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Academic literature on the topic 'Monotremes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Monotremes"

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Krubitzer, Leah. "What can monotremes tell us about brain evolution?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0271.

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The present review outlines studies of electrophsyiological organization, cortical architecture and thalmocortical and corticocortical connections in monotremes. Results of these studies indicate that the neocortex of monotremes has many features in common with other mammals. In particular, monotremes have at least two, and in some instances three, sensory fields for each modality, as well as regions of bimodal cortex. The internal organization of cortical fields and thalamocortical projection patterns are also similar to those described for other mammals. However, unlike most mammals investigated, the monotreme neocortex has cortical connections between primary sensory fields, such as SI and VI. The results of this analysis lead us to pose the question of what monotremes can tell us about brain evolution. Monotremes alone can tell us very little about the evolutionary process, or the construction of complex neural networks, as an individual species represents only a single example of what the process is capable of generating. Perhaps a better question is: what can comparative studies tell us about brain evolution? Monotreme brains, when compared with the brains of other animals, can provide some answers to questions about the evolution of the neocortex, the historical precedence of some features over others, and how basic circuits were modified in different lineages. This, in turn, allows us to appreciate how normal circuits function, and to pose very specific questions regarding the development of the neocortex.
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Ecroyd, Heath, Brett Nixon, Jean-Louis Dacheux, and Russell C. Jones. "Testicular descent, sperm maturation and capacitation. Lessons from our most distant relatives, the monotremes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09081.

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The present review examines whether monotremes may help to resolve three questions relating to sperm production in mammals: why the testes descend into a scrotum in most mammals, why spermatozoa are infertile when they leave the testes and require a period of maturation in the specific milieu provided by the epididymides, and why ejaculated spermatozoa cannot immediately fertilise an ovum until they undergo capacitation within the female reproductive tract. Comparisons of monotremes with other mammals indicate that there is a need for considerable work on monotremes. It is hypothesised that testicular descent should be related to epididymal differentiation. Spermatozoa and ova from both groups share many of the proteins that are thought to be involved in gamete interaction, and although epididymal sperm maturation is significant it is probably less complex in monotremes than in other mammals. However, the monotreme epididymis is unique in forming spermatozoa into bundles of 100 with greatly enhanced motility compared with individual spermatozoa. Bundle formation involves a highly organised interaction with epididymal proteins, and the bundles persist during incubation in vitro, except in specialised medium, in which spermatozoa separate after 2–3 h incubation. It is suggested that this represents an early form of capacitation.
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Temple-Smith, Peter, and Tom Grant. "Uncertain breeding: a short history of reproduction in monotremes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01110.

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Although much is known about the biology of monotremes, many important aspects of their reproduction remain unclear. Studies over the last century have provided valuable information on various aspects of monotreme reproduction including the structure and function of their reproductive system, breeding behaviour, sex determination and seasonality. All three living genera of monotremes have been successfully maintained in captivity, often for long periods, yet breeding has been rare and unpredictable. When breeding has occurred, however, significant gains in knowledge have ensued; for example a more accurate estimate of the gestation period of the platypus and the incubation period for the Tachyglossus egg. One of the great challenges for zoos has been to understand why breeding of monotremes is difficult to achieve. Analysis of breeding successes of platypuses and short-beaked echidnas provides some insights. The evidence suggests that although annual breeding seasons are regionally predictable, individual adult females breed unpredictably, with some showing breeding intervals of many years. The reason for this variation in individual breeding intervals may be resource-dependant, influenced by social factors or may even be genetically induced. Better knowledge of factors that influence breeding intervals may improve the success of monotreme captive breeding programmes. More certainty in captive breeding is also an important issue for enterprises wishing to trade in Australian wildlife since current legislation limits export of Australian fauna for display to at least second-generation captive-bred individuals. Given their unique evolutionary position, knowledge of reproduction in monotremes needs to be gained in advance of any future population declines so that appropriate strategies can be developed to ensure their survival.
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Pettigrew, J. D. "Electroreception in monotremes." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 10 (May 15, 1999): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.10.1447.

