Journal articles on the topic 'Monsoons East Asia'
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1
Lu, Mengmeng, Zhiming Kuang, Song Yang, Zhenning Li, and Hanjie Fan. "A Bridging Role of Winter Snow over Northern China and Southern Mongolia in Linking the East Asian Winter and Summer Monsoons." Journal of Climate 33, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 9849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0298.1.
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AbstractEurasian snow, one of the most important factors that influence the Asian monsoons, has long been viewed as a useful predictor for seasonal monsoon prediction. In this study, observations and model simulations are used to demonstrate a bridging role of the winter snow anomaly over northern China and southern Mongolia (NCSM) in the relationship between the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). Enhanced snow in NCSM results in local surface and tropospheric cooling, strengthening the EAWM through cold-air intrusion induced by northerly wind anomalies. In turn, the stronger EAWM provides a favorable condition for enhanced snowfall over East Asia to the south, indicating an active snow–EAWM interaction. The continental cooling could be maintained until summer due to the memory effect of snowmelt and moistening as well as the snow–monsoon interaction in the spring, causing changes in the meridional temperature gradient and associated upper-level westerlies in the summer. The interaction between the strengthened westerlies over the northern Tibetan Plateau and the topography of the plateau could lead to anomalous downstream convergence and compensating divergence to the south. Therefore, anomalous cyclonic circulation and increased rainfall occur over northeastern China and the Korean Peninsula, but anticyclonic circulation and decreased rainfall appear over the subtropical East Asia–Pacific region. Moreover, limited analysis shows that, compared to sea surface temperature feedback, the direct impact of snow anomaly on the EAWM–EASM connection seems more important.
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Chen, Junming, Ping Zhao, Song Yang, Ge Liu, and Xiuji Zhou. "Simulation and Dynamical Prediction of the Summer Asian–Pacific Oscillation and Associated Climate Anomalies by the NCEP CFSv2." Journal of Climate 26, no. 11 (May 31, 2013): 3644–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00368.1.
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Abstract The Asian–Pacific Oscillation (APO) is a dominant teleconnection pattern linking the climate anomalies over Asia, the North Pacific, and other regions including North America. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) successfully simulates many summer-mean features of the upper-tropospheric temperature, the South Asian high, the westerly and easterly jet streams, and the regional monsoons over Asia and Africa. It also well simulates the interannual variability of the APO and associated anomalies in atmospheric circulation, precipitation, surface air temperature (SAT), and sea surface temperature (SST). Associated with a positive APO are a strengthened South Asian high; a weakened extratropical upper-tropospheric westerly jet stream over North America; strengthened subtropical anticyclones over the Northern Hemisphere oceans; and strengthened monsoons over North Africa, India, and East Asia. Meanwhile, increased precipitation is found over tropical North Africa, South Asia, northern China, and tropical South America; decreased precipitation is seen over subtropical North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, southern China, Japan, and extratropical North America. Low SAT occurs in North Africa, India, and tropical South America and high SAT appears in extratropical Eurasia and North America. SST increases in the extratropical Pacific and the North Atlantic but decreases in the tropical Pacific. The summer APO and many of the associated climate anomalies can be predicted by the NCEP CFSv2 by up to 5 months in advance. However, the CFSv2 skill of predicting the SAT in the East Asian monsoon region is low.
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Liu, Xiaodong, Qingchun Guo, Zhengtang Guo, Zhi-Yong Yin, Buwen Dong, and Robin Smith. "Where were the monsoon regions and arid zones in Asia prior to the Tibetan Plateau uplift?" National Science Review 2, no. 4 (October 26, 2015): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwv068.
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Abstract The impact of the Tibetan Plateau uplift on the Asian monsoons and inland arid climates is an important but also controversial question in studies of paleoenvironmental change during the Cenozoic. In order to achieve a good understanding of the background for the formation of the Asian monsoons and arid environments, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the distribution of monsoon regions and arid zones in Asia before the plateau uplift. In this study, we discuss in detail the patterns of distribution of the Asian monsoon and arid regions before the plateau uplift on the basis of modeling results without topography from a global coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model, compare our results with previous simulation studies and available biogeological data, and review the uncertainties in the current knowledge. Based on what we know at the moment, tropical monsoon climates existed south of 20°N in South and Southeast Asia before the plateau uplift, while the East Asian monsoon was entirely absent in the extratropics. These tropical monsoons mainly resulted from the seasonal shifts of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone. There may have been a quasi-monsoon region in central-southern Siberia. Most of the arid regions in the Asian continent were limited to the latitudes of 20–40°N, corresponding to the range of the subtropical high pressure year-around. In the meantime, the present-day arid regions located in the relatively high latitudes in Central Asia were most likely absent before the plateau uplift. The main results from the above modeling analyses are qualitatively consistent with the available biogeological data. These results highlight the importance of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau in the Cenozoic evolution of the Asian climate pattern of dry–wet conditions. Future studies should be focused on effects of the changes in land–sea distribution and atmospheric CO2 concentrations before and after the plateau uplift, and also on cross-comparisons between numerical simulations and geological evidence, so that a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the Cenozoic paleoenvironments in Asia can be achieved.
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Tardif, Delphine, Frédéric Fluteau, Yannick Donnadieu, Guillaume Le Hir, Jean-Baptiste Ladant, Pierre Sepulchre, Alexis Licht, Fernando Poblete, and Guillaume Dupont-Nivet. "The origin of Asian monsoons: a modelling perspective." Climate of the Past 16, no. 3 (May 8, 2020): 847–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-847-2020.
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Abstract. The Cenozoic inception and development of the Asian monsoons remain unclear and have generated much debate, as several hypotheses regarding circulation patterns at work in Asia during the Eocene have been proposed in the few last decades. These include (a) the existence of modern-like monsoons since the early Eocene; (b) that of a weak South Asian monsoon (SAM) and little to no East Asian monsoon (EAM); or (c) a prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations, also referred to as Indonesian–Australian monsoon (I-AM). As SAM and EAM are supposed to have been triggered or enhanced primarily by Asian palaeogeographic changes, their possible inception in the very dynamic Eocene palaeogeographic context remains an open question, both in the modelling and field-based communities. We investigate here Eocene Asian climate conditions using the IPSL-CM5A2 (Sepulchre et al., 2019) earth system model and revised palaeogeographies. Our Eocene climate simulation yields atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia substantially different from modern conditions. A large high-pressure area is simulated over the Tethys ocean, which generates intense low tropospheric winds blowing southward along the western flank of the proto-Himalayan–Tibetan plateau (HTP) system. This low-level wind system blocks, to latitudes lower than 10∘ N, the migration of humid and warm air masses coming from the Indian Ocean. This strongly contrasts with the modern SAM, during which equatorial air masses reach a latitude of 20–25∘ N over India and southeastern China. Another specific feature of our Eocene simulation is the widespread subsidence taking place over northern India in the midtroposphere (around 5000 m), preventing deep convective updraught that would transport water vapour up to the condensation level. Both processes lead to the onset of a broad arid region located over northern India and over the HTP. More humid regions of high seasonality in precipitation encircle this arid area, due to the prevalence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrations (or Indonesian–Australian monsoon, I-AM) rather than monsoons. Although the existence of this central arid region may partly result from the specifics of our simulation (model dependence and palaeogeographic uncertainties) and has yet to be confirmed by proxy records, most of the observational evidence for Eocene monsoons are located in the highly seasonal transition zone between the arid area and the more humid surroundings. We thus suggest that a zonal arid climate prevailed over Asia before the initiation of monsoons that most likely occurred following Eocene palaeogeographic changes. Our results also show that precipitation seasonality should be used with caution to infer the presence of a monsoonal circulation and that the collection of new data in this arid area is of paramount importance to allow the debate to move forward.
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Chiang, J. C. H., W. Kong, C. H. Wu, and D. S. Battisti. "Origins of East Asian Summer Monsoon Seasonality." Journal of Climate 33, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 7945–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0888.1.
