Academic literature on the topic 'Monopole'

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Journal articles on the topic "Monopole"

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Iwazaki, Aiichi. "QCD monopole and sigma meson coupling." International Journal of Modern Physics A 32, no. 18 (June 28, 2017): 1750109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x17501093.

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Under the assumption of the Abelian dominance in QCD, we show that chiral condensate is locally present around a QCD monopole. The appearance of the chiral condensate around a GUT monopole was shown in the previous analysis of the Rubakov effect. We apply a similar analysis to the QCD monopole. It follows that the condensation of the monopole carrying the chiral condensate leads to the chiral symmetry breaking as well as quark confinement. To realize the result explicitly, we present a phenomenological linear sigma model coupled with the monopoles, in which the monopole condensation causes the chiral symmetry breaking as well as confinement. The monopoles are assumed to be described by a model of dual superconductor. Because the monopoles couple with mesons, we point out the presence of an observable color singlet monopole coupled with the mesons.
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MATHESON, A. M., and D. M. UPTON. "MONOPOLE ACCRETION BY COSMIC STRINGS." Modern Physics Letters A 05, no. 17 (July 20, 1990): 1313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732390001499.

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We study the accretion of super-heavy magnetic monopoles around cosmic string loops in the very early universe. For sufficiently massive monopoles, a possible result of this accretion process is the formation of monopole-black holes, leading ultimately to a monopole-to-photon ratio comparable to the limits required by neutron star observations.
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Pollmann, Anna. "Searches for magnetic monopoles with IceCube." EPJ Web of Conferences 168 (2018): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816804010.

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Particles that carry a magnetic monopole charge are proposed by various theories which go beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The expected mass of magnetic monopoles varies depending on the theory describing its origin, generally the monopole mass far exceeds those which can be created at accelerators. Magnetic monopoles gain kinetic energy in large scale galactic magnetic fields and, depending on their mass, can obtain relativistic velocities. IceCube is a high energy neutrino detector using the clear ice at the South Pole as a detection medium. As monopoles pass through this ice they produce optical light by a variety of mechanisms. With increasing velocity, they produce light by catalysis of baryon decay, luminescence in the ice associated with electronic excitations, indirect and direct Cherenkov light from the monopole track, and Cherenkov light from cascades induced by pair creation and photonuclear reactions. By searching for this light, current best limits for the monopole flux over a broad range of velocities was achieved using the IceCube detector. A review of these magnetic monopole searches is presented.
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YU. IGNATIEV, A., and G. C. JOSHI. "ELECTRON–POSITRON ANNIHILATION INTO DIRAC MAGNETIC MONOPOLE AND ANTIMONOPOLE: THE STRING AMBIGUITY AND THE DISCRETE SYMMETRIES." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 28 (September 14, 1998): 2295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002448.

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We address the problem of string arbitrariness in the quantum field theory of Dirac magnetic monopoles. Different prescriptions are shown to yield different physical results. The constraints due to the discrete symmetries (C and P) are derived for the process of electron–positron annihilation into the monopole–antimonopole pair. In the case of the annihilation through the one-photon channel, the production of spin-0 monopoles is absolutely forbidden; spin-1/2 monopole and antimonopole should have the same helicities (or, equivalently, the monopole–antimonopole state should be p-wave 1P1).
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TEH, ROSY, BAN-LOONG NG, and KHAI-MING WONG. "CHO DECOMPOSITION OF ONE-HALF INTEGER MONOPOLES SOLUTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 28, no. 30 (December 4, 2013): 1350144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x13501443.

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We performed the Cho decomposition of the SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs gauge potentials of the finite energy (1) one-half monopole solution and (2) the one and a half monopoles solution into Abelian and non-Abelian components. We found that the semi-infinite string singularity in the gauge potentials is a contribution from the Higgs field of the one-half monopole in both of the solutions. The non-Abelian components of the gauge potentials are able to remove the point singularity of the Abelian components of the 't Hooft–Polyakov monopole but not the string singularity of the one-half monopole which is topological in nature. Hence the total energy of a one monopole is infinite in the Maxwell electromagnetic theory but the total energy of a one-half monopole is finite. By analyzing the magnetic fields and the gauge covariant derivatives of the Higgs field, we are able to conclude that both the one-half integer monopoles solutions are indeed non-BPS even in the limit of vanishing Higgs self-coupling constant.
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KLEIHAUS, B., J. KUNZ, and D. H. TCHRAKIAN. "INTERACTION ENERGY OF 't HOOFT–POLYAKOV MONOPOLES." Modern Physics Letters A 13, no. 31 (October 10, 1998): 2523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732398002680.