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I will briefly review the history of the bill sense of the platypus, a sophisticated combination of electroreception and mechanoreception that coordinates information about aquatic prey provided from the bill skin mechanoreceptors and electroreceptors, and provide an evolutionary account of electroreception in the three extant species of monotreme (and what can be inferred of their ancestors). Electroreception in monotremes is compared and contrasted with the extensive body of work on electric fish, and an account of the central processing of mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive input in the somatosensory neocortex of the platypus, where sophisticated calculations seem to enable a complete three-dimensional fix on prey, is given.
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Wong, Emily S. W., Anthony T. Papenfuss, Robert D. Miller, and Katherine Belov. "Hatching time for monotreme immunology." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09042.

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The sequencing of the platypus genome has spurred investigations into the characterisation of the monotreme immune response. As the most divergent of extant mammals, the characterisation of the monotreme immune repertoire allows us to trace the evolutionary history of immunity in mammals and provide insights into the immune gene complement of ancestral mammals. The immune system of monotremes has remained largely uncharacterised due to the lack of specific immunological reagents and limited access to animals for experimentation. Early immunological studies focussed on the anatomy and physiology of the lymphoid system in the platypus. More recent molecular studies have focussed on characterisation of individual immunoglobulin, T-cell receptor and MHC genes in both the platypus and short-beaked echidna. Here, we review the published literature on the monotreme immune gene repertoire and provide new data generated from genome analysis on cytokines, Fc receptors and immunoglobulins. We present an overview of key gene families responsible for innate and adaptive immunity including the cathelicidins, defensins, T-cell receptors and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I and Class II antigens. We comment on the usefulness of these sequences for future studies into immunity, health and disease in monotremes.
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Stannard, Hayley J., Robert D. Miller, and Julie M. Old. "Marsupial and monotreme milk—a review of its nutrient and immune properties." PeerJ 8 (June 23, 2020): e9335. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9335.

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All mammals are characterized by the ability of females to produce milk. Marsupial (metatherian) and monotreme (prototherian) young are born in a highly altricial state and rely on their mother’s milk for the first part of their life. Here we review the role and importance of milk in marsupial and monotreme development. Milk is the primary source of sustenance for young marsupials and monotremes and its composition varies at different stages of development. We applied nutritional geometry techniques to a limited number of species with values available to analyze changes in macronutrient composition of milk at different stages. Macronutrient energy composition of marsupial milk varies between species and changes concentration during the course of lactation. As well as nourishment, marsupial and monotreme milk supplies growth and immune factors. Neonates are unable to mount a specific immune response shortly after birth and therefore rely on immunoglobulins, immunological cells and other immunologically important molecules transferred through milk. Milk is also essential to the development of the maternal-young bond and is achieved through feedback systems and odor preferences in eutherian mammals. However, we have much to learn about the role of milk in marsupial and monotreme mother-young bonding. Further research is warranted in gaining a better understanding of the role of milk as a source of nutrition, developmental factors and immunity, in a broader range of marsupial species, and monotremes.
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Tsend-Ayush, Enkhjargal, Shu Ly Lim, Andrew J. Pask, Diana Demiyah Mohd Hamdan, Marilyn B. Renfree, and Frank Grützner. "Characterisation of ATRX, DMRT1, DMRT7 and WT1 in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09090.

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One of the most puzzling aspects of monotreme reproductive biology is how they determine sex in the absence of the SRY gene that triggers testis development in most other mammals. Although monotremes share a XX female/XY male sex chromosome system with other mammals, their sex chromosomes show homology to the chicken Z chromosome, including the DMRT1 gene, which is a dosage-dependent sex determination gene in birds. In addition, monotremes feature an extraordinary multiple sex chromosome system. However, no sex determination gene has been identified as yet on any of the five X or five Y chromosomes and there is very little knowledge about the conservation and function of other known genes in the monotreme sex determination and differentiation pathway. We have analysed the expression pattern of four evolutionarily conserved genes that are important at different stages of sexual development in therian mammals. DMRT1 is a conserved sex-determination gene that is upregulated in the male developing gonad in vertebrates, while DMRT7 is a mammal-specific spermatogenesis gene. ATRX, a chromatin remodelling protein, lies on the therian X but there is a testis-expressed Y-copy in marsupials. However, in monotremes, the ATRX orthologue is autosomal. WT1 is an evolutionarily conserved gene essential for early gonadal formation in both sexes and later in testis development. We show that these four genes in the adult platypus have the same expression pattern as in other mammals, suggesting that they have a conserved role in sexual development independent of genomic location.
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Messer, M., D. C. Shaw, A. S. Weiss, P. Rissmiller, and M. Griffiths. "Estimation of Divergence Dates for Monotremes From Comparisons of A-Lactalbumin Amino Acid Sequences." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98323.