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AbstractThe East Asian summer monsoon is unique among summer monsoon systems in its complex seasonality, exhibiting distinct intraseasonal stages. Previous studies have alluded to the downstream influence of the westerlies flowing around the Tibetan Plateau as key to its existence. We explore this hypothesis using an atmospheric general circulation model that simulates the intraseasonal stages with fidelity. Without a Tibetan Plateau, East Asia exhibits only one primary convective stage typical of other monsoons. As the plateau is introduced, the distinct rainfall stages—spring, pre-mei-yu, mei-yu, and midsummer—emerge, and rainfall becomes more intense overall. This emergence coincides with a pronounced modulation of the westerlies around the plateau and extratropical northerlies penetrating northeastern China. The northerlies meridionally constrain the moist southerly flow originating from the tropics, leading to a band of lower-tropospheric convergence and humidity front that produces the rainband. The northward migration of the westerlies away from the northern edge of the plateau leads to a weakening of the extratropical northerlies, which, coupled with stronger monsoonal southerlies, leads to the northward migration of the rainband. When the peak westerlies migrate north of the plateau during the midsummer stage, the extratropical northerlies disappear, leaving only the monsoon low-level circulation that penetrates northeastern China; the rainband disappears, leaving isolated convective rainfall over northeastern China. In short, East Asian rainfall seasonality results from the interaction of two seasonally evolving circulations—the monsoonal southerlies that strengthen and extend northward, and the midlatitude northerlies that weaken and eventually disappear—as summer progresses.
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Chen, Quanliang, Luyang Xu, and Hongke Cai. "Impact of Stratospheric Sudden Warming on East Asian Winter Monsoons." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/640912.
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Fifty-two Stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events that occurred from 1957 to 2002 were analyzed based on the 40-year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis dataset. Those that could descent to the troposphere were composited to investigate their impacts on the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). It reveals that when the SSW occurs, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) are both in the negative phase and that the tropospheric circulation is quite wave-like. The Siberian high and the Aleutian low are both strengthened, leading to an increased gradient between the Asian continent and the North Pacific. Hence, a strong EAWM is observed with widespread cooling over inland and coastal East Asia. After the peak of the SSW, in contrast, the tropospheric circulation is quite zonally symmetric with negative phases of AO and NPO. The mid-tropospheric East Asian trough deepens and shifts eastward. This configuration facilitates warming over the East Asian inland and cooling over the coastal East Asia centered over Japan. The activities of planetary waves during the lifecycle of the SSW were analyzed. The anomalous propagation and the attendant altered amplitude of the planetary waves can well explain the observed circulation and the EAWM.
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Wang, Bin, Michela Biasutti, Michael P. Byrne, Christopher Castro, Chih-Pei Chang, Kerry Cook, Rong Fu, et al. "Monsoons Climate Change Assessment." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 102, no. 1 (January 2021): E1—E19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0335.1.
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AbstractMonsoon rainfall has profound economic and societal impacts for more than two-thirds of the global population. Here we provide a review on past monsoon changes and their primary drivers, the projected future changes, and key physical processes, and discuss challenges of the present and future modeling and outlooks. Continued global warming and urbanization over the past century has already caused a significant rise in the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in all monsoon regions (high confidence). Observed changes in the mean monsoon rainfall vary by region with significant decadal variations. Northern Hemisphere land monsoon rainfall as a whole declined from 1950 to 1980 and rebounded after the 1980s, due to the competing influences of internal climate variability and radiative forcing from greenhouse gases and aerosol forcing (high confidence); however, it remains a challenge to quantify their relative contributions. The CMIP6 models simulate better global monsoon intensity and precipitation over CMIP5 models, but common biases and large intermodal spreads persist. Nevertheless, there is high confidence that the frequency and intensity of monsoon extreme rainfall events will increase, alongside an increasing risk of drought over some regions. Also, land monsoon rainfall will increase in South Asia and East Asia (high confidence) and northern Africa (medium confidence), decrease in North America, and be unchanged in the Southern Hemisphere. Over the Asian–Australian monsoon region, the rainfall variability is projected to increase on daily to decadal scales. The rainy season will likely be lengthened in the Northern Hemisphere due to late retreat (especially over East Asia), but shortened in the Southern Hemisphere due to delayed onset.
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Abbas, Sohail, Mian Sabir Hussain, Safdar Ali Sherazi, Mareena Khurshid, and Saadia Sultan Wahla. "Connection between the South and East Asian Monsoons: Comparing Summer Monsoon Rainfall of Pakistan and South Korea." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 2 (September 24, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss2.2020.438.
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This study investigates the tele-connection of the southeast Asian monsoon systems by comparing the summer monsoon (June to September) rainfall variability between Pakistan and south Korea. The daily data sets (19812014) of rainfall of Pakistan and south Korea are utilized to explore the possible link. The data products of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) were also used for the understanding of the large-scale atmospheric environments. The patterns of summer monsoon rainfall on a daily basis between Pakistan and south Korea followed to each other throughout the year. Sub-seasonal differences of the summer monsoon revealed that July is the wettest month in both countries. The large-scale atmospheric environment of higher geopotential height revealed that the Tibetan high and the western north Pacific subtropical high are showing positive anomalies during positive phases over south Asia and east Asia, respectively. The anomalies of zonal wind are negative during positive phase and adverse in the negative phase between 20-40oN. The reduced westerly is interpreted as the seasonal variation and moving of jet streams from the east Asian route. The Tibetan high, northwestern Pacific subtropical high and the east Asian jet stream have reliable and sufficient linkage between the Pakistan and south Korea summer monsoon system.
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Wang, B., LinHo, Yongsheng Zhang, and M.-M. Lu. "Definition of South China Sea Monsoon Onset and Commencement of the East Asia Summer Monsoon*." Journal of Climate 17, no. 4 (February 15, 2004): 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2932.1.
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Abstract The climatological mean summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (SCS) is a remarkably abrupt event. However, defining onset dates for individual years is noticeably controversial. The controversies and complications arise primarily from a number of factors: the intermittent southward intrusion of cold fronts into the northern SCS, the bogus onset in late April before the establishment of tropical monsoons over Indochina, and active intraseasonal oscillation. In this paper, a simple yet effective index, USCS, the 850-hPa zonal winds averaged over the central SCS (5°–15°N and 110°–120°E), is proposed for objectively defining the SCS monsoon onset. This onset index depicts not only the sudden establishment of the tropical southwesterly monsoon over the SCS but also the outbreak of the rainy season in the central-northern SCS. In this paper the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is defined as the broadscale summer monsoon over East Asia and the western North Pacific region (0°–40°N, 100°–140°E). It is shown that the seasonal transition of EASM can be objectively determined by the principal component of the dominant empirical orthogonal mode of the 850-hPa zonal winds, UEOF1. It is found that the local index USCS represents UEOF1 extremely well; thus, it can be used to determine both the SCS onset and the commencement of the broadscale EASM. The result suggests that the SCS summer monsoon onset indeed signifies the beginning of the summer monsoon over East Asia and the adjacent western Pacific Ocean. Evidence is also provided to show the linkage between the two salient phases of EASM: the local onset of the SCS monsoon and the local onset of the mei-yu (the rainy season in the Yangtze River and Huai River basin and southern Japan).
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Zhang, Lixia, and Tianjun Zhou. "Drought over East Asia: A Review." Journal of Climate 28, no. 8 (April 7, 2015): 3375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00259.1.
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Abstract East Asia is greatly impacted by drought. North and southwest China are the regions with the highest drought frequency and maximum duration. At the interannual time scale, drought in the eastern part of East Asia is mainly dominated by two teleconnection patterns (i.e., the Pacific–Japan and Silk Road teleconnections). The former is forced by SST anomalies in the western North Pacific and the tropical Indian Ocean during El Niño decaying year summers. The precipitation anomaly features a meridional tripolar or sandwich pattern. The latter is forced by Indian monsoon heating and is a propagation of stationary Rossby waves along the Asian jet in the upper troposphere. It can significantly influence the precipitation over north China. Regarding the long-term trend, there exists an increasing drought trend over central parts of northern China and a decreasing tendency over northwestern China from the 1950s to the present. The increased drought in north China results from a weakened tendency of summer monsoons, which is mainly driven by the phase transition of the Pacific decadal oscillation. East Asian summer precipitation is poorly simulated and predicted by current state-of-the-art climate models. Encouragingly, the predictability of atmospheric circulation is high because of the forcing of ENSO and the associated teleconnection patterns. Under the SRES A1B scenario and doubled CO2 simulations, most climate models project an increasing drought frequency and intensity over southeastern Asia. Nevertheless, uncertainties exist in the projections as a result of the selection of climate models and the choice of drought index.
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Wu, Liwei, Xinling Li, Qinghai Xu, Manyue Li, Qiufeng Zheng, Maoheng Zhang, Dandan Wang, and Zhiguo He. "Changes in Paleovegetation and Paleoclimate in China since the Late Middle Pleistocene: A Case Study of the Dajiuhu Basin." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 4848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094848.