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The dependence of the energies of axially symmetric monopoles of magnetic charges 2 and 3, on the Higgs self-interaction coupling constant, is studied numerically. Comparing the energy per unit topological charge of the charge-2 monopole with the energy of the spherically symmetric charge-1 monopole, we confirm that there is only one repulsive phase in the interaction energy between like monopoles.
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Jeong, Eue Jin, and Dennis Edmondson. "Measurement of the Magnetic Monopole Charge, the Missing Link in Quantum Mechanics, Aether and the Dark Energy." International Journal of Fundamental Physical Sciences 12, no. 2 (June 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14331/ijfps.2022.330152.

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Charge conservation in the theory of elementary particle physics is one of the best-established principles ‎in physics. As such, if ‎there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will most likely be a ‎conserved quantity like electric ‎charges. If neutrinos are magnetic monopoles, as physicists have reported ‎the possibility, the Earth should show signs of ‎having a magnetic monopole charge on a macroscopic scale ‎since neutrons must also have a magnetic monopole charge if ‎the general charge conservation principle is valid. ‎To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to detect the collective ‎effect of the magnetic monopole ‎charge of neutrons on the earth's equator using two balanced high-strength neodymium rod ‎magnets. We ‎were able to identify the non-zero magnetic monopole charge of the individual neutrons from the experiments. ‎‎The presence of individual magnetic monopole charges in the universe prompted the proposition of the new ‎symmetric form ‎of Maxwell's equations. Based on the theoretical investigation of the new Maxwell's ‎equations, we conclude that magnetic ‎monopole neutrinos are the cause of the origin of quantum ‎mechanical uncertainty, dark energy, and the medium for ‎electromagnetic wave propagation in space.‎‎
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Antoshkin, Alexander, and Martin Frank. "Slow magnetic monopoles search in NOvA." EPJ Web of Conferences 177 (2018): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817704002.

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The NOvA far detector is well suited for finding exotic particles due to its technical features (see [1]). One type of those exotic particles is a "slow" magnetic monopole. It is assumed that the energy deposition of such monopoles should be enough to be registered (see [2]). Measurement of the expected signals was performed on the NOvA test bench at JINR (see [3]). Result of this measurement allows us to perform slow monopole's research using NOvA software and hardware with high efficiency. As a whole, the research can lead to a discovery, or it can limit the existence of monopoles in a wide range of parameters, previously unreachable in other experiments (MACRO, SLIM, RICE, IceCube). Several special software tools have been developed. Slow Monopole Trigger has been created and implemented in the NOvA Data-Driven-Trigger system. Also, an online reconstruction algorithm has been developed and tested on 5% of the data. A technical description of these tools and current results of the analysis are presented in this work.
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Weisbrich, H., M. Bestler, and W. Belzig. "Tensor Monopoles in superconducting systems." Quantum 5 (December 7, 2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-12-07-601.

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Topology in general but also topological objects such as monopoles are a central concept in physics. They are prime examples for the intriguing physics of gauge theories and topological states of matter. Vector monopoles are already frequently discussed such as the well-established Dirac monopole in three dimensions. Less known are tensor monopoles giving rise to tensor gauge fields. Here we report that tensor monopoles can potentially be realized in superconducting multi-terminal systems using the phase differences between superconductors as synthetic dimensions. In a first proposal we suggest a circuit of superconducting islands featuring charge states to realize a tensor monopole. As a second example we propose a triple dot system coupled to multiple superconductors that also gives rise to such a topological structure. All proposals can be implemented with current experimental means and the monopole readily be detected by measuring the quantum geometry.
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Rajput, B. S., and Sandeep Kumar. "Superconductivity due to Condensation of Monopoles around RCD Strings in SU(2) Gauge Theory." Advances in High Energy Physics 2010 (2010): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/768054.