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cx-Lactalbumins were isolated from milk of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Their amino acid sequences were determined and compared with those of the cx- lactalbumins often eutherian and two marsupial species, using the computer programme ("Distances") to calculate the number of differences (substitutions) between a total of 36 pairs of cx-lactalbumins. As expected, the amino acid sequences of the monotreme cx-lactalbumins were more similar to each other than to those of other mammals, as were the sequences of the marsupial and the eutherian cx-lactalbumins. If one makes the common assumption that marsupials and eutherians diverged from each other 135 Myr ago then simple calculations from the data would suggest that the platypus and echidna lineages diverged 56 ± 8 (SD) Myr ago and that monotremes diverged from the other mammals 152 ± 29 Myr ago. These values are not inconsistent with the little that is known about the palaeontology of the monotremes and are very similar to those derived from previous studies on globin sequences. If, however, monotreme cx-lactalbumins evolved more slowly than the cx-lactalbumins of eutherians and marsupials, these dates could be underestimates.
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Choi, Charles Q. "Extreme Monotremes." Scientific American 301, no. 6 (December 2009): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1209-21.

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Kirsch, John A. W., and Gregory C. Mayer. "The platypus is not a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (July 29, 1998): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0278.

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We present DNA–hybridization data on 21 amniotes and two anurans showing that discrimination is obtained among most of these at the class and lower levels. Trees generated from these data largely agree with conventional views, for example in not associating birds and mammals. However, the sister relationships found here of the monotremes to marsupials, and of turtles to the alligator, are surprising results which are nonetheless consistent with the results of some other studies. The Marsupionta hypothesis of Gregory is reviewed, as are opinions about the placement of chelonians. Anatomical and reproductive data considered by Gregory do not unequivocally preclude a marsupial–monotreme special relationship, and there is other recent evidence for placing turtles within the Diapsida. We conclude that the evidential meaning of the molecular data is as shown in the trees, but that the topologies may be influenced by a base–compositional bias producing a seemingly slow evolutionary rate in monotremes, or by algorithmic artefacts (in the case of turtles as well).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Monotremes"

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Lee, Mi-Hye. "Molecular biology and evolution of [beta]-globin genes in monotremes /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl479.pdf.

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Wong, Emily (Emily Sau Wai). "Characterisation of the marsupial and monotreme immunomes." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28962.

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In this thesis I utilize the recently sequenced genomes of the South American grey short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), tammar wallaby (Macropus eugeniz') and the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) to identify and characterize immune genes in order to fill in the gaps in our understanding of evolution of the immune systems in non-eutherian mammals. Many of these genes have proved elusive to identify using conventional lab strategies and automated genome annotation pipelines. I discovered divergent immune genes using bioinformatic protocols that I developed and compiled this sequence information in a publicly available database. I examined species—specific expansions of major immune gene clusters. Using these genes, I developed a comprehensive marsupial immune gene set which is used to compare the expression profiles of the two tammar wallaby thymuses to gain insights into the functional roles of these organs. The availability of these immune sequences allows for analysis of large-scale expression studies and development of marsupial- and monotremespecific reagents.
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Musser, Anne Marie School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Investigations into the evolution of Australian mammals with a focus on monotremata." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/25739.