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The East Asian monsoon system is an important part of global atmospheric circulation; however, records of the East Asian monsoon from different regions exhibit different evolutionary rhythms. Here, we show a high-resolution record of grain size and pollen data from a lacustrine sediment core of Dajiuhu Lake in Shennongjia, Hubei Province, China, in order to reconstruct the paleovegetation and paleoeclimate evolution of the Dajiuhu Basin since the late Middle Pleistocene (~237.9 ka to the present). The results show that grain size and pollen record of the core DJH-2 are consistent with the δ18O record of stalagmites from Sanbao Cave in the same area, which is closely related to the changes of insolation at the precessional (~20-kyr) scale in the Northern Hemisphere. This is different from the records of the Asian summer monsoon recorded in the Loess Plateau of North China, which exhibited dominant 100-kyr change cyclicities. We suggest that the difference between paleoclimatic records from North and South China is closely related to the east–west-oriented mountain ranges of the Qinling Mountains in central China that blocked weakened East Asia summer monsoons across the mountains during glacial periods.
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Xu, Ke, and Riyu Lu. "Break of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon in Early August." Journal of Climate 28, no. 8 (April 7, 2015): 3420–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00588.1.
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Abstract Although the monsoon break is a well-known phenomenon for the South Asian summer monsoon, it has not been well documented for the other monsoons, for instance, the western North Pacific (WNP) summer monsoon. This study identified a distinct monsoon break over the WNP by analyzing the subseasonal evolution of atmospheric convection and precipitation. This WNP monsoon break occurs climatologically in early August (3–8 August), but shows a strong variation, in either intensity or timing, from year to year. For about 30% of years, the rainfall amount reduces by more than 10 mm day−1 over the northeast WNP (10°–20°N, 140°–160°E) in early August, and is even less than that before the monsoon onset. However, for the other 30% of years, the subseasonal evolution of rainfall tends to be out of phase with the climatology, and rainfall reduction appears in mid-August. Furthermore, the 10–25-day oscillations, which originate at the equatorial western Pacific and propagate northwestward, are found to play a crucial role in forming the monsoon break. The 10–25-day oscillations exhibit a strong interannual variation, associated with the WNP monsoon trough during the period from late July to mid-August, and contribute greatly to the year-to-year variation in both the timing and intensity of the monsoon break. Considering the close link in subseasonal evolution between the WNP and East Asian monsoons, the present results indicate the necessity to investigate the possible role of the WNP monsoon break on the weather and climate over East Asia.
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Liu, Xiaodong, Zhengyu Liu, John E. Kutzbach, Steven C. Clemens, and Warren L. Prell. "Hemispheric Insolation Forcing of the Indian Ocean and Asian Monsoon: Local versus Remote Impacts*." Journal of Climate 19, no. 23 (December 1, 2006): 6195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3965.1.
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Abstract Insolation forcing related to the earth’s orbital parameters is known to play an important role in regulating variations of the South Asian monsoon on geological time scales. The influence of insolation forcing on the Indian Ocean and Asian monsoon is studied in this paper by isolating the Northern and Southern Hemispheric insolation changes in several numerical experiments with a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. The focus is on the response of South Asian summer rainfall (monsoon strength) with emphasis on impacts of the local versus remote forcing and possible mechanisms. The model results show that both Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer insolation changes affect the Indian Ocean and Asian monsoon as a local forcing (in the same hemisphere), but only the SH changes result in remote (in the other hemisphere) forcing. The NH insolation change has a local and immediate impact on NH summer monsoons from North Africa to South and East Asia, while the SH insolation change has a remote and seasonal-scale delayed effect on the South Asian summer monsoon rainfall. When the SH insolation is increased from December to April, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the southern tropical Indian Ocean remains high from January to July. The increased SST produces more atmospheric precipitable water over the southern tropical Indian Ocean by promoting evaporation from the ocean. The enhanced precipitable water over the southern Indian Ocean is transported northward to the South Asian monsoon region by the lower-tropospheric mean cross-equatorial flows with the onset of the Asian monsoon increasing precipitable water over South Asia, eventually leading to the increase of Indian summer monsoon precipitation. Thus, these model experiments, while idealized and not fully representing actual orbitally forced insolation changes, confirm the broadscale response of northern monsoons to NH summer insolation increases and also illustrate how SH summer insolation increases can have a delayed influence on the Indian summer monsoon.
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Clift, Peter D., Christian Betzler, Steven C. Clemens, Beth Christensen, Gregor P. Eberli, Christian France-Lanord, Stephen Gallagher, et al. "A synthesis of monsoon exploration in the Asian marginal seas." Scientific Drilling 31 (October 28, 2022): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-31-1-2022.
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Abstract. The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) conducted a series of expeditions between 2013 and 2016 that were designed to address the development of monsoon climate systems in Asia and Australia. Significant progress was made in recovering Neogene sections spanning the region from the Arabian Sea to the Sea of Japan and southward to western Australia. High recovery by advanced piston corer (APC) has provided a host of semi-continuous sections that have been used to examine monsoonal evolution. Use of the half-length APC was successful in sampling sand-rich sediment in Indian Ocean submarine fans. The records show that humidity and seasonality developed diachronously across the region, although most regions show drying since the middle Miocene and especially since ∼ 4 Ma, likely linked to global cooling. A transition from C3 to C4 vegetation often accompanied the drying but may be more linked to global cooling. Western Australia and possibly southern China diverge from the general trend in becoming wetter during the late Miocene, with the Australian monsoon being more affected by the Indonesian Throughflow, while the Asian monsoon is tied more to the rising Himalaya in South Asia and to the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia. The monsoon shows sensitivity to orbital forcing, with many regions having a weaker summer monsoon during times of northern hemispheric Glaciation. Stronger monsoons are associated with faster continental erosion but not weathering intensity, which either shows no trend or a decreasing strength since the middle Miocene in Asia. Marine productivity proxies and terrestrial chemical weathering, erosion, and vegetation proxies are often seen to diverge. Future work on the almost unknown Paleogene is needed, as well as the potential of carbonate platforms as archives of paleoceanographic conditions.
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Chen, Yanping, Yan Li, Wenzhe Lyu, Dong Xu, Xibin Han, Tengfei Fu, and Liang Yi. "A 5000-Year Sedimentary Record of East Asian Winter Monsoon from the Northern Muddy Area of the East China Sea." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121376.
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The variability of the winter monsoon is one of the key components of the Asian monsoon, significantly influencing paleoenvironmental evolution in East Asia. However, whether the winter or the summer monsoon is the dominated factor controlling sedimentary dynamics of the muddy areas of the continental shelves of the East China Sea is debated, due to lack of consistency between various winter monsoon proxies in previous studies. In this work, the sediments of the upper part of core ECS-DZ1 with several marine surface samples were studied in terms of sediment grain size and radiocarbon dating, and changes in sedimentary dynamics of the northern muddy area of the ECS over the past 5000 years were documented. The main findings are as follows: (1) regional sedimentary dynamics were low and did not significantly change since the middle Holocene; (2) coarse particles are the dominated component in the sediments; (3) a proxy can be derived to indicate changes in winter monsoon. Based on this reconstructed winter monsoon record, we found that this record was generally negatively correlated to the stalagmite-based summer monsoon variability over the past 3500 years, but positively correlated before that. Moreover, this record can be well correlated to changes in the Kuroshio Current and the Bond ice-rafting debris events in the North Atlantic on millennial timescales, inferring large-scale and common atmospheric dynamics across the Asian continent over the past 5000 years. Therefore, we concluded that the winter monsoon is the predominant factor controlling sedimentary dynamics in the northern part of the ECS and proposed that the contribution of coarse particles may be one of potential indices to identify the role of the winter and the summer monsoons in sedimentary evolution.
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Hirano, Junpei, Takehiko Mikami, and Masumi Zaiki. "Analysis of early Japanese meteorological data and historical weather documents to reconstruct the winter climate between the 1840s and the early 1850s." Climate of the Past 18, no. 2 (February 25, 2022): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-327-2022.
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Abstract. The East Asian winter monsoon causes orographic snowfall over the windward side of the Japanese islands (facing the Sea of Japan and the northwesterly winter monsoon flow) and negative temperature anomalies around Japan. Daily weather information recorded in old Japanese diaries can provide useful information on the historical occurrences of snowfall days. Here, this information was combined with recently recovered early daily instrumental temperature data collected during the 19th century to reconstruct the occurrence of winter monsoon outbreak days (WMDs) from the 1840s to the early 1850s in Japan. Analyses of interannual and intra-seasonal variations in WMDs revealed active winter monsoon outbreaks in the early 1840s. In 1840/41 and 1841/42, these synchronously occurred with extreme snow events reported in central and southern China. However, winter monsoon outbreaks were absent during the middle to late winters of the mid-1840s and 1853/1854. Freezing records of Lake Suwa in central Japan showed that it did not freeze during 1844/1845 and 1853/1854, which was in agreement with our finding of inactive winter monsoons in these years. Comparing the occurrences of WMDs with early instrumental surface pressure data revealed that WMDs were associated with the active phases of the winter monsoon, as represented by an east–west surface pressure gradient over East Asia.