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The study of the condensation of monopoles and the resulting chromomagnetic superconductivity have been undertaken in restricted chromodynamics of SU(2) gauge theory. Constructing the RCD Lagrangian and the partition function for monopoles in terms of string action and the action of the current around the strings, the monopole current in RCD chromo magnetic superconductor has been derived and it has shown that in London' limit the penetration length governs the monopole density around RCD string in chromo magnetic superconductors while with finite (nonzero) coherence length the leading behavior of the monopole density at large distances from the string is controlled by the coherence length and not by the penetration length.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Monopole"

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Moriyama, Sanefumi. "Noncommutative Monopole from Nonlinear Monopole." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149975.

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Temple-Raston, Mark Renwick. "Monopole motions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.276584.

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Somogyi, Robert. "Essays on capacity-constrained pricing." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX024/document.

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Cette thèse est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre, "Bertrand-Edgeworth Competition with Substantial Product Differentiation", étudie le comportement d'un duopole lorsque les deux entreprises sont caractérisées par des contraintes de capacité et produisent un bien différencié à la Hotelling. En limitant l'analyse au cas d'un degré élevé de différentiation du produit, je démontre l'existence d'au moins un équilibre en stratégie pure pour tous les niveaux de capacités. Le deuxième chapitre, "Monopoly Pricing with Dual Capacity Constraints" analyse un monopole qui est contraint par deux types de contraintes de capacité: un sur la quantité produite, l'autre sur le nombre des consommateurs. Je démontre que les prix optimaux choisis par les entreprises en court terme ne sont pas monotones dans le niveau des contraintes de capacité. En outre, le bien-être agrégé des consommateurs peut décroître si une des contraintes de capacité est augmentée. Le troisième chapitre, "Competition with Dual Capacity Constraints", étend l'analyse du deuxième chapitre au cas du duopole symétrique dans lequel les deux entreprises font face aux mêmes niveaux de capacité. Je démontre l'existence de conditions sous lesquelles la non-monotonicité des prix et du bien-être des consommateurs observée dans le 2ème chapitre est également présente dans le cas du duopole. Certains équilibres donnent naissance à des prix de duopole égaux au prix de monopole. En outre, les entreprises peuvent choisir des prix d'équilibre identiques sur les deux marchés malgré leur pouvoir de discrimination des prix
This Ph.D. thesis is composed of three chapters. Since Kreps and Scheinkman's seminal article (1983) a large number of papers have analyzed capacity constraints' potential to relax price competition. However, the majority of the ensuing literature has assumed that products are either perfect or very close substitutes. Therefore very little is known about the interaction between capacity constraints and local monopoly power. The aim of the present paper is to shed light on this question using a standard Hotelling setup. The high level of product dierentiation results in a variety of equilibrium firm behavior and it generates at least one pure-strategy equilibrium for any capacity level. The second chapter, "Bertrand-Edgeworth Competition with Substantial Product Differentiation", studies the price-setting behavior of a monopoly facing two capacity constraints: one on the number of consumers it can serve, the other on the total amount of products it can sell. Facing two consumer groups that difer in their demands and the distribution of their willingness-to-pay, the monopoly's optimal non-linear pricing strategy consists of offering one or two price-quantity bundles. The characterization of the firm's optimal pricing as a function of its two capacities reveals a rich structure that also gives rise to some surprising results. In particular, I show that prices are non-monotonic in capacity levels. Moreover, there always exists a range of parameters in which weakening one of the capacity constraints decreases consumer surplus. In the long run, when the firms can choose how much capacity to build, prices and consumer surplus are monotonic in capacity costs. The third chapter, "Competition with Dual Capacity Constraints", studies duopoly pricing under dual capacity constraints, limiting both the total quantity and the number of consumers served. It extends both the analysis of monopoly pricing with dual capacity constraints and the symmetric models of Bertrand-Edgeworth competition with a singular capacity. By isolating parameter regions where a symmetric pure-strategy equilibrium exists, I nd that several types of equilibria are possible, depending on the model's specications. For some of them, duopoly prices are identical to monopoly prices. Equilibrium prices are non-monotonic in capacity levels if consumers' valuations are suciently heterogeneous. Moreover, I show that despite their ability to price discriminate, competition may lead firms to charge identical prices across markets
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Sakarya, Emre. "Kaluza-klein Monopole." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608673/index.pdf.

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Kaluza-Klein theories generally in $(4+D)$ and more specifically in five dimensions are reviewed. The magnetic monopole solutions found in the Kaluza-Klein theories are generally reviewed and their generalizations to Anti-de Sitter spacetimes are discussed.
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de, Vries Erik Jan. "Supersymmetric monopole dynamics." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2230.

