Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Monooxygénases – Teneur en cuivre'
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Gómez-Piñeiro, Rogelio Javier. "Experimental and theoretical investigation of bioinspired mononuclear copper complexes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/211213_GOMEZPINEIRO_886mtbc444s58hp471nxwde_TH.pdf.
Full textLytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) break down polysaccharides and are greatly studied in the context of biomass conversion. They contain a mononuclear copper center which is studied by its magnetic properties. The mechanism of reaction and its intermediates are still unknown. We use a large set of well-known complexes to develop a protocol to predict the magnetic properties of copper systems using computational calculations. This protocol was applied to LPMO models and to an LPMO-inspired tripeptidic complex to elucidate their structural and spectroscopic properties. In addition, we produced a series of complexes to capture potential high-valent reaction intermediates of LPMO. Eventually, the reactivity of one specific complex was studied for its capacity to produce formate in alcohol solvents. Formate was produced at around 120% conversion. Future generations of ligands and complexes were also synthesized and envisioned to understand the reaction pathways of LPMO
Blain, Ingrid. "Modèles fonctionnels de monooxygénases à cuivre : hydroxylations stéréospécifiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30091.
Full textBruno, Pascale. "Synthèse et réactivité d'analogues fonctionnels de monooxygénases à cuivre." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30010.
Full textSchicke, Olivier. "Complexes binucléaires de cuivre, modèles de métalloenzymes." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30008.
Full textCopper monooxygenases involved in dioxygen metabolism, are important in numerous living systems. Dopamine β-monooxygenase (DBM) plays a major role in catecholamine biosynthesis, central and peripheral nervous system neurotransmitters. The mechanism of enzymatic action is not totally described, so many structural and functional models have been proposed. The aim of this thesis is to combine two chemistry's domains in order to prepare biomimetic models of DBM. These two domains are supramolecular chemistry, to mimic enzyme-substract complex, and inorganic chemistry, to synthesise analogous active sites. Two models combining a cyclophane-type hydrophobic pocket and a binuclear copper centre have been synthesised. Many intermediate and final products have been totally described (X-ray diffraction, IR, NMR. . . ), informing on conformation, space available, and intra- and intermolecular interactions in these compounds. Moreover an intermediate cyclophane was co-cristallised with a chloroform molecule inside the cavity. One of these binuclear models has been checked in phosphodiesters hydrolysis reaction. Despite an unexpected kinetic curve appearance (tensioactive effect of BNPP may increase active sites availability of complex 18) binuclear complex 18 showed a higher activity (5x) than a mononuclear copper complex (two equivalents). This higher activity can be explained either by hydrophobic interactions increasing the rate of reaction, or synergic effect of the two copper ions (binuclear structure) on hydrolysis
Munzone, Alessia. "Structure-reactivity relationship of the copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/210316_MUNZONE_559lhuy192l910eww669so_TH.pdf.
Full textLytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes involved in the breakdown of recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin. The active site copper ion is coordinated by a very unusual coordination motif, consisting of two fully conserved histidines, one of which is located at the N-terminus and binds copper by both its the side chain nitrogen and the free amino terminal group. Such organization, known as “histidine brace” motif allows the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharides, in the presence of dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide and an electron donor. The objectives of the present work have been pursued via an interdisciplinary approach, using tools and fundamental concepts that span from biology to chemistry. The focus was firstly addressed on the natural properties of the active site in the bacterial LPMOs belonging to the AA10 subfamily. Notably, the variability of a second coordination sphere alanine residue (~ 4 Å from the copper ion) was firstly investigated, leading to the discovery of new enzymes with unusual active-site features. The role of active site alanine was then probed by exploring the mutational effect induced by the other occurring residues on both the activity and the physico-chemical properties on the model enzyme SmAA10. Our results emphasize that this unusual coordination motif imparts unique structural and functional features to the copper centre. Furthermore, the SmAA10 active site variants allowed us to create original metal binding sites with the perspective of exploring new abiological metal-based biocatalytic reactions
Giorgi, Michel. "Etude des relations structure-activité chez deux monooxygénases a cuivre : la Dopamine bêta-Hydrxylase et la Peptidylglycine alpha-Amidating Monooxygénase. Complexes chimiques et modèle théoriques." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30005.
Full textDopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) are two copper enzymes involved in the activation of molecular oxygen. Among the various approaches developed to understand their mechanism, the study of the structure-activity relashionships by means of crystallography and molecular modeling is a method of choice. The crystallographic structures of complexes models of the active site of DBH, built with ligands of amide type, show that the substrate-like arm is not correctly positionned relativity to the copper. Therefore the hydroxylation of carbons in non-benzylic positions is favored. We also pointed out that the complexes, built on the TEPA ligand, are too sterically constraint to lead to hydroxylated compounds
De, Coninck Arnaud Sidney. "Phytoextraction induite et fractionnement du cuivre dans un résidu minier riche en cuivre et en calcium amendé par un compost." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25533/25533.pdf.
Full textMichaud, Aurélia. "Interaction entre la biodisponibilité, phytotoxicité du cuivre et la nutrition en fer de graminées : mécanismes physiologiques et rhizosphériques." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0025.
Full textLande, Aurélien de la. "Modélisation multiéchelle de monooxygénases à centres cuivreux non couplés : de l'activation du dioxygène au transfert électronique à longue distance." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066230.
Full textBee-Debras, Agnès. "Etude des systèmes cuivre (II) - acides dihydroxybenzoïques et cuivre (II) - polycondensats : modélisation des interactions de la matière organique des sols avec les métaux oligo-éléments." Reims, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987REIMS004.
Full textBaron, Jean. "Etude sur les interactions des métaux lourds avec des boues d'épuration et les sols : Complexation de Cu et Cd par des boues et spéciation dans des solutions de sols." Pau, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PAUU3008.
Full textVan, Hullebusch Eric. "Contribution à l'étude du devenir, de la mobilité et de l'impact de métaux utilisés pour le traitement de plans d'eau eutrophes : cas de l'aluminium et du cuivre." Limoges, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LIMO0016.
Full textRoussel, Hélène. "Les effets du cuivre sur la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques : une étude en mésocosmes lotiques." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30235.
Full textCopper is known to be a nonspecific toxicant and is frequently used as an algicide, fungicide, bactericide, plant herbicide and molluscicide in the aquatic environment. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of copper on the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems. To achieve this goal, the use of experimental streams called mesocosms allowed to realize ecologically realistic study while controlling many parameters. During 18 months, environmentally realistic concentrations of copper (0, 5, 25 and 75 µg/L) where applied on 12 outdoor mesocosms of 20 m long. Results showed an effect on both structure and function of the ecosystem and considering all those results, a NOECecosystem was set up at 5 µg/L for fresh water ecosystems
Echairi, Abdelwahad. "Effets du cuivre sur quelques indicateurs de la qualité biologique des sols viticoles : étude à différentes échelles." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS008.