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Zhou, BoTao, and Ping Zhao. "Inverse correlation between ancient winter and summer monsoons in East Asia?" Chinese Science Bulletin 54, no. 20 (October 2009): 3760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0583-7.
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Wang, Qing, Houyun Zhou, Ke Cheng, Hong Chi, Chuan-Chou Shen, Changshan Wang, and Qianqian Ma. "The climate reconstruction in Shandong Peninsula, northern China, during the last millennium based on stalagmite laminae together with a comparison to <i>δ</i><sup>18</sup>O." Climate of the Past 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2016): 871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-871-2016.
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Abstract. Stalagmite ky1, with a length of 75 mm and the upper part (from top to 42.769 mm depth) consisting of 678 laminae, was collected from Kaiyuan Cave in the coastal area of Shandong Peninsula, northern China, located in a warm temperate zone in the East Asia monsoon area. Based on high-precision dating with the U–230Th technique and continuous counting of laminae, the 1st and 678th laminae have been confirmed to be AD 1894 ± 20 and 1217 ± 20 from top to bottom, respectively. By the measurement of laminae thickness and δ18O ratios, we haved obtained the time series data of thickness of laminae and δ18O ratios from AD 1217 ± 20 to 1894 ± 20, analyzed the climatic–environmental meaning of variations in the thickness of laminae, which have a good correspondence with the cumulative departure curve of the drought–waterlog index in the historical period. The results show that, in the ∼ 678 years from AD 1217 ± 20 to 1894 ± 20, both the thickness of the laminae and the degree of fluctuation in the thickness of the laminae of stalagmite ky1 have obvious stages of variation and are completely synchronized with the contemporaneous intensity of the summer monsoons and precipitation as time changed. There is a negative correlation between the thickness of the laminae and the summer monsoon intensity and precipitation. There is a positive correlation between the degree of fluctuation in the thickness of the laminae and both the intensity of the summer monsoons and the precipitation. Therefore, for the Kaiyuan Cave in the coastal area of both the warm temperate zone and the East Asia monsoon area, the variations in the thickness of the laminae are not only related to the change in the climatic factors themselves but also related to the degree of climatic stability. In the coastal area belonging to the warm temperate zone and the East Asia monsoon area, the climate change between the LIA (Little Ice Age) and the MWP (Medieval Warm Period), in addition to less precipitation and low temperatures (a type of dry and cold climate), also shows an obviously decreasing trend in the degree of climatic stability.
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Lim, Young-Kwon, and Kwang-Yul Kim. "ENSO Impact on the Space–Time Evolution of the Regional Asian Summer Monsoons." Journal of Climate 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 2397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4120.1.
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Abstract This study investigates how ENSO affects the space–time evolution of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) precipitation and synoptic variables on a 5-day resolution over the entire ASM area. Cyclostationary EOF and regression methods were used to investigate the detailed evolution features associated with ENSO during the prominent life cycle of the ASM (21 May–17 September). This ENSO mode is identified as the third largest component (next to the seasonal cycle and the intraseasonal oscillations with a 40–50-day period) of the ASM rainfall variation. The ENSO mode reveals that the individual regional monsoons over the ASM domain respond to ENSO in a complex manner. 1) Under the El Niño condition, the early monsoon stage over India, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indochina peninsula is characterized by rainfall deficit, along with a delayed monsoon onset by one or two pentads. This is the result of weakened diabatic heating over the Asian continent and meridional pressure gradient over the Indian Ocean, causing a weak low-tropospheric westerly monsoonal flow and the ensuing moisture transport decrease toward the regional monsoon areas. Onsets of the subsequent regional monsoons are delayed successively by this poorly developed ASM system in the early stage. 2) The Walker circulation anomaly persistently induces an enhanced subsidence over the Maritime Continent, resulting in a drought condition over this region for the entire ASM period. 3) The Hadley circulation anomaly linked to the Walker circulation anomaly over the Tropics drives a rising motion over the subtropical western Pacific, resulting in a wetter south China monsoon. The negative sea level pressure anomaly over the subtropical western Pacific associated with this anomalous Hadley circulation provides an unfavorable condition for the moisture transport toward East Asia, causing drier monsoons over north China, Japan, and Korea regions. 4) This negative sea level pressure anomaly intrudes into India, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indochina peninsula during late July and early August, developing a brief wet period over these regions. In contrast, the physical changes including the onset variation and the monsoon strength addressed above are reversed during La Niña events. In reality, the observed ASM rainfall anomaly does not necessarily follow the ENSO-related patterns addressed above because of other impacts contributing to the rainfall variations. Although the impact of ENSO is moderately important, a comparison with other impacts demonstrates that the rainfall variations are controlled more by regional-scale intraseasonal oscillations.
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Cheng, Tat Fan, and Mengqian Lu. "Moisture Source–Receptor Network of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Land Regions and the Associated Atmospheric Steerings." Journal of Climate 33, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 9213–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-19-0868.1.
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AbstractThis study aims to construct a novel source–receptor (SR) network to study the atmospheric water cycle associated with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation. Using a dynamical recycling model (DRM), 68%–74% of the wet season (April–September) precipitation in six EASM land regions is attributed. The results reveal that terrestrial sources can be equally or more competitive than oceans for several sink regions downwind in East Asia. Terrestrial sources, such as the Indian subcontinent, Indochina, Southwest China, and the eastern Tibetan Plateau, are sustained by southwesterly monsoons and contribute to appreciable fractions of precipitation in the East Asian subregions downwind. Further, southwesterly and southeasterly sources for a sink region alternately dominate the moisture supply in the early and late wet season, respectively, referred to as the “SW–SE source swing.” The SR network is found to be largely governed by the zonal oscillation of the western North Pacific subtropical high and tropical cyclones. Knowledge about the coupled circulations might promise more predictability of the strength of the affected SR pairs. Notably, enhanced moisture supplies from regions such as the Indian subcontinent and Tibetan Plateau are well correlated with an upper-level wave train from western Russia. Finally, the preceding wintertime El Niño may favor (suppress) the moisture contribution of southwesterly (southeasterly) sources in the following wet season. The findings offer insights into the EASM water cycle and the governing circulations, and also accentuate the role of upwind terrestrial sources in the downwind precipitation and freshwater resources.
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Chen, Tsing-Chang, Ming-Cheng Yen, and Shu-Ping Weng. "Interaction between the Summer Monsoons in East Asia and the South China Sea: Intraseasonal Monsoon Modes." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 57, no. 9 (May 2000): 1373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1373:ibtsmi>2.0.co;2.
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Kripalani, R. H., J. H. Oh, J. H. Kang, S. S. Sabade, and A. Kulkarni. "Extreme monsoons over East Asia: Possible role of Indian Ocean Zonal Mode." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 82, no. 1-2 (March 31, 2005): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0114-z.
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Tian, Rongxiang, Yaoming Ma, and Weiqiang Ma. "Vertical Motion of Air over the Indian Ocean and the Climate in East Asia." Water 13, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192641.
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The Indian Ocean and East Asia are the most famous monsoonal regions, and the climate of East Asia is affected by the change in wind direction due to monsoons. The vertical motion of the atmosphere is closely related to the amount of precipitation in whichever particular region. Climate diagnosis and statistical analysis were used to study the vertical motion of air over the Indian Ocean and its relationship with the climate in East Asia. The vertical motion of air over the Indian Ocean had a significant correlation with the climate in China—especially with precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze River Basin—as a result of the interaction of the vertical motion of air from the Indian Ocean, the Tibetan Plateau and the subpolar region in the Northern Hemisphere. The vertical motion over the Indian Ocean was weakened from 1981 to 2010, except at a height of 500 hPa in winter. The vertical motion of air over the Indian Ocean had a period of 7–9 years in summer and 9–12 years in winter. An ascending motion was dominant over most of the Indian Ocean throughout the year and the central axis of the ascending motion changed from a clockwise rotation from winter to summer to a counterclockwise rotation from summer to winter as a result of the monsoonal circulation over the Indian Ocean. These results will provide a theoretical reference for a comprehensive understanding of the climate in Asia and contribute to work on climate prediction in these regions.