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We study the supersymmetric quantum mechanics of monopoles in bosonic, N = 2 and N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills-Higgs theory, with particular emphasis on monopoles of charge{(1; 1) in a theory with gauge group SU(3) spontaneously broken to U(1) £ U(1). In the moduli space approximation, the quantum states of bosonic monopoles can be described by functions on the moduli space. For N = 2 supersymmetric monopoles, quantum states can be interpreted as either spinors or anti-holomorphic forms on the moduli space. The quantum states of the N = 4 supersymmetric monopole correspond to general di®erential forms on the moduli space. In each case, we review the moduli space approximation and derive general expressions for the supercharges as di®erential operators. In the geometrical language of forms on the moduli space, the Hamiltonian is proportional to the Laplacian acting on forms. We propose a general expression for the total angular momentum operator and verify its commutation relations with the supercharges. We use the known metric structure of the moduli space of charge{(1; 1) monopoles to show that there are no quantum bound states of such monopoles in the moduli space approximation. We exhibit scattering states and compute the corresponding di®er- ential cross sections. Using the general expressions for the supercharges we construct the short supermultiplet of supersymmetric monopoles, and study its decomposition under the proposed angular momentum operator.
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Philippe, Alice. "Le monopole de fait." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU10064.

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Le monopole de fait est consacré au neuvième alinéa du Préambule de la Constitution du 27 Octobre 1946, selon lequel : « tout bien, toute entreprise, dont l’exploitation a ou acquiert les caractères d’un service public national ou d’un monopole de fait, doit devenir la propriété de la collectivité ». Sous une apparente clarté, la formulation n’en est pas moins énigmatique pour le juriste. Si cette disposition a semblé justifier les nationalisations (ce qui explique le caractère ponctuel des études qui lui sont portées), la condamnation du monopole de fait relève d’une logique intemporelle : celle de la concordance des mécanismes de marché avec la réalisation de l’intérêt général. C’est notamment ce que font sourdre les origines, tout à la fois économiques et politiques, du monopole de fait ; cet euphémisme utile pour mieux désigner les féodalités économiques et la défaillance de marché. Le monopole de fait est une menace, et lorsqu’il sévit il empêche la réalisation d’une démocratie économique et sociale. Faut-il mentionner ces entreprises qui, disposant d’un pouvoir de marché d’envergure, optent pour des stratégies d’entreprise agressives. Les GAFA, les banques et les assurances, les opérateurs historiques dans les secteurs de réseaux, les géants de l’agroalimentaire, sont autant d’exemples flagrants de monopole de fait. C’est donc sans détour qu’il faut le condamner par l’appropriation collective. Notion qui se meut aux confins du droit et de l’économie, le monopole de fait constitue la pierre angulaire de ce que l’on pourrait qualifier de droit du marché. Ce droit qui viendrait pallier, mutatis mutandis, aux défaillances de marché. Rien de plus nécessaire, alors, que de caractériser le monopole de fait. Or en la matière, les différentes situations possibles présentent toutes une même caractéristique et tendent toutes au même résultat : il s’agit de l’exercice abusif d’un pouvoir de marché, aboutissant à la constitution d’une rente de situation, à la confiscation d’une rente de situation. Ce sont ces deux aspects combinés qui permettent d’identifier le monopole de fait, en droit. Fort de cette première découverte, la sanction par l’appropriation collective ne peut qu’être redéfinie. L’approche purement propriétaire qui prévalait permettait en substance l’appropriation collective (parce que les propriétés publiques sont, plus que les autres, tenues par l’intérêt général). Mais elle est reléguée, dans cette étude, à une place subsidiaire, au profit d’une analyse plus pragmatique mettant l’accent sur les différentes parties en présence, le déséquilibre de pouvoir existant entre elles, et les intérêts lésés par le monopole de fait. Pour faire écho au neuvième alinéa du Préambule de 1946, on pourrait dire que le régime applicable au monopole de fait doit permettre aux parties prenantes de de pouvoir se constituer en véritable contre-pouvoir vis-à-vis des entreprises qui, abusant elles-mêmes de leur pouvoir de marché, heurtent leurs intérêts
The "monopole de fait" is promoted in the French Constitution’s 9th preambular paragraph of October 27, 1946, according to which: "any good, any enterprise, whose exploitation has or acquires the characteristics of a national public service or a "monopole de fait", must become the property of the collectivity". In apparent clarity, the wording is nonetheless enigmatic for the jurist. While this policy seemed to justify nationalization (which explains the punctual nature of the studies that are made to it), the condemnation of the "monopole de fait" is a timeless logic: that of the participation of the market to the realization of the public interest. This is what the origins of the "monopole de fait", both economic and political, leads to. This euphemism, is useful to precisely designate economic feudalism and market failure. The "monopole de fait" is a threat, and when it is rife it prevents the realization of what the French scholars called an economic and social democracy. Should we mention those companies which, having a large market power, opt for aggressive corporate strategies; GAFA, banks and insurance companies, the incumbent operators in the network sectors, the agribusiness giants, are all flagrant examples of "monopole de fait". It is therefore straightforward that we must condemn it by collective appropriation. Notion that moves to the confines of law and economics, the "monopole de fait" is the cornerstone of what could be called market law. This branch of law would mitigate, mutatis mutandis, market failures. Nothing morenecessary, then, than to characterize the "monopole de fait". In this field, the different situations all have the same characteristic and all tend to achieve the same result: it is an abusive exploitation resulting in a rent situation. It is these two aspects combined that make possible the identification of "monopole de fait", in law. Strong of this first step, the sanction through collective appropriation must be redefined. The purely proprietary approach that prevailed allowed, in part, collective appropriation (because public property is, more than the others, held by the public interest). But it is neglected in this study in favor of a more pragmatic analysis focusing on the various parties involved and the legitimate interests harmed by "monopole de fait". To echo the 1946’s 9th preambular paragraph, it could be said that the de facto monopoly regime must enable stakeholders to assert their right (s) against companies
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Borg, André. "Le monopole officinal : étude sur l’influence du monopole officinal sur l’exercice professionnel du pharmacien." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0333.