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This thesis began as an investigation into evolution of the platypus family (Ornithorhynchidae, Monotremata), now known from both Australia and South America. The thesis broadened its scope with inclusion of non-ornithorhynchid Mesozoic monotremes from Lightning Ridge, NSW. This change in direction brought an unexpected result: a fossil mammal from Lightning Ridge investigated for this thesis (presumed to be monotreme: Flannery et al., 1995) appears to be a new and unique type of mammal. Specimens were procured through Queensland Museum (Riversleigh material); Australian Museum (Lightning Ridge material); and Museum of Victoria and the South Australian Museum (fossil ornithorhynchids). Specimens were examined under a light microscope and scanning electron microscope; specimens were photographed using light photography and a scanning electron microscope; and illustrations and reconstructions were done with a camera lucida microscope attachment and photographic references. Parsimony analysis utilised the computer programs PAUP and MacClade. Major conclusions: 1) analysis and reconstruction of the skull of the Miocene platypus Obdurodon dicksoni suggest this robust, large-billed platypus was a derived northern offshoot off the main line of ornithorhynchid evolution; 2) the well-preserved skull of Obdurodon dicksoni shows aspects of soft anatomy previously unknown for fossil ornithorhynchids; 3) two upper molars from Mammalon Hill (Etadunna Formation, late Oligocene, central Australia) represent a third species of Obdurodon; 4) the South American ornithorhynchid Monotrematum sudamericanum from the Paleocene of Argentina is very close in form to the Oligocene-Miocene Obdurodon species from Australia and should be considered congeneric; 5) a revised diagnosis of the lower jaw of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Steropodon galmani includes the presence of two previously undescribed archaic features: the probable presence of postdentary bones and a meckelian groove; 6) morphological evidence is presented supporting a separate family Steropodontidae; and 7) analysis of new fossil material for Kollikodon ritchiei suggests that this taxon is not a monotreme mammal as originally identified but is a basal mammal with close relationships to allotherian mammals (Morganucodonta; Haramiyida). Kollikodon is provisionally placed as basal allotherian mammal (Allotheria sensu Butler 2000) and is unique at the ordinal level, being neither haramiyid nor multituberculate. A new allotherian order ??? Kollikodonta ??? is proposed.
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Hore, Timothy Alexander, and timothy hore@anu edu au. "THE EVOLUTION OF GENOMIC IMPRINTING AND X CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION IN MAMMALS." The Australian National University. Research School of Biological Sciences, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20081216.152553.

