at a regional scale. Glacier evolution modelling has traditionally been performed using empirical or physical approaches, which are becoming increasingly challenging to optimize with the ever growing amount of available data. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the first effort ever to apply deep learning (i.e. deep artificial neural networks) to simulate the evolution of glaciers. Since both the climate and glacier systems are highly nonlinear, traditional linear mass balance models offer a limited representation of climate-glacier interactions. We show how important nonlinearities in glacier mass balance are captured by deep learning, substantially improving model performance over linear methods.This novel method was first applied in a study to reconstruct annual mass balance changes for all glaciers in the French Alps for the 1967-2015 period. Using climate reanalyses, topographical data and glacier inventories, we demonstrate how such an approach can be successfully used to reconstruct large-scale mass balance changes from observations. This study also offered new insights on how glaciers evolved in the French Alps during the last half century, confirming the rather neutral observed mass balance rates in the 1980s and displaying a well-marked acceleration in mass loss from the 2000s onwards. Important differences between regions are found, with the Mont-Blanc massif presenting the lowest mass loss and the Chablais being the most affected one. Secondly, we applied this modelling framework to simulate the future evolution of all glaciers in the region under multiple (N=29) climate change scenarios. Our estimates indicate that most ice volume in the region will be lost by the end of the 21st century independently from future climate scenarios. We predict average glacier volume losses of 74%, 80% and 88% under RCP 2.6 (n=3), RCP 4.5 (n=13) and RCP 8.5 (n=13), respectively. By the end of the 21st century the French Alps will be largely ice-free, with glaciers only remaining in the Mont-Blanc and Pelvoux massifs
Martin, Nicolas. "La pollution par l'ozone et la climatologie dans un espace méditerranéen : les Alpes-Maritimes." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00358297.
Full textA travers les données de pollution issues du réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air d'AtmoPACA ainsi qu'à partir de très nombreuses mesures de terrain, l'objectif est de mieux appréhender les relations entre la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l'ozone et celle des conditions météorologiques à différentes échelles. Après avoir détaillé l'historique des mesures d'ozone et de dioxyde d'azote disponibles dans le département, une première approche à macro-échelle est menée entre les réanalyses du NCEP et les niveaux de pollution par l'ozone dans neuf stations de mesures des Alpes-Maritimes. Ce premier niveau d'analyse permet de définir les configurations météorologiques générales caractérisant un épisode de pollution par l'ozone. La présence d'une dorsale anticyclonique sur l'Europe de l'ouest, associée à de faibles vitesses de vent, de faibles taux d'humidité relative en surface et d'une faible vorticité relative, provoque une dégradation de la qualité de l'air dans le département.
Un second niveau d'analyse est alors abordé : il s'agit de préciser à méso-échelle et à micro-échelle les conditions météorologiques propices à de fortes concentrations d'ozone. Pour cela des campagnes de mesures itinérantes d'ozone sont effectuées dans l'ensemble du département ; une importante base de données est constituée sur la commune de Nice et dans ses alentours. Le recours au modèle météorologique RAMS permet alors de mieux comprendre la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l'ozone induite par les conditions climatiques locales. Les variables météorologiques les plus corrélées aux concentrations d'ozone sont la vitesse du vent en surface, l'énergie cinétique turbulente, la hauteur de la couche limite atmosphérique et l'humidité relative. Tout indique que moins le volume d'air dans lequel les polluants primaires sont émis est important, et moins l'intensité du brassage de l'air est forte, alors plus les concentrations d'ozone sont élevées. Il semblerait également que ces conditions locales du temps aient plus d'influence sur les niveaux de pollution par l'ozone que la configuration synoptique à macro-échelle. Bien qu'étant nécessaire, la présence d'un anticyclone sur l'Europe de l'ouest n'est pas suffisante pour expliquer le comportement de l'ozone localement dans les Alpes-Maritimes.