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Le monopole officinal français est un privilège assorti d’importantes contreparties et obligations que seul un pharmacien peut revêtir. Qualifié d’exception pharmaceutique, il est destiné à satisfaire la protection de la santé publique. Actuellement, le secteur officinal traverse une crise profonde et se trouve à un tournant majeur de son évolution. Le modèle actuel semble inadapté et obsolète pour faire face aux enjeux et défis de la profession. Est-il encore susceptible de perdurer tel qu’il existe ? De plus en plus réduit en dépit d’exigences toujours aussi importantes, il est fragmenté à tel point que la structuration du réseau de distribution au détail du médicament s’est transformée en un objet non identifié. Hésitation entre activité commerçante et activité libérale, remise en cause du principe d’indivisibilité, le pharmacien évolue dans un cadre normatif désormais peu porteur pour ne pas dire récessif. Sujet à dérives et controverses, le dispositif français est remis en cause tant d’un point national que communautaire. Et si cette remise en cause ne constituerait elle pas une opportunité pour le pharmacien plutôt qu’une fatalité ?
The French pharmacist monopoly is a privilege with important counterparts and obligations that only a pharmacist can assume. Qualified as a pharmaceutical exception, it is intended to meet the protection of public health. Currently, the pharmacy sector is going through a deep crisis and is at a major turning point in its development. The current model seems unsuitable and obsolete to face the issues and challenges of the profession. Is it still likely to endure as it exists? Increasingly small despite ever-increasing demands, it is fragmented to such an extent that the structuring of the drug's retail distribution network has turned into an unidentified object. Hesitation between commercial activity and liberal activity, questioning of the principle of indivisibility, the pharmacist evolves within a normative framework which is no longer buoyant, not to say recessive. Subject to excesses and controversies, the French system is called into question both from a National and Community point of view. What if this questioning would not constitute an opportunity for the pharmacist rather than an inevitability?
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Lourens, Jako. "A wideband monopole antenna design." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80026.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The successful operation of a man-pack VHF jamming system requires a compact and efficient antenna operating over a wide bandwidth. The design of such an antenna is the focus of this thesis. The antenna should be of a practical size for a portable system and it must radiate energy efficiently across a frequency bandwidth in excess of a decade. A practical „target‟ specification of such an antenna has been drawn up based on the performance of a commercially available system. Several possible antenna topologies, each with a variety of loading section options, are tested using “Full wave” electromagnetic modelling (FEKO). Each topology/loading-section is numerically optimised for load element values by considering both its gain and reflection coefficient. Results of the „optimally loaded‟ solution for each topology are then compared to each other to arrive at the best overall design. The best result is found to be the traditional monopole whip-type antenna, with four R-L loading sections spread along its length. The simulated results show that the proposed antenna can be expected to meet the target standing wave ratio (SWR) specifications while offering a gain advantage of between 5 and 10 dBi higher than is available commercially. The selected design is constructed and its performance measured.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die suksesvolle werking van ʼn mobiele VHF "jammer‟ benodig ʼn kompakte antenna met ʼn bruikbare benuttingsgraad wat oor ʼn wyeband funksioneer. Die ontwerp van so ʼn antenna is die fokus van hierdie tesis. Die antenna moet kompak genoeg wees om draagbaar te wees en moet ʼn bruikbare benuttingsgraad hê oor ʼn frekwensie-bandwydte van meer as 10:1. ʼn Praktiese spesifikasie is opgestel vir die antenna deur te kyk na die sigblaaie van beskikbare stelsels. “Volgolf” elektromagnetiese modelleringsagteware is daarna gebruik om ʼn parametriese ondersoek te loods van verskillende antennas. Verskillende topologieë is getoets met ʼn verskeidenheid van belaaide seksies waar die topologieë ge-optimaliseer was vir wins en weerkaatskoëffisiënt. Die resultate vir elke optimale oplossing is vergelyk.Opgrond van hierdie resultate is bevind dat die beste topologie die tradisionele monopoolmas "whip-type‟ antenna is met vier RL lading afdelings langs die lengte versprei. Analise word gebruik om te wys dat verwag kan word dat dit aan die aanwins en staande golf verhouding (SGV) spesifikasies sal voldoen met n 10 dB verhoging in aanwins vir n laer SGV. Die geselekteerde ontwerp is gebou en gemeet om te verifieer dat dit aan die spesifikasies voldoen.
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DAS, GUPTA SHINJINEE. "Electric Monopole Transition in 160Er." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Camerino, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11581/401864.