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Genomic imprinting is responsible for monoallelic gene expression that depends on the sex of the parent from which the alleles (one active, one silent) were inherited. X-chromosome inactivation is also a form of monoallelic gene expression. One of the two X chromosomes is transcriptionally silenced in the somatic cells of females, effectively equalising gene dosage with males who have only one X chromosome that is not complemented by a gene poor Y chromosome. X chromosome inactivation is random in eutherian mammals, but imprinted in marsupials, and in the extraembryonic membranes of some placentals. Imprinting and X inactivation have been studied in great detail in placental mammals (particularly humans and mice), and appear to occur also in marsupial mammals. However, both phenomena appear to have evolved specifically in mammals, since there is no evidence of imprinting or X inactivation in non-mammalian vertebrates, which do not show parent of origin effects and possess different sex chromosomes and dosage compensation mechanisms to mammals.¶ In order to understand how imprinting and X inactivation evolved, I have focused on the mammals most distantly related to human and mouse. I compared the sequence, location and expression of genes from major imprinted domains, and genes that regulate genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation in the three extant mammalian groups and other vertebrates. Specifically, I studied the evolution of an autosomal region that is imprinted in humans and mouse, the evolution of the X-linked region thought to control X inactivation, and the evolution of the genes thought to establish and control differential expression of various imprinted loci. This thesis is presented as a collection of research papers that examines each of these topics, and a review and discussion that synthesizes my findings.¶ The first paper reports a study of the imprinted locus responsible for the human Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes (PWS and AS). A search for kangaroo and platypus orthologues of PWS-AS genes identified only the putative AS gene UBE3A, and showed it was in a completely different genomic context to that of humans and mice. The only PWS gene found in marsupials (SNRPN) was located in tandem with its ancient paralogue SNRPB, on a different chromosome to UBE3A. Monotremes apparently have no orthologue of SNRPN. The several intronless genes of the PWS-AS domain also have no orthologues in marsupials or monotremes or non-mammal vertebrates, but all have close paralogues scattered about the genome from which they evidently retrotransposed. UBE3A in marsupials and monotremes, and SNRPN in marsupials were found to be expressed from both alleles, so are not imprinted. Thus, the PWA-AS imprinted domain was assembled from many non-imprinted components relatively recently, demonstrating that the evolution of imprinting has been an ongoing process during mammalian radiation.¶ In the second paper, I examine the evolution of the X-inactivation centre, the key regulatory region responsible for X-chromosome inactivation in humans and mice, which is imprinted in mouse extraembryonic membranes. By sequencing and aligning flanking regions across the three mammal groups and non-mammal vertebrates, I discovered that the region homologous to the X-inactivation centre, though intact in birds and frogs, was disrupted independently in marsupial and monotreme mammals. I showed that the key regulatory RNA of this locus (X-inactive specific transcript or XIST) is absent, explaining why a decade-long search for marsupial XIST was unsuccessful. Thus, XIST is eutherian-specific and is therefore not a basic requirement for X-chromosome inactivation in all mammals.¶ The broader significance of the findings reported in these two papers is explored with respect to other current work regarding the evolution and construction of imprinted loci in mammals in the form of a review. This comparison enabled me to conclude that like the PWS-AS domain and the X-inactivation centre, many domains show unexpected construction from disparate genomic elements that correlate with their acquisition of imprinting.¶ The fourth and last paper examines the evolution of CCCTC-binding Factor (CTCF) and its parologue Brother Of Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS) which contribute to the establishment and interpretation of genomic imprinting at the Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2/H19 locus. In this paper I show that the duplication of CTCF giving rise to BORIS occurred much earlier than previously recognised, and demonstrate that a major change in BORIS expression (restriction to the germline) occurred in concert with the evolution of genomic imprinting. The papers that form the bulk of this thesis show that the evolution of epigenetic traits such as genomic imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation is labile and has apparently responded rapidly to different selective pressures during the independent evolution of the three mammal groups. I have introduced these papers, and discussed them generally in terms of current theories of how and why these forms of monoallelic expression have evolved in mammals.
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Peel, Emma Jane. "Peptides from the Pouch: Marsupial and Monotreme Cathelicidins." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17934.

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The rise in antimicrobial resistance and paucity of new antimicrobial compounds calls for alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as potential candidates. Cathelicidins are a major family of AMPs in mammals which form part of innate immunity through antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. Marsupial and monotreme cathelicidins are of particular interest due to their involvement in protecting immunologically naive young during development in the pouch via expression in the pouch lining and milk where they modulate microbial flora and provide passive immunity. As such, the cathelicidin gene family has expanded in marsupials and monotremes, with a high number of cathelicidins in the tammar wallaby, gray short-tailed opossum and platypus. However our knowledge is limited to these species and functional studies involving antimicrobial activity are lacking. This thesis describes the characterisation of cathelicidins in the Tasmanian devil, koala and echidna, and investigates the antimicrobial function of all marsupial and monotreme cathelicidins. As expected, cathelicidins have expanded in the Tasmanian devil and koala, resulting in a high number of cathelicidins which were widely expressed throughout the body, including in pouch lining and milk. Only a single cathelicidin was identified in the echidna due to the quality of the genome. Out of 26 cathelicidins tested, six displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against gram-negative and positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. One koala cathelicidin rapidly inactivated C. pecorum and significantly reduced the number of chlamydial inclusions in vitro. Activity was reduced in the presence of serum and whole blood, and peptides displayed varying levels of haemolytic and cytotoxic activity. Many cathelicidins did not display antimicrobial activity and future work is required to explore their potential immunomodulatory properties. The results presented in this thesis have advanced our understanding of cathelicidins in marsupials and monotremes on a genetic and functional level, and highlights their potential as novel therapeutics in the future.
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Haynes, Julie Irene. "Parathyroid glands in marsupials and monotremes / y Julie Irene Haynes." 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19161.