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Pan, Tao, Yanan Zhang, Hui Wang, Jun Wu, Xing Kang, Lifu Qian, Jinyun Chen, Dingqi Rao, Jianping Jiang, and Baowei Zhang. "The reanalysis of biogeography of the Asian tree frog,Rhacophorus(Anura: Rhacophoridae): geographic shifts and climatic change influenced the dispersal process and diversification." PeerJ 5 (November 21, 2017): e3995. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3995.
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Rapid uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau and climate change in Asia are thought to have profoundly modulated the diversification of most of the species distributed throughout Asia. The ranoid tree frog genusRhacophorus, the largest genus in the Rhacophoridae, is widely distributed in Asia and especially speciose in the areas south and east of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we infer phylogenetic relationships among species and estimate divergence times, asking whether the spatiotemporal characteristics of diversification withinRhacophoruswere related to rapid uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau and concomitant climate change. Phylogenetic analysis recovered distinct lineage structures inRhacophorus, which indicated a clear distribution pattern from Southeast Asia toward East Asia and India. Molecular dating suggests that the first split within the genus date back to the Middle Oligocene (approx. 30 Ma). TheRhacophoruslineage through time (LTT) showed that there were periods of increased speciation rate: 14–12 Ma and 10–4 Ma. In addition, ancestral area reconstructions supported Southeast Asia as the ancestral area ofRhacophorus. According to the results of molecular dating, ancestral area reconstructions and LTT we think the geographic shifts, the staged rapid rises of the Tibetan Plateau with parallel climatic changes and reinforcement of the Asian monsoons (15 Ma, 8 Ma and 4–3 Ma), possibly prompted a burst of diversification inRhacophorus.
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Yim, So-Young, Sang-Wook Yeh, Renguang Wu, and Jong-Ghap Jhun. "The Influence of ENSO on Decadal Variations in the Relationship between the East Asian and Western North Pacific Summer Monsoons." Journal of Climate 21, no. 13 (July 1, 2008): 3165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1948.1.
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Abstract A recent study suggested that the relationship between the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) experienced a decadal change around 1993–94. Based on a longer-term integration of a hybrid coupled model, the present study investigates decadal variations in the relationship between the EASM and the WNPSM. Apparent decadal variations in the above relationship have been identified in the model simulation. The authors have analyzed the spatial pattern and variability during strong and weak EASM–WNPSM correlation periods. The purpose of this study is to understand potential reasons for decadal variations in the relationship between the two submonsoons. It is found that the precipitation variability associated with the WNPSM (ENSO) is enhanced over the East Asia and western North Pacific regions during periods when the EASM–WNPSM relationship is strong (weak). The large variability in precipitation associated with the WNPSM during strong periods strengthens the Pacific–Japan-like atmospheric teleconnection from the tropical western Pacific. In contrast, the Pacific–Japan-like pattern is not significant during weak periods. On the other hand, the large ENSO amplitude during weak periods results in an enhanced precipitation variability associated with ENSO. The results suggest that ENSO can destructively interfere with the relationship between the EASM and the WNPSM.
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Guo, Ke, and Marinus J. A. Werger. "Effect of prevailing monsoons on the distribution of beeches in continental East Asia." Forest Ecology and Management 259, no. 11 (May 2010): 2197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.034.
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Zhang, Ran, Dabang Jiang, and Zhongshi Zhang. "Causes of mid-Pliocene strengthened summer and weakened winter monsoons over East Asia." Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 32, no. 7 (April 29, 2015): 1016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-014-4183-3.
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Wu, M. C., and J. C. L. Chan. "Observational relationships between summer and winter monsoons over East Asia. Part II: results." International Journal of Climatology 25, no. 4 (2005): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1153.
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Perşoiu, Aurel, Monica Ionita, and Harvey Weiss. "Atmospheric blocking induced by the strengthened Siberian High led to drying in west Asia during the 4.2 ka BP event – a hypothesis." Climate of the Past 15, no. 2 (April 11, 2019): 781–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-15-781-2019.
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Abstract. Causal explanations for the 4.2 ka BP event are based on the amalgamation of seasonal and annual records of climate variability that was manifest across global regions dominated by different climatic regimes. However, instrumental and paleoclimate data indicate that seasonal climate variability is not always sequential in some regions. The present study investigates the spatial manifestation of the 4.2 ka BP event during the boreal winter season in Eurasia, where climate variability is a function of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the westerly winds. We present a multi-proxy reconstruction of winter climate conditions in Europe, west Asia, and northern Africa between 4.3 and 3.8 ka. Our results show that, while winter temperatures were cold throughout the region, precipitation amounts had a heterogeneous distribution, with regionally significant low values in W Asia, SE Europe, and N Europe and local high values in the N Balkan Peninsula, the Carpathian Mountains, and E and NE Europe. Further, strong northerly winds were dominating in the Middle East and E and NE Europe. Analyzing the relationships between these climatic conditions, we hypothesize that in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, the 4.2 ka BP event was caused by the strengthening and expansion of the Siberian High, which effectively blocked the moisture-carrying westerlies from reaching W Asia and enhanced outbreaks of cold and dry winds in that region. The behavior of the winter and summer monsoons suggests that when parts of Asia and Europe were experiencing winter droughts, SE Asia was experiencing similar summer droughts, resulting from failed and/or reduced monsoons. Thus, while in the extratropical regions of Eurasia the 4.2 ka BP event was a century-scale winter phenomenon, in the monsoon-dominated regions it may have been a feature of summer climate conditions.
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Parker, Sarah E., Sandy P. Harrison, Laia Comas-Bru, Nikita Kaushal, Allegra N. LeGrande, and Martin Werner. "A data–model approach to interpreting speleothem oxygen isotope records from monsoon regions." Climate of the Past 17, no. 3 (June 4, 2021): 1119–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1119-2021.
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Abstract. Reconstruction of past changes in monsoon climate from speleothem oxygen isotope (δ18O) records is complex because δ18O signals can be influenced by multiple factors including changes in precipitation, precipitation recycling over land, temperature at the moisture source, and changes in the moisture source region and transport pathway. Here, we analyse >150 speleothem records of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis (SISAL) database to produce composite regional trends in δ18O in monsoon regions; compositing minimises the influence of site-specific karst and cave processes that can influence individual site records. We compare speleothem δ18O observations with isotope-enabled climate model simulations to investigate the specific climatic factors causing these regional trends. We focus on differences in δ18O signals between the mid-Holocene, the peak of the Last Interglacial (Marine Isotope Stage 5e) and the Last Glacial Maximum as well as on δ18O evolution through the Holocene. Differences in speleothem δ18O between the mid-Holocene and the Last Interglacial in the East Asian and Indian monsoons are small, despite the larger summer insolation values during the Last Interglacial. Last Glacial Maximum δ18O values are significantly less negative than interglacial values. Comparison with simulated glacial–interglacial δ18O shows that changes are principally driven by global shifts in temperature and regional precipitation. Holocene speleothem δ18O records show distinct and coherent regional trends. Trends are similar to summer insolation in India, China and southwestern South America, but they are different in the Indonesian–Australian region. Redundancy analysis shows that 37 % of Holocene variability can be accounted for by latitude and longitude, supporting the differentiation of records into individual monsoon regions. Regression analysis of simulated precipitation δ18O and climate variables show significant relationships between global Holocene monsoon δ18O trends and changes in precipitation, atmospheric circulation and (to a lesser extent) source area temperature, whereas precipitation recycling is non-significant. However, there are differences in regional-scale mechanisms: there are clear relationships between changes in precipitation and δ18O for India, southwestern South America and the Indonesian–Australian regions but not for the East Asian monsoon. Changes in atmospheric circulation contribute to δ18O trends in the East Asian, Indian and Indonesian–Australian monsoons, and a weak source area temperature effect is observed over southern and central America and Asia. Precipitation recycling is influential in southwestern South America and southern Africa. Overall, our analyses show that it is possible to differentiate the impacts of specific climatic mechanisms influencing precipitation δ18O and use this analysis to interpret changes in speleothem δ18O.
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Wu, M. C., and J. C. L. Chan. "Observational relationships between summer and winter monsoons over East Asia. Part I: Basic framework." International Journal of Climatology 25, no. 4 (2005): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1132.