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Kronenberger, Vincent. "Le monopole des alcools en Finlande : exemple de la mutation des monopoles publics en droit communautaire." Toulouse 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOU10001.

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Le monopole public des alcools en Finlande a connu une transformation sans précédents depuis l'adhésion de la Finlande à la communauté européenne en 1995. Poursuivant un objectif de protection de la santé publique, l'entreprise monopolistique fut dotée d'un large éventail d'exclusivités et de privilèges. Ne subsiste aujourd'hui que le monopole de commercialisation au détail, structurellement séparé des autres activités de l'ancien monopole intégré. Cette étude sur le monopole finlandais, particulièrement intéressant, dresse une typologie puis érige un modèle de la mutation des monopoles publics en droit communautaire, applicable à tous les secteurs monopolistiques actuellement en cours de libéralisation (postes, ferroviaire, électricité. . . ). Retenant une acception fonctionnelle et institutionnelle du monopole public, cette recherche isole quatre modalités de mutation regroupées en deux catégories. D'une part, une mutation fonctionnelle par un processus de libéralisation puis la séparation des activités économiques et de police spéciale du monopole. Le monopole est circonscrit, mais pas nécessairement condamné : la jurisprudence récente l'atteste. D'autre part, une mutation institutionnelle par la désintégration puis la distanciation du monopole de l'État. L'isolement devient alors plus prononcé. Au final, par delà les bases juridiques du traité CE, l'exemple du monopole finlandais des alcools rend compte d'une véritable politique juridique des institutions communautaires. L'interprétation audacieusement libérale du traité laisse aujourd'hui la place à une approche qui tolère davantage le monopole, tout en l'isolant. Cette phase ne saurait cependant constituer l'aboutissement de l'évolution du droit communautaire
The Finnish alcohol monopoly has gone through an unprecedented transformation following Finland’s accession to the European community in 1995. Pursuing a public health mission, the state monopoly had obtained extensive exclusive rights and privileges. Today, there remains only the retail sale monopoly which is entirely independent from other parts of the formerly integrated monopoly. This research on the particularly interesting example of the Finnish monopoly, draws up a typology and sets a model for transformation of state monopolies in EC law, which is applicable to all monopolistic sectors currently under liberalisation (postal services, railways, electricity. . . ). This study retains both a functional and institutional definition of state monopolies and therefore of their transformation. First, a functional transformation consisting in both liberalisation and separation of economical and regulatory functions of the monopoly. The shape of the monopoly is reduced but its existence is not necessarily condemned, as recent case-law indicates. Second, an institutional transformation: unbundling and + distanciation; from the state. The monopoly is even more isolated. In the end, besides the EC treaty's legal basis, the Finnish monopoly example reveals a genuine judicial policy of community institutions towards monopolies. The former daringly liberal interpretation of the treaty has been replaced today by a more neutral approach which tolerates monopolies, provided their + confinement. However this phase is expected not to be the final step of EC law
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Books on the topic "Monopole"