Full textCopper-based fungicides are used for more than a century by vine growers to fight against mildew (and other diseases). As a result, copper accumulates in soil, reaching high concentrations, with potential harmful effects on soil biocenosis. In spite of this threat, copper-based products are still in use, especially in organic farming. In this work, we tried to make clear the effects of copper on some aspects of biological quality of vineyards in “real” conditions, on the short, medium and long term. Long term effects were studied in a region (Champagne) through soil samples representing a large range of copper concentrations. Two different sites, in Burgundy and Champagne were used to study the medium-term effects (decade). Finally, to study in details the short term effects (1-4 years) we used an experimental approach, in three different locations, copper additions being the only source of variation. Biological indicators (microbial biomass, C & N mineralization, nitrification) were used for routine analysis. In addition, two fungal populations of interest for vine growing and wine making were studied: mycorrhizal-arbuscular fungi (MA) and yeasts able to grow on vine juice. The main characteristics of the soil samples were measured simultaneously, including total and EDTA-extractable copper. Microbial biomass is a reliable indicator of soil quality but, for low levels of Cu, spatio-temporal variations were higher than the effects of copper addition. The same observations were made for C and N mineralization activities. Nitrification activity (ammonium oxidation) turned out to be less affected by copper additions than by previous nitrogen additions (as reduced forms: organic N and ammonium N). Therefore, nitrification is not a reliable indicator of Cu contamination. Our results also showed that MA fungal populations are of potential interest to assess the effects of cultural practices, including copper additions, provided the other sources of variation are under control. These populations can be characterized both quantitatively (spore numbers) and qualitatively (diversity of morphological types). Significant differences between treatments were observed in our experiments. However, the efficiency of these populations (for P uptake) are not addressed by these tests. Populations of yeasts are also potentially interesting to study the effects of Cu in vineyards. We developed a protocol to assess both genotypic and phenotypic diversity of these fungal populations. Genotypic characterization was based on 18S rDNA PCR-RFLP and polymorphism of D1-D2 region of 26S rDNA. Phenotypic characterization was limited to the assessment of copper tolerance by measuring growth rate on a medium containing increasing Cu concentrations. The results showed no correlation between genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Many strains were able to grow on media containing high concentrations of copper, even when they were isolated from soil samples without previous Cu application
Ducere, Jean-Marie. "Modélisation de la réactivité du cuivre dans la faujasite - application à la réduction catalytique sélective de NO par NH3." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20167.
Full textRapontchombo, Omanda Jessie. "Performances de garnitures frittées métalliques à basse teneur en cuivre pour les applications de freinage ferroviaire haute énergie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1I039/document.
Full textHigh energy railway brake materials are metallic matrix composite with complex and highly heterogeneous formulations. The technological choice towards this type of material for brake pads stems from the many performances that disc brake system must ensure: tribological performances (friction coefficient, wear), thermomechanical performances (integrity in temperature), acoustic performances (squeal). New international environmental standards, lead to evolutions of pad formulations, consisting of reduce copper content. Because of complexity of the formulations, the developments are empirical. It is proposed in this work to develop methodologies that improve the understanding of the link between the formulation of friction materials and their braking performances. The first part of the works consists of microstructural characterizations of the materials on new materials and after braking solicitations showing significant evolutions. The characterizations are coupled with measurements of the thermophysical properties. The second part of the study concerns reduced scale tests that achieve similar solicitations to full scale performance braking tests. Reduced scale samples simplify tribological analysis. The last part of the work focuses on vibroacoustic aspects by studying squeal tendency of a simplified system that highlight the role of the tribological circuit. In addition to these methodological contributions, the study shows the impact of the development axes of the new formulations. Explanations are given on the links between the formulation, properties and performances: thermomechanical, vibroacoustic and tribological. As the proposed methodologies, they must allow to improve prospective material developments
Courde, Laurent. "Etude des effets d'applications répétées de cuivre sur l'activité et la diversité de la microflore des sols." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS048.
Full textMarchand, Lilian. "Phytoremédiation en zones humides construites d'eaux contaminées au cuivre." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14691/document.
Full textThis work aims at characterizing environmental compartments (i.e. water, soil and soil pore water, substrate, macrophytes at the individual and community scale) and their functioning to in fine improve the effectiveness of constructed wetlands (CW) for cleaning Cu-contaminated waters. Knowledge on the homeostasis of Cu in plants and its phytotoxicity at medium and high exposures are summarized. The main physico-chemical and biological mechanisms involved in the phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated water in CW are discussed. Several aided-phytostabilisation options were in situ evaluated in lysimeters at a Cu-contaminated wood preservation site to assess the potential of four amendments to sorb Cu in a CW substrate. Concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements (PTTE, including Cu) and macronutrients of leachates migrating from the root zone to the aquifers were quantified. Based on the responses of Lemna minor L. used as a bioindicator, exposed to the leachates,.Linz-Donawitz slag spiked with P (LDS, 1%) best performed to sorb labile Cu in the root zone. In parallel, macrophyte communities were monitored along the Jalle Eysines River, an urban river slightly contaminated by Cu and other PTTE. The PTTE concentrations were determined in the soil, water, soil pore water, and in the leaves of seven macrophyte species. A multivariate statistical model was developed based on the foliar PTTE concentrations for biomonitoring macrophyte exposures. Populations of macrophytes were also collected in wetlands displaying an increasing Cu contamination in Europe (France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy), Belarus and Australia. Root production of macrophytes exposed for 3 weeks at increasing Cu concentrations (0.08, 2.5, 5, 15 and 25 µM Cu) shows an intra-specific variability of Cu tolerance in populations of Juncus effusus, Schoenoplectus lacustris and Phalaris arundinacea. In contrast, a similar response to constitutive tolerance occurred for Typha latifolia and Iris pseudacorus, two species with high production of rhizomes. The rhizome influence is discussed. Phragmites australis also produces rhizomes but showed intra-specific variability in response to Cu exposure. In a CW at mesocosm scale (110 dm3), up to 99% of Cu in water (initial concentration: 2.5μM Cu) was removed after 2 weeks in the three modalities planted with Juncus articulatus, P. arundinacea and P. australis, and in the unplanted control. The influences of microbial biofilms, the substrate, and the macrophyte species and their interactions in CW are discussed. The selection of PTTE-tolerant macrophytes for their used in CW and the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the intra-specific variability in PTTE- tolerance, i.e for P. australis, require further investigations
Bureau-Franz, Isabelle. "Etude expérimentale de l' influence du cuivre, du fer et des estrogènes sur le stress oxydant : application à l' étude du risque oxydatif chez les femmes ménopausées." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF1MM17.