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Fugger, Stefan, Catriona L. Fyffe, Simone Fatichi, Evan Miles, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Baohong Ding, et al. "Understanding monsoon controls on the energy and mass balance of glaciers in the Central and Eastern Himalaya." Cryosphere 16, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 1631–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022.
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Abstract. The Indian and East Asian summer monsoons shape the melt and accumulation patterns of glaciers in High Mountain Asia in complex ways due to the interaction of persistent cloud cover, large temperature ranges, high atmospheric water content and high precipitation rates. Glacier energy- and mass-balance modelling using in situ measurements offers insights into the ways in which surface processes are shaped by climatic regimes. In this study, we use a full energy- and mass-balance model and seven on-glacier automatic weather station datasets from different parts of the Central and Eastern Himalaya to investigate how monsoon conditions influence the glacier surface energy and mass balance. In particular, we look at how debris-covered and debris-free glaciers respond differently to monsoonal conditions. The radiation budget primarily controls the melt of clean-ice glaciers, but turbulent fluxes play an important role in modulating the melt energy on debris-covered glaciers. The sensible heat flux decreases during core monsoon, but the latent heat flux cools the surface due to evaporation of liquid water. This interplay of radiative and turbulent fluxes causes debris-covered glacier melt rates to stay almost constant through the different phases of the monsoon. Ice melt under thin debris, on the other hand, is amplified by both the dark surface and the turbulent fluxes, which intensify melt during monsoon through surface heating and condensation. Pre-monsoon snow cover can considerably delay melt onset and have a strong impact on the seasonal mass balance. Intermittent monsoon snow cover lowers the melt rates at high elevation. This work is fundamental to the understanding of the present and future Himalayan cryosphere and water budget, while informing and motivating further glacier- and catchment-scale research using process-based models.
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Liu, Yu, Jiaren Sun, and Bai Yang. "The effects of black carbon and sulphate aerosols in China regions on East Asia monsoons." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 61, no. 4 (January 2009): 642–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00427.x.
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Jin, Chunhan, Bin Wang, and Jian Liu. "Future Changes and Controlling Factors of the Eight Regional Monsoons Projected by CMIP6 Models." Journal of Climate 33, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 9307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0236.1.
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AbstractAn accurate prediction of land monsoon precipitation (LMP) is critical for the sustainable future of the planet as it provides water resources for more than two-thirds of the global population. Here, we show that the ensemble mean of 24 CMIP6 (phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) models projects that, under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2–4.5 (SSP2–4.5) scenario, summer LMP will very likely increase in South Asia (~4.1% °C−1), likely increase in East Asia (~4.6% °C−1) and northern Africa (~2.9% °C−1), and likely decrease in North America (~−2.3% °C−1). The annual mean LMP in three Southern Hemisphere monsoon regions will likely remain unchanged due to significantly decreased winter precipitation. Regional mean LMP changes are dominated by the change in upward moisture transport with moderate contribution from evaporation and can be approximated by the changes of the product of the midtropospheric ascent and 850-hPa specific humidity. Greenhouse gas (GHG)-induced thermodynamic effects increase moisture content and stabilize the atmosphere, tending to offset each other. The spatially uniform increase of humidity cannot explain markedly different regional LMP changes. Intermodel spread analysis demonstrates that the GHG-induced circulation changes (dynamic effects) are primarily responsible for the regional differences. The GHGs induce a warm land–cool ocean pattern that strengthens the Asian monsoon, and a warm North Atlantic and Sahara that enhances the northern African monsoon, as well as an equatorial central Pacific warming that weakens the North American monsoon. CMIP6 models generally capture realistic monsoon rainfall climatology, but commonly overproduce summer rainfall variability. The models’ biases in projected regional SST and land–sea thermal contrast likely contribute to the models’ uncertainties in the projected monsoon rainfall changes.
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Davis, Mary E., and Lonnie G. Thompson. "An Andean ice-core record of a Middle Holocene mega-drought in North Africa and Asia." Annals of Glaciology 43 (2006): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812456.
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AbstractAn ice core from the Nevado Huascaran col in the Cordillera Blanca of northern Peru contains high-resolution time series of dust concentrations and size distributions since the end of the last glacial stage. A large dust peak, dated ∼4500 years ago, is contemporaneous with a widespread and prolonged drought that apparently extended from North Africa to eastern China, evidence of which occurs in historical, archeological and paleoclimatic records. This event may have been associated with several centuries of weak Asian/Indian/African monsoons, possibly linked with a protracted cooling in the North Atlantic. During the second half of the 20th century, high austral-summer dust concentrations in the Huascaran record are significantly correlated with atmospheric conditions, such as sea-level pressure and zonal wind velocities that are consistent with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) indices, and with aridity in North Africa, southwest Asia and the Middle East. Therefore, the dominant submicron fraction of the dust may have been transported by more intense northeasterly trade winds from the African dry regions across the tropical Atlantic during a period of frequent and/or intense ENSO activity. The proposed ENSO conditions that may have been linked with drought in the monsoon region may also have contributed to aridity in tropical South America, including the Cordillera Blanca.
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Wang, Bin, Kanto Nishikawa, Masafumi Matsui, Truong Quang Nguyen, Feng Xie, Cheng Li, Janak Raj Khatiwada, et al. "Phylogenetic surveys on the newt genus Tylototriton sensu lato (Salamandridae, Caudata) reveal cryptic diversity and novel diversification promoted by historical climatic shifts." PeerJ 6 (March 12, 2018): e4384. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4384.
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Global climatic transitions and Tibetan Plateau uplifts are hypothesized to have profoundly impacted biodiversity in southeastern Asia. To further test the hypotheses related to the impacts of these incidents, we investigated the diversification patterns of the newt genus Tylototriton sensu lato, distributed across the mountain ranges of southeastern Asia. Gene-tree and species-tree analyses of two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes revealed five major clades in the genus, and suggested several cryptic species. Dating estimates suggested that the genus originated in the early-to-middle Miocene. Under different species delimitating scenarios, diversification analyses with birth-death likelihood tests indicated that the genus held a higher diversification rate in the late Miocene-to-Pliocene era than that in the Pleistocene. Ancestral area reconstructions indicated that the genus originated from the northern Indochina Peninsula. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the Miocene Climatic Transition triggered the diversification of the genus, and the reinforcement of East Asian monsoons associated with the stepwise uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau promoted the radiation of the genus in southeastern Asia during the Miocene-to-Pliocene period. Quaternary glacial cycles likely had limited effects on speciation events in the genus, but mainly had contributions on their intraspecific differentiations.
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Li, Yana, and Song Yang. "Feedback Attributions to the Dominant Modes of East Asian Winter Monsoon Variations." Journal of Climate 30, no. 3 (January 12, 2017): 905–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0275.1.
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Abstract This study investigates the variations and feedback attributions of changes in surface temperature between strong and weak East Asian winter monsoons. The variations of winter-mean surface air temperature are dominated by two distinct principal modes that account for 70.9% of the total variance. The first mode features high correlation with the high-latitude atmospheric circulation, including a correlation coefficient of −0.53 with the Arctic Oscillation in January, and the second mode is significantly linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, with a correlation coefficient of −0.37. The surface temperature anomalies of each mode are decomposed into partial temperature anomalies resulting from radiative and nonradiative feedback processes by applying a coupled climate feedback–response analysis method to quantify contributions from thermodynamic and dynamic processes. Results indicate that the surface cooling associated with both modes is mainly attributed to the nonradiative feedback processes of atmospheric dynamics and surface sensible heating and to the radiative feedback processes of water vapor and clouds. The first mode exhibits a deep barotropic anomalous high that weakens the high-latitude westerly jet stream but strengthens the midlatitude westerly jet stream. This circulation feature traps cold and dry air over northern East Asia. For the second mode, the ocean and land heat storage processes induce a large thermal gradient over eastern China and the northwestern Pacific, resulting in a large pressure gradient. Northerly anomalies further reinforce the pressure gradient, which favors cold air intruding southward into the tropics.
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Schoeberl, M. R., A. E. Dessler, and T. Wang. "Modeling upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 4 (April 11, 2013): 9653–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-9653-2013.