Parallèlement à ces différentes approches, les origines spatiales de la pollution photochimique affectant cet espace littoral montagneux sont recherchées. L'advection d'importantes quantités d'ozone par la brise de mer en journée indique que ce polluant s'accumule au dessus de la mer ; excepté ce phénomène d'accumulation induit par des aller-retour de la masse d'air guidée par l'alternance entre la brise de mer et la brise de terre, l'origine des fortes concentrations d'ozone au dessus de la mer n'est pas clairement comprise. Il semblerait qu'un schéma de recirculation des masses d'air en trois dimensions permette la création d'un empilement de couches stratifiées sur la mer.
Cartier, Rosine. "Trajectoires des écosystèmes lacustres alpins depuis 13 500 ans dans les Alpes méditerranéennes (massif du Mercantour, France) : entre forçage climatique et pression anthropique plurimillénaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4342.
Full textThe thesis is devoted to the reconstruction of long-term changes in two lacustrine ecosystems in the Southern Alps. This study aims at assessing (1) the lateglacial-holocene variability of water physico-chemistry, lake levels and aquatic species dynamics; and (2) the environmental responses of the lacustrine ecosystem to external forcing (watershed and climate changes), with the study of Lake Allos and the Lake Petit (Mercantour National Park, 2200 m a.s.l). The two sedimentary cored profiles provided a detailed record of the past lacustrine dynamics since 13.500 cal. BP. An integrative approach was carried out including (1) the study of fossils of aquatic bioindicators species (diatoms and ostracods) informing about changes in lacustrine living conditions ; (2) the analysis of oxygen isotopes recorded by these aquatic fossils tracing a palaeohydrological signal ; (3) a multiproxy comparison linking the aquatic environment with changes in watershed dynamics. These results integrated into a rich multidisciplinary framework evidenced the major role of erosion processes and changes in vegetation cover as factors triggering lake responses to disturbance, with concomitant changes in aquatic communities and trophic levels at several timescales. The different geological settings and lake morphologies have also played a significant role, modulating changes in benthic and planktonic aquatic communities over long time periods. Finally, oxygen isotopes records allow to trace for the first time palaeohydrological changes in the region: this innovative approach represents an original outcome for reconstructing a reference past climate for the Southern Alps
Dupire, Sylvain. "Evaluation des effets des incendies sur la capacité de protection des forêts contre les chutes de blocs dans les Alpes françaises." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI020/document.
Full textRockfalls are a major natural hazard in the French Alps due to their high probability of spatial and temporal occurrence. Forests constitute an efficient nature-based solution to mitigate this hazard while protecting human lives and assets. However, this ecosystem service may be disrupted by others natural hazards such as wildfires likely to be more frequent and intense in the current and future context of climate changes.This PhD thesis proposes to assess the effects of fires on the protection capability of forests against rockfalls in the French Alps.A methodology to evaluate the protection capability of a forest against rockfalls is first developed. It consists in modeling rockfalls propagations on 3886 forest plots taken in the French Alps to calculate three quantitative indicators that assess the reduction of the frequency (BARI), the intensity (MIRI) and the overall reduction (ORPI) of rockfalls due to the presence of a forest. These indicators are used to identify the predominant forest variables for assessing the protective effect: the length of forest along the slope, the basal area and the mean diameter. Forest stands with a heterogeneous distribution of diameters and made up of several tree species generally offer a better protection than monospecific and regular stands, thus underlining the influence of forest diversity. This work shows that coppices have the highest protection capabilities, followed by hight stands dominated by deciduous species and mixed stands; coniferous stands coming last.Spatio-temporal trends in fire weather in the French Alps are investigated over the period 1959-2015 and reveal a major contrast between Southern Alps which experienced a strong increase (in intensity, frequency, duration and seasonality) especially at high elevation, and Northern Alps, where a slight increase at low elevation and no significant trends at high elevation are observed. These results are then used to define three types of fires (winter, summer, and dry summer) for which post-fire tree mortality is studied at the tree and forest