Full textGunkel, Peggy. "Etude de la spéciation des elements traces metalliques dans un sol agricole pollue au sulfate de cuivre, influence des amendements en chaux et matiere organique. Evolution temporelle de la pollution cuprique et étude de son transfert du sol vers le mai͏̈s." Mulhouse, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MULH0643.
Full textCali, Christophe. "Capteurs chimiques à base de verres chalcogénures destinés à la détection des ions cuivre et sulfures. Etude des mécanismes à l'interface et mesures "in situ" dans les eaux naturelles." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20058.
Full textHUNTER, DONALD. "Etude de la localisation du positron dans des alliages de nickel et de cuivre a faible teneur en metal de transition." Paris, ENSAM, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENAM0007.
Full textMsaky, John Joseph. "Adsorption et desorption du cuivre et du zinc dans les sols." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066094.
Full textBonneris, Emmanuelle. "Étude de l'implication de différents ligands cellulaires dans la séquestration du cadmium, du cuivre, et du zinc chez les mollusques bivalves d'eau douce exposés à une contamination environnementale." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE18001.
Full textThe main goal of this research was to evaluate the involvement of different cellular ligands in cadmium, copper and zinc sequestration in bivalves. Indigenous specimens of the bivalve Pyganodon grandis were collected from nine lakes along a metal contamination gradient in the Rouyn-Noranda area (Quebec). In these chronically exposed animals, the accumulated Cd concentrations depend on the environmental dissolved Cd concentrations, and on the nature and the abundance of the biological ligands, which differed among organs (gills versus digestive gland). In the digestive gland, Cd is largely sequestered by the metallothioneins (MT), whereas granules represent the main sink for Cd, Cu and Zn in the gills. A transplantation experiment, involving a change in the exposure regime, demonstrated the precocity of Cd sequestration at the granules level, which appears concomitantly with MT biosynthesis. A molecular approach biology carried out in the laboratory on Dreissena polymorpha aimed at studying the precocity of the response of an isoform of MT
Monbet, Philippe. "Comportement des métaux (cuivre, plomb et cadmium) dans un estuaire à fort caractère agricole : bilan de masse : cas de la baie de Morlaix." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2003.
Full textBalderrama, Martínez Sotomayor Raúl. "Développement de ligands de cuivre pour des applications thérapeutiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0449.
Full textCopper is a versatile redox active endogenous metal that is present in many proteins and enzymes critical for life and plays important roles in different biological processes. However, its redox activity also renders Cu potentially toxic because it can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This double-edged sword behavior has interested researchers for long time and its harnessing is crucial to develop Cu complexes with unique biological, catalytic, diagnostic and therapeutic properties. In this Ph.D. thesis different ligands for Cu coordination have been designed and explored in two different contexts: cancer and Alzheimer disease (AD). The first part of this thesis is devoted to providing more insights into the cytotoxic effects produced by the Cu(II) complexes (C1, C2) of two ligands (L1, L2). Although the complexes showed weak interactions with DNA, in vitro studies performed in normal (IMR-90, HUVEC) and cancer cell lines (A2780, MCF-7) indicated that C1 and C2 internalize the cells and promote the production of ROS. While cytotoxic effects were not detected in MCF-7 cells, they were higher in A2780 than in normal cells. L1 and L2 were further modified to improve cytotoxicity. The second part of the thesis evaluates the Cu chelating abilities of L1 and L2 as potential therapeutic agents for AD. Data showed that L1 can arrest efficiently the generation of ROS catalyzed by Cu in presence and absence of Aβ peptide and zinc. Evidence suggests that the ratio L1:Cu plays an important role in the effectiveness of L1 to stop ROS production. L1 was successfully modified without altering its Cu chelating properties to provide blood-brain-barrier permeability
Flores, Velez Luisa Maria. "Essai de spéciation des métaux dans les sols : cas du Cu dans les vignobles." Paris 12, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA120027.
Full textYao, Zhao Yue. "Synthesis, structure, and mechanical properties of lead- and zinc-copper borate glasses." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S080.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the effect of copper content and copper valence on the structural and mechanical properties of glass. Zinc- and lead- copper borate glasses were studied. Their structural changes with the substitution of CuO for ZnO or PbO are followed by Raman and reflectance infrared. The oxidation state, site environment and bonding characteristic of copper ions are studied by optical and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The mechanical properties were determined and correlated to the glass structure and composition, with a particular emphasis on the elastic properties, sharp indentation behavior (hardness and micro-cracking), toughness and temperature dependence of elasticity. Copper tends to stabilize trigonal boron and gives a more homogeneous metaborate structure. Adding copper ions to the metaborate glass clearly improves the mechanical performance (elastic moduli and hardness), in the meantime decreases the temperature sensitivity and soften rate of lead borate glasses. However, adding copper ions in zinc borate glasses has opposite effects on these properties. The chemistry changes at zinc-copper-borate glass surface after heat-treatment are also studied. Investigation of the nanoindentation and scratch behavior show that the crystallized layer improves the mechanical resistant of glass surface
Mahloul, Noureddine. "Influence des impuretés soufre et phosphore sur les propriétés des alliages fer-nickel-carbone : conséquences vis-à-vis des mécanismes de fragilisation par l'hydrogène." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0443.
Full textRementeria, Ugalde Ane. "Understanding the impact of silver as an emerging contaminant in the Ibaizabal and Gironde estuaries." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0443/document.
Full textEstuaries have been subjected to a high human pressure which has led to the presence of pollutants in their waters and sediments including trace metals. The estuaries in the Bay of Biscay do not constitute an exception of this situation and the Ibaizabal and Gironde Estuaries are both very well known for having high metal concentrations in different compartments. In this context, environmental health monitoring programmes have relied on the use of mussels and oysters as sentinel organisms because chemical and biological analyses of their tissues allow assessing the general health status of their surrounding environment. The present work aims at acquiring a deeper understanding of the interactions between bioaccumulation and the toxic effects of copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) in oysters Crassostrea gigas, as well as the effects that environmental factors may have on them, For this, one field study and three laboratory experiments have been carried out. Among the most relevant results obtained it can be highlighted that: (I) both oysters and mussels are useful to properly indicate the health status of estuaries of the Bay of Biscay, yet higher accumulation of metals occurs in oysters than in mussels, (II) the intake pathway (watercolumn and/or food) induces different response intensities in oysters (III) the toxicity of Ag is enhanced in the presence of Cu in oysters and (IV) salinity has a low effect on the toxicity of both metals in oysters
Legros, Samuel. "Évaluation multi-échelle de l'impact environnemental de l'épandage de lisier de porc sur un sol tropical, île de La Réunion : spéciation et modélisation du comportement du cuivre et du zinc." La Réunion, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LARE0012.