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Abstract. The domain-filling, forward trajectory calculation model developed by Schoeberl and Dessler (2011) is used to further investigate processes that produce upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies. We examine the pathways parcels take from the base of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the lower stratosphere. Most parcels found in the lower stratosphere arise from East Asia, the Tropical West Pacific (TWP) and the Central/South America. The belt of TTL parcel origins is very wide compared to the final dehydration zones near the top of the TTL. This is due to the convergence of rising air as a result of the stronger diabatic heating near the tropopause relative to levels above and below. The observed water vapor anomalies – both wet and dry – correspond to regions where parcels have minimal displacement from their initialization. These minimum displacement regions include the winter TWP and the Asian and American monsoons. To better understand the stratospheric water vapor concentration we introduce the water vapor spectrum and investigate the source of the wettest and driest components of the spectrum. We find that the driest air parcels that originate below the TWP, moving upward to dehydrate in the TWP cold upper troposphere. The wettest air parcels originate at the edges of the TWP as well as the summer American and Asian monsoons. The wet air parcels are important since they skew the mean stratospheric water vapor distribution toward higher values. Both TWP cold temperatures that produce dry parcels as well as extra-TWP processes that control the wet parcels determine stratospheric water vapor.
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Schoeberl, M. R., A. E. Dessler, and T. Wang. "Modeling upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 15 (August 13, 2013): 7783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-7783-2013.
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Abstract. The domain-filling, forward trajectory calculation model developed by Schoeberl and Dessler (2011) is used to further investigate processes that produce upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor anomalies. We examine the pathways parcels take from the base of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the lower stratosphere. Most parcels found in the lower stratosphere arise from East Asia, the Tropical West Pacific (TWP) and Central/South America. The belt of TTL parcel origins is very wide compared to the final dehydration zones near the top of the TTL. This is due to the convergence of rising air due to the stronger diabatic heating near the tropopause relative to levels above and below. The observed water vapor anomalies – both wet and dry – correspond to regions where parcels have minimal displacement from their initialization. These minimum displacement regions include the winter TWP and the Asian and American monsoons. To better understand the stratospheric water vapor concentration we introduce the water vapor spectrum and investigate the source of the wettest and driest components of the spectrum. We find that the driest air parcels originate below the TWP, moving upward to dehydrate in the TWP cold upper troposphere. The wettest air parcels originate at the edges of the TWP as well as in the summer American and Asian monsoons. The wet air parcels are important since they skew the mean stratospheric water vapor distribution toward higher values. Both TWP cold temperatures that produce dry parcels as well as extra-TWP processes that control the wet parcels determine stratospheric water vapor.
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Horton, Mark. "Asiatic colonization of the East African coast: the Manda evidence." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 118, no. 2 (April 1986): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00139899.
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The history of early settlement of the East African coast is currently interpreted in widely differing ways. One view takes as its premise the idea that the coast was first colonized from Asia. This hypothesis, which has its roots in the work of XlXth century historians suggests that there was substantial settlement by non-Africans who established trading and religious communities. These colonies formed the basis of what has come to be known as the Swahili Culture. At first defensible peninsulas and offshore islands were chosen as safe refuges from the African tribes of the interior. Eventually contact was established between these new communities and the African coastal peoples, to the benefit of both parties. Raw materials were obtained from the hinterland of these trading outposts, which were traded and taken across the Western Indian Ocean on the seasonal monsoons. The foreign merchants married local African women and an Afro-Arab culture developed, building stone towns, mosques, and tombs, that still remain today along the coastline from Somalia to Mozambique.
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LI, Shanquan, Ganlin ZHANG, Jinling YANG, and Nan JIA. "Multi-Source Characteristics of Atmospheric Deposition in Nanjing, China, as Controlled by East Asia Monsoons and Urban Activities." Pedosphere 26, no. 3 (June 2016): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0160(15)60050-9.
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Li, Yu, and Yuxin Zhang. "Synergy of the westerly winds and monsoons in the lake evolution of global closed basins since the Last Glacial Maximum and implications for hydrological change in central Asia." Climate of the Past 16, no. 6 (November 19, 2020): 2239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2239-2020.
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Abstract. The monsoon system and westerly circulation, to which climate change responds differently, are two important components of global atmospheric circulation interacting with each other in the middle to low latitudes. Relevant research on global millennial-scale climate change in monsoon and westerly regions is mostly devoted to multi-proxy analyses of lakes, stalagmites, ice cores, and marine and eolian sediments. Different responses from these proxies to long-term environmental change make understanding climate change patterns in monsoon and westerly regions difficult. Accordingly, we disaggregated global closed basins into areas governed by monsoon and westerly winds, unified paleoclimate indicators, and added lake models and paleoclimate simulations to emphatically track millennial-scale evolution characteristics and mechanisms of East Asian summer monsoon and westerly winds since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our results reveal that millennial-scale water balance change exhibits an obvious boundary between global monsoon and westerly regions in closed basins, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere. The effective moisture in most closed basins of the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere mainly exhibits a decreasing trend since the LGM, while that of the low latitudes shows an increasing trend. In the monsoon-dominated closed basins of Asia, a humid climate prevails in the early to mid-Holocene, and a relatively dry climate appears in the LGM and late Holocene. In the westerly-wind-dominated closed basins of Asia, the climate is characterized by a humid LGM and mid-Holocene (MH) compared with the dry early and late Holocene, which is likely to be connected to precipitation brought by the westerly circulation. This study provides insight into the long-term evolution and synergy of westerly winds and monsoon systems as well as a basis for the projection of future hydrological balance.
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Liu, Y., and J. C. H. Chiang. "Coordinated Abrupt Weakening of the Eurasian and North African Monsoons in the 1960s and Links to Extratropical North Atlantic Cooling." Journal of Climate 25, no. 10 (May 14, 2012): 3532–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00219.1.
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Abstract Previous modeling and paleoclimate studies have suggested that cooling originating from the extratropical North Atlantic can abruptly weaken the Eurasian and North African monsoons. The climatic signature includes a widespread cooling over the Eurasian and North African continents and an associated increase to surface pressure. It is explored whether such coordinated changes are similarly exhibited in the observed twentieth-century climate, in particular with the well-documented shift of Sahel rainfall during the 1960s. Surface temperature, sea level pressure, and precipitation changes are analyzed using combined principal component analysis (CPCA). The leading mode exhibits a monotonic shift in the 1960s, and the transition is associated with a relative cooling and pressure increase over the interior Eurasia and North Africa, and rainfall reduction over the Sahel, South Asia, and East Asia. The local circulation changes suggest that the rainfall shift results from the regional response of the summer monsoons to these continental-wide changes. A similar CPCA analysis of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations forced by twentieth-century-observed forcings shows similar results, suggesting that origins of the climate shift reside in the sea surface temperature changes, specifically over the extratropical North Atlantic. Finally, an AGCM forced with extratropical North Atlantic cooling appears to simulate these climate impacts, at least qualitatively. The result herein shows that the observed climate signature of the 1960s abrupt shift in Eurasian and North African climate is consistent with the influence of the abrupt high-latitude North Atlantic cooling that occurred in the late 1960s. A definitive causal relationship remains to be shown, and mechanisms elucidated.
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Hao, Yuqian, Boqi Liu, Congwen Zhu, and Shuangmei Ma. "The Interannual Dominant Covariation Mode of Boreal Summer Monsoon Rainfall during 1979–2014." Journal of Climate 31, no. 11 (May 1, 2018): 4193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0423.1.
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Abstract The boreal summer monsoon (BSM), which includes the monsoons over India (IND), the western North Pacific (WNP), East Asia (EA), North America (NAM), and North Africa (NAF), shows prominent interannual variation (IAV) in summer precipitation and affects the areas with the largest populations in the world. In the present, the EOF analysis is used to extract the BSM dominant covariation mode during 1979–2014. This mode is featured by the out-of-phase rainfall IAV over the WNP compared with the other BSM members. The BSM covariation mode is closely associated with the upper- and lower-level coupled circulations, which are characterized by two anomalous zonal circulations over the tropical oceans coupled near the date line and an abnormal meridional cell over the WNP and EA regions, respectively. Furthermore, the strength of this mode depends on the phase relationship of rainfall IAV between the WNP and NAM monsoon regions, which is modulated by the seasonal evolution of ENSO events and the resultant SST anomalies (SSTAs) in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO). The weaker mode is accompanied by the in-phase rainfall IAV between these two regions, along with the persisting ENSO events and stronger SSTAs in the TIO from winter to summer. In the years with fast-decaying ENSO events and the related weaker TIO SSTA, the out-of-phase rainfall IAV between the WNP and NAM region takes place to enhance this mode. A series of AGCM sensitivity experiments could reproduce the anomalies of atmospheric circulation related to the distinct seasonal evolution of ENSO events.
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Li, Yu, Yichan Li, Wangting Ye, and Simin Peng. "A study of Holocene Asian summer and winter monsoon change by an analog of climate factors between millennial and modern interannual scales." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 44, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 315–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133319878115.