stands levels. These analyses show that only summer fires are likely to significantly affect the forest ecosystems, particularly at low elevations where deciduous stands (especially coppice) dominate.The effect of fires on the protection capabilities of forests is assessed by comparing rockfalls propagation simulations without fire to simulations after each type of fire in which the trees with a high post-fire mortality are not taken into account. The ORPI values for each forest plot and fire type are thus calculated and compared to the reference scenario without fire thus making it possible to quantitatively assess the reduction of the protection capabilities. Low elevation stands, subject to warmer and drier climatic conditions, show reductions of the protective effect in the range 60-100%. It mainly concerns coppices and deciduous stands. At high elevation, the reduction is in the range 30- 65%.In conclusion, this PhD thesis proposes an original method to quantify the protection capabilities of a forest against rockfalls before and after a fire and improve the knowledge of these two natural hazards and their associated risks. The multi-hazard analysis conducted at the end of the thesis makes it possible to understand the potential cascading effects in the main forest types and for four bioclimatically homogeneous territories of the French Alps
Laporte, Didier. "Un exemple d'intrusion syntectonique : l'intrusion d'Ile-Rousse, Corse du nord-ouest : étude pétrographique, minéralogique et géochimique, analyse structurale." Saint-Etienne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STET4001.
Full textBroudoux, Bruno. "Géologie des unités de Vanoise septentrionale et méridionale de Pralognan à Tignes (Alpes de Savoie)." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 1985. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00720396.
Full textLaugier, Pascal Jean. "Contribution à l'analyse des risques naturels en montagne par l'étude géologique et géotechnique de scénarios de mouvements de versants et laves torrentielles : Application à la région de Bourg-Saint-Maurice (Savoie, France)." Paris, ENMP, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENMP1110.
Full textSpandre, Pierre. "Observation et modélisation des interactions entre conditions d'enneigement et activité des stations de sports d'hiver dans les Alpes françaises." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU034/document.
Full textThe industrial activity of ski resorts is based upon multiple concerns including social, economic, environmental and climatic issues which ski resorts stakeholders have to cope with.In the early 1990's ski resorts experienced several consecutive seasons with poor snow conditions in the European Alps when climate and environmental questions were discussed as a global concern after the United Nations held their first international conferences on climate change. This raised the interest of ski resorts stakeholders and representatives of host communities for reliable and relevant indicators of climate induced impacts on snow conditions and on the related economic activity of ski resorts.This research focused on the role played by ski resorts operators in crossing socio-economic concerns with meteorological and snow concerns, to provide a modelling approach of dynamics and interactions between snow conditions (variability, low predictability) and human activities (defined by purposes and means). The objectives pursued by operators, the means they employ (grooming, snowmaking) and constraints they face (meteorological, structural or organization issues) have been investigated through a survey of 55 French ski resorts and frequent discussions with four partner ski resorts (Tignes, Autrans, Les Deux Alpes, Chamrousse). A physically based modelling approach of the impact of grooming and snowmaking on snow properties was integrated in a snowpack model and evaluated with respect to field observations in the four partner ski resorts over two consecutive winter seasons. This was crossed with a socio economic database of ski resorts to provide an explicit spatial modelling of managed snow conditions on ski slopes for the entire French Alps ski resorts. This method was applied for the 1958 - 2014 period and snow indicators were defined and computed, revealing a significant correlation of snow reliability indicators with economic data on ski resorts. This approach therefore proved its ability to provide relevant indicators of snow conditions in ski resorts with respect to economic implications and may be used for further prospective investigations of evolutions of facilities and/or climate change impacts on snow conditions and the related economy of the ski industry
Albert, Cécile. "Variabilité fonctionnelle intraspécifique : quantification in situ et implications dans une vallée alpine." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10273.