Full textDuring this thesis we studied Cu and Zn behavior in a tropical water-sol-plante system further to pig slurry spreading by a multi-scale approach. On the experimental plot scale, we quantified : i) the Cu and Zn uptacking by the plant (trainasse osterdamia pungens) ii) the Cu and Zn accumulation in soil, iii) the soluble Cu and Zn flux. On the molecular scale, we studied the Cu and Zn speciation in pig slurry by several analytical techniques combination (SEM, µ-XRF, XAS, etc. ). First, we observed an accumulation of Cu and Zn in soil between 0 and 20 cm and 20 and 60 cm deep respectively. This observation was confirmed by a very weak Cu and Zn uptaking by the Trainasse, and by the fact that soluble Cu and Zn flux in pig slurry plot are comparable to those of the control plot. These results underline the very weak mobility of Cu and Zn. Then, while pig slurry is a complex matrix, we realized a size fractionation before analyses. The majority of Cu and Zn (respectively 78 and 75 % of thé total concentration) is found in thc size fraction between 0. 45 and 20 µm. In pig slurry Cu is under Cu sulfide form (Cu2S) where Cu oxîdation state is I. The Zn speciation in pig slurry can be described on the basis of 3 constituents: 41 % of Zn bound to the organic matter, 39 % of Zn hydroxide and 20 % of Zn sulfide. This Cu and Zn spéciation in pig slurry allows to understand the results obtained on thé experimental plot scale
Anne, Sara. "Influence de la nutrition cuprique sur les composantes du rendement du blé dur (Triticum durum) : et étude de la distribution du cuivre radioactif absorbé par voie racinaire." Toulouse, INPT, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985INPT007A.
Full textBes, Clémence. "Phytoremédiation des sols d’un site de traitement du bois contaminés par le cuivre." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13712/document.
Full textAt a timber treatment site, there is a major Cu contamination of topsoils. Soil remediation was developed and assessed, especially aided phytostabilisation. Main objectives were: 1) Initial risk assessment; 2) The selection of efficient amendments for increasing Cu stabilization and plant growth; 3) The selection of Cu-tolerant plant species; 4) The in situ appraisal of the best amendments and plant species with a long term monitoring of the plots; 5) The characterisation of the tolerance mechanisms of a Poaceae species, A. capillaris. The topsoil contamination increased the mortality for two terrestrial invertebrates and plant species, decreased the biomass and diversity of plant communities and modified their composition as well. Root exposure to Cu was decreased with the incorporation of amendments, i.e. organic matters, singly or in combination with alkaline materials or zerovalent iron grit. In established plant communities, native Cu tolerant species were recorded. Pot experiments confirmed several plant species as Cu tolerant and highlighted differential tolerance across plant species and populations. Some plant species were transplanted to the site and the soil Cu labile pool was decreased by mixing amendments. After a two-year period of aided phytostabilisation, bean exposure decreased, native plant species naturally disseminated and diversity increased. The association of trees with ectomycorhiza improved the growth of P. nigra. The role of mycorhiza and other micro-organisms in improving phytostabilisation was not clear-cut but is a promising option. One of the tolerant plant species, A. capillaris, was chosen to identify the Cu tolerance mechanisms in roots. The proteome of two populations, one metallicolous and one non metallicolous, was extracted and differential synthesis of soluble proteins compared in order to identify and sequence candidates
Mikolaczyk, Mathilde. "Accumulation de l’argent et du cuivre chez l’huître japonaise Crassostrea gigas : outils géochimiques pour une optimisation du message environnemental." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0203/document.
Full textThe data-base analyses of the French biomonitoring program (RNO/ROCCH, IFREMER, 2003-2014) in terms of silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) concentrations accumulation in oysters from 13 sites along the French Atlantic Coast showed spatial and time-dependent variations reflecting local pressures. The high Ag and Cu relations seems to be partly due to physiological processes involved in their bioaccumulation by oysters. The Cu/Ag elementary ratios showed an interesting potential for Ag and Cu sources detection, which were invisible through the use of only absolute concentrations characterized by a high individual variability. Chemical measurements and histological observations performed in wild oysters from Gironde Estuary showed a preferential Ag and Cu accumulation in the digestive gland with important cellular damages. The innovative isotope spiking method is highly sensitive and precise to observe rapid in vivo Ag and Cu accumulation kinetics through direct pathway using close-to-real exposure concentrations. The isotopic signals allowed to quantify the rapid MTE accumulation in the different organs and to observe the Ag and Cu co-regulation. Furthermore, it represents a real step forward in ecotoxicological experiments allowing to obtain the initial and final contamination state inside the same organism. The study of the trophic pathway suggested a higher Ag accumulation in algae than for Cu. The Ag and Cu potentially bioavailable fraction in estuarine particles was estimated respectively at 60% and 82%. The results showed that this estimation depends on the exposure time and sediment concentration, which can lead to important under-estimations
Kafentzi, Maria Chrysanthi. "Reactive copper-oxygen species for C-H activation : influence of nuclearity and oxygen atom donor." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4355.
Full textCopper-containing monooxygenases are enzymatic systems capable of transferring an oxygen atom to their subtrates in highly regio or stereo-specific modes. Model complexes for copper-containing monooxygenases have provided valuable information on the structure and reactivity of several copper-dioxygen adducts. However, the recent discovery of two new enzymatic systems (LPMO and pMMO) able to perform activation of very strong C-H bonds has re-opened the debate on the catalytically relevant copper-dioxygen species. The use of model systems that mimic an enzyme is a simple approach to obtain a better knowledge of how nature works. For this study, Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes containing ligand-substrate were prepared. After reaction with different oxidants or O-atom donors, we investigated the regio- and stereo-selectivity of the oxidation of the internal substrate. Based on the relatively well-known chemistry of Cu(I) with dioxygen, we, were also interested in investigating the water as an O-atom donor in C-H bond activation reactions. We have therefore investigated electrochemical water oxidation or activation to generate dioxygen and selective oxygen-insertion into the substrate-bound moiety. Finally, we explored the properties of mixed-metal dioxygen species as compared to their homometalic counter-parts. Indeed heterobimetallic active sites are found in various metalloenzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase. Therefore, two new high-valent Cu-Ni heterobimetallic complexes were synthesized. We investigated their electronic properties using various spectroscopic methods and their reactivity was evaluated towards external and internal substrates (indane)
Huguenot, David. "Mise au point d'un procédé associant bioaugmentation et phytoextraction pour le traitement de sediments viticoles riches en cuivre : mise au point au laboratoire et application en microcosmes." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MULH3237/document.