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The East Asian monsoon exerts a profound influence on environmental change in the East Asian region. Various factors have been hypothesized as the dominant Asian monsoon forcings, however, the forcings can change from interannual to millennial timescales. The linkages between monsoon forcings at different timescales remain unclear. To better understand the connection of the variabilities and mechanisms of the East Asian monsoon at various timescales, we present a modern analog. Various climatic data, monsoon indices, and circulation factor calculations were used to identify the variabilities and controlling factors of the modern East Asian summer and winter monsoons. Paleo-climatic proxies from a region sensitive to both summer and winter monsoons were used in concert with monsoon simulation data to reconstruct and analyze paleo-monsoon variations and mechanisms. Results showed that the weakening of the Holocene Asian summer and winter monsoons is closely linked to low-latitude summer insolation and mid-latitude winter insolation, while modern summer and winter monsoons are related to global circulation, sea surface temperature, and sea ice change. We confirm that the driving mechanism of the monsoon was dependent on timescale.
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Kuo, Yi-Chun, Ming-An Lee, and Mong-Ming Lu. "Association of Taiwan’s Rainfall Patterns with Large-Scale Oceanic and Atmospheric Phenomena." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3102895.
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A 50-year (1960–2009) monthly rainfall gridded dataset produced by the Taiwan Climate Change Projection and Information Platform Project was presented in this study. The gridded data (5 × 5 km) displayed influence of topography on spatial variability of rainfall, and the results of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) analysis revealed the patterns associated with the large-scale sea surface temperature variability over Pacific. The first mode (65%) revealed the annual peaks of large rainfall in the southwestern mountainous area, which is associated with southwest monsoons and typhoons during summertime. The second temporal EOF mode (16%) revealed the rainfall variance associated with the monsoon and its interaction with the slopes of the mountain range. This pattern is the major contributor to spatial variance of rainfall in Taiwan, as indicated by the first mode (40%) of spatial variance EOF analysis. The second temporal EOF mode correlated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In particular, during the autumn of the La Niña years following the strong El Niño years, the time-varying amplitude was substantially greater than that of normal years. The third temporal EOF mode (7%) revealed a north-south out-of-phase rainfall pattern, the slowly evolving variations of which were in phase with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Because of Taiwan’s geographic location and the effect of local terrestrial structures, climate variability related to ENSO differed markedly from other regions in East Asia.
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Othman, Faridah, Noor Farahain Muhammad Amin, Lau Mi Fung, and Alaa Eldin Mohamed Elamin. "Utilizing GIS and Infoworks RS in Modelling the Flooding Events for a Tropical River Basin." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2281.
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The large-scale atmospheric circulations and anomalies have been shown to have asignificant impact on seasonal weather over many parts of the world including Malaysia. Malaysia is located in the South East Asia with Southwest and Northeast Monsoons, experiences numerous flooding from year 1926 to 2012.Flood has become a regular disaster in Malaysia which happens every year in different states especially during the northeast monsoon. In December 2006 and January 2007, the Northeast Monsoon brought heavy rain through series of continuous extreme storms that caused devastating floods in the southern region of Peninsular Malaysia particularly to Kota Tinggi, Johor. The storms had occurred in two separate phases in late December 2006 and early January 2007 with atotal precipitation in four days exceeding twice of the monthly rainfall in which some places recorded a higher number. Johor River originates from Mt. Gemuruh and flows through the southeastern part of Johor and finally into the Straits of Johor. The 2006 average rainfall return period is 50-years while the 2007 gives more than 100-years return period. The objective of this study is to perform a flood simulation of the river basin using InfoWorks RS. The rainfall and stream flow data have been used as the hydrological input for the model. There are over 140 nodes representing the cross section throughout the length of the river. From the study, the main finding from the flood mapping process is that the simulated flood depth and flood risk map. Comparison between the simulated flood depth and observed flood depth has been done and shown a reasonable agreement.
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Cosford, Jason, Hairuo Qing, Yin Lin, Bruce Eglington, Dave Mattey, Yue Gau Chen, Meiliang Zhang, and Hai Cheng. "The East Asian Monsoon During MIS 2 Expressed in a Speleothem δ18O Record From Jintanwan Cave, Hunan, China." Quaternary Research 73, no. 3 (May 2010): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.01.003.
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Stalagmite J1 from Jintanwan Cave, Hunan, China, provides a precisely dated, decadally resolved δ18O proxy record of paleoclimatic changes associated with the East Asian monsoon from ∽29.5 to 14.7 ka and from ∽12.9 to 11.0 ka. At the time of the last glacial maximum (LGM), the East Asian summer monsoon weakened and then strengthened in response to changes in Northern Hemisphere insolation. As the ice sheets retreated the East Asian summer monsoon weakened, especially during Heinrich event H1, when atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections transferred the climatic changes around the North Atlantic to the monsoonal regions of Eastern Asia. A depositional hiatus between ∽14.7 and 12.9 ka leaves the deglacial record incomplete, but an abrupt shift in δ18O values at ∽11.5 ka marks the end of the Younger Dryas and the transition into the Holocene. Comparisons of the J1 record to other Chinese speleothem records indicate synchronous climatic changes throughout monsoonal China. Further comparisons to a speleothem record from western Asia (Socotra Island) and to Greenland ice cores support hemispherical-scale paleoclimatic change. Spectral and wavelet analyses reveal centennial- and decadal-scale periodicities that correspond to solar frequencies and to oscillations in atmospheric and oceanic circulation.
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He, Keyang, Houyuan Lu, Jianping Zhang, Can Wang, and Xiujia Huan. "Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China." Holocene 27, no. 12 (June 7, 2017): 1885–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617708455.
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Compared with the monistic structure of crop agriculture in Southwest Asia and Mesoamerica, agriculture in ancient China reflects the characteristics of a dualistic structure with millet in the north and rice in the south. It is argued that the rice and millet farming modes were mutually exchanged during their development and formed a vast region of mixed farming. However, the time and place of its origin, the routes of dissemination, and the development patterns and possible influence factors of mixed farming remain unclear. This study systematically collected information from 804 sites with millet and rice records and detailed floatation results from 78 mixed farming sites in prehistoric China. Three north–south communication corridors are identified between the upper, middle and lower Yellow and Yangtze River Valleys that began around 5500 BP, 8400 BP and 4600 BP, respectively. Cultural communication accompanied by human migration and the unique natural environment of loess and East Asia monsoons facilitated the interaction between millet and rice farming through these corridors. As a comprehensive reflection of the interaction between millet and rice farming, the crop structure of the four core mixed farming regions is in a continual process of adjustment, with the selection of foxtail millet in the southward spread of millet agriculture and temperate Oryza japonica in the northern spread of rice agriculture.
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Liu, Jiawei, Haiming Xu, and Jiechun Deng. "Projections of East Asian summer monsoon change at global warming of 1.5 and 2 °C." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-427-2018.
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Abstract. Much research is needed regarding the two long-term warming targets of the 2015 Paris Agreement, i.e., 1.5 and 2 ∘C above pre-industrial levels, especially from a regional perspective. The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) intensity change and associated precipitation change under both warming targets are explored in this study. The multimodel ensemble mean projections by 19 CMIP5 models show small increases in EASM intensity and general increases in summer precipitation at 1.5 and 2 ∘C warming, but with large multimodel standard deviations. Thus, a novel multimodel ensemble pattern regression (EPR) method is applied to give more reliable projections based on the concept of emergent constraints, which is effective at tightening the range of multimodel diversity and harmonize the changes of different variables over the EASM region. Future changes projected by using the EPR method suggest decreased precipitation over the Meiyu belt and increased precipitation over the high latitudes of East Asia and Central China, together with a considerable weakening of EASM intensity. Furthermore, reduced precipitation appears over 30–40∘ N of East Asia in June and over the Meiyu belt in July, with enhanced precipitation at their north and south sides. These changes in early summer are attributed to a southeastward retreat of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) and a southward shift of the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ), which weaken the moisture transport via southerly wind at low levels and alter vertical motions over the EASM region. In August, precipitation would increase over the high latitudes of East Asia with more moisture from the wetter area over the ocean in the east and decrease over Japan with westward extension of WNPSH. These monthly precipitation changes would finally contribute to a tripolar pattern of EASM precipitation change at 1.5 and 2 ∘C warming. Corrected EASM intensity exhibits a slight difference between 1.5 and 2 ∘C, but a pronounced moisture increase during extra 0.5 ∘C leads to enhanced EASM precipitation over large areas in East Asia at 2 ∘C warming.