1

Bornier, Jean Magnan de. Le monopole. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1986.

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Monopole antennas. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003.

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Eimer, Thomas Rudolf. Arenen und Monopole. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-94058-8.

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Spelthahn, Sabine. Privatisierung natürlicher Monopole. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89177-8.

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Dusad, Ritika. Magnetic Monopole Noise. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58193-0.

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SNCF, la fin d'un monopole. Paris: Jean-Claude Gawsewitch, 2010.

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Helft, Claudine. Le Monopole de Dieu: Poèmes. Lausanne (Suisse): L'Age d'homme, 1996.

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Le monopole catholique en question: [dossier]. Paris: Choiseul, 2011.

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Günter, Kröber, Strüwing H. G, Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR. Forschungsbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften., and Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe "Wissenschaftlich-Technische Revolution, Sozialer Fortschritt und Geistige Auseinandersetzung" (Germany), eds. Software-Innovationsstrategien im Konkurrenzkampf der Monopole. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR, Zentrum für Gesellschaftswissenschaftliche Information, Abt. Komplexe Informationsleistungen, 1987.

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Langer, Thomas. Monopole als Handlungsinstrumente der öffentlichen Hand. Berlin: Duncker und Humbolt, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Monopole"

1

Woeckener, Bernd. "Monopole." In Springer-Lehrbuch, 109–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16547-4_5.

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Woeckener, Bernd. "Monopole." In Mikroökonomik, 117–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36897-4_5.

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Woeckener, Bernd. "Monopole." In Mikroökonomik, 123–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60668-1_5.

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Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, Hans Volker, and Andreas Staudt. "Magnetische Monopole." In Teubner Studienbücher Physik, 386–415. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89144-0_8.

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Klapdor-Kleingrothaus, Hans Volker, and Kai Zuber. "Magnetische Monopole." In Teubner Studienbücher: Physik, 306–28. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-90548-2_10.

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Shuryak, Edward. "Monopole Ensembles." In Nonperturbative Topological Phenomena in QCD and Related Theories, 45–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62990-8_3.

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Sontz, Stephen Bruce. "The Dirac Monopole." In Universitext, 225–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14765-9_15.

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Schimmrigk, Rolf, Steven Duplij, Antoine Van Proeyen, Władysław Marcinek, Gert Roepstorff, Władysław Marcinek, Władysław Marcinek, et al. "Graded Dirac Monopole." In Concise Encyclopedia of Supersymmetry, 169–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4522-0_221.

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Brylinski, Jean-Luc. "The Dirac Monopole." In Loop Spaces, Characteristic Classes and Geometric Quantization, 257–77. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser Boston, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-8176-4731-5_7.

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Spelthahn, Sabine. "Einführung." In Privatisierung natürlicher Monopole, 1–8. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89177-8_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Monopole"

1

Fresco, Anthony N. "Solute Ion Coulomb Force Monopole Motor and Solute Ion Linear Alignment Propulsion." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90396.