Full textIntensive pesticides use in viticulture combined with runoff often result in amounts of Cu getting to storm basins (SB). Biological pesticide mitigation has been observed and related to the role of natural macrophyte together with their associated microflora. Nevertheless, low and variable mitigation levels are most often reported. Cu phytoextraction is a promising in situ technology but requires time. Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoextraction is a new technology that may enhance the phytoextraction rate. The study consisted in selecting the best "microorganism-plant-sorbent" association in order to extract Cu from sediments and mitigate Cu load in SB outlet waters. The association of these three selected components has been studied in SB-scaled microcosms filled with a sand-sediment mixture to a better understanding of the depollution process feasability. Among the 564 isolates extracted from SB sediments, 84 were able to complex metals and isolate 106 was selected for the process implementation on the base of its ability to complex Cu. On the 3 studied macrophytes, Phragmites australis accumulated more Cu in aerial parts. Finally, sugar beet pulp has been selected as the best Cu sorbant in mixture with herbicides and in a complex matrix. Microcosm experiments that associated the best three components were carried out. Results showed that sugar beet pulp located at the outlet of microcosms reduced significantly (20 %) Cu amounts in outlet waters to reach a mitigation rate of 95%. Cu extraction in aerial parts of P. australis has been improved by a factor of 1,7 thanks to an intermittent wate Joad, with drying and rewetting periods along with repeated inoculations
Aelst, Sébastien van. "Etude fonctionnelle des gènes plasmidiques de résistance au cuivre de Cupriavidus metallidurans: aspects physiologique, biochimique et écologique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210529.
Full textOn distingue dans l’îlot cop des gènes codant pour des fonctions de résistance proprement dite (essentiellement par détoxication active du cytoplasme et du périplasme). En effet, les mutants de copSRABCD, copF, et dans une moindre mesure copJ et copE deviennent sensibles. Les phénotypes des mutants divergent toutefois suivant que la mutation soit sur un cosmide qui ne porte que l’îlot (pMOL1024) ou dans son plasmide d’origine (pMOL30). Un second groupe de mutants (copVTMK, copG, copL, copQ) se distingue par un phénotype plus résistant ou identique à la souche parente, sauf autour de la CMI. Ces gènes interviendraient donc à la CMI pour assurer la résistance la plus élevée et le maintien d'un état viable latent.
La présence de l’îlot cop permet de contenir le taux d’oxygène radicalaire qui reste à un taux basal lorsque les cellules sont adaptées au cuivre environnent. Après un choc de Cu (ou stress aigu), l’îlot cop répond de façon « explosive » au stress, en consommant l’énergie du potentiel membranaire et en augmentant fortement l’activité de la chaîne respiratoire.
La résistance au cuivre est inductible, mais de façon différenciée pour la souche sauvage (CH34) et celle qui ne porte qu l’îlot cop (AE1744) :la CMI de CH34 triple après adaptation au cuivre, alors que celle d’AE1744 est inchangée. Après un choc de Cu, la résistance au cuivre est plus fortement induite pour AE1744 que pour CH34. Ces observations suggèrent que l’îlot cop ait été sélectionné pour sa capacité à répondre à un stress aigu puis intégré dans un ensemble de gènes plus vaste qui répond à des impératifs de stress chronique.
L’analyse biochimique de CopI, une petite protéine bleue à cuivre, montre qu’elle porte un site analogue à celui des oxydases multicuivre. Son rôle pourrait dès lors être celui d’une réductase multicuivre. La protéine CopK lie de façon très spécifique le Cu(I) et il semble que la liaison du cuivre modifie sa structure. L’analyse écologique a montré que des homologues de copK pourraient être présents dans l’ADN extrait de la terre de biotopes chargés en cuivre, et dans les souches cuprorésistantes qu’on y trouve.
La contribution majeure de cette thèse est de montrer que l’effet d’un stress métallique ne se résume pas à deux états physiologiques « mort ou vif ». Il y a lieu de considérer des états transitoires (choc de Cu, adaptation au métal, survie autour de la CMI, persistance) où interviennent des gènes spécifiques dans un ou plusieurs états donnés. Les résultats biochimiques et physiologiques ne nous éclairent pas encore assez sur les interconversions Cu(I)/Cu(II) ni sur les flux de cations notamment vers l'espace extracellulaire. Cette thèse ouvre des perspectives sur des mécanismes (protection à la CMI, phénotype persistant) assurant la survie des bactéries ou leur potentiel de recolonisation lors d'une diminution de la pression toxique :les gènes copT, copV, copK, copM, copB, copG, copL et copQ semblent impliqués dans ces fonctions.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Plassart, Pierre. "Pertinence des indicateurs microbiens dans l'évaluation de l'état des sols agricoles." Rouen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ROUES048.
Full textMost soils worlwide undergo modifications caused by human activities. For numerous agricultural soils, the intensive practices, as well as the chronical spreading of chemical inputs, lead to a decrease in these soils fertilkity. Yet, while these soils are in danger, only a few relevant soil status evaluation tools exist. The biological component has been neglected for a long time, though soil accomodates a high diversity level of organisms involved in biogeochemical cycles. Among these organisms, microorganisms are likely to be potential bioindicators of soil status. Thus, the aim of this work consists in identifying biological variables describing bacterial diversity that would be sensitive to soil status. Bacterial community structure (abundance, genetic and functionnal diversity) was assessed as a whole, but also through the analysis of Pseudomonas populations, a bacterial genus widely found in soils and sensitive to environmental disturbances. The experimental approach, from the field plot level to the microcosm level, consisted in the confrontation of the impacts of (1) soil copper contamination (agronomical dose x100), (2) natural disturbances (spatial and climatic), and (3) human caused disturbances (agricultural practices) on bacterial communities. The first part of this work was performed in situ on typical silty Haute-Normandie soils managed as grasslands and cultures, in order to define the natural spatial and temporal variation limits of different bacterial descriptors. Besides, this first part enabled the understanding each variable's sensitivity, and validated the different methodological approaches. Thus, the measured variables can be organized in two categories: those which rely on microorganisms cultivation would reflect recent soil disturbances, while those based on molecular approaches would reflect the agricultural history of field plots. In the second part, the impact of a copper contamination on the previously described variables was studied in microcosms. Results showed that variations in the bacterial community structure caused by a single copper contamination were minor, when compared with variations caused by season or agricultural practices. In the same time, a comparative analysis was performed between sieved soil and intact soil microcosms. This revealed that soil status can influence bacterial communities response to a copper contamination; indeed, soil physical disturbance (sieving) induced a transient response of bacterial communities to the copper contamination. This work lead to (1) building, for an agricultural silty soil, a microbiological reference system, which includes spatial and temporal fluctuations of the measured variables, (2) determining for each variable its sensitivity to natural and human impacts, and identifying the limits and complementarities of the cellular and molecular approaches, (3) organizing into a herarchy factors determining the genetic and functionnal sructure of bacterial communities, (4) validating the relevance of using the Pseudomonas genus in the evaluation of the impact of copper on soils
Boudesocque, Stéphanie. "Etude de la rétention du terbuméton et de son principal métabolite le terbuméton déséthyl dans les sols du bassin versant de la Vesle. Influence de la présence du cuivre(II). Application à l'amélioration de la qualité de l'eau." Reims, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REIMS025.