Full textIntraspecific functional variability being poorly known, this work aimed at quantifying this variability, understanding the role of environmental gradients on this variability, disentangling its relative importance compared to interspecific variability and testing its impact on the calculation of functional diversity indices and a model of vegetation dynamics. Following a stratified and hierarchical sampling strategy, we collected traits on sixteen contrasted common species in a French alpine valley. We showed a strong intraspecific variability of traits. This variability was lower than interspecific one, but not negligible, it results partly from environmental effects and could be explained by species habitat models; it also strongly altered the calculation of functional diversity indices. In conclusion, intraspecific functional variability should be more often considered
Doyen, Elise. "15 000 ans d'évolution des écosystèmes sous contrôle climatique et anthropique entre Jura et Bas Dauphiné : végétation, feu et erosion des sols." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA2039/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to reconstruct vegetation and soil dynamics, as well as ire activity variabilityin the East-central part of France since the Last-glacial period (ca. 15000 yr). The objective is mostparticularly to disentangle the role of climate and anthropogenic forcing factors in ecosystems dynamics.Actually, the problematic concerns the switch from a climatic- to anthropogenic-driven ecosystemsand the study of agro-pastoral practices impact which leads to an ecological trajectory change. Thus,palaeoecological analysis (pollen, geochemical and micro-anthracological) were performed from threelake sediment records of Southern Jura Mountains and Bas Dauphiné areas.During the Late-glacial and the early Holocene period (14700 to 9000 cal. BP), palaeoecologicalchanges appear strongly correlated to regional and global climate oscillations. Until the mid-Holocene(9000 to 5000 cal BP), pollen analysis record a small-scale human impact on forest cover and nosigniicant changes in ire activity and soil erosion. Moreover, none climate change has been suficientlyintense or sustainable to generate remarkable modiications of the ecosystem. From 5000-4500 cal. BP,the sedimentary deposits recorded an increase in ire activity related to its use as a clearing tool. Thisperiod corresponds to the switch from a natural to an anthropogenic control on ires activity.It was only from ca. 2300 cal BP (Late Iron Age) that agro-pastoral activities become enoughintense to induce sustainable change in the vegetation cover and generate unprecedented erosion of soils.In parallel, the ire use changed and it became a tool for the management of agro-pastoral areas. Therefore,the human impact can be considered as permanent and a tipping point has been reached in the history oflandscape shaping. However, three main periods: Iron Age to roman period, medieval and modern timescan be distinguished through the development of agro-pastoral practices and their impact on ecosystems,most particularly on soil erosion
Albert, Cécile. "Variabilité fonctionnelle intraspécifique : quantification in situ et implications dans une vallée alpine." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450219.
Full textBrisset, Elodie. "Sensibilité des milieux de montagne aux forçages climatiques et anthropiques depuis 14 000 ans dans les Alpes du Sud : Approche multidisciplinaire (sédimentologie, géochimie, palynologie) et multi-sites (lac Petit, lac de Vens et lac d’Allos)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3017.
Full textWithin the context of increasing demographic pressures and hazards related to climate change, the problems posed by landscape erosion have become particularly crucial. The current management of Mediterranean mountain environments, which are highly exposed to erosion hazards, needs to be supported by a thorough understanding of their susceptibility to these hazards and their long-term trajectories.A retrospective analysis of environmental trajectories has been conducted from the study of three lacustrine sedimentary archives in the Southern Alps (Lakes Petit, Vens and Allos). This multi-disciplinary study, based on sedimentology, geochemistry and palynology, has enabled characterization of the dynamics of erosion and changes in plant cover over the last 14,000 years.In Lakes Allos and Vens, the start of the Holocene is marked by the maturing of ecosystems, by chemical weathering of soils and by forest encroachment at higher altitudes. These environmental changes resulted in progressive ecosystem stabilization, followed by a bio-pedological optimum, and subsequently by more open landscapes, and then soil destabilization. These four successive phases have ben dated, respectively, at 12,000-8000 cal. BP, 8000-6000 cal. BP, 6000-1900 cal. BP, and 1900 cal. BP to Present. The last of these phases occurred earlier, at 4200 cal. BP, in Lake Petit.The triggering of soil erosion has systematically been hinged on periods of heavy precipitation affecting landscapes rendered vulnerable, by human societies, to the effects of such perturbations
Bison, Marjorie. "Approches taxonomique et fonctionnelle des interactions trophiques entre grands herbivores et communautés végétales dans un écosystème de montagne." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV068/document.