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Capacitive deionization relies on carbon aerogel or nanofoam having a surface area of 400 square meters/ gram to attract sodium and chlorine ions to the cathode and anode respectively by applying a voltage of about 1.5 VDC across the anode and cathode. By first physically isolating at least two anodes and two cathodes during charge accumulation, at least two positive monopoles and two negative monopoles are created. Positive/negative monopoles are formed by the enclosure of the cathodes/anodes by an electrically conductive material surrounding the sodium/chlorine ions. At least five or six like charged monopoles are created. At least four of the like charged monopoles (all negative or all positive) can be arranged on a disc. At least one stationary monopole of the same charge is placed adjacent to the disc and positioned so that a repulsive electric field is formed between the stationary monopole and at least one of the monopoles positioned on the disc so that the disc is then forced to rotate a shaft at the center of the disc. The Coulomb force between the monopoles is given by Coulomb’s Law, i.e., F=(k/ε)[(q1)(q2)/(r2)](1) where k = 9E+09 Newtons-meter2/coul2, q1 and q2 are the charge in coulombs, r is the distance between the charges in meters and ε = 75–81 dielectric constant assuming water between the charges (more likely air having ε = 1). Only a very small amount of charge in each monopole is required, i.e., 10 millicoulombs, (less than a milligram) to provide a force of about 44,000 Newtons (almost 10,000 lbs) if monopoles are separated by 0.5 meters (assuming this equation for Coulomb’s Law for this application is directly applicable without modification-this may not be the case). (For air, the force would be multiplied by 75–81). In a related approach, solute ions are accelerated by an electrostatic field from solute ions collected on electrodes +,-. Using an orthogonal electric field, partition electrodes are closed to capture like charged ions. Polarity is reversed via a transverse (longitudinal) electric field. Linear alignment of ions results in vector alignment of Coulomb forces to create an ion jet for propulsion or particle acceleration. The result is ionic marine propulsion and a possible ionic jet engine that obtains propulsion energy from Coulomb repulsion forces of homopolar separated charge. No combustion or jet fuel is required. Details are available in WO 2008/024927 A2 Ref. [1].
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Cunha, Naylton O., Maria E. Ferreira, Rodrigo M. S. de Oliveira, Jose F. Almeida, and Carlos L. S. S. Sobrinho. "The Hi monopole." In 2009 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imoc.2009.5427533.

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ZUKER, ANDRÉS P. "A MONOPOLE PRIMER." In Proceedings of the 8th International Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702265_0014.

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GIACOMELLI, G., and L. PATRIZII. "MAGNETIC MONOPOLE SEARCHES." In Proceedings of the 7th School. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701893_0010.

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Lin, Po-Wei, and Kin-Lu Wong. "Integrated monopole slot and monopole strip for WWAN handset antenna." In 2012 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcap.2012.6333240.

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Shibata, Akihiro. "Abelian monopole or non-Abelian monopole responsible for quark confinement." In The 33rd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.251.0320.

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Zhu, Dan, Khai-Ming Wong, and Timothy Tie. "Coexistence of monopole and half-monopole in the Weinberg-Salam model." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 14TH ASIA-PACIFIC PHYSICS CONFERENCE. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0037076.

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Chirwa, L. C., J. F. Dawson, and M. P. Robinson. "A spice model for monopole to monopole coupling in the genec." In 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2007.4396488.

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Shukla, Saurabh, and A. R. Harish. "Solomon Knot Monopole Antenna." In 2018 IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propogation (InCAP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incap.2018.8770925.

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Vsetula, Petr, and Zbynek Raida. "Sierpinski conical monopole antennas." In 2010 15th Conference on Microwave Techniques (COMITE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/comite.2010.5481272.

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Reports on the topic "Monopole"

1

Wood, J. L. Shape coexistence and electric monopole transitions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/204098.

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Podobedov, Boris. Single Bunch Stability to Monopole Excitation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10000.

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Warne, Larry Kevin, William Arthur Johnson, Marvin E. Morris, Lorena I. Basilio, Jane Marie Lehr, and Matthew B. Higgins. Capacitance and effective area of flush monopole probes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919108.

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Mohamed, Darwish A., and Ramakrishna Janaswamy. Design of a Continuous Resistively Loaded Monopole Antenna. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265852.

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Rivera, David F., and John P. Casey. Approximate Capacitance Formulas for Electrically Small Tubular Monopole Antennas. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada302235.

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Qi, Xiao-Liang. Seeing the magnetic monopole through the mirror of topological surface states. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/974188.

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Leder, Erik. Symmetry, Symmetry Breaking, and the Current View of the Dirac Monopole. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7261.

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Crull, E., C. Brown, Jr, M. Perkins, and M. Ong. Experimental Validation of Lightning-Induced Electromagnetic (Indirect) Coupling to Short Monopole Antennas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/945757.

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Elliot, P. G., E. N. Rosario, and R. J. Davis. Novel Quadrifilar Helix Antenna Combining GNSS, Iridium, and a UHF Communications Monopole. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada562143.

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Whattam, J. W. Calculations for the 40 foot monopole for the Hanford Site emergency alerting system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/325652.

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