Full textThese works take place in the frame of the AQUAL project, a multi-field research program that aims at improving the quality of the water in the basin of the river Vesle. Our contribution to this program is twofold: to understand the mechanisms by which contaminants transfer from the soil to the aquifers and to reduce these transfers. The studied molecules are the terbumeton, a vineyard weed killer, and its main metabolite, the terbumeton desethyl. Indeed, the regular presence of these molecules in the water sources of the city of Reims raises some issues regarding the potable water resources. Thus, retention studies were undertaken on five soil samples which are representative of the Vesle basin: two samples from a naked vineyard soil, one sample from an under-bark vineyard soil, one sample from an under-grass vineyard soil and one sample from a field crop soil. We also studied the influence of copper(II) whose origin can be natural or anthropic. Before completing the sorption studies, we determined the physico-chemical characteristics of the soils. Both the under-grass vineyard soil and the field crop soil are rich in limestone and poor in clay whereas both the naked vineyard soil and the under-bark vineyard soil are rich in clay and poor in limestone. The retention of pesticides depends on the nature, the composition and the degree of vegetal cover of the soils. Besides, the presence of copper(II) has an influence on the retention of pesticides. In the part of our works dedicated to the reduction of the transfers, we performed, together with the company ARD (Pomacle, Marne), some adsorption experiments with the terbumeton and the terbumeton desethyl on a lignocellulosic substrate (LS). This biomaterial, extracted from wheat bran, can be used in place of activated carbon in order to clean up media contaminated by pesticides. Indeed, the retention capacities of the LS towards pesticides are very satisfactory, as well under a batch experimental process as under a column one
Wu, Jianxiong. "Développement de nouveaux matériaux catalytiques à faible teneur en métaux précieux pour le post-traitement des gaz d'échappement automobiles." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R021/document.
Full textThe current study aims to develop novel catalytic materials for the post-treatment of exhaust gas stemming from gasoline engines. The Three Way Catalyst (TWC) is generally considered as a mature and reliable technology capable of removing simultaneously the main pollutants present in the automobile exhaust gas: CO, HC and NOx. The existing TWC system relies heavily on the significant use of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) and Rare Earth Elements (REEs). However, the high-cost and scarcity of the conventional PGM-based TWC system constitutes an obstacle for the cost reduction of exhaust gas treatment technology as well as a severe burden on natural resource. Another drawback of conventional TWC is associated with the sintering of precious metals in the process of catalyst operation and unsatisfactory N2 selectivity during NOx reduction. Therefore, alternative solutions are required which should ideally allow a substantial reduction of PGMs usage without sacrificing significantly the catalytic performance. Trois voiesThe goal of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of applying perovskite-type materials as an alternative to the replacement of conventional TWC system. The main approach employed is composition optimization of perovskite-type materials, including creation of non-stoichiometry in the chemical composition, partial substitution in A or B site and addition of small amount of PGMs. Influence of partial substitution in A or B site as well as the synergistic effect of dual substitutions in both A and B site were investigated. Results showed that Cu doping in B site could enhance oxidation of CO and C3H6 while Mn doping had a noticeable promoting impact on NO reduction under stoichiometric conditions. Small amount of PGM loading combined with doping of Cu or Mn could enhance remarkably the redox properties of the lanthanum ferrite perovskite. Ca doping in A site affected the dispersion and diffusion of precious metals across the perovskite substrate. The PGM-loaded perovskite catalysts outperformed the commercial benchmark catalyst in terms of higher NO conversion and N2 selectivity in stoichiometric condition in the operating temperature range of the TWC system but the deNOx activity during cold-start process remains a big challenge
Coutaud, Aude Margot. "Contribution des biofilms phototrophes d'écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux aux flux et fractionnements isotopiques des éléments en trace métallique (cuivre, zinc)." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30391.
Full textUnderstanding mechanisms that control the metal trace elements (MTE) transfer in aquatic systems is fundamental because MTE are potential toxic contaminants to the environment and human populations. In this work, the contribution of benthic microbial aggregates (phototrophic biofilms), main actors of the ecological functioning and biogeochemistry of freshwater, was evaluated by the transfer and isotopic fractionation of selected two toxic and potentially essential metals, Cu and Zn. The aim is to better understand, via the coupling between different approaches (geochemical, isotopic, structural, microbiological, ecotoxicological), the relation between MTE concentration and isotope signature in solution and within the biofilm, depending on environmental conditions and the microbial community response. Sorption by a mature phototrophic biofilm of MTE during 96 h exposure in batch and open systems reactors exhibits opposite isotopic fractionation between physico-chemical and biological processes. The adsorption induces an enrichment in heavy isotopes of the biofilm relative to the solution during metal complexation with the surface functional groups with an enrichment factor of +1.1±0.3‰ for Cu and +1.2±0.4‰ for Zn. Conversely, the isotopic fractionation during Cu and Zn incorporation inside the biofilm is variable with an enrichment factor between the biofilm and the solution ranging from -0.6 to +0.8 ‰ for Cu and +0.1 to +0.5‰ for Zn. In situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy analysis of Cu chemical and structural status in the biofilm show that the enrichment in light isotopes during Cu incorporation is controlled by the reduction of Cu(II) in Cu(I). The variability of isotopic fractionation during incorporation are explained by different processes involved in the biofilm matrix (diffusion, adsorption by the functional groups of the exopolymeric matrix and at the surface of the cells, intracellular incorporation). During ETM excretion from the biofilm into the solution, contrasting fractionation of Cu and Zn is observed. The metal fraction desorbed by the biofilm at the beginning of excretion is enriched in lighter isotopes of Zn and in heavy isotope of Cu compared to the biofilm with an enrichment ranging from 0 to -1.4‰ and from +0.8 to +0.5‰ for Zn and Cu, respectively. Active efflux and diffusion processes decrease the isotopic enrichment magnitude inducing an enrichment of the excreted fraction compared to the biofilm ranging from -0.7 and -0.3‰ for Zn and from -0.36 and +0.35‰ for Cu. The isotopic results found for a dynamic study of Cu and Zn isotopic fractionation on two consecutive circadian cycles in open system are in general agreement with our 96 h sorption and excretion experiments. The isotopic fractionation experiments during the biofilm growth in relation to the evolution of communities (ecological succession) over 59 days exhibit a relationship between metallic isotopic fractionation and the community diversity and its temporal evolution. However, a general trend is observed for Cu with an enrichment in heavy isotopes of +0.5±0.1‰ after 24th day of growth that decreases with the decrease of the biofilm's surface/volume ratio to reach a value of +0.0±0.3 ‰ at the 59th day of growth. For Zn, in relation to algal diversity, the growth of the biofilm produces whether a negative isotopic fractionation equal to -0.16±0.04‰, or does not produce any isotopic fractionation between the 24th and 59th days of growth (-0.1<-66Zn(biofilm-solution)<+0.1 ‰).This study reflects the complexity of biological processes associated with phototrophic biofilms. The use of stable isotopes to trace the processes controlled biologically during transport of Cu and Zn in surface waters requests i) knowledge of metal residence time in the biofilm, ii) the degree of assimilation of the metal in biomass compared to its surface adsorption, and iii) the various elementary reactions involved in the biofilm
Krayem, Maha. "Etude des effets de l'arsenic et du cuivre sur un macrophyte aquatique, Myriophyllum alterniflorum D.C. : évaluation des biomarqueurs pour la détection précoce de pollution." Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0131.