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Addendum pasted onto front end-paper.
Bibliography: leaves 214-226.
v, 227, [7] leaves, [71] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.A)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anatomical Sciences, 1998?
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Lee, Mi-Hye. "Molecular biology and evolution of beta-globin genes in monotremes / Mi-Hye Lee." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19126.

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Erratum pasted on front fly-leaf.
Bibliography: leaves 180-202.
xvii, 220 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
The evolutionary relationships of the beta-like globin genes were studied by applying maximum parsimony methods to aligned DNA sequences.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Genetics, 1998?
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Toledo-Flores, Deborah Fernanda. "Evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes and sex determination genes: insights from monotremes." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/97382.

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Genetic sex determination systems are generally based on the presence of differentiated sex chromosomes. Birds have a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in which males are ZZ and females ZW, whereas mammals have an XX/XY system with males being XY and females XX. Monotremes have an extraordinary sex chromosome system that consists of multiple sex chromosomes: 5X5Y in platypus and 5X4Y in echidna. Intriguingly, the monotreme sex chromosomes show extensive homology to the bird ZW and not to the therian XY. However, sex determination in monotremes is still a mystery; the Y-specific Sry gene that triggers male sex determination in therian mammals is absent and so far very few genes have been identified on Y chromosomes in monotremes. To gain more insights into the gene content of Y-chromosomes and to identify potential sex determination genes in the platypus a collaborative large scale transcriptomic approach led to the identification of new male specific genes including the anti-Muellerian hormone AMH that I mapped to Y₅, this makes Amhy an exciting new candidate for sex determination in monotremes. Platypus chromosome 6 is largely homologous to the therian X and therefore it represents the therian proto sex chromosome. In addition, this autosome features a large heteromorphic nucleolus organizer region (NOR) and associates with the sex chromosomes during male meiosis (Casey and Daish personal communication). I investigated chromosome 6 heteromorphism in both sexes and found a number of sex-specific characteristics related to the extent of the NOR heteromorphism, DNA methylation, silver staining patterns and interestingly, meiotic segregation bias. This raises the possibility that chromosome 6 may have commenced differentiation prior to monotreme therian divergence. These results led me to investigate the chromosome 6 borne gene Sox3, from which Sry evolved in therian mammals. This revealed a platypus male-specific Sox3 allele, which differs from the alleles observed also in females on the length of one of the Sox3 polyalanine tracts. This raises the possibility that Sox3 may be working differently in males and females. We have used our unique knowledge of monotreme sex chromosomes to determine the sex of captively bred echidnas. I used a PCR based genetic sexing technique that utilizes DNA from small hair samples and primers that amplify male-specific genes. Interestingly, I found that seven out of eight echidnas born in captivity were females. Furthermore, I found a Sox3 deletion in the only male echidna born in captivity. This gives us the unique opportunity to investigate the sexual development of an animal in which this gene is naturally deleted providing an exceptional situation in which to study monotreme sex determination. Furthermore, this sexing technique has the potential of being applied in the wild to investigate sex ratio in natural populations of monotremes, including the critically endangered long-beaked echidna.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2015
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Wallis, Mary C. "Evolution of mammal sex and sex chromosomes : the contribution of monotreme cytogenetics." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150937.

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Wright, Megan Lynne. "Investigating the evolution of replication timing and monoallelic expression in mammals and birds." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/102613.