Full textGiven the key role of large herbivores on species and functional plant diversity, we aimed at better understanding the relationship between herbivory and plant communities mainly at a fine-scale, in order to reconcile objectives of population management and plant conservation. For this purpose, we used both taxonomic and functional approaches, and studied interactions at the inter- and intra-specific levels. We combined information coming from three databases: (1) diet data from DNA-metabarcoding applied on chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon) faeces from the Bauges Massif, (2) characteristics of plant communities (plant composition, biomass, phenology), (3) plant functional traits. Analyses of intra-specific variability of the three large herbivores allowed us to upscale the niche variation hypothesis (NVH) of Van Valen from the intra- to the inter-specific level, i.e. we observed a positive relationship between the species niche breadth and among-individual variation. Then, based on two chamois subpopulations living in pastures, one living in sympatry with the mouflon and the other living in allopatry, we revealed the absence of negative effects of the introduced mouflon population on native chamois population diet, both for the taxonomic and functional dietary niche. Analyses of diet selection criteria allowed us to highlight differences in choice criteria between chamois and mouflon in some seasons, which helped to explain the taxonomic and functional niche partitioning of the two species. Furthermore, the proposed scenario of the evolution of diet selection over the year for both species were consistent with ungulate-specific morpho-physiological features. Finally, contrary to the literature where no studies could discriminate the direct and indirect effects of functional traits on diet selection because of correlations, we used path analyses, which allowed us to show that in most cases, biomechanical traits had a direct effect on diet choices, whereas chemical traits had an indirect effect. Furthermore, from a methodological point of view, we advised to use nitrogen fecal indices only to study the evolution of species-specific and location-specific population long-term diet quality, but not to compare diet quality between species, nor to study slight fluctuations at the intra-seasonal level. The complementarity of the approaches allowed us to better account for the structuration of herbivore communities, which should help to better assess the actual state and the evolution of relationships among individuals, species and their environment.Key-words: ungulates, intra- and inter-specific interactions, taxonomic and functional approach, DNA metabarcoding, NIRS, Bauges Massif, diet selection
Bernard, Lionel. "Mécanismes fonctionnels de résilience des prairies subalpines au changement global." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV010/document.
Full textAlpine grassland ecosystems are presumed to be highly sensitive to climate change, yet their long history of climate variability, and multiple centuries of land use may have selected for mechanisms of ecological resilience to climate variability and climate extremes. We used a large experimental design to explore patterns and mechanisms for responses of subalpine grasslands to combined winter (snow removal) and summer (drought) weather extremes depending on plant functional composition and management. Plant functional composition was manipulated by establishing grass mixtures with three species representing a conservation to exploitation gradient planted at varying relative abundances. Overall, functional composition was the primary determinant of all observed parameters for plant individual performance, intraspecific plant trait responses, litter decomposition and nitrogen recycling processes. The functioning of grassland ecosystems dominated by conservative plants was remarkably resistant to extreme weather treatments, while grassland ecosystems dominated by more exploitative plants were more resilient. Management altered these responses mostly in the case of exploitative communities. Belowground allocation to carbohydrate reserves and to microbial nitrogen pools were identified as two key mechanisms underpinning these resilient responses. Longer-term impacts of climate change may however unfold through the exhaustion of plant reserves and decreasing nitrogen returns to soils via decomposition process