Full textAlternate watermilfoil, Myriophyllum alterniflorum is an aquatic macrophyte presented in the rivers of the Limousin region in France whose potential for bioindication of metal pollution has been demonstrated. The objective of this study is to identify in this species sensitive biomarkers for the early detection of pollution in a river by a metal copper, and a metalloid, arsenic. To achieve this goal, a synthetic medium whose composition is representative of the water quality of the river Vienne, was prepared (Vienne medium). The composition of the medium studied is verified by ICP-MS and ion chromatography (IC). The development of the macrophyte was followed in a control medium, a copper contaminated medium and another contaminated with arsenic at a concentration of 100 µg/L for 21 days. During this period, the respiratory and photosynthetic activities of Myriophyllum alterniflorum, the concentrations of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, levels of malondialdehyde, osmotic potential, and phytochelatins were recorded. This monitoring has been made in a closed system (400mL culture boxes) taking into account the trophy of the medium (eutrophic and oligotrophic conditions), and then in a recirculating system (aquariums of 150 L) taking into account the hydrodynamic conditions (turbulent, laminar and quiet areas)
Babcsanyi, Izabella. "Copper transport and isotope fractionation in an agrosystem." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH006/document.
Full textSince the end of the 19th century, the use of copper (Cu)-based fungicides has resulted in increased Cu concentrations in vineyard soils, but also in downstream aquatic ecosystems. The aim of the thesis was to better understand the fate of this Cu in an agrosystem based on assessing Cu isotope fractionation (65Cu/63Cu). The results have shown that the surface vineyard soils have become enriched in Cu from 9 to 28 times compared to the background level during 4 to 5 decades of vine-growing and that clay minerals were the major Cu sorbing phases in the soils. During rainfall, runoff mobilized ~1% of the applied Cu during the, mainly associated with clays. The stormwater wetland collecting the runoff retained in average 68% of the dissolved and more than 92% of particulate Cu. Cu isotope ratios measured in the wetland suggested dissolved Cu sorption to the sediments and in situ reduction of Cu(II) due to biogeochemical processes
Utrera, Melero Raquel. "Luminescent mechanochromic materials based on copper iodide clusters." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4074.
Full textMaterials exhibiting luminescence stimuli-responsive properties, present potential applications as detection systems. This thesis concerns the study of copper (I) iodide molecular clusters coordinated by phosphine ligands, which exhibit mechanochromic luminescence properties. These compounds are characterized by a change of their emission wavelength in response to mechanical stress. In this thesis, new clusters were synthesized and characterized. The establishment of structureproperties relationships permit to study the mechanisms responsible for their mechanochromic properties. The main characterization techniques used are solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, Infrared and Raman spectroscopies. DFT (Density functional theory) calculations were also carried out to rationalize the different results and in particular the optical properties. In addition to the mechanochromic properties, these compounds have the particularity of exhibiting thermochromic luminescence properties. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties were also demonstrated for these clusters. In order to obtain clusters exhibiting multiple emission, ligands having luminescent groups were also studied
Durrieu, Gael. "Apports fluviaux et atmosphériques d'éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes en zone côtière méditerranéenne : cas de la rade de Toulon." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL0015.
Full textCoastal areas represent a major issue in terms of economic activities and preservation of a good chemical and ecological status of the natural environment. If on a global scale (sea or ocean) the flow of contaminants, especially trace metals and metalloids (TMM) are relatively well studied and described, this is not the case for more enclosed areas on a more local scale. The Toulon Bay, which has a semi-closed morphology, is surrounded by a large urban area (450 000 inhabitants) with a strong anthropic activity (first military port in France, civil ports, passenger transport, aquaculture, ...). These present and past activities, such as the Second World War, have led to a strong sedimentary contamination as well as a strong gradient of concentrations in TMM between the South of the large bay, connected to the Mediterranean Sea, and the most enclosed parts of the small bay. In this context of contaminated coastal zone, the objective of this work is to evaluate the contribution of the fluvial and atmospheric contributions in TMM to the Toulon Bay. The proposed sampling method associating field sensors, particle traps and punctual sampling differentiated between base flow and flood allowed to obtain a chronicle of TMM inputs considering the meteorological variability. The results show that the inputs of TMM by the rivers (Las and Eygoutier) are preponderant during floods and in the particulate fraction and are more particularly worrying for copper and zinc which exceed the regulatory thresholds. In the Las, the preponderant contribution remains however the dissolved copper during the flood. In the Eygoutier, the values obtained are lower than the measurements previously carried out in 2004. Base flow inputs are largely in the minority and high levels of cadmium and mercury in the particles were measured without being able to identify their source. Atmospheric inputs of TMM are dominated by the particulate fraction with levels exceeding the regulatory thresholds by a factor of 2 to 4 for copper, lead and zinc. At the bay scale, river inputs remain higher than atmospheric inputs for all the TMM. By making a balance on the whole of the bay and by considering the other existing sources (ports, runoff, wastewater treatment plant, sedimentary diffusion), the contribution of river and atmospheric inputs is estimated at 4% for mercury, around 30% for copper and cadmium and nearly 70% for lead and chromium. The balance of TMM inputs in the bay leads to describe the bay as a source of contamination for the Mediterranean Sea. This is confirmed by the net export calculated for lead, mercury, and cadmium, while for copper and nickel missing sources remain to be determined to confirm the hypothesis. For zinc and arsenic, too much variability prevents conclusions being drawn, and these estimates need to be refined
Budinská, Zuzana. "Self-organization, reactivity, and stability of nanostructured copper surfaces." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066516/document.