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Monoallelic expression and replication timing are closely linked fundamental aspects of genome biology, yet their evolutionary trajectory has not been investigated in much detail. The monoallelic expression status of imprinted genes observed in therian species has previously not been found in the earlier-diverged monotreme mammals, or in birds, when measured using molecular techniques. Furthermore, the observation that eutherian imprinted and X-borne genes asynchronously replicate was traditionally thought to be linked to the dissimilar epigenetic states that existed at each allele controlling monoallelic expression. In this study, we use a combination of cytogenetic and molecular techniques to assess the replication status of sex chromosome genes in the platypus and chicken, as well as the replication status and expression pattern of platypus imprinted orthologs. We find that asynchronous replication does occur at specific sex chromosome loci in platypus and chicken, although in chicken the amount of asynchronous replication changes over development. Furthermore, differential chromatin compaction is observed in platypus sex chromosomes, a characteristic observed in therian X-inactivation, suggesting that both asynchronous replication and chromatin compaction are features characteristic of amniote sex chromosomes. Asynchronous replication and monoallelic expression is observed at platypus imprinted orthologs, indicating that a ‘pre-imprinted’ status is observed at these genes in non-therian amniote species. These results show that monoallelic expression predates imprinting at these loci, suggesting that the partial monoallelic expression observed in monotreme mammals has evolved in therian mammals to become parentally-inherited imprinted expression.
Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2015.
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Books on the topic "Monotremes"

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Menzies, J. I. A handbook of New Guinea marsupials & monotremes. Madang, Papua New Guinea: Kristen Pres, 1991.

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2

1951-, Kennedy Michael, and IUCN/SSC Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group., eds. Australasian marsupials and monotremes: An action plan for their conservation. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1992.

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Tesar, Jenny E. What on earth is an echidna? Woodbridge, Conn: Blackbirch Press, 1995.

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Rismiller, Peggy. The echidna: Australia's enigma. [Southport, Conn.]: Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, Inc., 1999.

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Nowak, Ronald M. Walker's Mammals of the world. 5th ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.

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Spratt, D. M. A catalogue of Australasian monotremes and marsupials and their recorded helminth parasites. Adelaide: South Australian Museum, 1991.

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Gary, Slater, Hopkins Christine, and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Species Survival Commission. Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group., eds. Australasian monotremes / marsupial: Global captive action recommendations (GCAR) workshop : briefing book August 94, Sao Paulo, Brazil. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1994.

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Yvette, McCullough, ed. Kangaroos in outback Australia: Comparative ecology and behavior of three coexisting species. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

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Geptner, V. G. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Edited by Nasimovich A. A, Bannikov Andreĭ Grigorʹevich, Hoffmann Robert S, and Sludskiĭ A. A. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, 1988.

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Geptner, V. G. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Leiden: Brill, 1989.

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More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Monotremes"

1

Holz, Peter. "Monotremes (Echidnas and Platypus)." In Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia, 515–19. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792919.ch31.

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Reynolds, Benjamin D., Cameron J. Whittaker, Kelly A. Caruso, and Jeffrey Smith. "Ophthalmology of Monotremes: Platypus and Echidnas." In Wild and Exotic Animal Ophthalmology, 5–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81273-7_2.

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Dawson, T. J. "Responses to Cold of Monotremes and Marsupials." In Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, 255–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74078-7_7.

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Freeman, Marianne. "The behavioural biology of marsupials and monotremes." In The Behavioural Biology of Zoo Animals, 119–32. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003208471-12.

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Ekdale, Eric G. "The Ear of Mammals: From Monotremes to Humans." In Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear, 175–206. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46661-3_7.

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Rowe, Mark. "Organization of the Cerebral Cortex in Monotremes and Marsupials." In Cerebral Cortex, 263–334. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3824-0_5.

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Deeb, Samir S. "Visual Pigments and Colour Vision in Marsupials and Monotremes." In Marsupial Genetics and Genomics, 403–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9023-2_19.

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Urashima, Tadasu, and Michael Messer. "Evolution of Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Function in Monotremes and Marsupials." In Evolutionary Biology: Self/Nonself Evolution, Species and Complex Traits Evolution, Methods and Concepts, 237–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61569-1_13.

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Pask, Andrew, and Jennifer A. Marshall Graves. "Sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes: insights from marsupials and monotremes." In Experientia Supplementum, 71–95. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7781-7_5.

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Patel, Vidushi S., and Janine E. Deakin. "The Evolutionary History of Globin Genes: Insights from Marsupials and Monotremes." In Marsupial Genetics and Genomics, 415–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9023-2_20.

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