Full textSelf-organized nanostructures are essential for the field of nanotechnology, since they provide a simple way to create periodic structures with nanodimensions. In the present work, we have developed a new preparation method for the Cu(110)-(2×1)O nanostructure, which allows tuning of its morphology. For oxygen coverages between 0.1 and 0.4 (saturation coverage 0.5), the periodicity of the nanostructure varies from 6.5 to 11 nm. We have been able to expand the possibilities of the system and reach periodicities up to 100 nm for half oxygen coverage. The preparation method consists in co-adsorption of low amounts of sulfur. We have shown that the presence of sulfur influences the elastic and/or electrostatic properties of the surface and thus changes its self-organization. We present a detailed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of this new preparation method and a mathematical model describing our experimental data. A tunable self-organized surface provides an ideal playground for testing the reactivity and structure interplay. We introduce a study of the sulfidation of the nanostructured Cu(110)-(2×1)O surface. The reaction mechanism has been found to depend on the width of the oxidized stripes. Sulfidation of narrow CuO stripes proceeds via Cu-O chain abstraction and in the case of wide CuO stripes, the reaction mechanism is a combination of the chain detachment and S-c(2×2) island formation on the CuO stripes. We present a thorough STM study of the S island formation and their stability under UHV conditions. The S islands are mobile and undergo ripening (Ostwald and Smoluchowski). Additionally, island decay has been observed for sub-saturation S coverages
Kafentzi, Maria Chrysanthi. "Reactive copper-oxygen species for C-H activation : influence of nuclearity and oxygen atom donor." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4355/document.
Full textCopper-containing monooxygenases are enzymatic systems capable of transferring an oxygen atom to their subtrates in highly regio or stereo-specific modes. Model complexes for copper-containing monooxygenases have provided valuable information on the structure and reactivity of several copper-dioxygen adducts. However, the recent discovery of two new enzymatic systems (LPMO and pMMO) able to perform activation of very strong C-H bonds has re-opened the debate on the catalytically relevant copper-dioxygen species. The use of model systems that mimic an enzyme is a simple approach to obtain a better knowledge of how nature works. For this study, Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes containing ligand-substrate were prepared. After reaction with different oxidants or O-atom donors, we investigated the regio- and stereo-selectivity of the oxidation of the internal substrate. Based on the relatively well-known chemistry of Cu(I) with dioxygen, we, were also interested in investigating the water as an O-atom donor in C-H bond activation reactions. We have therefore investigated electrochemical water oxidation or activation to generate dioxygen and selective oxygen-insertion into the substrate-bound moiety. Finally, we explored the properties of mixed-metal dioxygen species as compared to their homometalic counter-parts. Indeed heterobimetallic active sites are found in various metalloenzymes such as cytochrome c oxidase. Therefore, two new high-valent Cu-Ni heterobimetallic complexes were synthesized. We investigated their electronic properties using various spectroscopic methods and their reactivity was evaluated towards external and internal substrates (indane)
Anatole-Monnier, Laetitia. "Effets de la contamination cuprique des sols viticoles sur la sensibilité de la vigne à un cortège de bio-agresseurs." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0378/document.
Full textFollowing the ‘Grenelle of the environment’ conference, one of the current critical issues in agriculture is reducing the side effects of pesticides on the environment. Prolonged use of copper as a fungicide has led to copper accumulation in vineyard soils. Copper can induce aphytotoxicity. Its accumulation in plants may modify the morphology, biochemistry orphysiology of plant organs and may disturb the plant-pest interactions. The effects of coppercontamination of vineyard soils on the vine sensitivity to the pests received until now a verylimited attention. The present work investigates such effects.To carry out this work, we measured the levels of total and available copper in vineyard soils.We contaminated three grapevine cultivars with copper and measured the copper distributionand its effects on plant. Then, we evaluated the impact induced on three pests of the vine. Ourresults show that the available copper content in the soil is related to the total copper content(which results from the history of the plot), but also to total carbon and fine soil particlescontents. The copper absorption and the copper transferred to the aerial parts of the vine varyaccording to the cultivar. When copper contamination increases, the vine-pests interactionsare modified: a negative effects appears for Scaphoideus titanus and Plasmopara viticola,while important copper contaminations appears to promote the development ofNeofusicoccum parvum.These results underscore the need for a more integrated system approach, and to intensifyinteractions between agronomy and evolutionary ecology research
Sanchez, Caroline. "Denudation evolution and geomorphic context of supergene copper mineralization in Centinela District, Atacama Desert, Chile, from thermochronology and cosmogenic nuclides." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30335/document.
Full textDuring the Middle Eocene in the Atacama Desert region (northern Chile), the intrusion of porphyries and the synchronous deformation of the Precordillera resulted in the formation of important clusters of supergene and exotic copper ore deposits that are currently exploited. Such metal ore deposits result of the interaction of tectonics, erosion and climate, for which both timing and relations remain debated. This PhD study focuses on the quantification of geomorphological, tectonic and erosive processes to understand their relationship in the Andean western slope around 23°S in the Centinela district in the Precordillera. Twenty-nine new low-temperature thermochronological data and their modelling indicate that shallow porphyry copper emplaced during mid-Eocene were quickly exhumed near the surface by the early Oligocene. There is a five million years-long time gap between the exhumation of primary source of copper and the ~25-12 Ma range of existing 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar ages of secondary mineralization in the District. This suggests that supergene copper related deposits occurred when the reliefs where already flattened. A syn-sedimentary exotic copper mineralization was deposited in an intra-mountainous basin in the Centinela District. We sampled sand at different depths between 135 and 13 meters in the Tesoro and Mirador open-pit mines, one of them including this exotic deposit. The 10Be and 21Ne concentrations of fourteen new samples were used to determine the exotic deposit age and to constrain the paleo-sedimentation rate for the last 14 Ma. The study dates the exotic deposit at ~12 Ma and suggests that this mid-Miocene exotic layer occurred during an erosive quiescence, confirming the view that supergene copper mineralization occurs during a stage of slower geomorphic activity in arid environments. The results also confirm that the erosion rates drastically dropped after 10-12 Ma, when the hyperaridity was established. This study highlights the necessary balance between exhumation and precipitation rates required to form secondary copper
Laurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Full textThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil